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Nara period

April 30, 2023

The Nara period (奈良時代, Nara jidai) of the history of Japan covers the years from CE 710 to 794.[1] Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō (present-day Nara). Except for a five-year period (740–745), when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital, Nagaoka-kyō, in 784, before moving to Heian-kyō, modern Kyoto, a decade later in 794.

Japanese society during this period was predominantly agricultural and centered on village life. Most of the villagers followed Shintō, a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami.

The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang'an, the capital city of the Tang dynasty.[2] In many other ways, the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese, including adopting the Chinese writing system, Chinese fashion, and a Chinese version of Buddhism.

Literature

Concentrated efforts by the imperial court to record its history produced the first works of Japanese literature during the Nara period. Works such as the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki were political, used to record and therefore justify and establish the supremacy of the rule of the emperors within Japan.[3]

With the spread of written language, the writing of Japanese poetry, known in Japanese as waka, began. The largest and longest-surviving collection of Japanese poetry, the Man'yōshū, was compiled from poems mostly composed between 600 and 759 CE.[4] This, and other Nara texts, used Chinese characters to express the sounds of Japanese, known as man'yōgana.[5]

Economic, livelihood, and administrative developments

 
Gokishichidō system showing ancient regions and provinces during the Nara period after the introduction of the Yōrō Code (720)
 
The primary building, i.e. the Daigoku-den at the Heijō Palace (In the center of the photograph: this is a modern version built for the 1300th anniversary of Nara becoming Japan's capital). Tōdai-ji's Daibutsuden and Wakakusayama can be seen in the rear (January, 2010).

Before the Taihō Code was established, the capital was customarily moved after the death of an emperor because of the ancient belief that a place of death was polluted. Reforms and bureaucratization of government led to the establishment of a permanent imperial capital at Heijō-kyō, or Nara, in AD 710. The capital was moved shortly (for reasons described later in this section) to Kuni-kyō (present-day Kizugawa) in 740–744, to Naniwa-kyō (present-day Osaka) in 744–745, to Shigarakinomiya (紫香楽宮, present-day Shigaraki) in 745, and moved back to Nara in 745. Nara was Japan's first truly urban center. It soon had a population of 200,000 (representing nearly 7% of the country's population) and some 10,000 people worked in government jobs.

Economic and administrative activity increased during the Nara period. Roads linked Nara to provincial capitals, and taxes were collected more efficiently and routinely. Coins were minted, if not widely used. Outside the Nara area, there was little commercial activity, and in the provinces the old Shōtoku land reform systems declined. By the mid-eighth century, shōen (landed estates), one of the most important economic institutions in prehistoric Japan, began to rise as a result of the search for a more manageable form of landholding. Local administration gradually became more self-sufficient, while the breakdown of the old land distribution system and the rise of taxes led to the loss or abandonment of land by many people who became the "wave people" (furōsha). Some of these formerly "public people" were privately employed by large landholders, and "public lands" increasingly reverted to the shōen.

Factional fighting at the imperial court continued throughout the Nara period. Imperial family members, leading court families, such as the Fujiwara, and Buddhist priests all contended for influence. Earlier during this period, Prince Nagaya seized power at the court after the death of Fujiwara no Fuhito. Fuhito was succeeded by four sons, Muchimaro, Umakai, Fusasaki, and Maro. They put Emperor Shōmu, the prince by Fuhito's daughter, on the throne. In 729, they arrested Nagaya and regained control. As a major outbreak of smallpox spread from Kyūshū in 735, all four brothers died two years later, resulting in temporary reduction in the Fujiwara dominance. In 740, a member of the Fujiwara clan, Hirotsugu, launched a rebellion from his base in Fukuoka, Kyushu. Although the rebellion was defeated, there is no doubt that the emperor was shocked and frightened by these events, and he moved the palace three times in only five years from 740, until he eventually returned to Nara.

In the late Nara period, financial burdens on the state increased, and the court began dismissing nonessential officials. In 792 universal conscription was abandoned, and district heads were allowed to establish private militia forces for local police work. Decentralization of authority became the rule despite the reforms of the Nara period. Eventually, to return control to imperial hands, the capital was moved in 784 to Nagaoka-kyō and in 794 to Heian-kyō (literally Capital of Peace and Tranquility), about twenty-six kilometers north of Nara. By the late eleventh century, the city was popularly called Kyoto (capital city), the name it has had ever since.

Cultural developments and the establishment of Buddhism

 
The East Pagoda of Yakushi-ji temple was built in 730, during the Nara period
 
Seated Bhaisajyaguru

Some of Japan's literary monuments were written during the Nara period, including the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, the first national histories, compiled in 712 and 720 respectively; the Man'yōshū, an anthology of poems; and the Kaifūsō, an anthology written in kanji by Japanese emperors and princes.

Another major cultural development of the era was the permanent establishment of Buddhism. Buddhism was introduced by Baekje in the sixth century but had a mixed reception until the Nara period, when it was heartily embraced by Emperor Shōmu. Shōmu and his Fujiwara consort were fervent Buddhists and actively promoted the spread of Buddhism, making it the "guardian of the state" and a way of strengthening Japanese institutions.

During Shōmu's reign, the Tōdai-ji (literally Eastern Great Temple) was built. Within it was placed the Great Buddha Daibutsu: a 16-metre-high, gilt-bronze statue. This Buddha was identified with the Sun Goddess, and a gradual syncretism of Buddhism and Shinto ensued. Shōmu declared himself the "Servant of the Three Treasures" of Buddhism: the Buddha, the law or teachings of Buddhism, and the Buddhist community.

The central government established temples called kokubunji in the provinces. The Tōdai-ji was the kokubunji of Yamato Province (present-day Nara Prefecture).

Although these efforts stopped short of making Buddhism the state religion, Nara Buddhism heightened the status of the imperial family. Buddhist influence at court increased under the two reigns of Shōmu's daughter. As Empress Kōken (r. 749–758) she brought many Buddhist priests into court. Kōken abdicated in 758 on the advice of her cousin, Fujiwara no Nakamaro. When the retired empress came to favor a Buddhist faith healer named Dōkyō, Nakamaro rose up in arms in 764 but was quickly crushed. Kōken charged the ruling emperor with colluding with Nakamaro and had him deposed. Kōken reascended the throne as Empress Shōtoku (r. 764–770).

The empress commissioned the printing of 1 million prayer charms — the Hyakumantō Darani — many examples of which survive. The small scrolls, dating from 770, are among the earliest printed works in the world. Shōtoku had the charms printed to placate the Buddhist clergy. She may even have wanted to make Dōkyō emperor, but she died before she could act. Her actions shocked Nara society and led to the exclusion of women from imperial succession and the removal of Buddhist priests from positions of political authority.

Many of the Japanese artworks and imported treasures from other countries during the era of Emperors Shōmu and Shōtoku are archived in Shōsō-in of Tōdai-ji temple. They are called "Shōsōin treasures" and illustrate the cosmopolitan culture known as Tempyō culture. Imported treasures show the cultural influences of Silk Road areas, including China, Korea, India, and the Islamic empire. Shosoin stores more than 10,000 paper documents, the so-called Shōsōin documents (正倉院文書). These are records written in the reverse side of the sutra or in the wrapping of imported items that survived as a result of reusing wasted official documents. Shōsōin documents contribute greatly to the historical research of Japanese political and social systems of the Nara period, and they even can be used to trace the development of the Japanese writing systems (such as katakana).

The first authentically Japanese gardens were built in the city of Nara at the end of the eighth century. Shorelines and stone settings were naturalistic, different from the heavier, earlier continental mode of constructing pond edges. Two such gardens have been found at excavations; both were used for poetry-writing festivities.[6]

International relations

The Nara court aggressively imported knowledge about the Chinese civilization of its day (the Tang Dynasty)[7] by sending diplomatic envoys known as kentōshi to the Tang court every twenty years. Many Japanese students, both lay and Buddhist priests, studied in Chang'an and Luoyang. One student named Abe no Nakamaro passed the Chinese civil examination to be appointed to governmental posts in China. He served as governor-general in Annam (Chinese Vietnam) from 761 through 767. Many students who returned from China, such as Kibi no Makibi, were promoted to high government posts.

Tang China never sent official envoys to Japan, for Japanese kings, or "emperors" as they styled themselves, did not seek investiture from the Chinese emperor. A local Chinese government in the Lower Yangzi Valley sent a mission to Japan to return Japanese envoys who entered China through Balhae. The Chinese local mission could not return home due to the An Lushan Rebellion and remained in Japan.

The Hayato people (隼人) in southern Kyushu frequently resisted rule by the Yamato dynasty during the Nara period.[8] They are believed to be of Austronesian origin and had a unique culture that was different from the Japanese people.[9][10] They were eventually subjugated by the Ritsuryō.

Relations with the Korean kingdom of Silla were initially peaceful, with regular diplomatic exchanges. The rise of Balhae north of Silla destabilized Japan-Silla relations. Balhae sent its first mission in 728 to Nara, which welcomed them as the successor state to Goguryeo, with which Japan had been allied until Silla unified the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

Events

  • 710: Japan's capital is moved from Fujiwara-kyō to Heijō-kyō, modeled after China's capital Chang'an.
  • 712: The collection of tales called the Kojiki is published.
  • 717: The Hōshi Ryokan is founded, and it survives to become Japan's (and the world's) second oldest known hotel in 2012. (The oldest was founded in 705.)
  • 720: The collection of tales called the Nihon Shoki is published.
  • 735–737: A devastating smallpox epidemic spread from Kyushu to eastern Honshu and Nara, killing an estimated one-third of the Japanese population in these areas.[11][12] The epidemic is said to have led to the construction of several prominent Buddhist structures during this time period as a form of appeasement.[13][14]
  • 743: Emperor Shōmu issues a rescript to build the Daibutsu (Great Buddha), later to be completed and placed in Tōdai-ji, Nara.
  • 752: The Great Buddha (Daibutsu) at Tōdai-ji is completed.
  • 759: The poetic anthology Man'yōshū is published.
  • 784: The emperor moves the capital to Nagaoka.
  • 788: The Buddhist monk Saichō founds the monastery of Mt Hiei, near Kyoto, which becomes a vast ensemble of Buddhist temples.

See also

References

  1. ^ Dolan, Ronald E. and Worden, Robert L., ed. (1994) "Nara and Heian Periods, A.D. 710–1185" Japan: A Country Study. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division.
  2. ^ Ellington, Lucien (2009). Japan. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-59884-162-6.
  3. ^ Shuichi Kato; Don Sanderson (15 April 2013). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times. Routledge. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-136-61368-5. from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  4. ^ Shuichi Kato; Don Sanderson (15 April 2013). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Manyoshu to Modern Times. Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-136-61368-5. from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  5. ^ Bjarke Frellesvig (29 July 2010). A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-139-48880-8. from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  6. ^ "See Wybe Kuitert, Two Early Japanese Gardens 1991". from the original on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
  7. ^ Lockard, Craig A. (2009). Societies Networks And Transitions: Volume B From 600 To 1750. Wadsworth. pp. 290–291. ISBN 978-1-4390-8540-0.
  8. ^ William George Aston says this in his note, see Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book II, note 1, page 100. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6
  9. ^ Kakubayashi, Fumio. 1998. 隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族' Hayato : An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan. 2014-05-26 at the Wayback Machine'. The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture, Kyoto Sangyo University, 3, pp.15-31 ISSN 1341-7207.
  10. ^ The Hayato dance appears repeatedly in the Kojiki, Nihon Shoki, and Shoku Nihongi, performed on the occasion of paying tribute to the court and for the benefit of foreign visitors.
  11. ^ Suzuki, Akihito (July 2011). "Smallpox and the Epidemiological Heritage of Modern Japan: Towards a Total History". Medical History. 55 (3): 313–318. doi:10.1017/S0025727300005329. PMC 3143877. PMID 21792253.
  12. ^ Farris, William Wayne (2017). The Historical Demography of Japan to 1700 (Routledge Handbook of Premodern Japanese History). Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 252–253. ISBN 978-0415707022.
  13. ^ Kohn, George C. (2002). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Checkmark Books. p. 213. ISBN 978-0816048939.
  14. ^ Jannetta, Ann Bowman (2014). Epidemics and Mortality in Early Modern Japan. New York, New York: Princeton University Press. pp. 65=67. ISBN 978-0816048939.

Further reading

English

  • Brown, Delmer M. (1993). Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan.
  • Farris, William (1993). Japan's Medieval Population: Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu.
  • Ooms, Herman (2009). Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: The Tenmu Dynasty. pp. 650–800.
  • Sansom, George Bailey, G. B. (1978). Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan.
  • Kornicki, Peter F. (2012). "The Hyakumantō darani and the origins of printing in eighth-century Japan". International Journal of Asian Studies. 9: 9:43–70. doi:10.1017/S1479591411000180. S2CID 146242695.
  • Bender, Ross (2012). Friday, Karl (ed.). "Emperor, Aristocracy, and the Ritsuryō State: Court Politics in Nara". Japan Emerging: Premodern History to 1850. Westview Press. Retrieved October 11, 2012.

Other

Preceded by
Asuka period 		History of Japan Succeeded by
Heian period

April 30, 2023
nara, period, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, 2018, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, 奈良時代, nara, . This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Nara period 奈良時代 Nara jidai of the history of Japan covers the years from CE 710 to 794 1 Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō kyō present day Nara Except for a five year period 740 745 when the capital was briefly moved again it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu established a new capital Nagaoka kyō in 784 before moving to Heian kyō modern Kyoto a decade later in 794 Japanese society during this period was predominantly agricultural and centered on village life Most of the villagers followed Shintō a religion based on the worship of natural and ancestral spirits named kami The capital at Nara was modeled after Chang an the capital city of the Tang dynasty 2 In many other ways the Japanese upper classes patterned themselves after the Chinese including adopting the Chinese writing system Chinese fashion and a Chinese version of Buddhism Contents 1 Literature 2 Economic livelihood and administrative developments 3 Cultural developments and the establishment of Buddhism 4 International relations 5 Events 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8 1 English 8 2 OtherLiterature EditConcentrated efforts by the imperial court to record its history produced the first works of Japanese literature during the Nara period Works such as the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki were political used to record and therefore justify and establish the supremacy of the rule of the emperors within Japan 3 With the spread of written language the writing of Japanese poetry known in Japanese as waka began The largest and longest surviving collection of Japanese poetry the Man yōshu was compiled from poems mostly composed between 600 and 759 CE 4 This and other Nara texts used Chinese characters to express the sounds of Japanese known as man yōgana 5 Economic livelihood and administrative developments Edit Gokishichidō system showing ancient regions and provinces during the Nara period after the introduction of the Yōrō Code 720 Kinai Tōkaidō Tōsandō Hokurikudō San indō San yōdō Nankaidō Saikaidō The primary building i e the Daigoku den at the Heijō Palace In the center of the photograph this is a modern version built for the 1300th anniversary of Nara becoming Japan s capital Tōdai ji s Daibutsuden and Wakakusayama can be seen in the rear January 2010 Before the Taihō Code was established the capital was customarily moved after the death of an emperor because of the ancient belief that a place of death was polluted Reforms and bureaucratization of government led to the establishment of a permanent imperial capital at Heijō kyō or Nara in AD 710 The capital was moved shortly for reasons described later in this section to Kuni kyō present day Kizugawa in 740 744 to Naniwa kyō present day Osaka in 744 745 to Shigarakinomiya 紫香楽宮 present day Shigaraki in 745 and moved back to Nara in 745 Nara was Japan s first truly urban center It soon had a population of 200 000 representing nearly 7 of the country s population and some 10 000 people worked in government jobs Economic and administrative activity increased during the Nara period Roads linked Nara to provincial capitals and taxes were collected more efficiently and routinely Coins were minted if not widely used Outside the Nara area there was little commercial activity and in the provinces the old Shōtoku land reform systems declined By the mid eighth century shōen landed estates one of the most important economic institutions in prehistoric Japan began to rise as a result of the search for a more manageable form of landholding Local administration gradually became more self sufficient while the breakdown of the old land distribution system and the rise of taxes led to the loss or abandonment of land by many people who became the wave people furōsha Some of these formerly public people were privately employed by large landholders and public lands increasingly reverted to the shōen Factional fighting at the imperial court continued throughout the Nara period Imperial family members leading court families such as the Fujiwara and Buddhist priests all contended for influence Earlier during this period Prince Nagaya seized power at the court after the death of Fujiwara no Fuhito Fuhito was succeeded by four sons Muchimaro Umakai Fusasaki and Maro They put Emperor Shōmu the prince by Fuhito s daughter on the throne In 729 they arrested Nagaya and regained control As a major outbreak of smallpox spread from Kyushu in 735 all four brothers died two years later resulting in temporary reduction in the Fujiwara dominance In 740 a member of the Fujiwara clan Hirotsugu launched a rebellion from his base in Fukuoka Kyushu Although the rebellion was defeated there is no doubt that the emperor was shocked and frightened by these events and he moved the palace three times in only five years from 740 until he eventually returned to Nara In the late Nara period financial burdens on the state increased and the court began dismissing nonessential officials In 792 universal conscription was abandoned and district heads were allowed to establish private militia forces for local police work Decentralization of authority became the rule despite the reforms of the Nara period Eventually to return control to imperial hands the capital was moved in 784 to Nagaoka kyō and in 794 to Heian kyō literally Capital of Peace and Tranquility about twenty six kilometers north of Nara By the late eleventh century the city was popularly called Kyoto capital city the name it has had ever since Cultural developments and the establishment of Buddhism Edit Shōsōin The East Pagoda of Yakushi ji temple was built in 730 during the Nara period Seated Bhaisajyaguru Some of Japan s literary monuments were written during the Nara period including the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki the first national histories compiled in 712 and 720 respectively the Man yōshu an anthology of poems and the Kaifusō an anthology written in kanji by Japanese emperors and princes Another major cultural development of the era was the permanent establishment of Buddhism Buddhism was introduced by Baekje in the sixth century but had a mixed reception until the Nara period when it was heartily embraced by Emperor Shōmu Shōmu and his Fujiwara consort were fervent Buddhists and actively promoted the spread of Buddhism making it the guardian of the state and a way of strengthening Japanese institutions During Shōmu s reign the Tōdai ji literally Eastern Great Temple was built Within it was placed the Great Buddha Daibutsu a 16 metre high gilt bronze statue This Buddha was identified with the Sun Goddess and a gradual syncretism of Buddhism and Shinto ensued Shōmu declared himself the Servant of the Three Treasures of Buddhism the Buddha the law or teachings of Buddhism and the Buddhist community The central government established temples called kokubunji in the provinces The Tōdai ji was the kokubunji of Yamato Province present day Nara Prefecture Although these efforts stopped short of making Buddhism the state religion Nara Buddhism heightened the status of the imperial family Buddhist influence at court increased under the two reigns of Shōmu s daughter As Empress Kōken r 749 758 she brought many Buddhist priests into court Kōken abdicated in 758 on the advice of her cousin Fujiwara no Nakamaro When the retired empress came to favor a Buddhist faith healer named Dōkyō Nakamaro rose up in arms in 764 but was quickly crushed Kōken charged the ruling emperor with colluding with Nakamaro and had him deposed Kōken reascended the throne as Empress Shōtoku r 764 770 The empress commissioned the printing of 1 million prayer charms the Hyakumantō Darani many examples of which survive The small scrolls dating from 770 are among the earliest printed works in the world Shōtoku had the charms printed to placate the Buddhist clergy She may even have wanted to make Dōkyō emperor but she died before she could act Her actions shocked Nara society and led to the exclusion of women from imperial succession and the removal of Buddhist priests from positions of political authority Many of the Japanese artworks and imported treasures from other countries during the era of Emperors Shōmu and Shōtoku are archived in Shōsō in of Tōdai ji temple They are called Shōsōin treasures and illustrate the cosmopolitan culture known as Tempyō culture Imported treasures show the cultural influences of Silk Road areas including China Korea India and the Islamic empire Shosoin stores more than 10 000 paper documents the so called Shōsōin documents 正倉院文書 These are records written in the reverse side of the sutra or in the wrapping of imported items that survived as a result of reusing wasted official documents Shōsōin documents contribute greatly to the historical research of Japanese political and social systems of the Nara period and they even can be used to trace the development of the Japanese writing systems such as katakana The first authentically Japanese gardens were built in the city of Nara at the end of the eighth century Shorelines and stone settings were naturalistic different from the heavier earlier continental mode of constructing pond edges Two such gardens have been found at excavations both were used for poetry writing festivities 6 International relations EditThe Nara court aggressively imported knowledge about the Chinese civilization of its day the Tang Dynasty 7 by sending diplomatic envoys known as kentōshi to the Tang court every twenty years Many Japanese students both lay and Buddhist priests studied in Chang an and Luoyang One student named Abe no Nakamaro passed the Chinese civil examination to be appointed to governmental posts in China He served as governor general in Annam Chinese Vietnam from 761 through 767 Many students who returned from China such as Kibi no Makibi were promoted to high government posts Tang China never sent official envoys to Japan for Japanese kings or emperors as they styled themselves did not seek investiture from the Chinese emperor A local Chinese government in the Lower Yangzi Valley sent a mission to Japan to return Japanese envoys who entered China through Balhae The Chinese local mission could not return home due to the An Lushan Rebellion and remained in Japan The Hayato people 隼人 in southern Kyushu frequently resisted rule by the Yamato dynasty during the Nara period 8 They are believed to be of Austronesian origin and had a unique culture that was different from the Japanese people 9 10 They were eventually subjugated by the Ritsuryō Relations with the Korean kingdom of Silla were initially peaceful with regular diplomatic exchanges The rise of Balhae north of Silla destabilized Japan Silla relations Balhae sent its first mission in 728 to Nara which welcomed them as the successor state to Goguryeo with which Japan had been allied until Silla unified the Three Kingdoms of Korea Events Edit710 Japan s capital is moved from Fujiwara kyō to Heijō kyō modeled after China s capital Chang an 712 The collection of tales called the Kojiki is published 717 The Hōshi Ryokan is founded and it survives to become Japan s and the world s second oldest known hotel in 2012 The oldest was founded in 705 720 The collection of tales called the Nihon Shoki is published 735 737 A devastating smallpox epidemic spread from Kyushu to eastern Honshu and Nara killing an estimated one third of the Japanese population in these areas 11 12 The epidemic is said to have led to the construction of several prominent Buddhist structures during this time period as a form of appeasement 13 14 743 Emperor Shōmu issues a rescript to build the Daibutsu Great Buddha later to be completed and placed in Tōdai ji Nara 752 The Great Buddha Daibutsu at Tōdai ji is completed 759 The poetic anthology Man yōshu is published 784 The emperor moves the capital to Nagaoka 788 The Buddhist monk Saichō founds the monastery of Mt Hiei near Kyoto which becomes a vast ensemble of Buddhist temples See also EditTakahashi Ujibumi Fujiwara no Hirotsugu RebellionReferences Edit Dolan Ronald E and Worden Robert L ed 1994 Nara and Heian Periods A D 710 1185 Japan A Country Study Library of Congress Federal Research Division Ellington Lucien 2009 Japan Santa Barbara ABC CLIO p 28 ISBN 978 1 59884 162 6 Shuichi Kato Don Sanderson 15 April 2013 A History of Japanese Literature From the Manyoshu to Modern Times Routledge pp 12 13 ISBN 978 1 136 61368 5 Archived from the original on 8 November 2021 Retrieved 9 December 2018 Shuichi Kato Don Sanderson 15 April 2013 A History of Japanese Literature From the Manyoshu to Modern Times Routledge p 24 ISBN 978 1 136 61368 5 Archived from the original on 8 November 2021 Retrieved 9 December 2018 Bjarke Frellesvig 29 July 2010 A History of the Japanese Language Cambridge University Press pp 14 15 ISBN 978 1 139 48880 8 Archived from the original on 5 August 2020 Retrieved 9 December 2018 See Wybe Kuitert Two Early Japanese Gardens 1991 Archived from the original on 2015 11 23 Retrieved 2015 11 26 Lockard Craig A 2009 Societies Networks And Transitions Volume B From 600 To 1750 Wadsworth pp 290 291 ISBN 978 1 4390 8540 0 William George Aston says this in his note see Nihongi Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A D 697 translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston Book II note 1 page 100 Tuttle Publishing Tra edition July 2005 First edition published 1972 ISBN 978 0 8048 3674 6 Kakubayashi Fumio 1998 隼人 オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族 Hayato An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan Archived 2014 05 26 at the Wayback Machine The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture Kyoto Sangyo University 3 pp 15 31 ISSN 1341 7207 The Hayato dance appears repeatedly in the Kojiki Nihon Shoki and Shoku Nihongi performed on the occasion of paying tribute to the court and for the benefit of foreign visitors Suzuki Akihito July 2011 Smallpox and the Epidemiological Heritage of Modern Japan Towards a Total History Medical History 55 3 313 318 doi 10 1017 S0025727300005329 PMC 3143877 PMID 21792253 Farris William Wayne 2017 The Historical Demography of Japan to 1700 Routledge Handbook of Premodern Japanese History Abingdon United Kingdom Routledge pp 252 253 ISBN 978 0415707022 Kohn George C 2002 Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence From Ancient Times to the Present Princeton New Jersey Checkmark Books p 213 ISBN 978 0816048939 Jannetta Ann Bowman 2014 Epidemics and Mortality in Early Modern Japan New York New York Princeton University Press pp 65 67 ISBN 978 0816048939 Further reading EditEnglish Edit Brown Delmer M 1993 Cambridge History of Japan Ancient Japan Farris William 1993 Japan s Medieval Population Famine Fertility and Warfare in a Transformative Age University of Hawai i Press Honolulu Ooms Herman 2009 Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan The Tenmu Dynasty pp 650 800 Sansom George Bailey G B 1978 Cambridge History of Japan Ancient Japan Kornicki Peter F 2012 The Hyakumantō darani and the origins of printing in eighth century Japan International Journal of Asian Studies 9 9 43 70 doi 10 1017 S1479591411000180 S2CID 146242695 Bender Ross 2012 Friday Karl ed Emperor Aristocracy and the Ritsuryō State Court Politics in Nara Japan Emerging Premodern History to 1850 Westview Press Retrieved October 11 2012 Other Edit Kojima Noriyuki 1994 Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Zenshu Nihon Shoki vol 1 Shōgakukan ISBN 978 4 09 658002 8 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Japan A Country Study Federal Research Division Preceded byAsuka period History of Japan Succeeded byHeian period Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nara period amp oldid 1129933185, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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