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RAND Corporation

May 18, 2023

Not to be confused with American Research and Development Corporation, Remington Rand, Ingersoll Rand, or Sperry Rand.
Not to be confused with the fictional Rand Corporation from Marvel's Iron Fist (comics).
"RAND" redirects here. For other uses, see Rand (disambiguation).

The RAND Corporation (from the phrase "research and development")[7] is a non-partisan American nonprofit global policy think tank and research institute[1] that conducts research and development (R&D) in multiple fields and industries including national security, military-defense, aerospace, education, public health, energy, the environment (environmental science, studies), economics, political science and international relations, infrastructure, law and criminology (criminal justice), anthropology, sociology, social policy, the social sciences, natural sciences, technology, engineering, mathematics, and their application on public policy, public administration, and business administration issues.[8][9]

RAND Corporation


The RAND Corporation headquarters in Santa Monica
PredecessorSpin-off of Project RAND, a former partnership between Douglas Aircraft Company and the United States Air Force until incorporation as a non-profit and gaining independence from both.
FormationMay 14, 1948; 75 years ago (1948-05-14)
FoundersHenry H. "Hap" Arnold
Donald Douglas
Curtis LeMay
TypeGlobal policy think tank and research institute[1]
95-1958142
Legal statusNon-profit corporation
PurposePolicy analysis,
Research and development
HeadquartersSanta Monica, California, U.S.
Coordinates34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670Coordinates: 34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670
Region
Worldwide
President and CEO
Jason Gaverick Matheny[2]
RAND Leadership
Jennifer Gould
Andrew R. Hoehn
Winfield A. Boerckel
Allison Elder
Mike Januzik
Susan L. Marquis
Eric Peltz
Brandon Baker
Melissa Rowe
Robert M. Case[2]
President, RAND Europe
Hans Pung[2]
Bonnie G. Hill
Joel Z. Hyatt
Paul G. Kaminski
Ann McLaughlin Korologos
Philip Lader
Peter Lowy
Michael Lynton
Ronald L. Olson
Mary E. Peters
David L. Porges
Donald B. Rice
Michael D. Rich
Hector Ruiz
Leonard D. Schaeffer[3]
SubsidiariesRAND Europe
Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School
AffiliationsIndependent
Revenue (2014)
$351.7 million[4]
DisbursementsNumerous
Expenses$340.4 million[4]
Endowment$267.7 million (2020)[5]
Staff (2015)
1,700[6]
Websitewww.rand.org

It is largely financed by the U.S. government, private endowments,[6] corporations,[10] universities,[10] charitable foundations, U.S. state and local governments, private individuals, international organizations, and in small part by foreign governments.[10][11]

The RAND Corporation was originally founded in 1948 by Douglas Aircraft Company to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces. Today, it has diversified its fields of research beyond the defense industry and aerospace manufacturing, now entering into more civilian-serving areas such as "Education and the Arts;" "Health and Health Care;" "International Affairs;" "Energy, Environment, and Economic Development;" and "Military, Veterans, and Their Families".[12]

The company assists other governments, international organizations, private companies and foundations with a host of defense and civilian-serving non-defense issues, including healthcare and education. RAND aims for interdisciplinary and quantitative problem solving by translating theoretical concepts from formal economics and the physical sciences into novel applications in other areas, using applied science, operations research, and policy analysis.[11]

Overview

RAND has approximately 1,850 employees. Its American locations include: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Boston, Massachusetts.[13] The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in New Orleans, Louisiana. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, United Kingdom, and Brussels, Belgium.[14] RAND Australia is located in Canberra, Australia.[15]

RAND is home to the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, one of eight original graduate programs in public policy and the first to offer a PhD. The program aims to provide practical experience for its students, who work with RAND analysts on real-world problems. The campus is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world's largest PhD-granting program in policy analysis.[16]

Unlike many other universities, all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them on-the-job training.[16] RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and outsiders to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these projects are short-term and are worked on independently with the mentoring of a RAND staff member.[17]

RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics, a peer-reviewed journal of economics.

Thirty-two recipients of the Nobel Prize, primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been associated with RAND at some point in their career.[18][19]

History

Project RAND

RAND was created after individuals in the War Department, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect operational research with research and development decisions.[17] The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a fateful conversation in September 1945 between General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and Douglas executive Franklin R. Collbohm.[20] Both men were deeply worried that ongoing demobilization meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of the vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II.[20]

As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines, he said, "I know just what you're going to tell me. It's the most important thing we can do."[21] With Arnold's blessing, Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help, and together with Donald Douglas, they convened with Arnold two days later at Hamilton Army Airfield to sketch out a general outline for Collbohm's proposed project.[21]

Douglas engineer Arthur Emmons Raymond came up with the name Project RAND, from "research and development".[7] Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project's first director, which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself.[7] He later became RAND's first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967.[22]

On 1 October 1945, Project RAND was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945.[17][23] In May 1946, the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was released.

RAND Corporation

By late 1947, Douglas had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948, the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation, independent of Douglas.[17]

On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation.[17] Initial capital for the spin-off was provided by the Ford Foundation.

Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care.[24]

Its most visible contribution may be the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and based upon their work with game theory.[25] Chief strategist Herman Kahn also posited the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War. This led to Kahn being one of the models for the titular character of the film Dr. Strangelove, in which RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation".[26][27]

Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s, long before Sputnik, the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human-made satellite that would take photographs from space—and the rockets to put such a satellite in orbit.[28]

Mission

RAND was incorporated as a non-profit organization to "further promote scientific, educational, and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare and security of the United States of America". Its self-declared mission is "to help improve policy and decision making through research and analysis", using its "core values of quality and objectivity".[29]

Achievements

 
RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

The achievements of RAND stem from its development of systems analysis. Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States' space program,[30] in computing and in artificial intelligence. RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet.[31] RAND also contributed to the development and use of wargaming.[32][33]

Current areas of expertise include: child policy, law, civil and criminal justice, education, health (public health and health care), international policy/foreign policy, labor markets, national security, defense policy, infrastructure, energy, environment, business and corporate governance, economic development, intelligence policy, long-range planning, crisis management and emergency management-disaster preparation, population studies, regional studies, comparative studies, science and technology, social policy, welfare, terrorism and counterterrorism, cultural policy, arts policy, and transportation.[8][11][9]

RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment, funded by the then–U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.[34][35]

In 2018, RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative,[36] which resulted in comprehensive reviews of the evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States. The second expanded review in 2020[37] analyzed almost 13,000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion. These were used to determine the level of scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy.

Controversy

Almost since its inception, the RAND Corporation has been involved in controversial issues—and its reports, recommendations and influence have been the subject of extensive public debate and controversy. Among these have been:

Notable participants

 
John von Neumann, consultant to the RAND Corporation.[58]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Medvetz, Thomas (2012). Think Tanks in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780226517292. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "RAND Leadership". RAND Corp. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  3. ^ "RAND Corporation Board of Trustees". RAND Corp. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Financial Statements, FY 2016". RAND Corp. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  5. ^ As of June 30, 2020. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b "2013 RAND Annual Report". RAND Corp. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  7. ^ a b c Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 13. ISBN 9780156033442. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Policy Experts". RAND Corp. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  9. ^ a b "RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  10. ^ a b c "How We're Funded". RAND Corp. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  11. ^ a b c Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "How We Are Funded: Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research". www.rand.org. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  12. ^ "RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  13. ^ "RAND Locations". RAND Corp. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  14. ^ "RAND Europe Contact Information". RAND Corp. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  15. ^ "RAND Locations: Canberra Office". RAND Corp. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  16. ^ a b "Pardee RAND History". Pardee RAND Graduate School. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d e "RAND at a Glance". RAND Corp. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  18. ^ Sarabi, Brigette (1 January 2005). "Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available". Partnership for Safety and Justice (PSJ). Retrieved 15 April 2008.
  19. ^ Harvard University Institute of Politics. "Guide for Political Internships". Harvard University. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
  20. ^ a b Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 11. ISBN 9780156033442. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  21. ^ a b Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 12. ISBN 9780156033442. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  22. ^ Oliver, Myrna (14 February 1990). "Franklin Collbohm Dies; Founder of RAND Corp". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  23. ^ Johnson, Stephen B (2002). The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945-1965 (PDF). Diane Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 9781428990272. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  24. ^ Jardini, David R. (2013). Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945-1975. p. 10.
  25. ^ Twing, Steven W. (1998). Myths, models & U.S. foreign policy. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-766-4.
  26. ^ Hanks, Robert (19 December 2007). "The Week In Radio: The think tank for unthinkable thoughts". The Independent. London. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  27. ^ Kaplan, Fred (10 October 2004). "Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove'". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  28. ^ "The Space Review: LBJ's Space Race: What we didn't know then (Part 1)".
  29. ^ "About RAND - Vision". RAND. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  30. ^ Davies, Merton E.; Hams, William R. (September 1988). RAND's Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology (PDF). RAND Corp. (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  31. ^ "Paul Baran - Posthumous Recipient". Internet Hall of Fame. Internet Society. 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  32. ^ Perla, Peter P. (1990). The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 114–118. ISBN 0870210505. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  33. ^ Perry, Walter L.; Pirnie, Bruce R.; Gordon, John (1999). Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 0-8330-2688-7. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  34. ^ "RAND's Health Insurance Experiment (HIE)". RAND Corp. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  35. ^ Herdman, Roger C.; Behney, Clyde J. (September 1993). "Chapter 3: The Lessons and Limitations of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment" (PDF). Benefit Design in Health Care Reform: Patient Cost-Sharing (Princeton University): 23–38. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  36. ^ "Gun Policy".
  37. ^ The Science of Gun Policy A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States, Second Edition
  38. ^ Saul Friedman (Houston Chronicle, Nieman Fellow): "The Rand Corporation and Our Policy Makers," September 1963, The Atlantic, retrieved November 25, 2022
  39. ^ "Albert Wohlstetter, 83, Expert On U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Dies", January 14, 1997, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  40. ^ a b c Heilbrunn, Jacob: "Real Men of Genius" (book review of Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corp and Rise of the American Empire by Alex Abella, 2008, Harcourt), September 21, 2008, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  41. ^ Rej, Abhijnan: Commentary: The Other Legacy of Robert McNamara," June 10, 2016, War on the Rocks, -- reviewed by Matthew Fay in "Rationalizing McNamara’s Legacy," August 5, 2016, Niskanen Center; Fay rebutted by RAND representatives John Speed Meyers and Jonathan P. Wong, at "In Defense of Defense Analysis," September 2, 2016, The RAND Blog, RAND Corporation; retrieved November 24, 2022
  42. ^ Wyne, Ali (RAND Corporation) opinion essay: "A new world order will likely arise only from calamity," July 24, 2018, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  43. ^ Clines, Francis X.: "The Men Who Tell City How to Run the City," July 8, 1970, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  44. ^ Szanton, Peter L. (RAND Corporation): "Analysis and Urban Government: Experience of the New York City-Rand Institute," July, 1972, Policy Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 153-161, Springer, at Jstor.org, retrieved November 24, 2022
  45. ^ "Data in the Fire Service," 2015, NFPA 2015 Responder Forum, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), retrieved November 24, 2022
  46. ^ Flood, Joe: The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2011, Riverhead Books, -- summarized at: GoodReads.com, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32, retrieved November 24, 2022
  47. ^ a b Naughton, James M.: "Federal Warrant Is Issued For the Arrest of Ellsberg," June 26, 1971, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  48. ^ a b "The Insider" (book review of Wild Man -- biography of Daniel Ellsberg -- by Tom Wells, 2001, Palgrave), July 22, 2001, Washington Post,; also reviewed by Michael Young at "The Devil and Daniel Ellsberg," June 2000, Reason, retrieved November 24, 2022
  49. ^ a b Kazin, Michael, reviewer: "Inside Job" (book review of Secrets -- autobiography of Daniel Ellsberg, 2002, Viking), November 3, 2002, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  50. ^ Elliot, Mai (Foreword by James A. Thomson, RAND president): RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era, 2010, RAND Corporation / Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-8330-4754-0; reviewed by James M. Carter at [1] August 2011, Journal of American Studies, Volume 45 , Issue 3 , pp. 631 - 633, reproduced at Cambridge University. Retrieved November 24, 2022
  51. ^ "The Real Health Issue," June 25, 1974, Page 36, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  52. ^ "Alcoholism Controversy," August 4, 1976, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  53. ^ "An Analysis and Critique of the RAND Corporation's Studies in Support of No Fault Laws," 2000, Consumer Watchdog, retrieved November 24, 2022
  54. ^ Gordon, Michael R.: "Occupation Plan for Iraq Faulted in Army History," June 29, 2008, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  55. ^ Ingraham, Christopher: "The best available evidence suggests NRA-backed gun policies are making crime worse," March 2, 2018, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  56. ^ Brown, Aaron and Justin Monticello: "Do Studies Show Gun Control Works? No.", March 31, 2022, Reason, retrieved November 24, 2022 -- reviewed at "Video Obliterates Anti-Gun Junk Science," April 11, 2022, National Rifle Association, retrieved November 24, 2022
  57. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay: "Can New Gun Violence Research Find a Path Around the Political Stalemate?," March 27, 2021, updated April 2, 2021, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  58. ^ Life Magazine, 25 February 1957, "Passing of a Great Mind", by Clay Bair JR. pages 89–104
  59. ^ Alex Roland and Philip Shiman, Strategic Computing: DARPA and the Quest for Machine Intelligence, 1983–1993, The MIT Press, 2002, p. 302
  60. ^ Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 2007, p. 138-139
  61. ^ "F. R. Collbohm, 83, Ex-Head of Rand, Dies". The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 February 1990. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  62. ^ "Michael H. Decker - Profile".
  63. ^ WILLIAM J. BROADPublished: 21 January 1991 (21 January 1991). "WAR IN THE GULF: HIGH TECH; War Hero Status Possible for the Computer Chip". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  64. ^ Dole, Stephen H. (2007). Habitable Planets for Man (New RAND ed.). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp. ISBN 9780833042279. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  65. ^ Dole, Stephen H. (8 October 2007). "Habitable Planets for man (6.4 MB PDF)". RAND Corporation (free PDFs). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  66. ^ "Stephen H. Dole; Retired Head of Rand Corp.'s Human Engineering Group". Los Angeles Times. 30 April 2000. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  67. ^ "Obituary: Paul Y. Hammond". University of Pittsburgh. 5 April 2012.
  68. ^ "Computer Science History". School of Computing. University of Utah. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  69. ^ "Andrew R. Hoehn - Profile".
  70. ^ Noland, Claire (12 April 2007). "Konrad Kellen, 93; Rand researcher studied Vietnam War and urged withdrawal of troops". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  71. ^ Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "Jason Matheny Named President and CEO of RAND Corporation". www.rand.org. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  72. ^ Kaplan, Fred (August 1991). The Wizards of Armageddon - Fred M. Kaplan - Google Boeken. ISBN 9780804718844. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  73. ^ Seymour M. Hersh (12 May 2003). "Selective Intelligence — Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?". The New Yorker.
  74. ^ "Bruce Karatz and Ratan N. Tata Join Rand Board of Trustees". rand.org. 2 November 2006.

Further reading

Books

Articles

  • Clifford, Peggy, ed. "RAND and The City". Santa Monica Mirror, 27 October 1999 – 2 November 1999. Five-part series includes: at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 August 2005). Additional archives: , , , .
  • Miller, Arthur Selwyn, reviewer, book review: "Smith: The Rand Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory," June 1966, Florida Law Review, Volume 19, Issue 1, Article 15.
  • Specht, R.D. "Rand: A Personal View of Its History," Operations Research, vol. 8, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1960), pp. 825–839. In JSTOR

Documentary films and broadcast programs

  • The RAND Corporation: A Brilliant Madness, historical documentary, American Experience series, PBS-TV—also detailed at "A Brilliant Madness."
  • "The RAND Corporation," (program listings), PBS News Hour, PBS-TV
  • "Daniel Ellsberg: Willing to Risk Prosecution," POV series, PBS-TV - (also trailer)

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to RAND Corporation.

May 18, 2023
rand, corporation, confused, with, american, research, development, corporation, remington, rand, ingersoll, rand, sperry, rand, confused, with, fictional, rand, corporation, from, marvel, iron, fist, comics, rand, redirects, here, other, uses, rand, disambigu. Not to be confused with American Research and Development Corporation Remington Rand Ingersoll Rand or Sperry Rand Not to be confused with the fictional Rand Corporation from Marvel s Iron Fist comics RAND redirects here For other uses see Rand disambiguation This article contains content that is written like an advertisement Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The RAND Corporation from the phrase research and development 7 is a non partisan American nonprofit global policy think tank and research institute 1 that conducts research and development R amp D in multiple fields and industries including national security military defense aerospace education public health energy the environment environmental science studies economics political science and international relations infrastructure law and criminology criminal justice anthropology sociology social policy the social sciences natural sciences technology engineering mathematics and their application on public policy public administration and business administration issues 8 9 RAND CorporationThe RAND Corporation headquarters in Santa MonicaPredecessorSpin off of Project RAND a former partnership between Douglas Aircraft Company and the United States Air Force until incorporation as a non profit and gaining independence from both FormationMay 14 1948 75 years ago 1948 05 14 FoundersHenry H Hap ArnoldDonald DouglasCurtis LeMayTypeGlobal policy think tank and research institute 1 Tax ID no 95 1958142Legal statusNon profit corporationPurposePolicy analysis Research and developmentHeadquartersSanta Monica California U S Coordinates34 00 35 N 118 29 26 W 34 009599 N 118 490670 W 34 009599 118 490670 Coordinates 34 00 35 N 118 29 26 W 34 009599 N 118 490670 W 34 009599 118 490670RegionWorldwidePresident and CEOJason Gaverick Matheny 2 RAND LeadershipJennifer GouldAndrew R HoehnWinfield A BoerckelAllison ElderMike JanuzikSusan L MarquisEric PeltzBrandon BakerMelissa RoweRobert M Case 2 President RAND EuropeHans Pung 2 Board of directorsBonnie G HillJoel Z HyattPaul G KaminskiAnn McLaughlin KorologosPhilip LaderPeter LowyMichael LyntonRonald L OlsonMary E PetersDavid L PorgesDonald B RiceMichael D RichHector RuizLeonard D Schaeffer 3 SubsidiariesRAND EuropeFrederick S Pardee RAND Graduate SchoolAffiliationsIndependentRevenue 2014 351 7 million 4 DisbursementsNumerousExpenses 340 4 million 4 Endowment 267 7 million 2020 5 Staff 2015 1 700 6 Websitewww wbr rand wbr orgIt is largely financed by the U S government private endowments 6 corporations 10 universities 10 charitable foundations U S state and local governments private individuals international organizations and in small part by foreign governments 10 11 The RAND Corporation was originally founded in 1948 by Douglas Aircraft Company to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces Today it has diversified its fields of research beyond the defense industry and aerospace manufacturing now entering into more civilian serving areas such as Education and the Arts Health and Health Care International Affairs Energy Environment and Economic Development and Military Veterans and Their Families 12 The company assists other governments international organizations private companies and foundations with a host of defense and civilian serving non defense issues including healthcare and education RAND aims for interdisciplinary and quantitative problem solving by translating theoretical concepts from formal economics and the physical sciences into novel applications in other areas using applied science operations research and policy analysis 11 Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2 1 Project RAND 2 2 RAND Corporation 3 Mission 4 Achievements 5 Controversy 6 Notable participants 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 9 1 Books 9 2 Articles 9 3 Documentary films and broadcast programs 10 External linksOverview EditRAND has approximately 1 850 employees Its American locations include Santa Monica California headquarters Arlington Virginia Pittsburgh Pennsylvania and Boston Massachusetts 13 The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in New Orleans Louisiana RAND Europe is located in Cambridge United Kingdom and Brussels Belgium 14 RAND Australia is located in Canberra Australia 15 RAND is home to the Frederick S Pardee RAND Graduate School one of eight original graduate programs in public policy and the first to offer a PhD The program aims to provide practical experience for its students who work with RAND analysts on real world problems The campus is at RAND s Santa Monica research facility The Pardee RAND School is the world s largest PhD granting program in policy analysis 16 Unlike many other universities all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them on the job training 16 RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and outsiders to assist in conducting research for RAND projects Most of these projects are short term and are worked on independently with the mentoring of a RAND staff member 17 RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics a peer reviewed journal of economics Thirty two recipients of the Nobel Prize primarily in the fields of economics and physics have been associated with RAND at some point in their career 18 19 History EditProject RAND Edit RAND was created after individuals in the War Department the Office of Scientific Research and Development and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect operational research with research and development decisions 17 The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a fateful conversation in September 1945 between General Henry H Hap Arnold and Douglas executive Franklin R Collbohm 20 Both men were deeply worried that ongoing demobilization meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of the vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II 20 As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines he said I know just what you re going to tell me It s the most important thing we can do 21 With Arnold s blessing Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help and together with Donald Douglas they convened with Arnold two days later at Hamilton Army Airfield to sketch out a general outline for Collbohm s proposed project 21 Douglas engineer Arthur Emmons Raymond came up with the name Project RAND from research and development 7 Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project s first director which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself 7 He later became RAND s first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967 22 On 1 October 1945 Project RAND was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945 17 23 In May 1946 the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World Circling Spaceship was released RAND Corporation Edit By late 1947 Douglas had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts In February 1948 the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a nonprofit corporation independent of Douglas 17 On 14 May 1948 RAND was incorporated as a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948 the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation 17 Initial capital for the spin off was provided by the Ford Foundation Since the 1950s RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues including the space race the Vietnam War the U S Soviet nuclear arms confrontation the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs the digital revolution and national health care 24 Its most visible contribution may be the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction MAD developed under the guidance of then Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and based upon their work with game theory 25 Chief strategist Herman Kahn also posited the idea of a winnable nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War This led to Kahn being one of the models for the titular character of the film Dr Strangelove in which RAND is spoofed as the BLAND Corporation 26 27 Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s long before Sputnik the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human made satellite that would take photographs from space and the rockets to put such a satellite in orbit 28 Mission EditRAND was incorporated as a non profit organization to further promote scientific educational and charitable purposes all for the public welfare and security of the United States of America Its self declared mission is to help improve policy and decision making through research and analysis using its core values of quality and objectivity 29 Achievements Edit RAND Corporation Pittsburgh Pennsylvania The achievements of RAND stem from its development of systems analysis Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States space program 30 in computing and in artificial intelligence RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet 31 RAND also contributed to the development and use of wargaming 32 33 Current areas of expertise include child policy law civil and criminal justice education health public health and health care international policy foreign policy labor markets national security defense policy infrastructure energy environment business and corporate governance economic development intelligence policy long range planning crisis management and emergency management disaster preparation population studies regional studies comparative studies science and technology social policy welfare terrorism and counterterrorism cultural policy arts policy and transportation 8 11 9 RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982 The RAND Health Insurance Experiment funded by the then U S Department of Health Education and Welfare established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient 34 35 In 2018 RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative 36 which resulted in comprehensive reviews of the evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States The second expanded review in 2020 37 analyzed almost 13 000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion These were used to determine the level of scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy Controversy EditAlmost since its inception the RAND Corporation has been involved in controversial issues and its reports recommendations and influence have been the subject of extensive public debate and controversy Among these have been Cold War and potential nuclear conflict 38 39 40 41 42 City government 43 44 45 46 Vietnam War 40 47 48 49 50 Transparency in government 47 48 49 National health insurance 51 Alcoholism 52 Auto insurance 53 Iraq War 40 54 Gun control 55 56 57 Notable participants Edit John von Neumann consultant to the RAND Corporation 58 Henry H Hap Arnold General of the Air Force United States Air Force Kenneth Arrow economist won the Nobel Prize in Economics developed the impossibility theorem in social choice theory Bruno Augenstein V P physicist mathematician and space scientist Robert Aumann mathematician game theorist won the Nobel Prize in Economics J Paul Austin Chairman of the Board 1972 1981 Paul Baran one of the developers of packet switching which was used in ARPANET and later networks like the Internet Richard Bellman Mathematician known for his work on dynamic programming Yoram Ben Porat economist and President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Barry Boehm worked in interactive computer graphics with the RAND Corporation in the 1960s and had helped define the ARPANET in the early phases of that program 59 Harold L Brode physicist leading nuclear weapons effects expert Bernard Brodie Military strategist and nuclear architect Samuel Cohen inventor of the neutron bomb in 1958 60 Franklin R Collbohm Aviation engineer Douglas Aircraft Company RAND founder and former director and trustee 61 Walter Cunningham astronaut George Dantzig mathematician creator of the simplex algorithm for linear programming Linda Darling Hammond educational researcher co director School Redesign Network Merton Davies mathematician pioneering planetary scientist Michael H Decker Senior International Defense Research Analyst 62 James F Digby American military strategist author of first treatise on precision guided munitions 1949 2007 63 Stephen H Dole Author of the book Habitable Planets for Man 64 65 and head of Rand s Human Engineering Group 66 Donald Wills Douglas Sr President Douglas Aircraft Company RAND founder Hubert Dreyfus philosopher and critic of artificial intelligence Karen Elliott House Chairman of the Board 2009 present former publisher The Wall Street Journal Former Senior Vice President Dow Jones amp Company Inc Daniel Ellsberg economist and leaker of the Pentagon Papers Alain Enthoven economist Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1965 Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis from 1965 1969 Stephen J Flanagan political scientist National Security Council senior director Francis Fukuyama academic and author of The End of History and the Last Man Horace Rowan Gaither Chairman of the Board 1949 1959 1960 1961 known for the Gaither Report David Galula French officer and scholar James J Gillogly cryptographer and computer scientist Paul Y Hammond political scientist and national security scholar affiliated 1964 79 program director 1973 76 67 Anthony C Hearn developed the REDUCE computer algebra system the oldest such system still in active use 68 co founded the CSNET computer network Andrew R Hoehn Senior Vice President Research and Analysis 69 Fred Ikle US nuclear policy researcher Brian Michael Jenkins terrorism expert Senior Advisor to the President of the RAND Corporation and author of Unconquerable Nation Herman Kahn theorist on nuclear war and one of the founders of scenario planning Amrom Harry Katz Konrad Kellen research analyst and author co wrote open letter to U S government in 1969 recommending withdrawal from Vietnam war 70 Zalmay Khalilzad U S ambassador to United Nations Henry Kissinger United States Secretary of State 1973 1977 National Security Advisor 1969 1975 Nobel Peace Prize Winner 1973 Ann McLaughlin Korologos Chairman of the Board April 2004 2009 Chairman Emeritus The Aspen Institute Lewis Scooter Libby United States Vice President Dick Cheney s former Chief of Staff Ray Mabus Former ambassador governor Harry Markowitz economist greatly advanced financial portfolio theory by devising mean variance analysis Nobel Prize in Economics Andrew W Marshall military strategist director of the U S DoD Office of Net Assessment Jason Gaverick Matheny selected as President and CEO of The RAND Corporation in 2022 71 Margaret Mead U S anthropologist Douglas Merrill former Google CIO amp President of EMI s digital music division Newton N Minow Chairman of the board 1970 1972 John Milnor mathematician known for his work in differential topology Chuck Missler Bible Teacher Engineer Chairman and CEO Western Digital Lloyd Morrisett Chairman of the board 1986 1995 John Forbes Nash Jr mathematician won the Nobel Prize in Economics John von Neumann mathematician pioneer of the modern digital computer Allen Newell artificial intelligence Paul O Neill Chairman of the board 1997 2000 Edmund Phelps winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Economics Arthur E Raymond Chief engineer Douglas Aircraft Company RAND founder Condoleezza Rice former intern former trustee 1991 1997 and former Secretary of State for the United States Michael D Rich RAND President and Chief Executive Officer 1 November 2011 present Leo Rosten academic and humorist helped set up the social sciences division of RAND 72 Donald Rumsfeld Chairman of board from 1981 to 1986 1995 1996 and secretary of defense for the United States from 1975 to 1977 and 2001 to 2006 Robert M Salter advocate of the vactrain maglev train concept Paul Samuelson economist Nobel Prize in Economics Thomas C Schelling economist won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics James Schlesinger former secretary of defense and former secretary of energy Dov Seidman lawyer businessman and CEO of LRN Norman Shapiro mathematician co author of the Rice Shapiro theorem MH Email and RAND Abel co designer Lloyd Shapley mathematician and game theorist won the Nobel Prize in Economics Cliff Shaw inventor of the linked list and co author of the first artificial intelligence program Abram Shulsky former Director of the Pentagon s Office of Special Plans 73 Herbert Simon Political scientist psychologist won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Economics James Steinberg Deputy National Security Advisor to Bill Clinton Ratan Tata Chairman Emeritus of Tata Sons 74 James Thomson RAND president and CEO 1989 31 October 2011 Willis Ware JOHNNIAC co designer and early computer privacy pioneer William H Webster Chairman of the Board 1959 1960 Oliver Williamson economist won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics Albert Wohlstetter mathematician and Cold War strategist Roberta Wohlstetter policy analyst and military historianSee also EditA Million Random Digits with 100 000 Normal Deviates published by RAND Truth Decay also published by RAND References Edit a b Medvetz Thomas 2012 Think Tanks in America Chicago University of Chicago Press p 26 ISBN 9780226517292 Retrieved 25 April 2015 a b c RAND Leadership RAND Corp Retrieved 8 June 2022 RAND Corporation Board of Trustees RAND Corp Retrieved 16 January 2015 a b Financial Statements FY 2016 RAND Corp Retrieved 9 March 2017 As of June 30 2020 U S and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2020 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY19 to FY20 Report National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA 19 February 2021 Retrieved 20 February 2021 a b 2013 RAND Annual Report RAND Corp 9 April 2014 Retrieved 16 January 2015 a b c Abella Alex 2009 Soldiers of Reason The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire Boston and New York Mariner Books p 13 ISBN 9780156033442 Retrieved 31 October 2021 a b Policy Experts RAND Corp Retrieved 16 January 2015 a b RAND Corporation GuideStar Profile www guidestar org Retrieved 10 March 2023 a b c How We re Funded RAND Corp Retrieved 16 January 2015 a b c Monica 1776 Main Street Santa California 90401 3208 How We Are Funded Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research www rand org Retrieved 10 March 2023 RAND Corporation GuideStar Profile www guidestar org Retrieved 10 March 2023 RAND Locations RAND Corp Retrieved 10 May 2017 RAND Europe Contact Information RAND Corp Retrieved 16 January 2015 RAND Locations Canberra Office RAND Corp Retrieved 16 January 2015 a b Pardee RAND History Pardee RAND Graduate School Retrieved 21 February 2014 a b c d e RAND at a Glance RAND Corp Retrieved 31 December 2013 Sarabi Brigette 1 January 2005 Oregon The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available Partnership for Safety and Justice PSJ Retrieved 15 April 2008 Harvard University Institute of Politics Guide for Political Internships Harvard University Retrieved 18 April 2008 a b Abella Alex 2009 Soldiers of Reason The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire Boston and New York Mariner Books p 11 ISBN 9780156033442 Retrieved 31 October 2021 a b Abella Alex 2009 Soldiers of Reason The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire Boston and New York Mariner Books p 12 ISBN 9780156033442 Retrieved 31 October 2021 Oliver Myrna 14 February 1990 Franklin Collbohm Dies Founder of RAND Corp Los Angeles Times Retrieved 17 November 2021 Johnson Stephen B 2002 The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945 1965 PDF Diane Publishing p 32 ISBN 9781428990272 Retrieved 16 January 2015 Jardini David R 2013 Thinking Through the Cold War RAND National Security and Domestic Policy 1945 1975 p 10 Twing Steven W 1998 Myths models amp U S foreign policy Lynne Rienner Publishers ISBN 1 55587 766 4 Hanks Robert 19 December 2007 The Week In Radio The think tank for unthinkable thoughts The Independent London Retrieved 24 June 2009 Kaplan Fred 10 October 2004 Truth Stranger Than Strangelove The New York Times Retrieved 24 June 2009 The Space Review LBJ s Space Race What we didn t know then Part 1 About RAND Vision RAND Retrieved 16 January 2015 Davies Merton E Hams William R September 1988 RAND s Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U S Space Technology PDF RAND Corp Archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 16 January 2015 Paul Baran Posthumous Recipient Internet Hall of Fame Internet Society 2012 Retrieved 16 January 2015 Perla Peter P 1990 The Art of Wargaming A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists Annapolis Md Naval Institute Press pp 114 118 ISBN 0870210505 Retrieved 16 January 2015 Perry Walter L Pirnie Bruce R Gordon John 1999 Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame Santa Monica CA RAND ISBN 0 8330 2688 7 Retrieved 16 January 2015 RAND s Health Insurance Experiment HIE RAND Corp Retrieved 16 January 2015 Herdman Roger C Behney Clyde J September 1993 Chapter 3 The Lessons and Limitations of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment PDF Benefit Design in Health Care Reform Patient Cost Sharing Princeton University 23 38 Retrieved 16 January 2015 Gun Policy The Science of Gun Policy A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States Second Edition Saul Friedman Houston Chronicle Nieman Fellow The Rand Corporation and Our Policy Makers September 1963 The Atlantic retrieved November 25 2022 Albert Wohlstetter 83 Expert On U S Nuclear Strategy Dies January 14 1997 New York Times retrieved November 24 2022 a b c Heilbrunn Jacob Real Men of Genius book review of Soldiers of Reason The RAND Corp and Rise of the American Empire by Alex Abella 2008 Harcourt September 21 2008 Washington Post retrieved November 24 2022 Rej Abhijnan Commentary The Other Legacy of Robert McNamara June 10 2016 War on the Rocks reviewed by Matthew Fay in Rationalizing McNamara s Legacy August 5 2016 Niskanen Center Fay rebutted by RAND representatives John Speed Meyers and Jonathan P Wong at In Defense of Defense Analysis September 2 2016 The RAND Blog RAND Corporation retrieved November 24 2022 Wyne Ali RAND Corporation opinion essay A new world order will likely arise only from calamity July 24 2018 Washington Post retrieved November 24 2022 Clines Francis X The Men Who Tell City How to Run the City July 8 1970 New York Times retrieved November 24 2022 Szanton Peter L RAND Corporation Analysis and Urban Government Experience of the New York City Rand Institute July 1972 Policy Sciences Vol 3 No 2 pp 153 161 Springer at Jstor org retrieved November 24 2022 Data in the Fire Service 2015 NFPA 2015 Responder Forum National Fire Protection Association NFPA retrieved November 24 2022 Flood Joe The Fires How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City and Determined the Future of American Cities 2011 Riverhead Books summarized at GoodReads com and reviewed at GoodReads com by Rob Kitchin and at Accounts newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association Vol XV Issue 2 Spring 2016 page 32 retrieved November 24 2022 a b Naughton James M Federal Warrant Is Issued For the Arrest of Ellsberg June 26 1971 New York Times retrieved November 24 2022 a b The Insider book review of Wild Man biography of Daniel Ellsberg by Tom Wells 2001 Palgrave July 22 2001 Washington Post also reviewed by Michael Young at The Devil and Daniel Ellsberg June 2000 Reason retrieved November 24 2022 a b Kazin Michael reviewer Inside Job book review of Secrets autobiography of Daniel Ellsberg 2002 Viking November 3 2002 Washington Post retrieved November 24 2022 Elliot Mai Foreword by James A Thomson RAND president RAND in Southeast Asia A History of the Vietnam War Era 2010 RAND Corporation Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 8330 4754 0 reviewed by James M Carter at 1 August 2011 Journal of American Studies Volume 45 Issue 3 pp 631 633 reproduced at Cambridge University Retrieved November 24 2022 The Real Health Issue June 25 1974 Page 36 New York Times retrieved November 24 2022 Alcoholism Controversy August 4 1976 New York Times retrieved November 24 2022 An Analysis and Critique of the RAND Corporation s Studies in Support of No Fault Laws 2000 Consumer Watchdog retrieved November 24 2022 Gordon Michael R Occupation Plan for Iraq Faulted in Army History June 29 2008 New York Times retrieved November 24 2022 Ingraham Christopher The best available evidence suggests NRA backed gun policies are making crime worse March 2 2018 Washington Post retrieved November 24 2022 Brown Aaron and Justin Monticello Do Studies Show Gun Control Works No March 31 2022 Reason retrieved November 24 2022 reviewed at Video Obliterates Anti Gun Junk Science April 11 2022 National Rifle Association retrieved November 24 2022 Stolberg Sheryl Gay Can New Gun Violence Research Find a Path Around the Political Stalemate March 27 2021 updated April 2 2021 New York Times retrieved November 24 2022 Life Magazine 25 February 1957 Passing of a Great Mind by Clay Bair JR pages 89 104 Alex Roland and Philip Shiman Strategic Computing DARPA and the Quest for Machine Intelligence 1983 1993 The MIT Press 2002 p 302 Nina Tannenwald The Nuclear Taboo The United States and the Non Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945 Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK 2007 p 138 139 F R Collbohm 83 Ex Head of Rand Dies The New York Times Associated Press 14 February 1990 Retrieved 14 June 2013 Michael H Decker Profile WILLIAM J BROADPublished 21 January 1991 21 January 1991 WAR IN THE GULF HIGH TECH War Hero Status Possible for the Computer Chip The New York Times Retrieved 14 June 2013 Dole Stephen H 2007 Habitable Planets for Man New RAND ed Santa Monica CA RAND Corp ISBN 9780833042279 Retrieved 16 January 2015 Dole Stephen H 8 October 2007 Habitable Planets for man 6 4 MB PDF RAND Corporation free PDFs a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Stephen H Dole Retired Head of Rand Corp s Human Engineering Group Los Angeles Times 30 April 2000 ISSN 0458 3035 Retrieved 12 September 2016 Obituary Paul Y Hammond University of Pittsburgh 5 April 2012 Computer Science History School of Computing University of Utah Retrieved 24 August 2017 Andrew R Hoehn Profile Noland Claire 12 April 2007 Konrad Kellen 93 Rand researcher studied Vietnam War and urged withdrawal of troops Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 13 July 2013 Retrieved 13 July 2013 Monica 1776 Main Street Santa California 90401 3208 Jason Matheny Named President and CEO of RAND Corporation www rand org Retrieved 7 June 2022 Kaplan Fred August 1991 The Wizards of Armageddon Fred M Kaplan Google Boeken ISBN 9780804718844 Retrieved 14 June 2013 Seymour M Hersh 12 May 2003 Selective Intelligence Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources Are they reliable The New Yorker Bruce Karatz and Ratan N Tata Join Rand Board of Trustees rand org 2 November 2006 Further reading EditBooks Edit Alex Abella Soldiers of Reason The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire 2008 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt hardcover ISBN 0 15 101081 1 2009 Mariner Books paperback reprint edition ISBN 0 15 603344 5 S M Amadae Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism 2003 University of Chicago Press paperback ISBN 0 226 01654 4 hardcover ISBN 0 226 01653 6 Martin J Collins Cold War Laboratory RAND the Air Force and the American State 1945 1950 2002 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press hardcover part of the Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight Series ISBN 1 58834 086 4 Joe Flood The Fires How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City and Determined the Future of American Cities 2010 Riverhead Books ISBN 1594488983 9781594488986 summarized at GoodReads com and reviewed at GoodReads com by Rob Kitchin and at Accounts newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association Vol XV Issue 2 Spring 2016 page 32 Sharon Ghamari Tabrizi The Worlds of Herman Kahn The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War 2005 Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674017146 Agatha C Hughes and Thomas P Hughes editors Systems Experts and Computers The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering World War II and After 2000 The MIT Press hardcover part of the Dibner Institute Studies in the History of Science and Technology ISBN 0 262 08285 3 2011 paperback reprint edition ISBN 0 262 51604 7 David Jardini Thinking Through the Cold War RAND National Security and Domestic Policy 1945 1975 2013 Smashwords Amazon Kindle ISBN 9781301158515 Fred Kaplan The Wizards of Armageddon 1983 Simon amp Schuster hardcover first printing ISBN 0 671 42444 0 1991 Stanford University Press paperback part of the Stanford Nuclear Age Series ISBN 0 8047 1884 9 Edward S Quade and Wayne I Boucher editors Systems Analysis and Policy Planning Applications in Defense 1968 American Elsevier hardcover Bruce L R Smith The RAND Corporation Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation 1966 Harvard University Press 1969 ISBN 0 674 74850 6 Marc Trachtenberg History and Strategy 1991 Princeton University Press paperback ISBN 0 691 02343 3 hardcover ISBN 0 691 07881 5 Jean Loup Samaan La Rand Corporation 2013 Cestudec Press Articles Edit Clifford Peggy ed RAND and The City Santa Monica Mirror 27 October 1999 2 November 1999 Five part series includes Part 1 at the Wayback Machine archived 29 August 2005 Additional archives Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Miller Arthur Selwyn reviewer book review Smith The Rand Corporation Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisory June 1966 Florida Law Review Volume 19 Issue 1 Article 15 Specht R D Rand A Personal View of Its History Operations Research vol 8 no 6 Nov Dec 1960 pp 825 839 In JSTORDocumentary films and broadcast programs Edit The RAND Corporation A Brilliant Madness historical documentary American Experience series PBS TV also detailed at A Brilliant Madness The RAND Corporation program listings PBS News Hour PBS TV Daniel Ellsberg Willing to Risk Prosecution POV series PBS TV also trailer External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to RAND Corporation Official website RAND Corporation at Curlie The Research and Development RAND Corporation from the Smithsonian Institution Archives Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title RAND Corporation amp oldid 1154528727, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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