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Winter solstice

January 02, 2023

This article is about the astronomical phenomenon. For other uses, see Winter solstice (disambiguation).
UT date and time of
equinoxes and solstices on Earth[1][2]
event equinox solstice equinox solstice
month March[3] June[4] September[5] December[6]
year day time day time day time day time
2017 20 10:29 21 04:25 22 20:02 21 16:29
2018 20 16:15 21 10:07 23 01:54 21 22:22
2019 20 21:58 21 15:54 23 07:50 22 04:19
2020 20 03:50 20 21:43 22 13:31 21 10:03
2021 20 09:37 21 03:32 22 19:21 21 15:59
2022 20 15:33 21 09:14 23 01:04 21 21:48
2023 20 21:25 21 14:58 23 06:50 22 03:28
2024 20 03:07 20 20:51 22 12:44 21 09:20
2025 20 09:02 21 02:42 22 18:20 21 15:03
2026 20 14:46 21 08:25 23 00:06 21 20:50
2027 20 20:25 21 14:11 23 06:02 22 02:43

The winter solstice, also called the hibernal solstice, occurs when either of Earth's poles reaches its maximum tilt away from the Sun. This happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern and Southern). For that hemisphere, the winter solstice is the day with the shortest period of daylight and longest night of the year, when the Sun is at its lowest daily maximum elevation in the sky.[7] Either pole experiences continuous darkness or twilight around its winter solstice. The opposite event is the summer solstice.

Winter solstice
At the Lawrence Hall of Science in California, visitors observe sunset on the day of the winter solstice using the Sunstones II.
Also calledMidwinter; the Shortest Day; the Longest Night
Observed byVarious cultures
TypeCultural, astronomical
SignificanceAstronomically marks the beginning of lengthening days and shortening nights
CelebrationsFestivals, spending time with loved ones, feasting, singing, dancing, fires
Dateabout December 21 (NH)
about June 21 (SH)
FrequencyTwice a year (once in the northern hemisphere, once in the southern hemisphere, six months apart)
Related toWinter festivals

The winter solstice occurs during the hemisphere's winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, this is the December solstice (usually 21st or 22nd December) and in the Southern Hemisphere, this is the June solstice (usually 20th or 21st of June). Although the winter solstice itself lasts only a moment, the term also refers to the day on which it occurs. The term midwinter is also used synonymously with the winter solstice, although it carries other meanings as well. Traditionally, in many temperate regions, the winter solstice is seen as the middle of winter; although today in some countries and calendars it is seen as the beginning of winter. Other names are the "extreme of winter" (Dongzhi), or the "shortest day".

Since prehistory, the winter solstice has been a significant time of year in many cultures and has been marked by festivals and rituals.[8] It marked the symbolic death and rebirth of the Sun; the gradual waning of daylight hours is reversed and begins to grow again. Some ancient monuments such as Newgrange, Stonehenge, and Cahokia Woodhenge are aligned with the sunrise or sunset on the winter solstice.

History and cultural significance

 
Japanese Sun goddess Amaterasu emerging from a cave (by Kunisada)
 
Winter solstice occurs in December for the northern hemisphere (bottom right), and June for the southern hemisphere (top right).

The solstice may have been a special moment of the annual cycle for some cultures even during Neolithic times. Astronomical events were often used to guide activities, such as the mating of animals, the sowing of crops and the monitoring of winter reserves of food. Many cultural mythologies and traditions are derived from this.[citation needed] The winter solstice was immensely important because the people were economically dependent on monitoring the progress of the seasons. Starvation was common during the first months of the winter, January to April (northern hemisphere) or July to October (southern hemisphere), also known as "the famine months". In temperate climates, the midwinter festival was the last feast celebration, before deep winter began. Most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter, so it was almost the only time of year when a plentiful supply of fresh meat was available.[9]

Because the winter solstice is the reversal of the sun's ebbing in the sky, in ancient times it was seen as the symbolic death and rebirth of the sun or of a sun god.[10][11][12] In cultures which used cyclic calendars based on the winter solstice, the "year as reborn" was celebrated with reference to life-death-rebirth deities or "new beginnings" (such as Hogmanay's redding, a New Year cleaning tradition), and "reversal" (as in Saturnalia's slave and master reversals).[citation needed]

Neolithic Europe

Some important Neolithic and early Bronze Age archaeological sites in Europe are associated with the winter solstice, such as Stonehenge in England and Newgrange in Ireland. The primary axes of both of these monuments seem to have been carefully aligned on a sight-line pointing to the winter solstice sunrise (Newgrange) and the winter solstice sunset (Stonehenge). It is significant that at Stonehenge the Great Trilithon was oriented outwards from the middle of the monument, i.e. its smooth flat face was turned towards the midwinter Sun.[13]

Germanic

Main articles: Yule and Mōdraniht

The pagan Scandinavian and Germanic people of northern Europe celebrate a winter holiday called Yule (also called Jul, Julblot, jólablót). The Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by the Icelander Snorri Sturluson, describes a Yule feast hosted by the Norwegian king Haakon the Good (c. 920–961). According to Snorri, the Christian Haakon had moved Yule from "midwinter" and aligned it with the Christian Christmas celebration. Historically, this has made some scholars believe that Yule originally was a sun festival on the winter solstice. Modern scholars generally do not believe this, as midwinter in medieval Iceland was a date about four weeks after the solstice.[14]

Roman

Main articles: Saturnalia and Dies Natalis Solis Invicti

Sol Invictus ("The Unconquered Sun/Invincible Sun") was originally a Syrian god who was later adopted as the chief god of the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian.[15] His holiday is traditionally celebrated on December 25, as are several gods associated with the winter solstice in many pagan traditions.[16] It has been speculated to be the reason behind Christmas' proximity to the solstice.[17]

Indian

Main article: Makar Sankranti

Makara Sankranti, also known as Makara Sankrānti (Sanskrit: मकर संक्रांति) or Maghi, is a festival day in the Hindu calendar, in reference to deity Surya (sun). It is observed each year in January.[18] It marks the first day of Sun's transit into Makara (Capricorn), marking the end of the month with the winter solstice and the start of longer days.[18][19] In India, this occasion, known as Ayan Parivartan (Sanskrit: अयन परिवर्तन), is celebrated by religious Hindus as a holy day, with Hindus performing customs such as bathing in holy rivers, giving alms and donations, praying to deities and doing other holy deeds.[citation needed]

Iranian

Main article: Yaldā Night

Iranian people celebrate the night of the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice as, "Yalda night", which is known to be the "longest and darkest night of the year". Yalda night celebration, or as some call it "Shabe Chelleh" ("the 40th night"), is one of the oldest Iranian traditions that has been present in Persian culture from ancient times. In this night all the family gather together, usually at the house of the eldest, and celebrate it by eating, drinking and reciting poetry (esp. Hafez). Nuts, pomegranates and watermelons are particularly served during this festival.

East Asian

Main article: Dongzhi (solar term)
 
Sunlight directed through the 17 arches of Seventeen Arch Bridge, Summer Palace, Beijing around winter solstice

In East Asia, the winter solstice has been celebrated as one of the Twenty-four Solar Terms, called Dongzhi (冬至) in Chinese. In Japan, in order not to catch cold in the winter, there is a custom to soak oneself in a yuzu hot bath (Japanese: 柚子湯 = Yuzuyu).[20]

Judaic

An Aggadic legend found in tractate Avodah Zarah 8a puts forth the talmudic hypothesis that Adam first established the tradition of fasting before the winter solstice, and rejoicing afterward, which festival later developed into the Roman Saturnalia and Kalendae.

When the First Man saw that the day was continuously shortening, he said, "Woe is me! Because I have sinned, the world darkens around me, and returns to formlessless and void. This is the death to which Heaven has sentenced me!" He decided to spend eight days in fasting and prayer. When he saw the winter solstice, and he saw that the day was continuously lengthening, he said, "It is the order of the world!" He went and feasted for eight days. The following year, he feasted for both. He established them in Heaven's name, but they established them in the name of idolatry[21]

Observation

Although the instant of the solstice can be calculated,[22] direct observation of the moment by visual perception is elusive. The Sun moves too slowly or appears to stand still (the meaning of "solstice"). However, by use of astronomical data tracking, the precise timing of its occurrence is now public knowledge. One cannot directly detect the precise instant of the solstice (by definition, one cannot observe that an object has stopped moving until one later observes that it has not moved further from the preceding spot, or that it has moved in the opposite direction). Furthermore, to be precise to a single day, one must be able to observe a change in azimuth or elevation less than or equal to about 1/60 of the angular diameter of the Sun. Observing that it occurred within a two-day period is easier, requiring an observation precision of only about 1/16 of the angular diameter of the Sun. Thus, many observations are of the day of the solstice rather than the instant. This is often done by observing sunrise and sunset or using an astronomically aligned instrument that allows a ray of light to be cast on a certain point around that time. The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates differ from winter solstice, however, and these depend on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit (see earliest and latest sunrise and sunset).

  •  

    Sunlight entering the passage of Newgrange in Ireland on the winter solstice.

  •  

    Neolithic site of Goseck circle in Germany. The yellow lines indicate the directions in which sunrise and sunset are seen on the day of the winter solstice.

  •  

    Sunrise at Stonehenge in southern England on the winter solstice.

Holidays celebrated on the winter solstice

Other related festivals

See also

References

  1. ^ Astronomical Applications Department of USNO. "Earth's Seasons - Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion". Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  2. ^ "Solstices and Equinoxes: 2001 to 2100". AstroPixels.com. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  3. ^ Équinoxe de printemps entre 1583 et 2999
  4. ^ Solstice d’été de 1583 à 2999
  5. ^ Équinoxe d’automne de 1583 à 2999
  6. ^ Solstice d’hiver
  7. ^ Shipman, James; Wilson, Jerry D.; Todd, Aaron (2007). "Section 15.5". An Introduction to Physical Science (12th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 423. ISBN 978-0-618-92696-1.
  8. ^ "Winter Solstice celebrations: a.k.a. Christmas, Saturnalia, Yule, the Long Night, the start of Winter, etc". Religious Tolerance.org. August 5, 2015 [December 3, 1999].
  9. ^ "History of Christmas". History.com. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  10. ^ Krupp, E C. Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations. Courier Corporation, 2012. pp. 119, 125, 195
  11. ^ North, John. Stonehenge. The Free Press, 1996. p. 530
  12. ^ Hadingham, Evan. Early Man and the Cosmos. University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. p. 50
  13. ^ Johnson, Anthony (2008). Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma. Thames & Hudson. pp. 252–253. ISBN 978-0500051559.
  14. ^ Nordberg, Andreas (2006). Jul, disting och förkyrklig tideräkning: Kalendrar och kalendariska riter i det förkristna Norden. Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi (in Swedish). Vol. 91. Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur. pp. 120–121. ISBN 91-85352-62-4. ISSN 0065-0897.
  15. ^ Clauss, Manfred (2001). Die römischen Kaiser : 55 historische Portraits von Caesar bis Iustinian (in German). München: Beck. p. 250. ISBN 978-3-406-47288-6.
  16. ^ Capoccia, Kathryn (2002). "Christmas Traditions". Retrieved 2008-12-27.
  17. ^ Bishop Jacob Bar-Salabi (cited in Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, Ramsay MacMullen. Yale:1997, p. 155)
  18. ^ a b Kamal Kumar Tumuluru (2015). Hindu Prayers, Gods and Festivals. Partridge. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4828-4707-9.
  19. ^ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A - M. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
  20. ^ Goin’ Japanesque!: Japanese Winter Solstice Traditions; A Day for Kabocha and Yuzuyu
  21. ^ "Avodah Zarah 8a:7".
  22. ^ Meeus, Jean (2009). Astronomical Algorithms (2nd English Edition with corrections as of August 10, 2009 ed.). Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, Inc. ISBN 978-0-943396-61-3.

Further reading

  • Macphail, Cameron (20 December 2015). . The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  • Handwerk, Brian (2015-12-21). "Everything You Need to Know About the Winter Solstice". National Geographic. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  • Deravian, Naz (6 December 2021). "Welcoming Brighter Days on Yalda With Pomegranates". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

External links

  • Table of times/dates from 1600–2400

January 02, 2023
winter, solstice, this, article, about, astronomical, phenomenon, other, uses, disambiguation, date, time, equinoxes, solstices, earth, event, equinox, solstice, equinox, solsticemonth, march, june, september, december, year, time, time, time, time2017, 292018. This article is about the astronomical phenomenon For other uses see Winter solstice disambiguation UT date and time of equinoxes and solstices on Earth 1 2 event equinox solstice equinox solsticemonth March 3 June 4 September 5 December 6 year day time day time day time day time2017 20 10 29 21 04 25 22 20 02 21 16 292018 20 16 15 21 10 07 23 01 54 21 22 222019 20 21 58 21 15 54 23 07 50 22 04 192020 20 03 50 20 21 43 22 13 31 21 10 032021 20 09 37 21 03 32 22 19 21 21 15 592022 20 15 33 21 09 14 23 01 04 21 21 482023 20 21 25 21 14 58 23 06 50 22 03 282024 20 03 07 20 20 51 22 12 44 21 09 202025 20 09 02 21 02 42 22 18 20 21 15 032026 20 14 46 21 08 25 23 00 06 21 20 502027 20 20 25 21 14 11 23 06 02 22 02 43The winter solstice also called the hibernal solstice occurs when either of Earth s poles reaches its maximum tilt away from the Sun This happens twice yearly once in each hemisphere Northern and Southern For that hemisphere the winter solstice is the day with the shortest period of daylight and longest night of the year when the Sun is at its lowest daily maximum elevation in the sky 7 Either pole experiences continuous darkness or twilight around its winter solstice The opposite event is the summer solstice Winter solsticeAt the Lawrence Hall of Science in California visitors observe sunset on the day of the winter solstice using the Sunstones II Also calledMidwinter the Shortest Day the Longest NightObserved byVarious culturesTypeCultural astronomicalSignificanceAstronomically marks the beginning of lengthening days and shortening nightsCelebrationsFestivals spending time with loved ones feasting singing dancing firesDateabout December 21 NH about June 21 SH FrequencyTwice a year once in the northern hemisphere once in the southern hemisphere six months apart Related toWinter festivalsThe winter solstice occurs during the hemisphere s winter In the Northern Hemisphere this is the December solstice usually 21st or 22nd December and in the Southern Hemisphere this is the June solstice usually 20th or 21st of June Although the winter solstice itself lasts only a moment the term also refers to the day on which it occurs The term midwinter is also used synonymously with the winter solstice although it carries other meanings as well Traditionally in many temperate regions the winter solstice is seen as the middle of winter although today in some countries and calendars it is seen as the beginning of winter Other names are the extreme of winter Dongzhi or the shortest day Since prehistory the winter solstice has been a significant time of year in many cultures and has been marked by festivals and rituals 8 It marked the symbolic death and rebirth of the Sun the gradual waning of daylight hours is reversed and begins to grow again Some ancient monuments such as Newgrange Stonehenge and Cahokia Woodhenge are aligned with the sunrise or sunset on the winter solstice Contents 1 History and cultural significance 1 1 Neolithic Europe 1 2 Germanic 1 3 Roman 1 4 Indian 1 5 Iranian 1 6 East Asian 1 7 Judaic 2 Observation 3 Holidays celebrated on the winter solstice 3 1 Other related festivals 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory and cultural significance Edit Japanese Sun goddess Amaterasu emerging from a cave by Kunisada Winter solstice occurs in December for the northern hemisphere bottom right and June for the southern hemisphere top right The solstice may have been a special moment of the annual cycle for some cultures even during Neolithic times Astronomical events were often used to guide activities such as the mating of animals the sowing of crops and the monitoring of winter reserves of food Many cultural mythologies and traditions are derived from this citation needed The winter solstice was immensely important because the people were economically dependent on monitoring the progress of the seasons Starvation was common during the first months of the winter January to April northern hemisphere or July to October southern hemisphere also known as the famine months In temperate climates the midwinter festival was the last feast celebration before deep winter began Most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter so it was almost the only time of year when a plentiful supply of fresh meat was available 9 Because the winter solstice is the reversal of the sun s ebbing in the sky in ancient times it was seen as the symbolic death and rebirth of the sun or of a sun god 10 11 12 In cultures which used cyclic calendars based on the winter solstice the year as reborn was celebrated with reference to life death rebirth deities or new beginnings such as Hogmanay s redding a New Year cleaning tradition and reversal as in Saturnalia s slave and master reversals citation needed Neolithic Europe Edit Some important Neolithic and early Bronze Age archaeological sites in Europe are associated with the winter solstice such as Stonehenge in England and Newgrange in Ireland The primary axes of both of these monuments seem to have been carefully aligned on a sight line pointing to the winter solstice sunrise Newgrange and the winter solstice sunset Stonehenge It is significant that at Stonehenge the Great Trilithon was oriented outwards from the middle of the monument i e its smooth flat face was turned towards the midwinter Sun 13 Germanic Edit Main articles Yule and Mōdraniht The pagan Scandinavian and Germanic people of northern Europe celebrate a winter holiday called Yule also called Jul Julblot jolablot The Heimskringla written in the 13th century by the Icelander Snorri Sturluson describes a Yule feast hosted by the Norwegian king Haakon the Good c 920 961 According to Snorri the Christian Haakon had moved Yule from midwinter and aligned it with the Christian Christmas celebration Historically this has made some scholars believe that Yule originally was a sun festival on the winter solstice Modern scholars generally do not believe this as midwinter in medieval Iceland was a date about four weeks after the solstice 14 Roman Edit Main articles Saturnalia and Dies Natalis Solis Invicti Sol Invictus The Unconquered Sun Invincible Sun was originally a Syrian god who was later adopted as the chief god of the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian 15 His holiday is traditionally celebrated on December 25 as are several gods associated with the winter solstice in many pagan traditions 16 It has been speculated to be the reason behind Christmas proximity to the solstice 17 Indian Edit Main article Makar Sankranti Makara Sankranti also known as Makara Sankranti Sanskrit मकर स क र त or Maghi is a festival day in the Hindu calendar in reference to deity Surya sun It is observed each year in January 18 It marks the first day of Sun s transit into Makara Capricorn marking the end of the month with the winter solstice and the start of longer days 18 19 In India this occasion known as Ayan Parivartan Sanskrit अयन पर वर तन is celebrated by religious Hindus as a holy day with Hindus performing customs such as bathing in holy rivers giving alms and donations praying to deities and doing other holy deeds citation needed Iranian Edit Main article Yalda Night Iranian people celebrate the night of the Northern Hemisphere s winter solstice as Yalda night which is known to be the longest and darkest night of the year Yalda night celebration or as some call it Shabe Chelleh the 40th night is one of the oldest Iranian traditions that has been present in Persian culture from ancient times In this night all the family gather together usually at the house of the eldest and celebrate it by eating drinking and reciting poetry esp Hafez Nuts pomegranates and watermelons are particularly served during this festival East Asian Edit Main article Dongzhi solar term Sunlight directed through the 17 arches of Seventeen Arch Bridge Summer Palace Beijing around winter solstice In East Asia the winter solstice has been celebrated as one of the Twenty four Solar Terms called Dongzhi 冬至 in Chinese In Japan in order not to catch cold in the winter there is a custom to soak oneself in a yuzu hot bath Japanese 柚子湯 Yuzuyu 20 Judaic Edit An Aggadic legend found in tractate Avodah Zarah 8a puts forth the talmudic hypothesis that Adam first established the tradition of fasting before the winter solstice and rejoicing afterward which festival later developed into the Roman Saturnalia and Kalendae When the First Man saw that the day was continuously shortening he said Woe is me Because I have sinned the world darkens around me and returns to formlessless and void This is the death to which Heaven has sentenced me He decided to spend eight days in fasting and prayer When he saw the winter solstice and he saw that the day was continuously lengthening he said It is the order of the world He went and feasted for eight days The following year he feasted for both He established them in Heaven s name but they established them in the name of idolatry 21 Observation EditAlthough the instant of the solstice can be calculated 22 direct observation of the moment by visual perception is elusive The Sun moves too slowly or appears to stand still the meaning of solstice However by use of astronomical data tracking the precise timing of its occurrence is now public knowledge One cannot directly detect the precise instant of the solstice by definition one cannot observe that an object has stopped moving until one later observes that it has not moved further from the preceding spot or that it has moved in the opposite direction Furthermore to be precise to a single day one must be able to observe a change in azimuth or elevation less than or equal to about 1 60 of the angular diameter of the Sun Observing that it occurred within a two day period is easier requiring an observation precision of only about 1 16 of the angular diameter of the Sun Thus many observations are of the day of the solstice rather than the instant This is often done by observing sunrise and sunset or using an astronomically aligned instrument that allows a ray of light to be cast on a certain point around that time The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates differ from winter solstice however and these depend on latitude due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth s elliptical orbit see earliest and latest sunrise and sunset Sunlight entering the passage of Newgrange in Ireland on the winter solstice Neolithic site of Goseck circle in Germany The yellow lines indicate the directions in which sunrise and sunset are seen on the day of the winter solstice Sunrise at Stonehenge in southern England on the winter solstice Holidays celebrated on the winter solstice EditAlban Arthan Welsh Blue Christmas holiday Western Christian Brumalia Ancient Rome Dongzhi Festival East Asia Koliada and Korochun Slavic Midwinter Day Antarctica Sanghamitta Day Theravada Buddhism Shalako Zuni Yalda Western and Central Asia Yule in the Northern Hemisphere Germanic Ziemassvetki ancient Latvia Other related festivals Edit Cejna Ezi Ezid Yazidi Feast of Ezid Celebrated on the last Friday before winter solstice Inti Raymi Inca Saturnalia Ancient Rome Celebrated shortly before winter solstice Saint Lucy s Day Christian Used to coincide with the winter solstice day Cold Food Festival Korea Greater China 105 days after winter solstice Makar Sankranti India Harvest Festival Marks the end of the cold months and start of the new Month with longer days Winter at Tantora Festival Saudi Arabia Cultural festival marking the beginning of the winter harvest season See also EditBurning the Clocks Christmas in July Effect of Sun angle on climate Festival of Lights disambiguation Festive ecology Festivus Halcyon days Hanukkah HumanLight Koliada Kwanzaa Lohri Midsummer Summer solstice Thai Pongal Tekufah TirganReferences Edit Astronomical Applications Department of USNO Earth s Seasons Equinoxes Solstices Perihelion and Aphelion Retrieved 2022 08 01 Solstices and Equinoxes 2001 to 2100 AstroPixels com 20 February 2018 Retrieved 21 December 2018 Equinoxe de printemps entre 1583 et 2999 Solstice d ete de 1583 a 2999 Equinoxe d automne de 1583 a 2999 Solstice d hiver Shipman James Wilson Jerry D Todd Aaron 2007 Section 15 5 An Introduction to Physical Science 12th ed Boston Houghton Mifflin p 423 ISBN 978 0 618 92696 1 Winter Solstice celebrations a k a Christmas Saturnalia Yule the Long Night the start of Winter etc Religious Tolerance org August 5 2015 December 3 1999 History of Christmas History com Retrieved January 2 2017 Krupp E C Echoes of the Ancient Skies The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations Courier Corporation 2012 pp 119 125 195 North John Stonehenge The Free Press 1996 p 530 Hadingham Evan Early Man and the Cosmos University of Oklahoma Press 1985 p 50 Johnson Anthony 2008 Solving Stonehenge The New Key to an Ancient Enigma Thames amp Hudson pp 252 253 ISBN 978 0500051559 Nordberg Andreas 2006 Jul disting och forkyrklig tiderakning Kalendrar och kalendariska riter i det forkristna Norden Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi in Swedish Vol 91 Kungl Gustav Adolfs Akademien for svensk folkkultur pp 120 121 ISBN 91 85352 62 4 ISSN 0065 0897 Clauss Manfred 2001 Die romischen Kaiser 55 historische Portraits von Caesar bis Iustinian in German Munchen Beck p 250 ISBN 978 3 406 47288 6 Capoccia Kathryn 2002 Christmas Traditions Retrieved 2008 12 27 Bishop Jacob Bar Salabi cited in Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries Ramsay MacMullen Yale 1997 p 155 a b Kamal Kumar Tumuluru 2015 Hindu Prayers Gods and Festivals Partridge p 30 ISBN 978 1 4828 4707 9 James G Lochtefeld 2002 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism A M Rosen Publishing Group p 411 ISBN 978 0 8239 2287 1 Goin Japanesque Japanese Winter Solstice Traditions A Day for Kabocha and Yuzuyu Avodah Zarah 8a 7 Meeus Jean 2009 Astronomical Algorithms 2nd English Edition with corrections as of August 10 2009 ed Richmond Virginia Willmann Bell Inc ISBN 978 0 943396 61 3 Further reading EditMacphail Cameron 20 December 2015 Winter solstice 2015 Everything you need to know about the shortest day of the year The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 18 December 2015 Retrieved 20 December 2015 Handwerk Brian 2015 12 21 Everything You Need to Know About the Winter Solstice National Geographic Retrieved 2015 12 21 Deravian Naz 6 December 2021 Welcoming Brighter Days on Yalda With Pomegranates The New York Times Archived from the original on 3 January 2022 Retrieved 3 January 2022 External links EditTable of times dates from 1600 2400 Portals Astronomy Stars Outer space Solar System Holidays Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Winter solstice amp oldid 1129881572, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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