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Tianjin

Tianjin (/tjɛnˈɪn/;[4] Chinese: 天津; pinyin: Tiānjīn; Mandarin: [tʰjɛ́n.tɕín] (listen)), alternately romanized as Tientsin (/ˈtjɛnˈtsɪn/),[5] is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants during the 2020 Chinese census. Its built-up (or metro) area, made up of 12 central districts (all but Baodi, Jizhou, Jinghai and Ninghe), was home to 11,165,706 inhabitants and is also the world's 29th-largest agglomeration (between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro) and 11th-most populous city proper.[6]

Tianjin
天津
Tientsin, T'ien-chin
Clockwise from the top:Tianjin Eye,Tianjin Radio and Television Tower, Tianjin railway station,Tianjin Century Bell,Minyuan Stadium, St. Joseph Cathedral, Panorama of Binhai New Area
Location of Tianjin Municipality within China
Coordinates (Tianjin Century Clock Plaza): 39°08′01″N 117°12′19″E / 39.1336°N 117.2054°E / 39.1336; 117.2054Coordinates: 39°08′01″N 117°12′19″E / 39.1336°N 117.2054°E / 39.1336; 117.2054
CountryChina
Settledc.340 BC
Municipal seatHexi District
Divisions
 - County-level
 - Township-
level

16 districts
240 towns and townships
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyTianjin Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryChen Min'er
 • Congress ChairmanYu Yunlin
 • MayorZhang Gong
 • CPPCC ChairmanWang Changsong
Area
 • Municipality11,946 km2 (4,612 sq mi)
 • Land11,609.91 km2 (4,482.61 sq mi)
 • Water186 km2 (72 sq mi)
 • Urban
11,609.91 km2 (4,482.61 sq mi)
 • Metro
5,609.9 km2 (2,166.0 sq mi)
Elevation
5 m (16 ft)
Highest elevation
(Jiushan Peak)
1,078 m (3,537 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[1]
 • Municipality13,866,009
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
13,866,009
 • Urban density1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
 • Metro
11,165,706
 • Metro density2,000/km2 (5,200/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Tianjinese
Tianjiner
Postal code
300000 – 301900
Area code22
ISO 3166 codeCN-TJ
GDP (2021)CNY 1.570 trillion
USD 244 billion (24th)[2]
 - per capitaCNY 113240
USD 17754 (5th)
 • growth 6.6%
HDI (2019)0.838[3] (3rd) – very high
Vehicle registration津A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M
津E (taxis)
AbbreviationTJ / ; jīn
ClimateDwa/BSk
Symbols
FlowerChina rose
TreeFraxinus velutina
Tianjin
"Tiānjīn" in Chinese characters
Chinese天津
Hanyu PinyinTiānjīn
PostalTientsin
Literal meaning"Heaven's Ford"[note 1]
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTiānjīn
Bopomofoㄊㄧㄢ   ㄐㄧㄣ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhTianjin
Wade–GilesTʻien1-chin1
IPA[tʰjɛ́n.tɕín] (listen)
/tʰiɛn˨˩ tɕin˨˩/ (locally)
Wu
RomanizationThie-tsin
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationTìnjèun or Tīnjēun
JyutpingTin1zeon1
IPA[tʰíːn.tsɵ̂n] or [tʰíːn.tsɵ́n]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJThian-tin

It is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of Chinese central government and is thus under direct administration of the State Council. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. Part of the Bohai Economic Rim, it is the largest coastal city in Northern China and part of the Jing-Jin-Ji megapolis.

In terms of urban population, Tianjin is the seventh largest city in China. In terms of administrative area population, Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China.[7] The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404. As a treaty port since 1860, Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing. During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government. Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China, Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region.[8] At that time, numerous European-style buildings and mansions were constructed in concessions, many of which are well-preserved today. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin suffered a depression due to the policy of the central government and 1976 Tangshan earthquake, but recovered from 1990s.[9] Tianjin is classified as the largest type of port-city, a Large-Port Megacity, due to its large urban population and port traffic volume.[10]

Nowadays, Tianjin is a dual-core city, with its main urban area (including the old city) located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal; and Binhai, an adjacent New Area urban core located east of the old city, on the coast of the Bohai Gulf. As of the end of 2010, around 285 Fortune 500 companies have set up base in Binhai. Since 2010, Tianjin's Yujiapu Financial District has become known as China's Manhattan[11][12] and the city is considered one of the world's top 100 cities, including in the Global Financial Centres Index.[13] Tianjin is ranked as a Beta (global second tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[14]

Tianjin is one of the top 20 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index,[15] and home to multiple notable institutes of higher education in Northern China, including Tianjin University, Nankai University, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin Medical University, Tiangong University, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin University of Technology, and Hebei University of Technology.[16][17]

Name

Tianjin is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese characters 天津, which means "Heavenly Ford" or "Ford of Heaven".

The origin of the name is obscure. One folk etymology is that it was an homage to the patriotic Chu poet Qu Yuan, whose "Li Sao" includes the verse "... departing from the Ford of Heaven at dawn ..." (朝發軔於天津兮, zhāo fārèn yú Tiānjīn xī). Another is that it honors a former name of the Girl, a Chinese constellation recorded under the name Tianjin in the Astronomical Record section of the Book of Sui. A third is that it derives from a place name noted in the River Record of the History of Jin. The most common is that it was bestowed by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming, who crossed Tianjin's Gu River on his way south to overthrow his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor.

Prior to the introduction of pinyin, the city's name was historically romanized as Tientsin in the Chinese postal romanization. The current English spelling of Tianjin was adopted in 1958 after pinyin was introduced by the PRC government. Several countries, international organizations and media outlets adopted the pinyin name beginning in 1979. The Government of the Republic of China on Taiwan continues to use the postal and Wade-Giles spelling after the adoption of pinyin by the ROC government in 2009.

History

Early history

The land where Tianjin is located today was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by sedimentation of various rivers entering the sea at Bohai Gulf, including the Yellow River, which entered the open sea in this area at one point. The construction of the Grand Canal under the Sui dynasty helped the future development of Tianjin as the canal ran from Hangzhou to the Beijing and Tianjin region by 609 CE. Grain from southern China was regularly transported to the north through the canal and was used during the subsequent dynasties. Tianjin begins to be increasingly mentioned in records during the Song dynasty and gains importance during the Yuan dynasty. Tianjin experienced development under the Yuan and became a prime location for the storage of goods and grains. Tianjin became a garrison town and shipping station during the Ming dynasty. It became a center of commerce and prosperity by the 17th century.[18]

Qing dynasty

During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) Tianjin Prefecture or Zhou () was established in 1725, and Tianjin County was established within the prefecture in 1731. Later it was upgraded to an urban prefecture or Fu () before becoming a relay station (駐地) under the command of the Viceroy of Zhili.

 
1913 map of Tianjin

Opening up as a treaty port

In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded The Arrow, a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong flying the British flag and suspected of piracy, smuggling, and of being engaged in the opium trade. They captured 12 men and imprisoned them. In response, the British and French sent gunboats under the command of Admiral Sir Michael Seymour to capture the Taku forts near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the Second Opium War in June of the same year, the British and French prevailed, and the Treaty of Tientsin were signed, which opened Tianjin (Tientsin) to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the Xianfeng Emperor in 1860, and Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France, and thus to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900, Britain and France were joined by Japan, Germany and Russia, and even by countries without Chinese concessions such as Austria-Hungary, Italy and Belgium, in establishing self-contained concessions in Tianjin, each with its own prisons, schools, barracks and hospitals.[19] These nations left many architectural reminders of their rule, notably churches and thousands of villas.

 
Church of Our Lady's Victories, built in 1869, was the site of the Tianjin Church Massacre.

The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin was not always peaceful; one of the most serious violent incidents to date was the Tianjin Church Massacre. In June 1870, the orphanage held by the Wanghailou Church (Church Our Lady's Victories), in Tianjin, built by French Roman Catholic missionaries, was accused of the kidnapping and brainwashing of Chinese children. On June 21, the magistrate of Tianjin County initiated a showdown at the church that developed into violent clashes between the church's Christian supporters and some non-Christian Tianjin residents. The furious protesters eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate and killed eighteen foreigners including ten French nuns, the French consul himself, and merchants. France and six other Western nations complained to the Qing government, which was forced to pay compensation for the incident.

In 1885 Li Hongzhang founded the Tianjin Military Academy (天津武備學堂) for Chinese army officers with German advisors, as part of his military reforms.[20] The move was supported by Anhui Army commander Zhou Shengchuan.[20]: 267  The academy was to serve Anhui Army and Green Standard Army officers. Various practical military, mathematic and science subjects were taught at the academy. The instructors were German officers.[20]: 267  Another program was started at the academy for five years in 1887 to train teenagers as new army officers.[20]: 268  Mathematics, practical and technical subjects including sciences, foreign languages, Chinese Classics and history were taught at the school. Exams were administered to students. The instruction for Tianjin Military Academy was copied at the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools.[20]: 268  The 'maritime defense fund' supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which was shared with the Tianjin Naval Academy.[20]: 268  The Tianjin Military Academy in 1886 adopted as part of its curriculum the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.[21] Among its alumni were Wang Yingkai and Duan Qirui. Among its staff was Yinchang.

 
Peiyang University, established 1895

In June 1900, the Boxers were able to seize control of much of Tianjin. On June 26, European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby Langfang, and were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks.

 
Tung Lai Bank building on Heping Road, built in 1930

In July 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance recaptured Tianjin. This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government, composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russian, British, Japanese, German, French, American, Austro-Hungarian, and Italian). The city was governed by this council until August 15, 1902 when the city was returned to Qing control. Eminent Qing General Yuan Shikai led efforts to transform Tianjin into a modern city, establishing the first modern Chinese police force. In 1907, Yuan supervised China's first modern democratic elections for a county council.

 
Major crossing (Rue Général Foch and Rue de Chaylard) of downtown Tianjin in French concession

Western nations were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin, and the Italians, French, Japanese, Germans, Russians, and Austro-Hungarians maintained under strength regiments; the United States did not initially participate. During World War I, the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured and held as Prisoners of War by Allied Forces while the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison in 1918. In 1920, the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them, and the US then sent the 15th Infantry Regiment, less one battalion, to Tianjin from the Philippines.

Because of the rapid development of industry, commerce and finance, Tianjin was established as a municipality of China in 1927. From 1930 to 1935, Tianjin was the provincial capital of Hebei, after which it was reestablished as an independent municipality.

Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General George C. Marshall, the "architect of victory" in World War II when he was the United States Army Chief of Staff, served at Tianjin in the 1920s as Executive Officer of the 15th Infantry. The US withdrew this unit in 1938 and a US presence was maintained only by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps unit from the Embassy Guard at Beijing.

 
Asahi Street (now Heping Road) in 1939 Tianjin flood

Second Sino-Japanese War

On July 30, 1937, Tianjin fell to Japan, as part of the Second Sino-Japanese War, but was not entirely occupied, as the Japanese for the most part respected foreign concessions until 1941, when the American and British concessions were occupied. In the summer of 1939, there occurred a major crisis in Anglo-Japanese relations with the Tientsin Incident. On June 14, 1939, the Imperial Japanese Army surrounded and blockaded the British concession over the refusal of the British authorities to hand over to the Japanese six Chinese who had assassinated a locally prominent Japanese collaborator, and had taken refuge in the British concession. For a time, the 1939 crisis appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war, especially when reports of the maltreatment by the Japanese Army of British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in the British press. The crisis ended when the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was advised by the Royal Navy and the Foreign Office that the only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters, and that given the current crisis in Europe that it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters, thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese, who were then executed by the Japanese. During the Japanese occupation, Tianjin was ruled by the North China Executive Committee, a puppet state based in Beijing.

On August 9, 1940, all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14, 1941 the American Marine unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave, but before this could be accomplished, the Japanese attacked the United States. The American Marine detachment surrendered to the Japanese on December 8, 1941. Only the Italian and French concessions (the local French officials were loyal to Vichy) were allowed by the Japanese to remain. When Italy signed an armistice with the Allies in September 1943, Japanese troops took the Italian concession following a battle with its garrison, and the Italian Social Republic formally ceded it to Wang Jingwei's Japan-controlled puppet state. Japanese occupation of the city lasted until August 15, 1945, with the surrender of Japan marking the end of World War II.

Post World War II

 
P.R.China's 10th anniversary parade in Tianjin in 1959

In the Pingjin Campaign of the Chinese Civil War, the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) took Tianjin on January 15, 1949.

From 1949 to February 1958, Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952, Tanggu New Port officially opened its doors, and the first 10,000-ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier. In February 1958, due to the "Great Leap Forward" and Tianjin's good industrial foundation, Tianjin was incorporated into Hebei Province and Hebei Province was relocated to Tianjin for eight years. During the period, under the coordination of the State Council, the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning, which was independent of Hebei Province. However, a large number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei, adversely affecting Tianjin's economic development. In January 1967, due to "preparation, preparation for disasters", and concerns that Tianjin would become a battlefield, Hebei Province repatriated the provincial capital to Baoding, and the CCP Central Committee decided that Tianjin should be restored to the central municipality and remain so far. In April 1970, in the event that the Central Government had applied for funding for the construction of the subway, the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to raise funds on its own to establish the project on the basis of the name of the channel, and build it on the basis of the old walled river. In July 1973, five counties including Jixian, Baodi, Wuqing, Jinghai, and Ninghe were formally placed under the jurisdiction of Tianjin.

 
Luanhe hydraulic engineering monument and Tianjin Eye

On July 28, 1976, during the 7.6 magnitude Tangshan Earthquake, Tianjin was affected by the shock waves and suffered major loss of life. In the city, 24,345 people died and 21,497 were seriously injured. 60% of the city's buildings were destroyed and more than 30% of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged. Nearly 700,000 people were left homeless. On October 10 of the same year, the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic. In 1981, Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River and is used to supply water for Beijing, however the reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin, resulting in difficulty in the use of water in Tianjin. In the same year, the State Council of the People's Republic of China decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water use in Tianjin and attract talented individuals to the city's academic centers.

 
Monument of TEDA

In 1984, during the beginning of the Chinese government's economic reforms, Tianjin was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the Tianjin Development Zone's economy began to develop rapidly, However, the overall development speed of Tianjin is still slower than that of special economic zones and that of other southeast coastal areas. In 1994, Tianjin began its strategic industrial shift towards the east and developed the Binhai New Area with the Tianjin Port as the core. In October 2005, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CCP Central Committee was convened. The meeting decided to incorporate the development and opening up of the Binhai New Area into the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and the national development strategy. In March 2006, the State Council executive meeting positioned Tianjin as an "international port city, a northern economic center, and an "ecological city". Since then, the dispute between the Beijing-Tianjin economic center at the policy level has come to an end. In May 2006, the State Council approved the Binhai New Area as a national integrated reform pilot area. In June of the same year, the "State Council's Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening of the Tianjin Binhai New Area" was announced and clearly stated: "In financial enterprises, financial services, financial markets, and finance Major reforms such as opening up can, in principle, be scheduled to precede the Tianjin Binhai New Area.

In August 2008, China's first high-speed railway, the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway, with a speed of 350 kilometers per hour was opened. In August 2008 Tianjin was the co-host city of the 29th Olympic Games. In September 2008, the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of World Economic Forum (also called Summer Davos) began to be established in Tianjin and is held every two years.[22] In October 2010, the UN Climate Change Conference convened in Tianjin.[23] In 2012, the Tianjin Metro Lines 2, 3, and 9 were completed and open to traffic, and Tianjin Rail Transit was formally networked.

In October 2013, Tianjin hosted the East Asian Games, which was the first time Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event. In 2014, the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei was officially incorporated into the national strategy. Tianjin was positioned as "National Advanced Manufacturing R&D Base, Northern International Shipping Core Area, Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area, and Reform and Opening-up Preceding Area". In the same year, the first phase of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project was completed, and the water availability in Tianjin improved. On February 26, 2015, the Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established. On April 21, the China (Tianjin) Free Trade Pilot Zone was formally established. On April 27, Jincheng Bank, the first private bank in northern China, officially opened its doors.

2015 Tianjin explosion

On August 12, 2015, a major fire and explosion accident occurred in a chemical warehouse in Tianjin Port, causing 173 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and property losses.[24] The first two explosions occurred within 30 seconds of each other at the facility, which is located in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin, China. The second explosion was far larger and involved the detonation of about 800 tonnes of ammonium nitrate (approx. 256 tonnes TNT equivalent). Fires caused by the initial explosions continued to burn uncontrolled throughout the weekend, resulting in eight additional explosions on 15 August. The buildings of seven more surrounding logistics companies were destroyed. The cost to businesses caused by the explosion was estimated at $9 billion, making it the third most expensive supply chain disruption of 2015.

 
Panorama of Hai River

Geography

 
Population density and low elevation coastal zones in the Tianjin area. Tianjin is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise.
 
Tianjin (labeled as T'IEN-CHIN (TIENTSIN) 天津) (1955)
 
Map of the Hai River Basin
 
2011 satellite image of Tianjin. The city center was on the left, while the smaller urban area to the right was the Binhai New Area.
 
Hai River in 2011

Tianjin is located along the west coast of the Bohai Gulf, looking out to the provinces Shandong and Liaoning across those waters, bordered by Beijing 120 kilometers (75 mi) to the northwest, and is surrounded on all sides by Hebei, with the exception of its eastern border, the Bohai Sea. With a latitude ranging from 38° 34' to 40° 15' N, and longitude ranging from 116° 43' to 118° 04' E, the total area is 11,860.63 square kilometers (4,579.41 sq mi). There is 153 km (95 mi) of coastline and 1,137.48 kilometers (706.80 mi) of land border.[25] It lies at the northern end of the Grand Canal of China, which connects with the Yellow River and Yangtze River. The municipality is generally flat, and swampy near the coast, but hilly in the far north, where the Yan Mountains intrude into northern Tianjin. Extensive tidal flats occur on the coastal plain adjacent to the city.[26] The highest point in the municipality is Jiuding Peak (九顶山) in Ji County on the northern border with Hebei, at an altitude of 1,078.5 m (3,538 ft).

The Hai River forms within Tianjin Municipality at the confluence of the Ziya River (子牙河), Daqing River (大清河), Yongding River, North Grand Canal, and South Grand Canal, and enters the Pacific Ocean within the municipality, as well in Tanggu District. Major reservoirs include the Beidagang Reservoir in the extreme south (in Dagang District) and the Yuqiao Reservoir in the extreme north in Ji County.

Climate

Tianjin has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk bordering on Dwa). It has a four-season, monsoon-influenced climate, typical of East Asia, with cold, windy, very dry winters reflecting the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone, and hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon. Spring in the city is dry and windy, occasionally seeing sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert, capable of lasting for several days. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −3.4 °C (25.9 °F) in January to 26.8 °C (80.2 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 12.9 °C (55.2 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 48% in July to 61% in October, the city receives 2,522 hours of bright sunshine annually. Having a low annual total precipitation of 511 millimeters (20.1 in), and nearly three-fifths of it occurring in July and August alone, the city lies within the semi-arid zone, with parts of the municipality being humid continental (Köppen BSk/Dwa, respectively).[27]

Extreme temperatures have ranged from −22.9 °C (−9 °F) to 40.5 °C (105 °F).[28]

Climate data for Tianjin (1981–2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.3
(57.7)
20.8
(69.4)
30.5
(86.9)
33.1
(91.6)
40.5
(104.9)
40.1
(104.2)
40.5
(104.9)
37.4
(99.3)
34.9
(94.8)
30.8
(87.4)
23.1
(73.6)
14.4
(57.9)
40.5
(104.9)
Average high °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6)
5.7
(42.3)
12.2
(54.0)
20.9
(69.6)
26.5
(79.7)
30.3
(86.5)
31.3
(88.3)
30.5
(86.9)
26.6
(79.9)
19.9
(67.8)
10.6
(51.1)
3.8
(38.8)
18.4
(65.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9)
−0.1
(31.8)
6.4
(43.5)
14.7
(58.5)
20.5
(68.9)
24.8
(76.6)
26.8
(80.2)
25.9
(78.6)
21.1
(70.0)
14.1
(57.4)
5.2
(41.4)
−1.2
(29.8)
12.9
(55.2)
Average low °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7)
−4.4
(24.1)
1.7
(35.1)
9.3
(48.7)
15.1
(59.2)
20.0
(68.0)
22.9
(73.2)
22.2
(72.0)
16.7
(62.1)
9.4
(48.9)
1.1
(34.0)
−5.0
(23.0)
8.5
(47.3)
Record low °C (°F) −18.1
(−0.6)
−22.9
(−9.2)
−17.7
(0.1)
−2.8
(27.0)
4.5
(40.1)
10.1
(50.2)
16.2
(61.2)
13.7
(56.7)
6.2
(43.2)
−2.2
(28.0)
−11.4
(11.5)
−16.2
(2.8)
−22.9
(−9.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.5
(0.10)
3.6
(0.14)
8.1
(0.32)
22.1
(0.87)
36.8
(1.45)
79.7
(3.14)
149.8
(5.90)
124.1
(4.89)
44.7
(1.76)
26.5
(1.04)
10.8
(0.43)
2.8
(0.11)
511.5
(20.15)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.6 2.0 3.1 4.5 5.9 7.8 11.1 9.4 6.0 4.7 2.9 2.0 61
Average relative humidity (%) 57 54 51 50 55 64 75 76 69 64 61 59 61
Mean monthly sunshine hours 170.1 170.2 202.4 223.8 249.0 226.9 206.4 204.4 205.3 196.1 163.0 157.6 2,375.2
Percent possible sunshine 59 59 56 58 60 57 48 53 60 61 57 57 57
Source: China Meteorological Administration[29][30]

See or edit raw graph data.

Measures to improve air quality

In May 2014, the city's administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower the city's pollution levels. These measures included several restrictions on days of severe pollution; halving the number of vehicles allowed on roads, halting construction and manufacturing activity, closing schools, and halting large-scale outdoor activities.[31]

Flights have also been grounded and highways closed.[32]

Foreign-born professional sportsmen have made statements regarding Tianjin's air quality, citing it as an impediment to athletic activity and being thick enough to "taste".[33]

Administrative divisions

Tianjin is divided into 16 county-level divisions, which are all districts.

Administrative divisions of Tianjin
Division code[34] Division Area in km2[35][full citation needed] Total population 2010[36] Urban area
population 2010[37]
Seat Postal code Subdivisions[38][full citation needed]
Subdistricts Towns Townships Ethnic townships Residential communities Villages
120000 Tianjin 11,760.00 12,938,693 10,277,893 Hexi 300000 112 118 10 1 1723 3762
120101 Heping 9.97 273,477 Xiaobailou Subdistrict 300041 6 63
120102 Hedong 15.06 860,852 Dawangzhuang Subdistrict 300171 13 158
120103 Hexi 41.24 870,632 Dayingmen Subdistrict 300202 13 171
120104 Nankai 40.64 1,018,196 Changhong Subdistrict 300110 12 180
120105 Hebei 29.14 788,451 Wanghailou Subdistrict 300143 10 109
120106 Hongqiao 21.30 531,526 Xiyuzhuang Subdistrict 300131 10 196
120110 Dongli 460.00 598,966 591,040 Zhangguizhuang Subdistrict 300300 9 90 102
120111 Xiqing 545.00 713,060 524,894 Yangliuqing town 300380 2 7 106 151
120112 Jinnan 401.00 593,063 590,072 Xianshuigu town 300350 8 68 165
120113 Beichen 478.00 669,121 575,103 Guoyuanxincun Subdistrict 300400 5 9 115 126
120114 Wuqing 1,570.00 951,078 352,659 Yunhexi Subdistrict 301700 6 24 64 695
120115 Baodi 1,523.00 799,157 271,992 Baoping Subdistrict 301800 6 16 37 765
120116 Binhai 2,270.00 2,423,204 2,313,361 Xingang Subdistrict 300451 19 7 254 144
120117 Ninghe 1,414.00 416,143 152,388 Lutai town 301500 11 3 34 282
120118 Jinghai 1,476.00 646,978 293,014 Jinghai town 301600 16 2 46 383
120119 Jizhou 1,590.00 784,789 270,236 Wenchang Subdistrict 301900 1 20 5 1 32 949

In addition, the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but nevertheless enjoys rights similar to a regular district. At the end of 2017, the total population of Tianjin is 15.57 million.[3]

 
Airport Industrial Park, Dongli District

These districts and counties are further subdivided, as of December 31, 2004, into 240 township-level divisions, including 120 towns, 18 townships, 2 ethnic townships and 100 subdistricts.

Politics

The politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland China.

The Mayor of Tianjin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Tianjin. Since Tianjin is a municipality, the CCP Municipal Committee Secretary is colloquially termed the "Tianjin CCP Party chief".

Economy

 
Then-Premier Wen Jiabao, himself a Tianjin native, and Klaus Schwab at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of World Economic Forum in Tianjin, 2010

Tianjin's GDP reached 1.572 trillion yuan in 2014, an increase of 10.0 percent over 2013. The city of Tianjin recorded China's highest per-capita GDP with $17,126, followed by Beijing with $16,278 and Shanghai with $15,847.[39]

 
Tianjin city center
Skyscrapers in Tianjin Meters Feet
Goldin Finance 117 597.0 1,958.66
Tianjin Modern City Tower 338.0 1108.92
Tianjin World Financial Center 336.9 1,105.32
Yujiapu Administrative Services Center 299.45 982.45
Powerlong Center 289 948.16
Bohai Bank Tower 270 885.83
5th Taian Dao 253.40 831.36

Major industries include petrochemical industries, textiles, car manufacturing, mechanical industries, and metalworking. EADS Airbus is an important manufacturer, and has opened an assembly plant for its Airbus A320 series airliners, operational since 2009. Tianjin also hit the news in 2010, as the current fastest supercomputer in the world, Tianhe-1A, is located at the National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin. GDP in 2009 hit ¥750.1 billion, with a per capita of RMB¥62,403.[citation needed]

Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area

As one of the first state-level economic and technological development zones, the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) was founded on December 6, 1984, with the approval of the State Council. It enjoys relevant state preferential policies with the major task of attracting domestic and foreign investment to develop high and new technology oriented modern industries. As an affiliated organ of the Tianjin Municipal Government, the Administrative Commission of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area exercises unified administration of TEDA on behalf of the Tianjin Municipal Government and enjoys provincial-level administrative and economic management rights.[citation needed]

Tianjin Export Processing Zone

The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council on April 27, 2000. This is a special enclosed zone where the Customs conduct 24-hour administration on commodities transported into and out of the zone and relevant places. The central government granted this special economic zone special preferential policies to attract enterprises in the business of processing and trade to invest in the zone. Tianjin Export Processing Zone is located to the northeast of TEDA with a planned area of 2.54 km2 (0.98 sq mi). The area developed in the first phase is 1m². A permanent wall is built to separate export processing zone and non-export processing zone.[40]

Tianjin Airport Economic Area

The Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone is jointly invested by Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone and Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It is located inside the airfreight area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It has domestic and foreign excellent airfreight logistics enterprises engaged in sorting, warehousing, distribution, processing, exhibition. It is in the process of constructing the largest airfreight base in northern China.[41]

Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone

 
US Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi visiting a Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle factory in 2009

The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in northern China. The zone was approved to be established in 1991 by State Council. It is 30 km (19 mi) from Tianjin city proper, less than 1 km (0.62 mi) away from the wharf and only 38 km (24 mi) away from Tianjin Binhai International Airport.[42]

Tianjin Tanggu National Marine High-Tech Development Area

The Tianjin Tanggu Marine High-Tech Development Area was established in 1992, and was upgraded to the national-level high-tech development area by the State Council in 1995, it is the only national-level high-tech development area specializing in developing the marine Hi-Tech industry. By the end of 2008, the zone had 2068 corporations and 5 industries there including new materials, oil manufacturing, modern machinery manufacturing, and electronic information.[43]

Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone

The Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone is a heavy and chemical industry base and harbor; an important part of the "dual-city, dual-harbor"space development strategy of Tianjin, a demonstration zone of circular economy. The total planned area of Nangang Industrial Zone is 200 km2 (77 sq mi), of which the terrestrial area is 162 km2 (63 sq mi).

Agriculture

Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. Wheat, rice, and maize are the most important crops.

Resources

Tianjin Municipality also has deposits of about 1 billion tonnes of petroleum, with Dagang District containing important oilfields. Salt production is also important, with Changlu Yanqu being one of China's most important salt production areas.[clarify] Geothermal energy is another resource of Tianjin. Deposits of manganese and boron under Tianjin were the first to be found in China.[citation needed]

Utilities and Services

Tianjin Electric Power Utility serves with construction, delivering and supporting electrical power service.

Binhai New Area

The Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA) is located in the juncture of the Beijing-Tianjin City Belt and the Circum-Bohai City Belt. It is the gateway to North China, Northeast China, and Northwest China. Lying in the center of Northeast Asia, it is the nearest point of departure of the Eurasian Continental Bridge.[citation needed]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19532,693,831—    
19827,764,141+188.2%
19908,785,402+13.2%
20009,848,731+12.1%
201012,938,224+31.4%
201314,720,000+13.8%
Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.

At the end of 2009, the population of Tianjin Municipality was 12.28 million, of which 9.8 million were residential holders of Tianjin hukou (permanent residence). Among Tianjin permanent residents, 5.99 million were urban, and 3.81 million were rural.[44] Tianjin has recently shifted to rapid population growth, its population had reached 14.72 million as of 2013 end.[45]

The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, as of 2010, a population of 15.4 million.[46][47]

The majority of Tianjin residents are Han Chinese. There are also 51 out of the 55 minor Chinese ethnic groups living in Tianjin. Major minorities include Hui, Koreans, Manchus, and Mongols.

 
Old Guanyinhao Bank
Ethnic groups in Tianjin, 2000 census
Ethnicity Population Percentage
Han 9,581,775 97.29%
Hui 172,357 1.75%
Manchu 56,548 0.57%
Mongols 11,331 0.12%
Korean 11,041 0.11%
Zhuang 4,055 0.041%
Tujia 3,677 0.037%

This excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.[48]

Media

Tianjin People's Broadcasting Station is the major radio station in Tianjin. Broadcasting in nine channels, it serves most of North China, part of East and Northeast China, reaching an audience of over 100 million.[49] Tianjin Television, the local television station, broadcasts on nine channels. It also boasts a paid digital channel, featuring home improvement programs.[50][non-primary source needed] Both the radio and television stations are now branches of the Tianjin Film, Radio and Television Group, established in October 2002.[51][non-primary source needed]

Major local newspapers include the Tianjin Daily and Jin Wan Bao (literally, tonight newspaper), which are the flagship papers of Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group and Jinwan Mass Media Group, respectively. There are also three English-language magazines: Jin,[52][non-primary source needed] Tianjin Plus[53][non-primary source needed] and Business Tianjin,[54][non-primary source needed] mostly directed at ex-pats resident in the city.

Previous newspapers

The first German newspaper in northern China, Tageblatt für Nordchina, was published in Tianjin.[55]

In 1912 Tianjin had 17 Chinese-language newspapers and 5 daily newspapers in other languages; none of the newspapers in the Tianjin district were trade papers. Of the foreign language newspapers, three were in English and one each was in French and German. Newspapers from Tianjin published in Tianjin included China Critic, Peking and Tientsin Times, The China Times,[56]Tageblatt für Nordchina, L'Écho de Tientsin, China Tribune, Ta Kung Pao (L'Impartial), Min Hsing Pao, and Jih Jih Shin Wen Pao (Tsientsin Daily News).[57] Newspapers from Beijing published in Tianjin included Pei Ching Jih Pao, Peking Daily News, and Le Journal de Peking.[56]

In 1930, the newspaper Deutsch-Mandschurische Nachrichten[12] moved from Harbin to Tianjin and changed its name to the Deutsch-Chinesische Nachrichten.[58]

Censorship capital

More and more, China's leading Internet information providers (usually located in Beijing), including social network Sina Weibo, Douban and the online video website Sohu, tend to relocate their censorship departments to Tianjin, where labor costs are cheaper than Beijing, as censorship is a kind of labor-intensive work. In fact, Tianjin has become the censorship capital of Chinese Internet.[12][59]

Tourism

 
Crosstalk in Tianjin

The city has many sights; its streetscapes incorporate historic nineteenth and early twentieth-century European architecture, juxtaposed with the concrete and glass monoliths of contemporary China. Though wide swaths of the city are being redeveloped, much of the colonial architecture has been placed under protection.

In the nineteenth century, the port city caught the attention of the seafaring Western powers, who used the boarding of a British ship by Chinese troops as an excuse to declare war. With well-armed gunboats, they were assured of victory, and the Treaty of Tianjin, signed in 1856, gave the Europeans the right to establish nine concessionary bases on the mainland, from which they could conduct trade and sell opium. These concessions, along the banks of the Hai River, were self-contained European communities: the French built châteaux and towers, while the Germans constructed red-tiled Bavarian villas. Tensions between the indigenous population and the foreigners exploded in the Tianjin Incident of 1870, when a Chinese mob attacked a French-run orphanage, and again during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, after which the foreigners leveled the walls surrounding the old Chinese city to enable them to keep an eye on its residents.

The old city was razed entirely from 2000 to 2001 to make way for new developments. Only several old buildings remains such as the Tianjin Temple of Confucius.

The dense network of ex-concession streets south and west of the central train station, and south of the Hai River, now constitute the areas of most interest to visitors. The châteaux of the French concession now make up the downtown district just south of the river, the imposing mansions the British built are east of here. Farther east, also south of the river, the architecture of an otherwise unremarkable district has a sprinkling of austere German construction.

Landmarks and attractions

 
Nankai University

Sights outside the old city urban core area, but within the municipality, including Binhai/TEDA:

Culture

 
A traditional Tianjin lunch of Goubuli baozi
 
Traditional opera in Tianjin

People from Tianjin speak the Tianjin dialect of Mandarin, from which it is derived. Despite its proximity to Beijing, the Tianjin dialect sounds quite different from the Beijing dialect, which provides the basis for Putonghua or Standard Chinese.

Tianjin is a respected home base of Beijing opera, one of the most prestigious forms of Chinese opera.

Tianjin is famous for its stand-up comedy and comedians including Guo Degang and Ma Sanli. Ma Sanli (1914–2003), an ethnic Hui and longtime resident of Tianjin, is renowned for his xiangsheng, a hugely popular form of Chinese entertainment akin to comedy. Ma Sanli delivered some of his xiangsheng in the Tianjin dialect. Tianjin, along with Beijing, is a center for the art of xiangsheng. Tianjin's style of stand-up also includes the use of rhythmic bamboo clappers, kuaiban.[60]

Yangliuqing (Green Willows), a town about 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Tianjin's urban area and the seat of Xiqing District, is famous for its popular Chinese New Year-themed, traditional-style, colorful wash paintings (杨柳青年画). Tianjin is also famous for the Zhang clay figurine, a type of intricate, colorful figurine depicting a variety of vivid characters, and Tianjin's Wei's kites, which can be folded to a fraction of their full sizes and are noted for portability.

On September 28, 2015, the Juilliard School in Manhattan, New York City announced a major expansion into Tianjin during a visit by China's first lady, Peng Liyuan, the institution's first such full-scale foray outside the United States, with plans to offer a master's degree program.[61]

Cuisine

Tianjin cuisine places a heavy focus on seafood, due to Tianjin's proximity to the sea. It can be further classified into several varieties, including the rough (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), smooth (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ), and high (Chinese: ; pinyin: gāo). Prominent menus include the Eight Great Bowls (Chinese: 八大碗; pinyin: Bādà wǎn), a combination of eight mainly meat dishes, and the Four Great Stews (Chinese: 四大扒; pinyin: sì dà bā), actually referring to a very large number of stews, including chicken, duck, seafood, beef, and mutton.

The four delicacies of Tianjin include Goubuli baozi, Guifaxiang Shibajie Mahua (Chinese: 十八街麻花; pinyin: shíbā jiē máhuā), Erduoyan Zhagao (Chinese: 耳朵眼炸糕; pinyin: erduoyǎn zhà gāo) and Maobuwen Jiaozi (Chinese: 猫不闻饺子; pinyin: māo bù wén jiǎozi). Well-known foods include Caoji donkey meat, Bazhen sheep-leg mutton of Guanshengyuan, Luji Tangmian Zhagao, Baiji Shuijiao, Gaogan of Zhilanzhai, Guobacai of Dafulai, Subao of Shitoumenkan and Xiaobao chestnut. These famous snacks are available in Nanshi Food Street, which was a famous calling-card of Tianjin in the aspect of cuisine.

Transport

Airport

Tianjin Binhai International Airport is located in Dongli District roughly 13 km (8 mi) away from downtown area. The city is also served by the new Beijing Daxing International Airport in Beijing.

Tianjin Binhai International Airport now has a terminal building which covers an area of 25,000 m2 (269,000 sq ft), a merchandise warehouse which covers an area of 29,500 m2 (318,000 sq ft) and runways measuring 3.6 km (2.2 mi) in total. It has a grade 4E airstrip, which all kinds of large aircraft can take off from and land safely on. Tianjin Binhai International Airport[62] has 59 flight routes, connecting 48 cities, including 30 domestic cities and 17 foreign cities. Airline companies like Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Korean Air, Asiana Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo and Martinair Holland all have flights to Tianjin Binhai International Airport.

Port of Tianjin

 
Port of Tianjin pilot boat berth

Tianjin port is the world's top-level and China's largest artificial deep water harbor, and the throughput capacity ranks fifth in the world. Located in Binhai Economic Zone, a national new economic zone of China, Tianjin harbor is the port of call of international cruises visiting the wider area, including Beijing.

Trams

 
The TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram is one of the two rubber tire tram systems in Asia

Tianjin's harbor area of Binhai/TEDA has a modern, high speed rubber tired tram system, which is the first of its kind in China and Asia. Constructed in 2006, this marked a return of the tram to Tianjin, which once had an extensive standard steel-wheeled tramway network. The original Tianjin tram network was constructed by a Belgian company[63] in 1904 and opened in 1906. It was the first citywide tramway system in China. It closed in 1972.

Metro

 
The Tianjin Metro near Liuyuan station

The Tianjin Metro is formerly operated by two companies, Tianjin Metro General Corporation and Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company. However, in 2017, the two companies merged as Tianjin Rail Transit Group Corporation. They are currently under heavy expansion from five to nine lines. Six lines are currently operating both in the City and the Binhai area. As of April 2019, the entire network of Tianjin Metro has 155 stations and 6 lines.

Construction work on the Tianjin Metro started on July 4, 1970. It was the second metro to be built in China and commenced service in 1984. The total length of track was 7.4 kilometers (5 mi). The metro service was suspended on October 9, 2001 for reconstruction. The original line is now part of Line 1 of the new metro system. It was reopened to the public in June 2006. The track was extended to 26.2 km (16.280 mi)[64] and there are a total of 22 stations. Construction work on Line 2 and Line 3 was completed in 2012 and the two lines are now in operation. Several new metro lines are planned.

The two rapid transit operators in Tianjin are responsible for the service as follows:

  • Tianjin Metro General Corporation, operates Lines 1, 2, 3 and 6
  • Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company, operates Lines 5 and 9

Rail

There are several railway stations in the city, Tianjin railway station being the principal one. It was built in 1888. The station was initially located at Wangdaozhuang (simplified Chinese: 旺道庄; traditional Chinese: 旺道莊; pinyin: Wàngdàozhuāng). The station was later moved to Laolongtou (simplified Chinese: 老龙头; traditional Chinese: 老龍頭; pinyin: Lǎolóngtóu) on the banks of the Hai He River in 1892, so the station was renamed Laolongtou Railway Station. The station was rebuilt from scratch in 1988. The rebuilding work began on April 15, 1987 and was finished on October 1, 1988. The Tianjin Railway Station is also locally called the 'East Station', due to its geographical position. In January 2007, the station began another long-term restructuring project to modernize the facility and as part of the larger Tianjin transport hub project involving Tianjin Metro lines 2, 3, and 9 as well as the Tianjin-Beijing High-speed rail.

Tianjin West railway station and Tianjin North railway station are also major railway stations in Tianjin. There is also Tanggu railway station is located in the important port area of Tanggu District, and Binhai railway station and Binhai North railway station located in TEDA, to the north of Tanggu. There are several other railway stations in the city that do not handle passenger traffic. Construction on a Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail began on July 4, 2005 and was completed by August 2008.

The following rail lines go through Tianjin:

The inter-city trains between Beijing and Tianjin will adopt a new numbering system: Cxxxx (C stands for interCity). The train numbers range between C2001~C2298:

  • C2001~C2198: From Beijing South Station to Tianjin, directly
  • C2201~C2268: From Beijing South Station to Tianjin, with stops at Wuqing Station (武清站)
  • C2271~C2298: From Beijing South Station to Yujiapu Railway Station of Tianjin[65]

The new C trains take only 30 min to travel between Beijing and Tianjin, cutting the previous D train time by more than a half. The ticket price as of Aug 15, 08 is 69 RMB for the first-class seat and 58 RMB for the second-class seat.

Bus

 
Tianjin Bus Route 606

There were over 900 bus lines in the city as of 2005.[66]

Roads and expressways

Some roads and bridges have retained names that hark back to the Republic of China era (1912–1949) such as Minquan Gate and Beiyang Road. Like with most cities in China, many roads in Tianjin are named after Chinese provinces and cities. Also, Tianjin is unlike Beijing, in that very few roads run parallel to the major four cardinal directions.

Tianjin has three ring roads. The Inner and Middle Ring Roads are not closed, traffic-controlled roadways and some often have traffic light intersections. The Outer Ring Road is the closest thing to a highway-level ring road, although traffic is often chaotic.

Tianjin's roads often finish in dao (Chinese: ; lit. 'avenue'), xian (simplified Chinese: 线; traditional Chinese: ; lit. 'line'). These are most often used for highways and through routes. The terms lu (Chinese: ; lit. 'road'). Jie (Chinese: ; lit. 'street') are rare. As Tianjin's roads are rarely in a cardinal compass direction, jing (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; lit. 'avenue') roads and wei (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; lit. 'avenue') roads often appear, which attempt to run more directly north–south and east–west, respectively.

The following seven expressways of China run in or through Tianjin:

The following six China National Highways pass through Tianjin:

Religion

Residents of Tianjin participate in indigenous religious practices, such as the veneration of the Goddess of Sea, Mazu. In addition, Tianjin has a Buddhist Temple of Great Compassion, a Catholic St. Joseph's Cathedral (Laoxikai Church), a Catholic Our Lady of Victory Church (Wanghailou Church). A Roman Catholic Diocese of Tianjin exists.[67] According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009, Christians constitute 1.51% of the city's population.[68] Tianjin has been described as a historically "strong center" of Islam in China.[69] Northwestern Tianjin is traditionally the location of the Muslim quarter of the city, where they have lived for centuries near the city's huge Great Mosque, Qingzhen si, founded in 1703.[70][71] Other mosques include the Dahuoxiang Mosque.[72]

 
A Mazu temple in Tianjin
 
House decorated by more than seven hundred million pieces of ceramic

Sports

Sports teams based in Tianjin include:

Chinese Super League

China Baseball League

Chinese Basketball Association

Chinese Volleyball League

The 1995 World Table Tennis Championships, the 2013 East Asian Games, and the 2017 National Games of China were hosted by the city. Additionally, Tianjin will be one of the host cities for the expanded FIFA Club World Cup (postponed from 2021). It was also scheduled to be one of the host cities for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup before China's withdrawal as the host.

Since 2014, a WTA international tennis tournament has taken place in Tianjin every year at the Tuanbo International Tennis Center.

Martial arts

Together with Beijing, Tianjin had been for many centuries considered a center for traditional Chinese martial arts. Many past and present masters of arts such as Bajiquan, Pigua Zhang, Xing Yi Quan, Bagua Zhang and others lived or are living in the city.[73][74][75] The districts most famous for martial arts in the city are Hong Qiao and Nankai, and martial artists abound in public green spaces such as Xigu Park and the Tianjin Water Park.

Education

Colleges and universities

Under the national Ministry of Education:

Under the municipal government:

 
Tianjin Juilliard School in Binhai,Tianjin

Under the national Civil Aviation Authority of China:

Under the Hebei Provincial People's Government:

Foreign institutions:

Private:

Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.

High schools

 
Tianjin No.20 High School
  • Tianjin Nankai High School (天津市南开中学)
  • Tianjin No.1 High School (天津市第一中学)[77][non-primary source needed]
  • Tianjin Yaohua Middle School (天津市耀华中学) was founded in 1927. It was previously named as Tianjin Gongxue by Mr. Lefeng Zhuang, and was renamed as Tianjin Yaohua Middle school in 1934.
  • Tianjin Xinhua High School (天津市新华中学)[78][non-primary source needed]
  • Tianjin Experimental High School (天津市实验中学)[79][non-primary source needed]
  • Tianjin No.21 High School (天津第二十一中學): Tianjin No. 21 High School, formerly Fahan College (法漢學堂; 'French–Chinese (Han language) College'), was founded in 1895. The French ambassador to China and consul general in Tianjin called it the French academy, with the purpose of training Chinese in French talent; it was then renamed "工部局學校" in 1902 before moving to its current address in 1916, when it was then renamed Fahan College (法漢學堂); the French name is still "EcoleMunicipaleFrancaise". The school is located in the center of the political and cultural education in Heping district, adjacent to the largest Catholic church in northern China, thus the main building of the school has retained its church appearance The school covers an area of 10.1 mu (6.7 km2), while the building floor area is 10,300 square meters.
  • Tianjin Tianjin High School (天津市天津中学)
  • Tianjin Fuxing High School (天津市复兴中学)
  • Tianjin Ruijing High School (天津市瑞景中学)
  • The Foreign Languages School Affiliated to Tianjin Foreign Studies University (TFLS) (天津外国语学院附属外国语学校)[80][non-primary source needed]
  • Tianjin No.20 High School (天津市第二十中学)
  • Tianjin No.4 High School (天津市第四中学)[81][non-primary source needed]
  • Tianjin Yangcun No.1 High School (天津市杨村第一中学)
  • Tianjin Ji No.1 High School (天津市蓟县第一中学)
  • Tianjin Dagang No.1 High School (天津市大港第一中学)
  • Tianjin Second Nankai High School (天津市第二南开中学)[82]
  • Tianjin Tanggu No.1 High School (天津市塘沽第一中学)
  • Tianjin No.42 High School (天津市第四十二中学)
  • Tianjin Baodi No.1 High School (天津市宝坻第一中学)
  • Tianjin Dagang Oilfield Experimental High School (天津市大港油田实验中学)
  • Tianjin No.47 High School (天津市第四十七中学)[83][non-primary source needed]
  • Tianjin No.7 High School (天津市第七中学)[84][non-primary source needed]
  • Tianjin Jinghai No.1 High School (天津市静海第一中学)
  • Tianjin Haihe High School (天津市海河中学)
  • Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area No. 1 High School (天津经济技术开发区第一中学)
  • Tianjin No.55 High School (天津市第五十五中学)
  • Tianjin High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学天津附属中学)
  • Tianjin No.21 High School (天津市第二十一中学)
  • Tianjin Xianshuigu No.1 High School (天津市咸水沽第一中学)
  • The High School Affiliated to Nankai University (南开大学附属中学)
  • Tianjin No.41 High School (天津市第四十一中学)
  • Tianjin Lutai No.1 High School (天津市芦台第一中学)
  • Tianjin No.2 High School (天津市第二中学)
  • Tianjin No.3 High School (天津市第三中学)
  • Tianjin Huiwen High School (天津市汇文中学)
  • Tianjin Chonghua High School (天津市崇化中学)
  • Tianjin No.100 High School (天津市第一〇〇中学)
  • Tianjin Hangu No.1 High School (天津市汉沽第一中学)
  • Tianjin Ziyun High School (天津市紫云中学)
  • Tianjin No.102 High School (天津市第一〇二中学)
  • Tianjin No.45 High School (天津市第四十五中学)
  • Tianjin No.25 High School (天津市第二十五中学)
  • The High School Affiliated to Tianjin University (天津大学附属中学)
  • Tianjin No.5 High School (天津市第五中学)[85][non-primary source needed]
  • Tianjin Yangliuqing No. 1 High School (天津市杨柳青第一中学)
  • Tianjin No.14 High School (天津市第十四中学)
  • Tianjin National High School (天津市民族中学)
  • Tianjin No.54 High School (天津市第五十四中学)
  • Tianjin No.43 High School (天津市第四十三中学)
  • Tianjin Ironworks No.2 High School (天津铁厂第二中学)
  • Tianjin No.9 High School (天津市第九中学)
  • Tianjin No.57 High School (天津市第五十七中学)
  • Tianjin No.51 High School (天津市第五十一中学)
  • Tianjin Fulun High School (天津市扶轮中学)
  • Tianjin Bohai Petroleum No.1 High School (天津市渤海石油第一中学)

Middle schools

Notable people from Tianjin

Twin towns and sister cities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A number of alternative etymologies are sometimes given; see the names section.

References

Citations

  1. ^ "China: Tiānjīn (Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". citypopulation.de.
  2. ^ "2021年天津Gdp达15695.05亿元 同比增长6.6%_中国经济网——国家经济门户". district.ce.cn (Press release).
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI". globaldatalab.org. Global Data Lab. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  4. ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021.
  5. ^ "Tianjin". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
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Sources

Further reading

  • (fr) Mathieu Gotteland, Les forces de l'ordre japonaises à Tientsin, 1914–1940 : Un point de vue français, Éditions universitaires européennes, 2015.
  • O. D. Rasmussen (1925). Tientsin: An Illustrated Outline History. University of Michigan: Tientsin Press. OCLC 2594229.
  • Donati, Sabina (June 2016). "Italy's Informal Imperialism in Tianjin During the Liberal Epoch, 1902–1922". The Historical Journal. 59 (2): 447–468. doi:10.1017/S0018246X15000461. S2CID 163536150.
  • Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Maurizio Marinelli, "The Triumph of the Uncanny: Italians and Italian Architecture in Tianjin", In Cultural Studies Review, Vol. 19, 2, 2013, 70–98.
  • Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.

External links

  • China (Tianjin) Pilot Free Trade Zone November 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  • Economic profile for Tianjin at HKTDC
  • Official Tianjin Media Gateway October 20, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
  • Historic US Army map of Tianjin, 1945
  • Official promotional video of Tianjin City
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tientsin" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

tianjin, other, uses, disambiguation, tientsin, redirects, here, other, uses, tientsin, disambiguation, chinese, 天津, pinyin, tiānjīn, mandarin, tʰjɛ, tɕi, listen, alternately, romanized, tientsin, municipality, coastal, metropolis, northern, china, shore, boha. For other uses see Tianjin disambiguation Tientsin redirects here For other uses see Tientsin disambiguation Tianjin t j ɛ n ˈ dʒ ɪ n 4 Chinese 天津 pinyin Tianjin Mandarin tʰjɛ n tɕi n listen alternately romanized as Tientsin ˈ t j ɛ n ˈ t s ɪ n 5 is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China with a total population of 13 866 009 inhabitants during the 2020 Chinese census Its built up or metro area made up of 12 central districts all but Baodi Jizhou Jinghai and Ninghe was home to 11 165 706 inhabitants and is also the world s 29th largest agglomeration between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro and 11th most populous city proper 6 Tianjin 天津Tientsin T ien chinMunicipalityClockwise from the top Tianjin Eye Tianjin Radio and Television Tower Tianjin railway station Tianjin Century Bell Minyuan Stadium St Joseph Cathedral Panorama of Binhai New AreaLocation of Tianjin Municipality within ChinaCoordinates Tianjin Century Clock Plaza 39 08 01 N 117 12 19 E 39 1336 N 117 2054 E 39 1336 117 2054 Coordinates 39 08 01 N 117 12 19 E 39 1336 N 117 2054 E 39 1336 117 2054CountryChinaSettledc 340 BCMunicipal seatHexi DistrictDivisions County level Township level16 districts240 towns and townshipsGovernment TypeMunicipality BodyTianjin Municipal People s Congress CCP SecretaryChen Min er Congress ChairmanYu Yunlin MayorZhang Gong CPPCC ChairmanWang ChangsongArea Municipality11 946 km2 4 612 sq mi Land11 609 91 km2 4 482 61 sq mi Water186 km2 72 sq mi Urban11 609 91 km2 4 482 61 sq mi Metro5 609 9 km2 2 166 0 sq mi Elevation5 m 16 ft Highest elevation Jiushan Peak 1 078 m 3 537 ft Population 2020 census 1 Municipality13 866 009 Density1 200 km2 3 000 sq mi Urban13 866 009 Urban density1 200 km2 3 100 sq mi Metro11 165 706 Metro density2 000 km2 5 200 sq mi Demonym s TianjineseTianjinerPostal code300000 301900Area code22ISO 3166 codeCN TJGDP 2021 CNY 1 570 trillion USD 244 billion 24th 2 per capitaCNY 113240 USD 17754 5th growth6 6 HDI 2019 0 838 3 3rd very highVehicle registration津A B C D F G H J K L M津E taxis AbbreviationTJ 津 jinClimateDwa BSk The template Infobox region symbols is being considered for merging SymbolsFlowerChina roseTreeFraxinus velutinaTianjin Tianjin in Chinese charactersChinese天津Hanyu PinyinTianjinPostalTientsinLiteral meaning Heaven s Ford note 1 TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTianjinBopomofoㄊㄧㄢ ㄐㄧㄣGwoyeu RomatzyhTianjinWade GilesTʻien1 chin1IPA tʰjɛ n tɕi n listen tʰiɛn tɕin locally WuRomanizationThie平 tsin平Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationTinjeun or TinjeunJyutpingTin1zeon1IPA tʰi ːn tsɵ n or tʰi ːn tsɵ n Southern MinHokkien POJThian tinIt is governed as one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of Chinese central government and is thus under direct administration of the State Council Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea Part of the Bohai Economic Rim it is the largest coastal city in Northern China and part of the Jing Jin Ji megapolis In terms of urban population Tianjin is the seventh largest city in China In terms of administrative area population Tianjin ranks fifth in Mainland China 7 The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404 As a treaty port since 1860 Tianjin has been a major seaport and gateway to Beijing During the Boxer Rebellion the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China Tianjin became one of the largest cities in the region 8 At that time numerous European style buildings and mansions were constructed in concessions many of which are well preserved today After the founding of the People s Republic of China Tianjin suffered a depression due to the policy of the central government and 1976 Tangshan earthquake but recovered from 1990s 9 Tianjin is classified as the largest type of port city a Large Port Megacity due to its large urban population and port traffic volume 10 Nowadays Tianjin is a dual core city with its main urban area including the old city located along the Hai River which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal and Binhai an adjacent New Area urban core located east of the old city on the coast of the Bohai Gulf As of the end of 2010 around 285 Fortune 500 companies have set up base in Binhai Since 2010 Tianjin s Yujiapu Financial District has become known as China s Manhattan 11 12 and the city is considered one of the world s top 100 cities including in the Global Financial Centres Index 13 Tianjin is ranked as a Beta global second tier city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network 14 Tianjin is one of the top 20 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index 15 and home to multiple notable institutes of higher education in Northern China including Tianjin University Nankai University Tianjin Normal University Tianjin Medical University Tiangong University Tianjin University of Science amp Technology Tianjin University of Technology and Hebei University of Technology 16 17 Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Early history 2 2 Qing dynasty 2 3 Opening up as a treaty port 2 4 Second Sino Japanese War 2 5 Post World War II 2 5 1 2015 Tianjin explosion 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Measures to improve air quality 4 Administrative divisions 5 Politics 6 Economy 6 1 Tianjin Economic Technological Development Area 6 2 Tianjin Export Processing Zone 6 3 Tianjin Airport Economic Area 6 4 Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone 6 5 Tianjin Tanggu National Marine High Tech Development Area 6 6 Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone 6 7 Agriculture 6 8 Resources 6 9 Utilities and Services 6 10 Binhai New Area 7 Demographics 8 Media 8 1 Previous newspapers 8 2 Censorship capital 9 Tourism 10 Landmarks and attractions 11 Culture 12 Cuisine 13 Transport 13 1 Airport 13 2 Port of Tianjin 13 3 Trams 13 4 Metro 13 5 Rail 13 6 Bus 13 7 Roads and expressways 14 Religion 15 Sports 16 Martial arts 17 Education 17 1 Colleges and universities 17 2 High schools 17 3 Middle schools 18 Notable people from Tianjin 19 Twin towns and sister cities 20 See also 21 Notes 22 References 22 1 Citations 22 2 Sources 23 Further reading 24 External linksName EditTianjin is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese characters 天津 which means Heavenly Ford or Ford of Heaven The origin of the name is obscure One folk etymology is that it was an homage to the patriotic Chu poet Qu Yuan whose Li Sao includes the verse departing from the Ford of Heaven at dawn 朝發軔於天津兮 zhao faren yu Tianjin xi Another is that it honors a former name of the Girl a Chinese constellation recorded under the name Tianjin in the Astronomical Record section of the Book of Sui A third is that it derives from a place name noted in the River Record of the History of Jin The most common is that it was bestowed by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming who crossed Tianjin s Gu River on his way south to overthrow his nephew the Jianwen Emperor Prior to the introduction of pinyin the city s name was historically romanized as Tientsin in the Chinese postal romanization The current English spelling of Tianjin was adopted in 1958 after pinyin was introduced by the PRC government Several countries international organizations and media outlets adopted the pinyin name beginning in 1979 The Government of the Republic of China on Taiwan continues to use the postal and Wade Giles spelling after the adoption of pinyin by the ROC government in 2009 History EditEarly history Edit The land where Tianjin is located today was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by sedimentation of various rivers entering the sea at Bohai Gulf including the Yellow River which entered the open sea in this area at one point The construction of the Grand Canal under the Sui dynasty helped the future development of Tianjin as the canal ran from Hangzhou to the Beijing and Tianjin region by 609 CE Grain from southern China was regularly transported to the north through the canal and was used during the subsequent dynasties Tianjin begins to be increasingly mentioned in records during the Song dynasty and gains importance during the Yuan dynasty Tianjin experienced development under the Yuan and became a prime location for the storage of goods and grains Tianjin became a garrison town and shipping station during the Ming dynasty It became a center of commerce and prosperity by the 17th century 18 Qing dynasty Edit During the Qing dynasty 1644 1911 Tianjin Prefecture or Zhou 州 was established in 1725 and Tianjin County was established within the prefecture in 1731 Later it was upgraded to an urban prefecture or Fu 府 before becoming a relay station 駐地 under the command of the Viceroy of Zhili 1913 map of Tianjin Opening up as a treaty port Edit See also Concessions in Tianjin In 1856 Chinese soldiers boarded The Arrow a Chinese owned ship registered in Hong Kong flying the British flag and suspected of piracy smuggling and of being engaged in the opium trade They captured 12 men and imprisoned them In response the British and French sent gunboats under the command of Admiral Sir Michael Seymour to capture the Taku forts near Tianjin in May 1858 At the end of the first part of the Second Opium War in June of the same year the British and French prevailed and the Treaty of Tientsin were signed which opened Tianjin Tientsin to foreign trade The treaties were ratified by the Xianfeng Emperor in 1860 and Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France and thus to the outside world Between 1895 and 1900 Britain and France were joined by Japan Germany and Russia and even by countries without Chinese concessions such as Austria Hungary Italy and Belgium in establishing self contained concessions in Tianjin each with its own prisons schools barracks and hospitals 19 These nations left many architectural reminders of their rule notably churches and thousands of villas Church of Our Lady s Victories built in 1869 was the site of the Tianjin Church Massacre The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin was not always peaceful one of the most serious violent incidents to date was the Tianjin Church Massacre In June 1870 the orphanage held by the Wanghailou Church Church Our Lady s Victories in Tianjin built by French Roman Catholic missionaries was accused of the kidnapping and brainwashing of Chinese children On June 21 the magistrate of Tianjin County initiated a showdown at the church that developed into violent clashes between the church s Christian supporters and some non Christian Tianjin residents The furious protesters eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate and killed eighteen foreigners including ten French nuns the French consul himself and merchants France and six other Western nations complained to the Qing government which was forced to pay compensation for the incident In 1885 Li Hongzhang founded the Tianjin Military Academy 天津武備學堂 for Chinese army officers with German advisors as part of his military reforms 20 The move was supported by Anhui Army commander Zhou Shengchuan 20 267 The academy was to serve Anhui Army and Green Standard Army officers Various practical military mathematic and science subjects were taught at the academy The instructors were German officers 20 267 Another program was started at the academy for five years in 1887 to train teenagers as new army officers 20 268 Mathematics practical and technical subjects including sciences foreign languages Chinese Classics and history were taught at the school Exams were administered to students The instruction for Tianjin Military Academy was copied at the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools 20 268 The maritime defense fund supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy which was shared with the Tianjin Naval Academy 20 268 The Tianjin Military Academy in 1886 adopted as part of its curriculum the Romance of the Three Kingdoms 21 Among its alumni were Wang Yingkai and Duan Qirui Among its staff was Yinchang Peiyang University established 1895 In June 1900 the Boxers were able to seize control of much of Tianjin On June 26 European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby Langfang and were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks Tung Lai Bank building on Heping Road built in 1930 In July 1900 the Eight Nation Alliance recaptured Tianjin This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces Russian British Japanese German French American Austro Hungarian and Italian The city was governed by this council until August 15 1902 when the city was returned to Qing control Eminent Qing General Yuan Shikai led efforts to transform Tianjin into a modern city establishing the first modern Chinese police force In 1907 Yuan supervised China s first modern democratic elections for a county council Major crossing Rue General Foch and Rue de Chaylard of downtown Tianjin in French concession Western nations were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin and the Italians French Japanese Germans Russians and Austro Hungarians maintained under strength regiments the United States did not initially participate During World War I the German and Austro Hungarian garrisons were captured and held as Prisoners of War by Allied Forces while the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison in 1918 In 1920 the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them and the US then sent the 15th Infantry Regiment less one battalion to Tianjin from the Philippines Because of the rapid development of industry commerce and finance Tianjin was established as a municipality of China in 1927 From 1930 to 1935 Tianjin was the provincial capital of Hebei after which it was reestablished as an independent municipality Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops General George C Marshall the architect of victory in World War II when he was the United States Army Chief of Staff served at Tianjin in the 1920s as Executive Officer of the 15th Infantry The US withdrew this unit in 1938 and a US presence was maintained only by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps unit from the Embassy Guard at Beijing Asahi Street now Heping Road in 1939 Tianjin flood Second Sino Japanese War Edit On July 30 1937 Tianjin fell to Japan as part of the Second Sino Japanese War but was not entirely occupied as the Japanese for the most part respected foreign concessions until 1941 when the American and British concessions were occupied In the summer of 1939 there occurred a major crisis in Anglo Japanese relations with the Tientsin Incident On June 14 1939 the Imperial Japanese Army surrounded and blockaded the British concession over the refusal of the British authorities to hand over to the Japanese six Chinese who had assassinated a locally prominent Japanese collaborator and had taken refuge in the British concession For a time the 1939 crisis appeared likely to cause an Anglo Japanese war especially when reports of the maltreatment by the Japanese Army of British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in the British press The crisis ended when the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was advised by the Royal Navy and the Foreign Office that the only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters and that given the current crisis in Europe that it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese who were then executed by the Japanese During the Japanese occupation Tianjin was ruled by the North China Executive Committee a puppet state based in Beijing On August 9 1940 all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw On November 14 1941 the American Marine unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave but before this could be accomplished the Japanese attacked the United States The American Marine detachment surrendered to the Japanese on December 8 1941 Only the Italian and French concessions the local French officials were loyal to Vichy were allowed by the Japanese to remain When Italy signed an armistice with the Allies in September 1943 Japanese troops took the Italian concession following a battle with its garrison and the Italian Social Republic formally ceded it to Wang Jingwei s Japan controlled puppet state Japanese occupation of the city lasted until August 15 1945 with the surrender of Japan marking the end of World War II Post World War II Edit P R China s 10th anniversary parade in Tianjin in 1959 In the Pingjin Campaign of the Chinese Civil War the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting The Chinese Communist Party CCP took Tianjin on January 15 1949 From 1949 to February 1958 Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government In October 1952 Tanggu New Port officially opened its doors and the first 10 000 ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier In February 1958 due to the Great Leap Forward and Tianjin s good industrial foundation Tianjin was incorporated into Hebei Province and Hebei Province was relocated to Tianjin for eight years During the period under the coordination of the State Council the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning which was independent of Hebei Province However a large number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei adversely affecting Tianjin s economic development In January 1967 due to preparation preparation for disasters and concerns that Tianjin would become a battlefield Hebei Province repatriated the provincial capital to Baoding and the CCP Central Committee decided that Tianjin should be restored to the central municipality and remain so far In April 1970 in the event that the Central Government had applied for funding for the construction of the subway the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to raise funds on its own to establish the project on the basis of the name of the channel and build it on the basis of the old walled river In July 1973 five counties including Jixian Baodi Wuqing Jinghai and Ninghe were formally placed under the jurisdiction of Tianjin Luanhe hydraulic engineering monument and Tianjin Eye On July 28 1976 during the 7 6 magnitude Tangshan Earthquake Tianjin was affected by the shock waves and suffered major loss of life In the city 24 345 people died and 21 497 were seriously injured 60 of the city s buildings were destroyed and more than 30 of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged Nearly 700 000 people were left homeless On October 10 of the same year the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic In 1981 Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River and is used to supply water for Beijing however the reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin resulting in difficulty in the use of water in Tianjin In the same year the State Council of the People s Republic of China decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water use in Tianjin and attract talented individuals to the city s academic centers Monument of TEDA In 1984 during the beginning of the Chinese government s economic reforms Tianjin was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the Tianjin Development Zone s economy began to develop rapidly However the overall development speed of Tianjin is still slower than that of special economic zones and that of other southeast coastal areas In 1994 Tianjin began its strategic industrial shift towards the east and developed the Binhai New Area with the Tianjin Port as the core In October 2005 the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CCP Central Committee was convened The meeting decided to incorporate the development and opening up of the Binhai New Area into the Eleventh Five Year Plan and the national development strategy In March 2006 the State Council executive meeting positioned Tianjin as an international port city a northern economic center and an ecological city Since then the dispute between the Beijing Tianjin economic center at the policy level has come to an end In May 2006 the State Council approved the Binhai New Area as a national integrated reform pilot area In June of the same year the State Council s Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening of the Tianjin Binhai New Area was announced and clearly stated In financial enterprises financial services financial markets and finance Major reforms such as opening up can in principle be scheduled to precede the Tianjin Binhai New Area In August 2008 China s first high speed railway the Beijing Tianjin Intercity Railway with a speed of 350 kilometers per hour was opened In August 2008 Tianjin was the co host city of the 29th Olympic Games In September 2008 the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of World Economic Forum also called Summer Davos began to be established in Tianjin and is held every two years 22 In October 2010 the UN Climate Change Conference convened in Tianjin 23 In 2012 the Tianjin Metro Lines 2 3 and 9 were completed and open to traffic and Tianjin Rail Transit was formally networked In October 2013 Tianjin hosted the East Asian Games which was the first time Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event In 2014 the coordinated development of Beijing Tianjin and Hebei was officially incorporated into the national strategy Tianjin was positioned as National Advanced Manufacturing R amp D Base Northern International Shipping Core Area Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area and Reform and Opening up Preceding Area In the same year the first phase of the South to North Water Transfer Project was completed and the water availability in Tianjin improved On February 26 2015 the Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established On April 21 the China Tianjin Free Trade Pilot Zone was formally established On April 27 Jincheng Bank the first private bank in northern China officially opened its doors 2015 Tianjin explosion Edit On August 12 2015 a major fire and explosion accident occurred in a chemical warehouse in Tianjin Port causing 173 deaths hundreds of injuries and property losses 24 The first two explosions occurred within 30 seconds of each other at the facility which is located in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin China The second explosion was far larger and involved the detonation of about 800 tonnes of ammonium nitrate approx 256 tonnes TNT equivalent Fires caused by the initial explosions continued to burn uncontrolled throughout the weekend resulting in eight additional explosions on 15 August The buildings of seven more surrounding logistics companies were destroyed The cost to businesses caused by the explosion was estimated at 9 billion making it the third most expensive supply chain disruption of 2015 Panorama of Hai RiverGeography Edit Population density and low elevation coastal zones in the Tianjin area Tianjin is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise Tianjin labeled as T IEN CHIN TIENTSIN 天津 1955 Map of the Hai River Basin 2011 satellite image of Tianjin The city center was on the left while the smaller urban area to the right was the Binhai New Area Hai River in 2011 Tianjin is located along the west coast of the Bohai Gulf looking out to the provinces Shandong and Liaoning across those waters bordered by Beijing 120 kilometers 75 mi to the northwest and is surrounded on all sides by Hebei with the exception of its eastern border the Bohai Sea With a latitude ranging from 38 34 to 40 15 N and longitude ranging from 116 43 to 118 04 E the total area is 11 860 63 square kilometers 4 579 41 sq mi There is 153 km 95 mi of coastline and 1 137 48 kilometers 706 80 mi of land border 25 It lies at the northern end of the Grand Canal of China which connects with the Yellow River and Yangtze River The municipality is generally flat and swampy near the coast but hilly in the far north where the Yan Mountains intrude into northern Tianjin Extensive tidal flats occur on the coastal plain adjacent to the city 26 The highest point in the municipality is Jiuding Peak 九顶山 in Ji County on the northern border with Hebei at an altitude of 1 078 5 m 3 538 ft The Hai River forms within Tianjin Municipality at the confluence of the Ziya River 子牙河 Daqing River 大清河 Yongding River North Grand Canal and South Grand Canal and enters the Pacific Ocean within the municipality as well in Tanggu District Major reservoirs include the Beidagang Reservoir in the extreme south in Dagang District and the Yuqiao Reservoir in the extreme north in Ji County Climate Edit Tianjin has a semi arid climate Koppen BSk bordering on Dwa It has a four season monsoon influenced climate typical of East Asia with cold windy very dry winters reflecting the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone and hot humid summers due to the monsoon Spring in the city is dry and windy occasionally seeing sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert capable of lasting for several days The monthly 24 hour average temperature ranges from 3 4 C 25 9 F in January to 26 8 C 80 2 F in July with an annual mean of 12 9 C 55 2 F With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 48 in July to 61 in October the city receives 2 522 hours of bright sunshine annually Having a low annual total precipitation of 511 millimeters 20 1 in and nearly three fifths of it occurring in July and August alone the city lies within the semi arid zone with parts of the municipality being humid continental Koppen BSk Dwa respectively 27 Extreme temperatures have ranged from 22 9 C 9 F to 40 5 C 105 F 28 Climate data for Tianjin 1981 2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 14 3 57 7 20 8 69 4 30 5 86 9 33 1 91 6 40 5 104 9 40 1 104 2 40 5 104 9 37 4 99 3 34 9 94 8 30 8 87 4 23 1 73 6 14 4 57 9 40 5 104 9 Average high C F 2 0 35 6 5 7 42 3 12 2 54 0 20 9 69 6 26 5 79 7 30 3 86 5 31 3 88 3 30 5 86 9 26 6 79 9 19 9 67 8 10 6 51 1 3 8 38 8 18 4 65 0 Daily mean C F 3 4 25 9 0 1 31 8 6 4 43 5 14 7 58 5 20 5 68 9 24 8 76 6 26 8 80 2 25 9 78 6 21 1 70 0 14 1 57 4 5 2 41 4 1 2 29 8 12 9 55 2 Average low C F 7 4 18 7 4 4 24 1 1 7 35 1 9 3 48 7 15 1 59 2 20 0 68 0 22 9 73 2 22 2 72 0 16 7 62 1 9 4 48 9 1 1 34 0 5 0 23 0 8 5 47 3 Record low C F 18 1 0 6 22 9 9 2 17 7 0 1 2 8 27 0 4 5 40 1 10 1 50 2 16 2 61 2 13 7 56 7 6 2 43 2 2 2 28 0 11 4 11 5 16 2 2 8 22 9 9 2 Average precipitation mm inches 2 5 0 10 3 6 0 14 8 1 0 32 22 1 0 87 36 8 1 45 79 7 3 14 149 8 5 90 124 1 4 89 44 7 1 76 26 5 1 04 10 8 0 43 2 8 0 11 511 5 20 15 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 1 6 2 0 3 1 4 5 5 9 7 8 11 1 9 4 6 0 4 7 2 9 2 0 61Average relative humidity 57 54 51 50 55 64 75 76 69 64 61 59 61Mean monthly sunshine hours 170 1 170 2 202 4 223 8 249 0 226 9 206 4 204 4 205 3 196 1 163 0 157 6 2 375 2Percent possible sunshine 59 59 56 58 60 57 48 53 60 61 57 57 57Source China Meteorological Administration 29 30 See or edit raw graph data Measures to improve air quality Edit In May 2014 the city s administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower the city s pollution levels These measures included several restrictions on days of severe pollution halving the number of vehicles allowed on roads halting construction and manufacturing activity closing schools and halting large scale outdoor activities 31 Flights have also been grounded and highways closed 32 Foreign born professional sportsmen have made statements regarding Tianjin s air quality citing it as an impediment to athletic activity and being thick enough to taste 33 Administrative divisions EditMain articles List of administrative divisions of Tianjin and List of township level divisions of Tianjin Tianjin is divided into 16 county level divisions which are all districts Administrative divisions of Tianjin Heping Hexi Hebei Nankai Hedong Hongqiao Jizhou Baodi Ninghe Binhai Dongli Jinnan Xiqing Beichen Wuqing JinghaiDivision code 34 Division Area in km2 35 full citation needed Total population 2010 36 Urban areapopulation 2010 37 Seat Postal code Subdivisions 38 full citation needed Subdistricts Towns Townships Ethnic townships Residential communities Villages120000 Tianjin 11 760 00 12 938 693 10 277 893 Hexi 300000 112 118 10 1 1723 3762120101 Heping 9 97 273 477 Xiaobailou Subdistrict 300041 6 63120102 Hedong 15 06 860 852 Dawangzhuang Subdistrict 300171 13 158120103 Hexi 41 24 870 632 Dayingmen Subdistrict 300202 13 171120104 Nankai 40 64 1 018 196 Changhong Subdistrict 300110 12 180120105 Hebei 29 14 788 451 Wanghailou Subdistrict 300143 10 109120106 Hongqiao 21 30 531 526 Xiyuzhuang Subdistrict 300131 10 196120110 Dongli 460 00 598 966 591 040 Zhangguizhuang Subdistrict 300300 9 90 102120111 Xiqing 545 00 713 060 524 894 Yangliuqing town 300380 2 7 106 151120112 Jinnan 401 00 593 063 590 072 Xianshuigu town 300350 8 68 165120113 Beichen 478 00 669 121 575 103 Guoyuanxincun Subdistrict 300400 5 9 115 126120114 Wuqing 1 570 00 951 078 352 659 Yunhexi Subdistrict 301700 6 24 64 695120115 Baodi 1 523 00 799 157 271 992 Baoping Subdistrict 301800 6 16 37 765120116 Binhai 2 270 00 2 423 204 2 313 361 Xingang Subdistrict 300451 19 7 254 144120117 Ninghe 1 414 00 416 143 152 388 Lutai town 301500 11 3 34 282120118 Jinghai 1 476 00 646 978 293 014 Jinghai town 301600 16 2 46 383120119 Jizhou 1 590 00 784 789 270 236 Wenchang Subdistrict 301900 1 20 5 1 32 949Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizationsEnglish Chinese PinyinTianjin Municipality 天津市 Tianjin ShiHeping District 和平区 Heping QuHedong District 河东区 Hedōng QuHexi District 河西区 Hexi QuNankai District 南开区 Nankai QuHebei District 河北区 Hebei QuHongqiao District 红桥区 Hōngqiao QuDongli District 东丽区 Dōngli QuXiqing District 西青区 Xiqing QuJinnan District 津南区 Jinnan QuBeichen District 北辰区 Beichen QuWuqing District 武清区 Wǔqing QuBaodi District 宝坻区 Bǎodǐ QuBinhai New Area 滨海新区 Binhǎi XinquNinghe District 宁河区 Ninghe QuJinghai District 静海区 Jinghǎi QuJizhou District 蓟州区 Jizhōu QuIn addition the Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area TEDA is not a formal level of administration but nevertheless enjoys rights similar to a regular district At the end of 2017 the total population of Tianjin is 15 57 million 3 Airport Industrial Park Dongli District These districts and counties are further subdivided as of December 31 2004 update into 240 township level divisions including 120 towns 18 townships 2 ethnic townships and 100 subdistricts Politics EditMain articles Politics of Tianjin and List of current Chinese provincial leaders The politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland China The Mayor of Tianjin is the highest ranking official in the People s Government of Tianjin Since Tianjin is a municipality the CCP Municipal Committee Secretary is colloquially termed the Tianjin CCP Party chief Economy Edit Then Premier Wen Jiabao himself a Tianjin native and Klaus Schwab at the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of World Economic Forum in Tianjin 2010 Tianjin s GDP reached 1 572 trillion yuan in 2014 an increase of 10 0 percent over 2013 The city of Tianjin recorded China s highest per capita GDP with 17 126 followed by Beijing with 16 278 and Shanghai with 15 847 39 Tianjin city center Skyscrapers in Tianjin Meters FeetGoldin Finance 117 597 0 1 958 66Tianjin Modern City Tower 338 0 1108 92Tianjin World Financial Center 336 9 1 105 32Yujiapu Administrative Services Center 299 45 982 45Powerlong Center 289 948 16Bohai Bank Tower 270 885 835th Taian Dao 253 40 831 36Major industries include petrochemical industries textiles car manufacturing mechanical industries and metalworking EADS Airbus is an important manufacturer and has opened an assembly plant for its Airbus A320 series airliners operational since 2009 Tianjin also hit the news in 2010 as the current fastest supercomputer in the world Tianhe 1A is located at the National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin GDP in 2009 hit 750 1 billion with a per capita of RMB 62 403 citation needed Tianjin Economic Technological Development Area Edit Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area As one of the first state level economic and technological development zones the Tianjin Economic Technological Development Area TEDA was founded on December 6 1984 with the approval of the State Council It enjoys relevant state preferential policies with the major task of attracting domestic and foreign investment to develop high and new technology oriented modern industries As an affiliated organ of the Tianjin Municipal Government the Administrative Commission of Tianjin Economic Technological Development Area exercises unified administration of TEDA on behalf of the Tianjin Municipal Government and enjoys provincial level administrative and economic management rights citation needed Tianjin Export Processing Zone Edit The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council on April 27 2000 This is a special enclosed zone where the Customs conduct 24 hour administration on commodities transported into and out of the zone and relevant places The central government granted this special economic zone special preferential policies to attract enterprises in the business of processing and trade to invest in the zone Tianjin Export Processing Zone is located to the northeast of TEDA with a planned area of 2 54 km2 0 98 sq mi The area developed in the first phase is 1m A permanent wall is built to separate export processing zone and non export processing zone 40 Tianjin Airport Economic Area Edit The Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone is jointly invested by Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone and Tianjin Binhai International Airport It is located inside the airfreight area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport It has domestic and foreign excellent airfreight logistics enterprises engaged in sorting warehousing distribution processing exhibition It is in the process of constructing the largest airfreight base in northern China 41 Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone Edit US Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi visiting a Tianjin Qingyuan Electric Vehicle factory in 2009 The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in northern China The zone was approved to be established in 1991 by State Council It is 30 km 19 mi from Tianjin city proper less than 1 km 0 62 mi away from the wharf and only 38 km 24 mi away from Tianjin Binhai International Airport 42 Tianjin Tanggu National Marine High Tech Development Area Edit The Tianjin Tanggu Marine High Tech Development Area was established in 1992 and was upgraded to the national level high tech development area by the State Council in 1995 it is the only national level high tech development area specializing in developing the marine Hi Tech industry By the end of 2008 the zone had 2068 corporations and 5 industries there including new materials oil manufacturing modern machinery manufacturing and electronic information 43 Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone Edit The Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone is a heavy and chemical industry base and harbor an important part of the dual city dual harbor space development strategy of Tianjin a demonstration zone of circular economy The total planned area of Nangang Industrial Zone is 200 km2 77 sq mi of which the terrestrial area is 162 km2 63 sq mi Agriculture Edit Farmland takes up about 40 of Tianjin Municipality s total area Wheat rice and maize are the most important crops Resources Edit Tianjin Municipality also has deposits of about 1 billion tonnes of petroleum with Dagang District containing important oilfields Salt production is also important with Changlu Yanqu being one of China s most important salt production areas clarify Geothermal energy is another resource of Tianjin Deposits of manganese and boron under Tianjin were the first to be found in China citation needed Utilities and Services Edit Tianjin Electric Power Utility serves with construction delivering and supporting electrical power service Binhai New Area Edit The Tianjin Binhai New Area TBNA is located in the juncture of the Beijing Tianjin City Belt and the Circum Bohai City Belt It is the gateway to North China Northeast China and Northwest China Lying in the center of Northeast Asia it is the nearest point of departure of the Eurasian Continental Bridge citation needed Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop 19532 693 831 19827 764 141 188 2 19908 785 402 13 2 20009 848 731 12 1 201012 938 224 31 4 201314 720 000 13 8 Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions At the end of 2009 the population of Tianjin Municipality was 12 28 million of which 9 8 million were residential holders of Tianjin hukou permanent residence Among Tianjin permanent residents 5 99 million were urban and 3 81 million were rural 44 Tianjin has recently shifted to rapid population growth its population had reached 14 72 million as of 2013 update end 45 The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to have as of 2010 update a population of 15 4 million 46 47 The majority of Tianjin residents are Han Chinese There are also 51 out of the 55 minor Chinese ethnic groups living in Tianjin Major minorities include Hui Koreans Manchus and Mongols Old Guanyinhao Bank Ethnic groups in Tianjin 2000 censusEthnicity Population PercentageHan 9 581 775 97 29 Hui 172 357 1 75 Manchu 56 548 0 57 Mongols 11 331 0 12 Korean 11 041 0 11 Zhuang 4 055 0 041 Tujia 3 677 0 037 This excludes members of the People s Liberation Army in active service 48 Media EditTianjin People s Broadcasting Station is the major radio station in Tianjin Broadcasting in nine channels it serves most of North China part of East and Northeast China reaching an audience of over 100 million 49 Tianjin Television the local television station broadcasts on nine channels It also boasts a paid digital channel featuring home improvement programs 50 non primary source needed Both the radio and television stations are now branches of the Tianjin Film Radio and Television Group established in October 2002 51 non primary source needed Major local newspapers include the Tianjin Daily and Jin Wan Bao literally tonight newspaper which are the flagship papers of Tianjin Daily Newspaper Group and Jinwan Mass Media Group respectively There are also three English language magazines Jin 52 non primary source needed Tianjin Plus 53 non primary source needed and Business Tianjin 54 non primary source needed mostly directed at ex pats resident in the city Previous newspapers Edit The first German newspaper in northern China Tageblatt fur Nordchina was published in Tianjin 55 In 1912 Tianjin had 17 Chinese language newspapers and 5 daily newspapers in other languages none of the newspapers in the Tianjin district were trade papers Of the foreign language newspapers three were in English and one each was in French and German Newspapers from Tianjin published in Tianjin included China Critic Peking and Tientsin Times The China Times 56 Tageblatt fur Nordchina L Echo de Tientsin China Tribune Ta Kung Pao L Impartial Min Hsing Pao and Jih Jih Shin Wen Pao Tsientsin Daily News 57 Newspapers from Beijing published in Tianjin included Pei Ching Jih Pao Peking Daily News and Le Journal de Peking 56 In 1930 the newspaper Deutsch Mandschurische Nachrichten 12 moved from Harbin to Tianjin and changed its name to the Deutsch Chinesische Nachrichten 58 Censorship capital Edit More and more China s leading Internet information providers usually located in Beijing including social network Sina Weibo Douban and the online video website Sohu tend to relocate their censorship departments to Tianjin where labor costs are cheaper than Beijing as censorship is a kind of labor intensive work In fact Tianjin has become the censorship capital of Chinese Internet 12 59 Tourism Edit Crosstalk in Tianjin The city has many sights its streetscapes incorporate historic nineteenth and early twentieth century European architecture juxtaposed with the concrete and glass monoliths of contemporary China Though wide swaths of the city are being redeveloped much of the colonial architecture has been placed under protection In the nineteenth century the port city caught the attention of the seafaring Western powers who used the boarding of a British ship by Chinese troops as an excuse to declare war With well armed gunboats they were assured of victory and the Treaty of Tianjin signed in 1856 gave the Europeans the right to establish nine concessionary bases on the mainland from which they could conduct trade and sell opium These concessions along the banks of the Hai River were self contained European communities the French built chateaux and towers while the Germans constructed red tiled Bavarian villas Tensions between the indigenous population and the foreigners exploded in the Tianjin Incident of 1870 when a Chinese mob attacked a French run orphanage and again during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 after which the foreigners leveled the walls surrounding the old Chinese city to enable them to keep an eye on its residents The old city was razed entirely from 2000 to 2001 to make way for new developments Only several old buildings remains such as the Tianjin Temple of Confucius The dense network of ex concession streets south and west of the central train station and south of the Hai River now constitute the areas of most interest to visitors The chateaux of the French concession now make up the downtown district just south of the river the imposing mansions the British built are east of here Farther east also south of the river the architecture of an otherwise unremarkable district has a sprinkling of austere German construction Landmarks and attractions Edit Nankai University See also Major National Historical and Cultural Sites Tianjin Astor Hotel Binjiang Avenue shopping street Drum Tower Five Main Avenues Former Concessions in Tianjin Tianjin Italian Style Town Hai River Park Luzutang Boxer Rebellion Museum Memorial Hall to Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao Nanshi Cuisine Street People s Park St Joseph s Cathedral of Tianjin Temple of Confucius Wen Miao Temple of Great Compassion Century Clock Tianjin Ancient Culture Street Yuhuangge Taoist Temple Tianjin Eye Tianjin Museum Tianjin Binhai Library Tianjin Art Gallery Tianjin Natural History Museum Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium also known as The Water Drop Tianjin Radio and Television Tower Tianjin Water Park Tianjin World Financial Center Tianjin Zoo Yangliuqing including Shi Family Grand Courtyard Porcelain House Nankai University Nankai Middle School Tianjin UniversitySights outside the old city urban core area but within the municipality including Binhai TEDA Huangya Pass a section of the Great Wall of China Mount Panshan Sino Singapore Tianjin Eco city Soviet Aircraft Carrier Kiev Taku Forts TEDA Football Stadium home stadium of Chinese Super League team Tianjin Teda F C Culture Edit Ancient Culture Street A traditional Tianjin lunch of Goubuli baozi Traditional opera in Tianjin People from Tianjin speak the Tianjin dialect of Mandarin from which it is derived Despite its proximity to Beijing the Tianjin dialect sounds quite different from the Beijing dialect which provides the basis for Putonghua or Standard Chinese Tianjin is a respected home base of Beijing opera one of the most prestigious forms of Chinese opera Jingwei Tries to Fill the Sea the dome mural of Tianjin railway station Tianjin is famous for its stand up comedy and comedians including Guo Degang and Ma Sanli Ma Sanli 1914 2003 an ethnic Hui and longtime resident of Tianjin is renowned for his xiangsheng a hugely popular form of Chinese entertainment akin to comedy Ma Sanli delivered some of his xiangsheng in the Tianjin dialect Tianjin along with Beijing is a center for the art of xiangsheng Tianjin s style of stand up also includes the use of rhythmic bamboo clappers kuaiban 60 Yangliuqing Green Willows a town about 15 km 9 3 mi west of Tianjin s urban area and the seat of Xiqing District is famous for its popular Chinese New Year themed traditional style colorful wash paintings 杨柳青年画 Tianjin is also famous for the Zhang clay figurine a type of intricate colorful figurine depicting a variety of vivid characters and Tianjin s Wei s kites which can be folded to a fraction of their full sizes and are noted for portability On September 28 2015 the Juilliard School in Manhattan New York City announced a major expansion into Tianjin during a visit by China s first lady Peng Liyuan the institution s first such full scale foray outside the United States with plans to offer a master s degree program 61 Cuisine EditTianjin cuisine places a heavy focus on seafood due to Tianjin s proximity to the sea It can be further classified into several varieties including the rough Chinese 粗 pinyin cu smooth simplified Chinese 细 traditional Chinese 細 pinyin xi and high Chinese 高 pinyin gao Prominent menus include the Eight Great Bowls Chinese 八大碗 pinyin Bada wǎn a combination of eight mainly meat dishes and the Four Great Stews Chinese 四大扒 pinyin si da ba actually referring to a very large number of stews including chicken duck seafood beef and mutton The four delicacies of Tianjin include Goubuli baozi Guifaxiang Shibajie Mahua Chinese 十八街麻花 pinyin shiba jie mahua Erduoyan Zhagao Chinese 耳朵眼炸糕 pinyin erduoyǎn zha gao and Maobuwen Jiaozi Chinese 猫不闻饺子 pinyin mao bu wen jiǎozi Well known foods include Caoji donkey meat Bazhen sheep leg mutton of Guanshengyuan Luji Tangmian Zhagao Baiji Shuijiao Gaogan of Zhilanzhai Guobacai of Dafulai Subao of Shitoumenkan and Xiaobao chestnut These famous snacks are available in Nanshi Food Street which was a famous calling card of Tianjin in the aspect of cuisine Transport EditMain article Transport in Tianjin Airport Edit Tianjin Binhai International Airport Terminal 1 and 2 Tianjin Binhai International Airport is located in Dongli District roughly 13 km 8 mi away from downtown area The city is also served by the new Beijing Daxing International Airport in Beijing Tianjin Binhai International Airport now has a terminal building which covers an area of 25 000 m2 269 000 sq ft a merchandise warehouse which covers an area of 29 500 m2 318 000 sq ft and runways measuring 3 6 km 2 2 mi in total It has a grade 4E airstrip which all kinds of large aircraft can take off from and land safely on Tianjin Binhai International Airport 62 has 59 flight routes connecting 48 cities including 30 domestic cities and 17 foreign cities Airline companies like Japan Airlines All Nippon Airways Korean Air Asiana Airlines Singapore Airlines Cargo and Martinair Holland all have flights to Tianjin Binhai International Airport Port of Tianjin Edit Port of Tianjin pilot boat berth Tianjin port is the world s top level and China s largest artificial deep water harbor and the throughput capacity ranks fifth in the world Located in Binhai Economic Zone a national new economic zone of China Tianjin harbor is the port of call of international cruises visiting the wider area including Beijing Trams Edit The TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram is one of the two rubber tire tram systems in Asia Main articles Trams in Tianjin and TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram Tianjin s harbor area of Binhai TEDA has a modern high speed rubber tired tram system which is the first of its kind in China and Asia Constructed in 2006 this marked a return of the tram to Tianjin which once had an extensive standard steel wheeled tramway network The original Tianjin tram network was constructed by a Belgian company 63 in 1904 and opened in 1906 It was the first citywide tramway system in China It closed in 1972 Metro Edit The Tianjin Metro near Liuyuan station The Tianjin Metro is formerly operated by two companies Tianjin Metro General Corporation and Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company However in 2017 the two companies merged as Tianjin Rail Transit Group Corporation They are currently under heavy expansion from five to nine lines Six lines are currently operating both in the City and the Binhai area As of April 2019 the entire network of Tianjin Metro has 155 stations and 6 lines Construction work on the Tianjin Metro started on July 4 1970 It was the second metro to be built in China and commenced service in 1984 The total length of track was 7 4 kilometers 5 mi The metro service was suspended on October 9 2001 for reconstruction The original line is now part of Line 1 of the new metro system It was reopened to the public in June 2006 The track was extended to 26 2 km 16 280 mi 64 and there are a total of 22 stations Construction work on Line 2 and Line 3 was completed in 2012 and the two lines are now in operation Several new metro lines are planned The two rapid transit operators in Tianjin are responsible for the service as follows Tianjin Metro General Corporation operates Lines 1 2 3 and 6 Tianjin Binhai Mass Transit Development Company operates Lines 5 and 9Rail Edit Tianjin railway station There are several railway stations in the city Tianjin railway station being the principal one It was built in 1888 The station was initially located at Wangdaozhuang simplified Chinese 旺道庄 traditional Chinese 旺道莊 pinyin Wangdaozhuang The station was later moved to Laolongtou simplified Chinese 老龙头 traditional Chinese 老龍頭 pinyin Lǎolongtou on the banks of the Hai He River in 1892 so the station was renamed Laolongtou Railway Station The station was rebuilt from scratch in 1988 The rebuilding work began on April 15 1987 and was finished on October 1 1988 The Tianjin Railway Station is also locally called the East Station due to its geographical position In January 2007 the station began another long term restructuring project to modernize the facility and as part of the larger Tianjin transport hub project involving Tianjin Metro lines 2 3 and 9 as well as the Tianjin Beijing High speed rail Tianjin West railway station and Tianjin North railway station are also major railway stations in Tianjin There is also Tanggu railway station is located in the important port area of Tanggu District and Binhai railway station and Binhai North railway station located in TEDA to the north of Tanggu There are several other railway stations in the city that do not handle passenger traffic Construction on a Beijing Tianjin high speed rail began on July 4 2005 and was completed by August 2008 The following rail lines go through Tianjin Jingshan Railway from Beijing to Shanhai Pass Jinpu Railway from Tianjin to Pukou District Nanjing Jinji Railway from Tianjin urban area to Ji County Tianjin Jinba Railway from Tianjin to Bazhou Hebei Tianjin West railway station The inter city trains between Beijing and Tianjin will adopt a new numbering system Cxxxx C stands for interCity The train numbers range between C2001 C2298 C2001 C2198 From Beijing South Station to Tianjin directly C2201 C2268 From Beijing South Station to Tianjin with stops at Wuqing Station 武清站 C2271 C2298 From Beijing South Station to Yujiapu Railway Station of Tianjin 65 The new C trains take only 30 min to travel between Beijing and Tianjin cutting the previous D train time by more than a half The ticket price as of Aug 15 08 is 69 RMB for the first class seat and 58 RMB for the second class seat Bus Edit Tianjin Bus Route 606 There were over 900 bus lines in the city as of 2005 update 66 Roads and expressways Edit Some roads and bridges have retained names that hark back to the Republic of China era 1912 1949 such as Minquan Gate and Beiyang Road Like with most cities in China many roads in Tianjin are named after Chinese provinces and cities Also Tianjin is unlike Beijing in that very few roads run parallel to the major four cardinal directions Tianjin has three ring roads The Inner and Middle Ring Roads are not closed traffic controlled roadways and some often have traffic light intersections The Outer Ring Road is the closest thing to a highway level ring road although traffic is often chaotic Inner Ring Road neihuan Middle Ring Road zhonghuan Outer Ring Road waihuan Tianjin s roads often finish in dao Chinese 道 lit avenue xian simplified Chinese 线 traditional Chinese 線 lit line These are most often used for highways and through routes The terms lu Chinese 路 lit road Jie Chinese 街 lit street are rare As Tianjin s roads are rarely in a cardinal compass direction jing simplified Chinese 经 traditional Chinese 經 lit avenue roads and wei simplified Chinese 纬 traditional Chinese 緯 lit avenue roads often appear which attempt to run more directly north south and east west respectively The following seven expressways of China run in or through Tianjin Jingjintang Expressway from Beijing through Tianjin s urban area to Tanggu District TEDA Jinghu Expressway from Jinjing Gonglu Bridge to Shanghai together with Jingjintang Expressway this is the expressway from Beijing to Shanghai Jingshen Expressway through Baodi District on its way from Beijing to Shenyang Tangjin Expressway from Tanggu District Tianjin to Tangshan Hebei known in Tianjin as the Jintang Expressway Baojin Expressway from Beichen District Tianjin to Baoding Hebei known in Tianjin as the Jinbao Expressway Jinbin Expressway from Zhangguizhuang Bridge to Hujiayuan Bridge both within Tianjin Jinji Expressway from central Tianjin to Jixian CountyThe following six China National Highways pass through Tianjin China National Highway 102 through Ji County Tianjin on its way from Beijing to Harbin China National Highway 103 from Beijing through Tianjin s urban area to Tanggu District China National Highway 104 from Beijing through Tianjin Municipality to Fuzhou China National Highway 105 from Beijing through Tianjin Municipality to Macau China National Highway 112 circular highway around Beijing passes through Tianjin Municipality China National Highway 205 from Shanhaiguan Hebei through Tianjin Municipality to GuangzhouReligion EditResidents of Tianjin participate in indigenous religious practices such as the veneration of the Goddess of Sea Mazu In addition Tianjin has a Buddhist Temple of Great Compassion a Catholic St Joseph s Cathedral Laoxikai Church a Catholic Our Lady of Victory Church Wanghailou Church A Roman Catholic Diocese of Tianjin exists 67 According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009 Christians constitute 1 51 of the city s population 68 Tianjin has been described as a historically strong center of Islam in China 69 Northwestern Tianjin is traditionally the location of the Muslim quarter of the city where they have lived for centuries near the city s huge Great Mosque Qingzhen si founded in 1703 70 71 Other mosques include the Dahuoxiang Mosque 72 A Mazu temple in Tianjin House decorated by more than seven hundred million pieces of ceramic Tianjin Eye Tianjin Museum Tianjin Italian TownSports EditSports teams based in Tianjin include Chinese Super League Tianjin Jinmen TigerChina Baseball League Tianjin LionsChinese Basketball Association Tianjin PioneersChinese Volleyball League Tianjin Bohai Bank women s volleyball team Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium Nankai District The 1995 World Table Tennis Championships the 2013 East Asian Games and the 2017 National Games of China were hosted by the city Additionally Tianjin will be one of the host cities for the expanded FIFA Club World Cup postponed from 2021 It was also scheduled to be one of the host cities for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup before China s withdrawal as the host Since 2014 a WTA international tennis tournament has taken place in Tianjin every year at the Tuanbo International Tennis Center Martial arts EditTogether with Beijing Tianjin had been for many centuries considered a center for traditional Chinese martial arts Many past and present masters of arts such as Bajiquan Pigua Zhang Xing Yi Quan Bagua Zhang and others lived or are living in the city 73 74 75 The districts most famous for martial arts in the city are Hong Qiao and Nankai and martial artists abound in public green spaces such as Xigu Park and the Tianjin Water Park Education EditColleges and universities Edit For a more comprehensive list see List of universities and colleges in Tianjin Tianjin University and Nankai University Joint Research Building Tianjin Normal University Under the national Ministry of Education Tianjin University founded 1895 the first modern university in China Nankai University founded 1919 one of the most prestigious universities in China Under the municipal government Tianjin Academy of Fine Arts Tianjin Agricultural College Tianjin Chengjian University Tianjin Conservatory of Music Tianjin Foreign Studies University Tianjin Institute of Physical Education Tianjin Medical University Tianjin Normal University Tianjin Polytechnic University Tianjin University of Commerce Tianjin University of Finance amp Economics Tianjin University of Science amp Technology Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin University of Technology and Education Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin Juilliard School in Binhai Tianjin Under the national Civil Aviation Authority of China Civil Aviation University of ChinaUnder the Hebei Provincial People s Government Hebei University of Technology founded 1903 the earliest institute of technology in China Foreign institutions The Florida International University Tianjin Center opened in 2006 as a cooperative venture between the municipal government and the Miami based university The Great Wall MBA Program Oklahoma City University Meinders School of Business established in 1986 on the campus of Tianjin University of Finance amp Economics 76 Raffles Design Institute Tianjin is a joint project between Tianjin University of Commerce Boustead College and Raffles Design Institute Singapore Private Boustead CollegeNote Institutions without full time bachelor programs are not listed High schools Edit Yaohua High School Tianjin No 20 High School Tianjin Nankai High School 天津市南开中学 Tianjin No 1 High School 天津市第一中学 77 non primary source needed Tianjin Yaohua Middle School 天津市耀华中学 was founded in 1927 It was previously named as Tianjin Gongxue by Mr Lefeng Zhuang and was renamed as Tianjin Yaohua Middle school in 1934 Tianjin Xinhua High School 天津市新华中学 78 non primary source needed Tianjin Experimental High School 天津市实验中学 79 non primary source needed Tianjin No 21 High School 天津第二十一中學 Tianjin No 21 High School formerly Fahan College 法漢學堂 French Chinese Han language College was founded in 1895 The French ambassador to China and consul general in Tianjin called it the French academy with the purpose of training Chinese in French talent it was then renamed 工部局學校 in 1902 before moving to its current address in 1916 when it was then renamed Fahan College 法漢學堂 the French name is still EcoleMunicipaleFrancaise The school is located in the center of the political and cultural education in Heping district adjacent to the largest Catholic church in northern China thus the main building of the school has retained its church appearance The school covers an area of 10 1 mu 6 7 km2 while the building floor area is 10 300 square meters Tianjin Tianjin High School 天津市天津中学 Tianjin Fuxing High School 天津市复兴中学 Tianjin Ruijing High School 天津市瑞景中学 The Foreign Languages School Affiliated to Tianjin Foreign Studies University TFLS 天津外国语学院附属外国语学校 80 non primary source needed Tianjin No 20 High School 天津市第二十中学 Tianjin No 4 High School 天津市第四中学 81 non primary source needed Tianjin Yangcun No 1 High School 天津市杨村第一中学 Tianjin Ji No 1 High School 天津市蓟县第一中学 Tianjin Dagang No 1 High School 天津市大港第一中学 Tianjin Second Nankai High School 天津市第二南开中学 82 Tianjin Tanggu No 1 High School 天津市塘沽第一中学 Tianjin No 42 High School 天津市第四十二中学 Tianjin Baodi No 1 High School 天津市宝坻第一中学 Tianjin Dagang Oilfield Experimental High School 天津市大港油田实验中学 Tianjin No 47 High School 天津市第四十七中学 83 non primary source needed Tianjin No 7 High School 天津市第七中学 84 non primary source needed Tianjin Jinghai No 1 High School 天津市静海第一中学 Tianjin Haihe High School 天津市海河中学 Tianjin Economic Technological Development Area No 1 High School 天津经济技术开发区第一中学 Tianjin No 55 High School 天津市第五十五中学 Tianjin High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University 北京师范大学天津附属中学 Tianjin No 21 High School 天津市第二十一中学 Tianjin Xianshuigu No 1 High School 天津市咸水沽第一中学 The High School Affiliated to Nankai University 南开大学附属中学 Tianjin No 41 High School 天津市第四十一中学 Tianjin Lutai No 1 High School 天津市芦台第一中学 Tianjin No 2 High School 天津市第二中学 Tianjin No 3 High School 天津市第三中学 Tianjin Huiwen High School 天津市汇文中学 Tianjin Chonghua High School 天津市崇化中学 Tianjin No 100 High School 天津市第一 中学 Tianjin Hangu No 1 High School 天津市汉沽第一中学 Tianjin Ziyun High School 天津市紫云中学 Tianjin No 102 High School 天津市第一 二中学 Tianjin No 45 High School 天津市第四十五中学 Tianjin No 25 High School 天津市第二十五中学 The High School Affiliated to Tianjin University 天津大学附属中学 Tianjin No 5 High School 天津市第五中学 85 non primary source needed Tianjin Yangliuqing No 1 High School 天津市杨柳青第一中学 Tianjin No 14 High School 天津市第十四中学 Tianjin National High School 天津市民族中学 Tianjin No 54 High School 天津市第五十四中学 Tianjin No 43 High School 天津市第四十三中学 Tianjin Ironworks No 2 High School 天津铁厂第二中学 Tianjin No 9 High School 天津市第九中学 Tianjin No 57 High School 天津市第五十七中学 Tianjin No 51 High School 天津市第五十一中学 Tianjin Fulun High School 天津市扶轮中学 Tianjin Bohai Petroleum No 1 High School 天津市渤海石油第一中学 Middle schools Edit Tianjin No 7 Middle SchoolNotable people from Tianjin EditRobert Ya Fu Lee 1913 1986 actor Hou Baolin 1917 1993 Popular xiangsheng performer Xia Baolong 1952 Chinese Politician and a member of National People s Congress Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Committee Wang Hao 1992 World champion diver Liu Huan 1963 Popular modern singer and songwriter professor of western music at the Beijing University of International Business and Economics Wen Jiabao 1942 former premier of China 2003 2013 Harry Kingman 1892 1982 the only major league baseball player born in China Eric Liddell 1902 1945 Olympic gold medalist Gao Lingwei 1870 1940 Former premier of the Republic of China 1923 1924 Gao Lingwen 1862 1945 founder of Tianjin s first public school Adeline Yen Mah 1937 Chinese born American author of Falling Leaves and Chinese Cinderella The Secret Story of an Unwanted Daughter Zhang Meng 1988 Actress Zhang Pengxiang 1980 Chess Grandmaster Liu Ping 1984 Paralympic gold medalist sprinter Chang Po ling 1876 1951 Founder of Nankai University Qin Gang 1966 former Chinese Ambassador to the United States and current Chinese foreign minister Wang Qiang 1992 Chinese professional female tennis player Zhou Ruchang 1918 2012 Renowned Chinese Redologist and calligrapher Shao Fang Sheng 1917 2009 Chinese artist Peng Shuai 1986 Chinese professional female tennis player Zhang Shuai 1989 Chinese professional female tennis player Lubert Stryer 1938 American professor of biochemistry Zhang Boli 1948 Traditional Chinese medicine practitioner Lam Suet 1964 actor from Hong Kong Fung Wang yuen Wu Ma 1942 2014 Actor director producer and writer of movies Tan Xue 1984 Olympic and world champion fencer Zhao Yanming 1981 Professional football goalkeeper Sun Yaoting 1902 1992 Last surviving imperial eunuch from China Shang Yi 1979 Professional football midfielder sports commentator Chen Yibing 1984 World champion and Olympic gold medal gymnast Hao Jingfang 1987 science fiction writer Xu Yifan 1988 Professional tennis player Yu Min 1926 2019 nuclear physicist and referred to as the father of Chinese Hydrogen Bomb Yu Ying shih 1930 Master historian and Sinologist Duan Yingying 1989 Chinese professional female tennis player Ed Tse chun Young 1931 Award winning Chinese American children s book writer and illustrator Huo Yuanjia 1868 1910 Famous Chinese martial artist co founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association Zhang Yuxuan 1994 Professional female tennis playerTwin towns and sister cities EditFor a more comprehensive list see List of twin towns and sister cities in China Kobe Japan Chiba Japan 86 Incheon South Korea Mobile Alabama United States 87 Fitchburg Massachusetts United States Philadelphia United States Melbourne Australia Bangkok Thailand Phnom Penh Cambodia Pyongyang North Korea 88 Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Abidjan Cote d Ivoire Groningen the Netherlands since 1985 Rishon LeZion Israel Izmir Turkey Haiphong Vietnam since 1997 Singapore Mar del Plata Argentina since 2001 Larnaca Republic of Cyprus since 2007 89 Jonkoping Sweden since 1993 90 Thessaloniki Greece since 2002 Cali Colombia since 2022 91 See also Edit China portalTianjin is also the name of an asterism in the Chinese constellation of Girl Mansion Notes Edit A number of alternative etymologies are sometimes given see the names section References EditCitations Edit China Tianjin Districts Population Statistics Charts and Map citypopulation de 2021年天津Gdp达15695 05亿元 同比增长6 6 中国经济网 国家经济门户 district ce cn Press release Sub national HDI Subnational HDI globaldatalab org Global Data Lab Retrieved April 17 2020 Tianjin Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on April 11 2021 Tianjin Merriam Webster Dictionary 2015年天津市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 新闻中心 北方网 news enorth com cn Archived from the original on October 2 2016 Retrieved March 6 2016 最新中国城市人口数量排名 根据2010年第六次人口普查 elivecity cn 2012 Archived from the original on March 3 2015 Retrieved May 28 2014 历史沿革 tj gov cn Tianjin People s Government 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jonkoping se Archived from the original on August 22 2016 Cali Casa Editorial El Pais Cali firmo un pacto de hermandad con Tianjin ciudad de la Republica de China elpais com co in Spanish Retrieved March 24 2022 Sources Edit Miscellaneous series Issues 7 11 United States Department of Commerce Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 1912 Walravens Hartmut German Influence on the Press in China In Newspapers in International Librarianship Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences Walter de Gruyter January 1 2003 ISBN 3110962799 ISBN 9783110962796 Also available at Archive the website of the Queens Library This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version Also available in Walravens Hartmut and Edmund King Newspapers in international librarianship papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences K G Saur 2003 ISBN 3598218370 9783598218378 Further reading Edit fr Mathieu Gotteland Les forces de l ordre japonaises a Tientsin 1914 1940 Un point de vue francais Editions universitaires europeennes 2015 O D Rasmussen 1925 Tientsin An Illustrated Outline History University of Michigan Tientsin Press OCLC 2594229 Donati Sabina June 2016 Italy s Informal Imperialism in Tianjin During the Liberal Epoch 1902 1922 The Historical Journal 59 2 447 468 doi 10 1017 S0018246X15000461 S2CID 163536150 Maurizio Marinelli Giovanni Andornino Italy s Encounter with Modern China Imperial dreams strategic ambitions New York Palgrave Macmillan 2014 Maurizio Marinelli The Triumph of the Uncanny Italians and Italian Architecture in Tianjin In Cultural Studies Review Vol 19 2 2013 70 98 Maurizio Marinelli The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik Journal of Modern Italian Studies 15 4 2010 536 556 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tianjin category Look up Tianjin Tientsin or T ien chin in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tianjin Tianjin Government website China Tianjin Pilot Free Trade Zone Archived November 2 2019 at the Wayback Machine Economic profile for Tianjin at HKTDC Official Tianjin Media Gateway Archived October 20 2018 at the Wayback Machine Historic US Army map of Tianjin 1945 Official promotional video of Tianjin City Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Tientsin Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tianjin amp oldid 1136600427, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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