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Tibetan people

The Tibetan people (Tibetan: བོད་པ་, Wylie: bod pa, THL: bö pa; Chinese: 藏族) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 6.7 million. In addition to the majority living in Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans live in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan, as well as in India, Nepal, and Bhutan.

Tibetan people
བོད་པ་
bod pa · 博巴[1]
Total population
c. 6.7 million
Regions with significant populations
 China6.3 million[2]
 India182,685 (2011 census)[3]
   Nepal20,000–40,000[4][5]
 United States26,700[6]
 Canada9,350[7]
  Switzerland8,000[8][6]
 France8,000[6]
 Bhutan5,000[5]
 Belgium5,000[6]
 Australia &  New Zealand1,817[6]
Languages
Tibetic languages and Chinese languages
Religion
Predominantly Tibetan Buddhism; significant minorities following Bon; small minorities following Christianity and Islam
Related ethnic groups
Sherpa · Qiang · Ngalop · Sharchop · Ladakhis · Baltis · Burig · Kachin · Yi · Bamar · Other Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples
Tibetan people
Chinese name
Chinese藏族
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZàngzú
Wu
Romanizationzaon zoh
Hakka
RomanizationTshông-tshu̍k
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingzong6 zuk6
Southern Min
Hokkien POJChōng-cho̍k
Teochew Peng'imTsăng-tsôk
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUCCâung-cŭk
Tibetan name
Tibetanབོད་པ་
Transcriptions
Wyliebod pa
THLbö pa

The Tibetic languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman language group. The traditional or mythological explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the descendants of the human Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo. It is thought that most of the Tibeto-Burman speakers in southwest China, including Tibetans, are direct descendants from the ancient Qiang people.[9]

Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, although some observe the indigenous Bon religion and there is a small Muslim minority. Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art, drama and architecture, while the harsh geography of Tibet has produced an adaptive culture of Tibetan medicine and cuisine.

Demographics Edit

As of the 2014 Census, there are about 6 million Tibetans living in the Tibet Autonomous Region and the 10 Tibetan autonomous prefectures in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan.[10][11] The SIL Ethnologue in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 Tibetic speakers living in India, 5,280 in Nepal and 4,800 in Bhutan.[12] The Central Tibetan Administration's (CTA) Green Book (of the Tibetan Government in Exile) counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; over 16,000 in Nepal; over 1,800 in Bhutan, and over 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the United States,[13] Australia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, France, Mexico, Norway, Mongolia, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the Baltistan region of Northern Pakistan, the Balti people are a Muslim ethnicity of Tibetan descent numbering around 300,000.[14]

There is some dispute over the current and historical number of Tibetans. The Central Tibetan Administration claims that the 5.4 million number is a decrease from 6.3 million in 1959[15] while the Chinese government claims that it is an increase from 2.7 million in 1954.[16] However, the question depends on the definition and extent of "Tibet"; the region claimed by the CTA is more expansive and China more diminutive. Also, the Tibetan administration did not take a formal census of its territory in the 1950s; the numbers provided by the administration at the time were "based on informed guesswork".[17]

In China Edit

According to the Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2010), there are 6,282,187 Tibetans nationwide:[18]

There are 2,716,388 people in the Tibet Autonomous Region, 1,496,524 people in Sichuan Province, 1,375,059 people in Qinghai Province, 488,359 people in Gansu Province (mostly in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Bairi Tibetan Autonomous County) and 142,257 people in Yunnan Province (mostly in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture). Tibetans account for 0.47% of the total population of the country. Tibetans account for 90.48% of the total population in Tibet Region, 24.44% of the total population of Qinghai and 1.86% of the total population in Sichuan.

Of all Tibetans in China, 315,622 people live in cities, 923,177 in towns, and 5,043,388 people (80.3%) live in rural areas.

In India Edit

In India Tibetic people are found in the regions of Ladakh (Ladakhi and Balti), Kinnaur district in Himachal Pradesh, Spiti valley, Uttarakhand (Bhotiya), Sikkim (Bhutia), and Arunachal Pradesh (Khamba, Lhoba and Monpa people). There are also nearly 100,000 Tibetans living in exile in India since 1959,[19] the majority of them living in Tibetan enclaves such as Dharamshala and Bylakuppe.

In Nepal Edit

Tibetans are known as Bhotiyas in Nepal, where they are majority in regions such as Upper Mustang, Dolpo, Walung region and Limi and Muchu valleys. Nepal is also home to other Tibetic people such as the Sherpa and Thakali. There are also more than 10,000 Tibetan refugees in Nepal.[20]

Language Edit

 
Areas in which concentrations of ethnic Tibetans live within China
 
Tibetan peddler living in Nepal

The Tibetic languages (Tibetan: བོད་སྐད།) are a cluster of mutually unintelligible Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by approximately 8 million people, primarily Tibetan, living across a wide area of East and South Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau and Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. Classical Tibetan is a major regional literary language, particularly for its use in Buddhist literature.

The Central Tibetan language (the dialects of Ü-Tsang, including Lhasa), Khams Tibetan, and Amdo Tibetan are generally considered to be dialects of a single language, especially since they all share the same literary language, while Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi are generally considered to be separate languages.

Although some of the Qiang peoples of Kham are classified by China as ethnic Tibetans,[citation needed] the Qiangic languages are not Tibetic, but rather form their own branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

 
Tibetan Middle aged woman in Sikkim
 
Tibetan spectator at celebrations for TCV's 50th anniversary. Dharamsala

Ethnic origins Edit

Genetics Edit

Modern Tibetan populations are genetically most similar to other modern East Asian populations.[21] They show relatively more genetic affinity for modern Central Asian than modern Siberian populations.[21] They also share genetic affinity for South Asians.[21]

Tibetan people are genetically most closely related to Han Chinese, Bhutanese, Nepalese. Yang et al. (2017) found that Tibetans are genetically closely related to other Sino-Tibetan populations.[22]

Tibetan males predominantly belong to the paternal lineage D-M174.[23] Tibetan females belong mainly to the Northeast Asian maternal haplogroups M9a1a, M9a1b, D4g2, D4i and G2ac, showing continuity with ancient middle and upper Yellow River populations.[24]

Released in 2010 by University of California, Berkeley, a study identified more than 30 genetic factors that make Tibetans' bodies well-suited for high-altitudes, including EPAS1, referred to as the "super-athlete gene" which regulates the body's production of hemoglobin,[25] allowing for greater efficiency in the use of oxygen.[26] The genetic basis of Tibetan adaptations have been attributed to a mutation in the EPAS1 gene,[27][28] and has become prevalent in the past 3,000 years. In fact, according to Rasmus Nielsen, UC Berkeley professor of integrative biology, this is "the fastest genetic change ever observed in humans".[29]

Genetic studies shows that many of the Sherpa people have allele frequencies which are often found in other Tibeto-Burman regions, in tested genes, the strongest affinity was for Tibetan population sample studies done in the Tibet Autonomous Region.[30] Genetically, the Sherpa cluster closest with the sample Tibetan and Han populations.[31] Additionally, the Sherpa had exhibited affinity for several Nepalese populations, with the strongest for the Rai people, followed by the Magars and the Tamang.[31]

Recent research into the ability of Tibetans' metabolism to function normally in the oxygen-deficient atmosphere above 4,400 metres (14,400 ft)[32][33][34][35] shows that, although Tibetans living at high altitudes have no more oxygen in their blood than other people, they have ten times more nitric oxide and double the forearm blood flow of low-altitude dwellers. Tibetans inherited this adaptation due to their Denisovan admixture.[36] Nitric oxide causes dilation of blood vessels, allowing blood to flow more freely to the extremities and aids the release of oxygen to tissues.

 
Wang et al. (2019) associates the East Asian haplogroup D1 with the "East Asian Highlanders".
 
Haplogroup D is most common among Tibeto-Burmese, Japanese and Altaians, and spread from the Tibetan Plateau into various regions. D is one of the four major East Asian lineages, next to C, O and N.

Modern Tibetans formed from Ancient Tibetan Highlanders (also known as "East Asian Highlanders") native to the Tibetan Plateau and a region up to the southern Altai Mountains, and from East Asian lowland farmers expanding from the Yellow River. Although "East Asian Highlanders" (associated with haplogroup D1) are closely related to East Asian lowland farmers (associated with haplogroup O), they form a divergent sister branch to them.[37] A 2019 study by Wang et al., published in the journal Nature, similarly concluded that modern Tibetans (and closely related Tibeto-Burmese) formed from "East Asian Highlanders" and agriculturalists from the Yellow river. They further found evidence for geneflow from this ancient "East Asian Highlanders" into some populations in Southeast Asia and Japan. By comparing Tibetans to modern worldwide populations it was found that Tibetans are very closely related to other East Asians, especially Chinese and Japanese respectively. Geneflow from Tibetan-like ancestry into West Asia and Northeastern Africa was also found, however this may be caused by relative small sample size from these regions.[38]

Mythology Edit

According to Tibetan mythology, the origins of Tibetans are said to be rooted in the marriage of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo.[39]

Religion Edit

 
Buddhists performing prostrations in front of Jokhang Monastery.

Most Tibetans generally observe Tibetan Buddhism or a collection of native traditions known as Bön (also absorbed into mainstream Tibetan Buddhism). There is a minority Tibetan Muslim population.[40] There is also a small Tibetan Christian population in the eastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan of China. Also there are some Tibetan Hindus who mainly live in China, India and Nepal.

According to legend, the 28th king of Tibet, Thothori Nyantsen, dreamed of a sacred treasure falling from heaven, which contained a Buddhist sutra, mantras, and religious objects. However, because the Tibetan script had not been invented, the text could not be translated in writing and no one initially knew what was written in it. Buddhism did not take root in Tibet until the reign of Songtsän Gampo, who married two Buddhist princesses, Bhrikuti of Nepal and Wencheng of China. It then gained popularity when Padmasambhāva visited Tibet at the invitation of the 38th Tibetan king, Trisong Deutson.

Today, one can see Tibetans placing Mani stones prominently in public places. Tibetan lamas, both Buddhist and Bön, play a major role in the lives of the Tibetan people, conducting religious ceremonies and taking care of the monasteries. Pilgrims plant prayer flags over sacred grounds as a symbol of good luck.

The prayer wheel is a means of simulating the chant of a mantra by physically revolving the object several times in a clockwise direction. It is widely seen among Tibetan people. In order not to desecrate religious artifacts such as Stupas, mani stones, and Gompas, Tibetan Buddhists walk around them in a clockwise direction, although the reverse direction is true for Bön. Tibetan Buddhists chant the prayer "Om mani padme hum", while the practitioners of Bön chant "Om matri muye sale du".

Culture Edit

 
Tibetan wearing the typical hat operating a quern to grind fried barley. The perpendicular handle of such rotary handmills works as a crank (1938 photo).

Tibet is rich in culture. Tibetan festivals such as Losar, Shoton, Linka, and the Bathing Festival are deeply rooted in indigenous religion and also contain foreign influences. Each person takes part in the Bathing Festival three times: at birth, at marriage, and at death.[citation needed]

Art Edit

Tibetan art is deeply religious in nature, from the exquisitely detailed statues found in Gonpas to wooden carvings and the intricate designs of the Thangka paintings. Tibetan art can be found in almost every object and every aspect of daily life.

Thangka paintings, a syncretism of Indian scroll-painting with Nepalese and Kashmiri painting, appeared in Tibet around the 8th century. Rectangular and painted on cotton or linen, they usually depict traditional motifs including religious, astrological, and theological subjects, and sometimes a mandala. To ensure that the image will not fade, organic and mineral pigments are added, and the painting is framed in colorful silk brocades.

Drama Edit

Tibetan folk opera, known as lhamo, is a combination of dances, chants and songs. The repertoire is drawn from Buddhist stories and Tibetan history.

Tibetan opera was founded in the fourteenth century by Thang Tong Gyalpo, a lama and a bridge-builder. Gyalpo and seven girls he recruited organized the first performance to raise funds for building bridges to facilitate transportation in Tibet. The tradition continued uninterrupted for nearly seven hundred years, and performances are held on various festive occasions such as the Lingka and Shoton festival. The performance is usually a drama, held on a barren stage that combines dances, chants, and songs. Colorful masks are sometimes worn to identify a character, with red symbolizing a king and yellow indicating deities and lamas. The performance starts with a stage purification and blessings. A narrator then sings a summary of the story, and the performance begins. Another ritual blessing is conducted at the end of the play. There are also many historical myths/epics written by high lamas about the reincarnation of a "chosen one" who will do great things.

Architecture Edit

The most unusual feature of Tibetan architecture is that many of the houses and monasteries are built on elevated, sunny sites facing the south. They are commonly made of a mixture of rocks, wood, cement and earth. Little fuel is available for heating or lighting, so flat roofs are built to conserve heat, and multiple windows are constructed to let in sunlight. Walls are usually sloped inwards at 10 degrees as a precaution against frequent earthquakes in the mountainous area. Tibetan homes and buildings are white-washed on the outside, and beautifully decorated inside.

Standing at 117 metres (384 ft) in height and 360 metres (1,180 ft) in width, the Potala Palace is considered the most important example of Tibetan architecture.[citation needed] Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama, it contains over a thousand rooms within thirteen stories and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha. It is divided between the outer White Palace, which serves as the administrative quarters, and the inner Red Quarters, which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas, chapels, 10,000 shrines, and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures.

 
Potala Palace, 2013

Medicine Edit

Traditional Tibetan medicine utilizes up to two thousand types of plants, forty animal species, and fifty minerals. One of the key figures in its development was the renowned 8th century physician Yuthog Yontan Gonpo, who produced the Four Medical Tantras integrating material from the medical traditions of Persia, India and China. The tantras contained a total of 156 chapters in the form of Thangkas, which tell about the archaic Tibetan medicine and the essences of medicines in other places.[41]

Yutok Yonten Gonpo's descendant, Yuthok Sarma Yonten Gonpo, further consolidated the tradition by adding eighteen medical works. One of his books[specify] includes paintings depicting the resetting of a broken bone. In addition, he compiled a set of anatomical pictures of internal organs.[citation needed]

Cuisine Edit

 
A simple Tibetan breakfast

The Cuisine of Tibet reflects the rich heritage of the country and people's adaptation to high altitude and religious culinary restrictions. The most important crop is barley. Dough made from barley flour, called tsampa, is the staple food of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat or mutton, often dried or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yogurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item.[42][citation needed]

Clothing Edit

Many Tibetans wear their hair long, although in recent times due to Chinese influence,[citation needed] most men do crop their hair short. The women braid their hair into multiple tiny braids called "Rhe-Ba" or just simply put their hair up in a braid or pony-tail in more rural areas. In more urban areas, women wear many different kinds of hairstyles such as pony-tails, braids, buns or just leaving it down.

Some men and women wear long thick dresses (chuba) in more traditional and rural regions. The men wear a shorter version with pants underneath. The style of the clothing varies between regions.[citation needed] Nomads often wear thick sheepskin versions. In more urban places like Lhasa, men and women dress in modern clothing, and many choose to wear chuba during festivals and holidays like Losar.

Literature Edit

Tibet has national literature that has both religious, semi-spiritual and secular elements. While the religious texts are well-known, Tibet is also home to the semi-spiritual Gesar Epic, which is the longest epic in the world and is popular throughout Mongolia and Central Asia. There are secular texts such as The Dispute Between Tea and Chang (Tibetan beer) and Khache Phalu's Advice.

Marriage customs Edit

Monogamy is common throughout Tibet. Marriages are sometimes arranged by the parents if the son or daughter has not picked their own partner by a certain age. However, polyandry is practiced in parts of Tibet. This is usually done to avoid division of property and provide financial security.[43]

List of Tibetan states Edit

Kingdoms of Kham Edit

Gyalrong Kingdoms Edit

See also Edit

References Edit

Citations Edit

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Sources Edit

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External links Edit

  • Imaging Everest: article on Tibetan people at the time of early mountaineering from the Royal Geographical Society
  • Tibetan costume from china.org.cn
  • Rukor where the world discusses the fate of the nomads

tibetan, people, tibetan, wylie, chinese, 藏族, east, asian, ethnic, group, native, tibet, their, current, population, estimated, around, million, addition, majority, living, tibet, autonomous, region, china, significant, numbers, tibetans, live, chinese, provin. The Tibetan people Tibetan བ ད པ Wylie bod pa THL bo pa Chinese 藏族 are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet Their current population is estimated to be around 6 7 million In addition to the majority living in Tibet Autonomous Region of China significant numbers of Tibetans live in the Chinese provinces of Gansu Qinghai Sichuan and Yunnan as well as in India Nepal and Bhutan Tibetan peopleབ ད པ bod pa 博巴 1 Total populationc 6 7 millionRegions with significant populations China6 3 million 2 India182 685 2011 census 3 Nepal20 000 40 000 4 5 United States26 700 6 Canada9 350 7 Switzerland8 000 8 6 France8 000 6 Bhutan5 000 5 Belgium5 000 6 Australia amp New Zealand1 817 6 LanguagesTibetic languages and Chinese languagesReligionPredominantly Tibetan Buddhism significant minorities following Bon small minorities following Christianity and IslamRelated ethnic groupsSherpa Qiang Ngalop Sharchop Ladakhis Baltis Burig Kachin Yi Bamar Other Sino Tibetan speaking peoplesTibetan peopleChinese nameChinese藏族TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZangzuWuRomanizationzaon zohHakkaRomanizationTshong tshu kYue CantoneseJyutpingzong6 zuk6Southern MinHokkien POJChōng cho kTeochew Peng imTsăng tsokEastern MinFuzhou BUCCaung cŭkTibetan nameTibetanབ ད པ TranscriptionsWyliebod paTHLbo paThe Tibetic languages belong to the Tibeto Burman language group The traditional or mythological explanation of the Tibetan people s origin is that they are the descendants of the human Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo It is thought that most of the Tibeto Burman speakers in southwest China including Tibetans are direct descendants from the ancient Qiang people 9 Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism although some observe the indigenous Bon religion and there is a small Muslim minority Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art drama and architecture while the harsh geography of Tibet has produced an adaptive culture of Tibetan medicine and cuisine Contents 1 Demographics 1 1 In China 1 2 In India 1 3 In Nepal 2 Language 3 Ethnic origins 3 1 Genetics 3 2 Mythology 4 Religion 5 Culture 5 1 Art 5 2 Drama 5 3 Architecture 5 4 Medicine 5 5 Cuisine 5 6 Clothing 5 7 Literature 6 Marriage customs 7 List of Tibetan states 7 1 Kingdoms of Kham 7 2 Gyalrong Kingdoms 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Citations 9 2 Sources 10 External linksDemographics EditAs of the 2014 Census there are about 6 million Tibetans living in the Tibet Autonomous Region and the 10 Tibetan autonomous prefectures in the provinces of Gansu Qinghai Sichuan and Yunnan 10 11 The SIL Ethnologue in 2009 documents an additional 189 000 Tibetic speakers living in India 5 280 in Nepal and 4 800 in Bhutan 12 The Central Tibetan Administration s CTA Green Book of the Tibetan Government in Exile counts 145 150 Tibetans outside Tibet a little over 100 000 in India over 16 000 in Nepal over 1 800 in Bhutan and over 25 000 in other parts of the world There are Tibetan communities in the United States 13 Australia Brazil Canada Costa Rica France Mexico Norway Mongolia Germany Switzerland and the United Kingdom In the Baltistan region of Northern Pakistan the Balti people are a Muslim ethnicity of Tibetan descent numbering around 300 000 14 There is some dispute over the current and historical number of Tibetans The Central Tibetan Administration claims that the 5 4 million number is a decrease from 6 3 million in 1959 15 while the Chinese government claims that it is an increase from 2 7 million in 1954 16 However the question depends on the definition and extent of Tibet the region claimed by the CTA is more expansive and China more diminutive Also the Tibetan administration did not take a formal census of its territory in the 1950s the numbers provided by the administration at the time were based on informed guesswork 17 In China Edit According to the Sixth National Population Census of the People s Republic of China 2010 there are 6 282 187 Tibetans nationwide 18 There are 2 716 388 people in the Tibet Autonomous Region 1 496 524 people in Sichuan Province 1 375 059 people in Qinghai Province 488 359 people in Gansu Province mostly in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Bairi Tibetan Autonomous County and 142 257 people in Yunnan Province mostly in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Tibetans account for 0 47 of the total population of the country Tibetans account for 90 48 of the total population in Tibet Region 24 44 of the total population of Qinghai and 1 86 of the total population in Sichuan Of all Tibetans in China 315 622 people live in cities 923 177 in towns and 5 043 388 people 80 3 live in rural areas In India Edit In India Tibetic people are found in the regions of Ladakh Ladakhi and Balti Kinnaur district in Himachal Pradesh Spiti valley Uttarakhand Bhotiya Sikkim Bhutia and Arunachal Pradesh Khamba Lhoba and Monpa people There are also nearly 100 000 Tibetans living in exile in India since 1959 19 the majority of them living in Tibetan enclaves such as Dharamshala and Bylakuppe In Nepal Edit Tibetans are known as Bhotiyas in Nepal where they are majority in regions such as Upper Mustang Dolpo Walung region and Limi and Muchu valleys Nepal is also home to other Tibetic people such as the Sherpa and Thakali There are also more than 10 000 Tibetan refugees in Nepal 20 Language EditMain article Tibetic languages nbsp Areas in which concentrations of ethnic Tibetans live within China nbsp Tibetan peddler living in NepalThe Tibetic languages Tibetan བ ད ས ད are a cluster of mutually unintelligible Sino Tibetan languages spoken by approximately 8 million people primarily Tibetan living across a wide area of East and South Asia including the Tibetan Plateau and Baltistan Ladakh Nepal Sikkim and Bhutan Classical Tibetan is a major regional literary language particularly for its use in Buddhist literature The Central Tibetan language the dialects of U Tsang including Lhasa Khams Tibetan and Amdo Tibetan are generally considered to be dialects of a single language especially since they all share the same literary language while Dzongkha Sikkimese Sherpa and Ladakhi are generally considered to be separate languages Although some of the Qiang peoples of Kham are classified by China as ethnic Tibetans citation needed the Qiangic languages are not Tibetic but rather form their own branch of the Sino Tibetan language family nbsp Tibetan Middle aged woman in Sikkim nbsp Tibetan spectator at celebrations for TCV s 50th anniversary DharamsalaEthnic origins EditGenetics Edit Main article Genetic history of East Asia Modern Tibetan populations are genetically most similar to other modern East Asian populations 21 They show relatively more genetic affinity for modern Central Asian than modern Siberian populations 21 They also share genetic affinity for South Asians 21 Tibetan people are genetically most closely related to Han Chinese Bhutanese Nepalese Yang et al 2017 found that Tibetans are genetically closely related to other Sino Tibetan populations 22 Tibetan males predominantly belong to the paternal lineage D M174 23 Tibetan females belong mainly to the Northeast Asian maternal haplogroups M9a1a M9a1b D4g2 D4i and G2ac showing continuity with ancient middle and upper Yellow River populations 24 Released in 2010 by University of California Berkeley a study identified more than 30 genetic factors that make Tibetans bodies well suited for high altitudes including EPAS1 referred to as the super athlete gene which regulates the body s production of hemoglobin 25 allowing for greater efficiency in the use of oxygen 26 The genetic basis of Tibetan adaptations have been attributed to a mutation in the EPAS1 gene 27 28 and has become prevalent in the past 3 000 years In fact according to Rasmus Nielsen UC Berkeley professor of integrative biology this is the fastest genetic change ever observed in humans 29 Genetic studies shows that many of the Sherpa people have allele frequencies which are often found in other Tibeto Burman regions in tested genes the strongest affinity was for Tibetan population sample studies done in the Tibet Autonomous Region 30 Genetically the Sherpa cluster closest with the sample Tibetan and Han populations 31 Additionally the Sherpa had exhibited affinity for several Nepalese populations with the strongest for the Rai people followed by the Magars and the Tamang 31 Recent research into the ability of Tibetans metabolism to function normally in the oxygen deficient atmosphere above 4 400 metres 14 400 ft 32 33 34 35 shows that although Tibetans living at high altitudes have no more oxygen in their blood than other people they have ten times more nitric oxide and double the forearm blood flow of low altitude dwellers Tibetans inherited this adaptation due to their Denisovan admixture 36 Nitric oxide causes dilation of blood vessels allowing blood to flow more freely to the extremities and aids the release of oxygen to tissues nbsp Wang et al 2019 associates the East Asian haplogroup D1 with the East Asian Highlanders nbsp Haplogroup D is most common among Tibeto Burmese Japanese and Altaians and spread from the Tibetan Plateau into various regions D is one of the four major East Asian lineages next to C O and N Modern Tibetans formed from Ancient Tibetan Highlanders also known as East Asian Highlanders native to the Tibetan Plateau and a region up to the southern Altai Mountains and from East Asian lowland farmers expanding from the Yellow River Although East Asian Highlanders associated with haplogroup D1 are closely related to East Asian lowland farmers associated with haplogroup O they form a divergent sister branch to them 37 A 2019 study by Wang et al published in the journal Nature similarly concluded that modern Tibetans and closely related Tibeto Burmese formed from East Asian Highlanders and agriculturalists from the Yellow river They further found evidence for geneflow from this ancient East Asian Highlanders into some populations in Southeast Asia and Japan By comparing Tibetans to modern worldwide populations it was found that Tibetans are very closely related to other East Asians especially Chinese and Japanese respectively Geneflow from Tibetan like ancestry into West Asia and Northeastern Africa was also found however this may be caused by relative small sample size from these regions 38 Mythology Edit According to Tibetan mythology the origins of Tibetans are said to be rooted in the marriage of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo 39 Religion Edit nbsp Buddhists performing prostrations in front of Jokhang Monastery Further information Bon Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan Muslims Most Tibetans generally observe Tibetan Buddhism or a collection of native traditions known as Bon also absorbed into mainstream Tibetan Buddhism There is a minority Tibetan Muslim population 40 There is also a small Tibetan Christian population in the eastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan of China Also there are some Tibetan Hindus who mainly live in China India and Nepal According to legend the 28th king of Tibet Thothori Nyantsen dreamed of a sacred treasure falling from heaven which contained a Buddhist sutra mantras and religious objects However because the Tibetan script had not been invented the text could not be translated in writing and no one initially knew what was written in it Buddhism did not take root in Tibet until the reign of Songtsan Gampo who married two Buddhist princesses Bhrikuti of Nepal and Wencheng of China It then gained popularity when Padmasambhava visited Tibet at the invitation of the 38th Tibetan king Trisong Deutson Today one can see Tibetans placing Mani stones prominently in public places Tibetan lamas both Buddhist and Bon play a major role in the lives of the Tibetan people conducting religious ceremonies and taking care of the monasteries Pilgrims plant prayer flags over sacred grounds as a symbol of good luck The prayer wheel is a means of simulating the chant of a mantra by physically revolving the object several times in a clockwise direction It is widely seen among Tibetan people In order not to desecrate religious artifacts such as Stupas mani stones and Gompas Tibetan Buddhists walk around them in a clockwise direction although the reverse direction is true for Bon Tibetan Buddhists chant the prayer Om mani padme hum while the practitioners of Bon chant Om matri muye sale du Culture EditMain article Culture of Tibet nbsp Tibetan wearing the typical hat operating a quern to grind fried barley The perpendicular handle of such rotary handmills works as a crank 1938 photo Tibet is rich in culture Tibetan festivals such as Losar Shoton Linka and the Bathing Festival are deeply rooted in indigenous religion and also contain foreign influences Each person takes part in the Bathing Festival three times at birth at marriage and at death citation needed Art Edit Tibetan art is deeply religious in nature from the exquisitely detailed statues found in Gonpas to wooden carvings and the intricate designs of the Thangka paintings Tibetan art can be found in almost every object and every aspect of daily life Thangka paintings a syncretism of Indian scroll painting with Nepalese and Kashmiri painting appeared in Tibet around the 8th century Rectangular and painted on cotton or linen they usually depict traditional motifs including religious astrological and theological subjects and sometimes a mandala To ensure that the image will not fade organic and mineral pigments are added and the painting is framed in colorful silk brocades Drama Edit Tibetan folk opera known as lhamo is a combination of dances chants and songs The repertoire is drawn from Buddhist stories and Tibetan history Tibetan opera was founded in the fourteenth century by Thang Tong Gyalpo a lama and a bridge builder Gyalpo and seven girls he recruited organized the first performance to raise funds for building bridges to facilitate transportation in Tibet The tradition continued uninterrupted for nearly seven hundred years and performances are held on various festive occasions such as the Lingka and Shoton festival The performance is usually a drama held on a barren stage that combines dances chants and songs Colorful masks are sometimes worn to identify a character with red symbolizing a king and yellow indicating deities and lamas The performance starts with a stage purification and blessings A narrator then sings a summary of the story and the performance begins Another ritual blessing is conducted at the end of the play There are also many historical myths epics written by high lamas about the reincarnation of a chosen one who will do great things Architecture Edit The most unusual feature of Tibetan architecture is that many of the houses and monasteries are built on elevated sunny sites facing the south They are commonly made of a mixture of rocks wood cement and earth Little fuel is available for heating or lighting so flat roofs are built to conserve heat and multiple windows are constructed to let in sunlight Walls are usually sloped inwards at 10 degrees as a precaution against frequent earthquakes in the mountainous area Tibetan homes and buildings are white washed on the outside and beautifully decorated inside Standing at 117 metres 384 ft in height and 360 metres 1 180 ft in width the Potala Palace is considered the most important example of Tibetan architecture citation needed Formerly the residence of the Dalai Lama it contains over a thousand rooms within thirteen stories and houses portraits of the past Dalai Lamas and statues of the Buddha It is divided between the outer White Palace which serves as the administrative quarters and the inner Red Quarters which houses the assembly hall of the Lamas chapels 10 000 shrines and a vast library of Buddhist scriptures nbsp Potala Palace 2013Medicine Edit Traditional Tibetan medicine utilizes up to two thousand types of plants forty animal species and fifty minerals One of the key figures in its development was the renowned 8th century physician Yuthog Yontan Gonpo who produced the Four Medical Tantras integrating material from the medical traditions of Persia India and China The tantras contained a total of 156 chapters in the form of Thangkas which tell about the archaic Tibetan medicine and the essences of medicines in other places 41 Yutok Yonten Gonpo s descendant Yuthok Sarma Yonten Gonpo further consolidated the tradition by adding eighteen medical works One of his books specify includes paintings depicting the resetting of a broken bone In addition he compiled a set of anatomical pictures of internal organs citation needed Cuisine Edit nbsp A simple Tibetan breakfastThe Cuisine of Tibet reflects the rich heritage of the country and people s adaptation to high altitude and religious culinary restrictions The most important crop is barley Dough made from barley flour called tsampa is the staple food of Tibet This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos Meat dishes are likely to be yak goat or mutton often dried or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet and therefore features heavily in its cuisine Yak yogurt butter and cheese are frequently eaten and well prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item 42 citation needed Clothing Edit Many Tibetans wear their hair long although in recent times due to Chinese influence citation needed most men do crop their hair short The women braid their hair into multiple tiny braids called Rhe Ba or just simply put their hair up in a braid or pony tail in more rural areas In more urban areas women wear many different kinds of hairstyles such as pony tails braids buns or just leaving it down Some men and women wear long thick dresses chuba in more traditional and rural regions The men wear a shorter version with pants underneath The style of the clothing varies between regions citation needed Nomads often wear thick sheepskin versions In more urban places like Lhasa men and women dress in modern clothing and many choose to wear chuba during festivals and holidays like Losar Literature Edit Main article Tibetan literature Tibet has national literature that has both religious semi spiritual and secular elements While the religious texts are well known Tibet is also home to the semi spiritual Gesar Epic which is the longest epic in the world and is popular throughout Mongolia and Central Asia There are secular texts such as The Dispute Between Tea and Chang Tibetan beer and Khache Phalu s Advice Marriage customs EditSee also Polyandry in Tibet Monogamy is common throughout Tibet Marriages are sometimes arranged by the parents if the son or daughter has not picked their own partner by a certain age However polyandry is practiced in parts of Tibet This is usually done to avoid division of property and provide financial security 43 List of Tibetan states EditZhangzhung Kingdom 500 BC AD 625 Yarlung Dynasty 618 semi mythological Tibetan Empire 618 842 Kingdom of Bumthang 7th 17th centuries Guge Kingdom 842 1630 Purang Kingdom Maryul 930 1500 Tsongkha Kingdom 997 1099 Amdo Phagmodrupa Dynasty 1354 1618 U Tsang Maqpon kingdom 1190 1846 Baltistan Rinpungpa Dynasty 1435 1565 Tsang Yabgo Dynasty before 1500 1972 Baltistan Tsangpa Dynasty 1565 1642 Tsang Ganden Phodrang 1642 1959 Namgyal Dynasty 1460 1842 Ladakh Chogyal Namgyal dynasty of Sikkim 1642 1975 Tibet 1912 1951 Kingdoms of Kham Edit Nyagrong Kingdom 1865 Kingdom of Powo 1928 Nangcheng Kingdom 1928 Litang Kingdom 1950 Kingdom of Lingtsang 12th century 1950 Kingdom of Derge 15th century 1956 Hor States Horpa Chiefdom of BathangGyalrong Kingdoms Edit Kingdom of Chakla 1407 1950 Chiefdom of Chuchen Chiefdom of TsanlhaSee also EditHistory of Tibet Timeline of Tibetan history Flag of Tibet Sumpa Upper Mustang Sherpa people Baima people Balti people Bhotias and Bhutia Burig Lepcha people Limbu people Lhoba people Monpa Tibetan Thakali people Changpa people Golok people Wutun people Tibetan Muslims Tibetan diaspora Tibetan Americans Central Tibetan Administration Tibetan independence movement Anti Tibetan SentimentReferences EditCitations Edit 藏族是汉语的称谓 统称为 博巴 Government of the People s Republic of China 18 March 2015 index www stats gov cn Retrieved 6 May 2019 Language India States and Union Territories PDF Census of India 2011 Office of the Registrar Genera India 2018 p 48 Refugees United Nations High Commissioner for Refworld Nepal Information on Tibetans in Nepal Refworld org Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 Retrieved 15 August 2013 a b Tibetan Becoming Minnesotan Education mnhs org Archived from the original on 20 August 2013 Retrieved 15 August 2013 a b c d e Baseline Study of the Tibetan Diaspora Community Outside South Asia PDF Archived PDF from the original on 23 September 2022 Retrieved 20 March 2023 Canada Census Profile 2021 Census Profile 2021 Census Statistics Canada Statistique Canada 7 May 2021 Retrieved 3 January 2023 Visite de quatre jours du Dalai Lama en terres zurichoises www laliberte ch in French Retrieved 30 November 2020 Origins and Migrations in the Extended Eastern Himalayas BRILL 2012 page 309 China issues white paper on history development of Xinjiang Part One Xinhua 26 May 2003 Archived from the original on 9 June 2012 Retrieved 31 July 2010 CHINA STATISTICAL YEARBOOK PDF Stats gov cn 2003 Archived PDF from the original on 7 March 2011 Retrieved 17 August 2018 Lewis M Paul ed 2009 Ethnologue Languages of the World Sixteenth edition Dallas Tex SIL International Online version on ethnologue com Archived 27 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine US senators approve 5 000 visas for Tibet refugees Archived 27 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Straits Times 21 May 2013 Anna Akasoy Charles S F Burnett Ronit Yoeli Tlalim 2011 Islam and Tibet Interactions Along the Musk Routes Ashgate Publishing Ltd pp 358 ISBN 978 0 7546 6956 2 Population transfer and control Wikiwix com Archived from the original on 22 August 2009 Retrieved 21 June 2012 1950 1990 年 in Chinese China Archived from the original on 24 November 2007 Fischer Andrew M 2008 Has there been a decrease in the number of Tibetans since the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951 In Authenticating Tibet Answers to China s 100 Questions pp 134 136 Edited Anne Marie Blondeau and Katia Buffetrille University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 24464 1 cloth 978 0 520 24928 8 pbk 国家统计局 中国2010年人口普查资料 127935 Tibetans living outside Tibet Tibetan survey Press Trust of India 12 April 2010 Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 Retrieved 17 December 2010 Edward J Mills et al Prevalence of mental disorders and torture among Tibetan refugees A systematic review BMC Int Health Hum Rights 2005 5 7 It is estimated that more than 150 000 Tibetan refugees reside in the neighboring countries of Bhutan Nepal and India a b c Lu Dongsheng et al 1 September 2016 Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders The American Journal of Human Genetics 99 3 580 594 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2016 07 002 PMC 5011065 PMID 27569548 Yang Jian Jin Zi Bing Chen Jie Huang Xiu Feng Li Xiao Man Liang Yuan Bo Mao Jian Yang Chen Xin Zheng Zhili Bakshi Andrew Zheng Dong Dong 18 April 2017 Genetic signatures of high altitude adaptation in Tibetans Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 16 4189 4194 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114 4189Y doi 10 1073 pnas 1617042114 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 5402460 PMID 28373541 Bhandari Sushil Zhang Xiaoming 5 November 2015 Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region Scientific Reports 5 16249 Bibcode 2015NatSR 516249B doi 10 1038 srep16249 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 4633682 PMID 26538459 Comparing Sherpas Tibetans and Han Chinese showed that the D M174 is the predominant haplogroup in Sherpas 43 38 and prevalent in Tibetans 52 84 5 but rare among both Han Chinese 1 4 6 51 6 7 and other Asian populations 0 02 0 07 8 aside from Japanese 34 7 who possesses a distinct D M174 lineage highly diverged from those in Tibetans and other Asian populations9 10 Zhang Ganyu Cui Can Wangdue Shargan 16 March 2023 Maternal genetic history of ancient Tibetans over the past 4000 years Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3 000 years 30 November 2001 Five Myths About Mount Everest The Washington Post 24 April 2014 Retrieved 18 May 2019 cites news berkeley edu 2010 07 01 tibetan genome Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3 000 years Simonson Tatum S Yang Yingzhong Huff Chad D Yun Haixia Qin Ga Witherspoon David J Bai Zhenzhong Lorenzo Felipe R Xing Jinchuan Jorde Lynn B Prchal Josef T Ge RiLi 2 July 2010 Genetic Evidence for High Altitude Adaptation in Tibet Science Magazine 329 5987 72 75 Bibcode 2010Sci 329 72S doi 10 1126 science 1189406 PMID 20466884 S2CID 45471238 O Luanaigh Cian 2 July 2010 Mutation in key gene allows Tibetans to thrive at high altitude The Guardian archived from the original on 6 April 2017 retrieved 16 December 2016 S Robert ers relations Media 1 July 2010 Tibetans adapted to high altitude in less than 3 000 years Berkeley News Retrieved 11 April 2022 Bhandari Sushil et al 2015 Genetic evidence of a recent Tibetan ancestry to Sherpas in the Himalayan region Scientific Reports 5 16249 Bibcode 2015NatSR 516249B doi 10 1038 srep16249 PMC 4633682 PMID 26538459 a b Cole Amy M Cox Sean Jeong Choongwon Petousi Nayia Aryal Dhana R Droma Yunden Hanaoka Masayuki Ota Masao Kobayashi Nobumitsu Gasparini Paolo Montgomery Hugh Robbins Peter Di Rienzo Anna Cavalleri Gianpiero L 2017 Genetic structure in the Sherpa and neighboring Nepalese populations BMC Genomics 18 1 102 doi 10 1186 s12864 016 3469 5 ISSN 1471 2164 PMC 5248489 PMID 28103797 nbsp This article contains quotations from this source which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International CC BY 4 0 license Special Blood allows Tibetans to live the high life New Scientist 3 November 2007 p 19 Elevated nitric oxide in blood is key to high altitude function for Tibetans Eurekalert org Archived from the original on 3 November 2007 Tibetans Get Their Blood Flowing Sciencenow sciencemag org 30 October 2014 Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 Hoit Brian D Dalton Nancy D Erzurum Serpil C Laskowski Daniel Strohl Kingman P Beall Cynthia M 2005 Nitric oxide and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in Tibetan highlanders Journal of Applied Physiology 99 5 1796 1801 doi 10 1152 japplphysiol 00205 2005 PMID 16024527 Tibetans inherited high altitude gene from ancient human Sciencemag org 2 July 2014 Archived from the original on 17 August 2018 Retrieved 17 August 2018 Lu Dongsheng Lou Haiyi Yuan Kai Wang Xiaoji Wang Yuchen Zhang Chao Lu Yan Yang Xiong Deng Lian Zhou Ying Feng Qidi 1 September 2016 Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders The American Journal of Human Genetics 99 3 580 594 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2016 07 002 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 5011065 PMID 27569548 He Guanglin Wang Zheng Su Yongdong Zou Xing Wang Mengge Chen Xu Gao Bo Liu Jing Wang Shouyu Hou Yiping 23 May 2019 Genetic structure and forensic characteristics of Tibeto Burman speaking U Tsang and Kham Tibetan Highlanders revealed by 27 Y chromosomal STRs Scientific Reports 9 1 7739 Bibcode 2019NatSR 9 7739H doi 10 1038 s41598 019 44230 2 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 6533295 PMID 31123281 Stein R A 1972 Tibetan Civilization J E Stapleton Driver trans Stanford University Press pp 28 46 卡力岗现象及其分析 中文伊斯兰学术城 Islambook net in Simplified Chinese Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 Retrieved 21 June 2012 Thangka Buddhist Art 20 May 2021 Shoton Festival The Yogurt Celebration of Tibet Explore Tibet 16 August 2018 Retrieved 20 February 2019 Stein 1978 pp 97 98 Sources Edit Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Tibet Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 26 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 918 Goldstein Melvyn C Study of the Family structure in Tibet Natural History March 1987 109 112 1 on the Internet Archive Stein R A 1972 Tibetan Civilization J E Stapleton Driver trans Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 0901 7 paper ISBN 0 8047 0806 1 Su Bing et al Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas Human Genetics 107 2000 582 590 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tibetan people category Imaging Everest article on Tibetan people at the time of early mountaineering from the Royal Geographical Society Tibetan costume from china org cn Rukor where the world discusses the fate of the nomads Map share of ethnic by county of China Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tibetan people amp oldid 1176879991, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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