fbpx
Wikipedia

Chongqing

Chongqing (/ˌɒŋˈɪŋ/ chong-CHING[9] or /ˈɒŋˌɪŋ/ CHONG-ching;[10][11] simplified Chinese: 重庆; traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Sichuanese pronunciation: [tsʰoŋ˨˩tɕʰin˨˩˦], Standard Mandarin pronunciation: [ʈʂʰʊ̌ŋ.tɕʰîŋ] (listen)), alternately romanized as Chungking (/ˈʊŋˈkɪŋ/),[12] is a municipality in Southwest China. The official abbreviation of the city, "" (), was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997.[13] This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River.

Chongqing
重庆
Chungking, Ch'ung-ch'ing
[[file:重庆市人民大礼堂正门.jpg |0px|alt=]]
From top, left to right: Yuzhong District skyline, Hongya Cave and Qiansimen Bridge; Chongqing Art Museum; a train of Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2 coming through residential building at Liziba Station; Chongqing Art Museum; Jiefangbei CBD; Great Hall of the People
Location of Chongqing Municipality within China
Coordinates (Chongqing municipal government): 29°33′49″N 106°33′01″E / 29.5637°N 106.5504°E / 29.5637; 106.5504Coordinates: 29°33′49″N 106°33′01″E / 29.5637°N 106.5504°E / 29.5637; 106.5504
CountryChina
Settledc. 316 BC
Municipal seatYuzhong District
Divisions
 - County-level
 - Township-level

26 districts, 12 counties
1259 towns, townships, and subdistricts
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
 • BodyChongqing Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryYuan Jiajun
 • Congress chairmanWang Jiong
 • MayorHu Henghua
 • CPPCC chairmanTang Fangyu
Area
 • Municipality82,403 km2 (31,816 sq mi)
 • Built up area5,472.8 km2 (2,113.1 sq mi)
Elevation
244 m (801 ft)
Highest elevation
(Yintiao Ling)
2,797 m (9,177 ft)
Population
 (2020 census (total), 2018 (otherwise))[4]
 • Municipality32,054,159
 • Density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
22,251,500[note 1][2]
 • Built up area
9,580,770[3]
Time zoneUTC+8 (CST)
Postal codes
4000 00 – 4099 00
Area code23
ISO 3166 codeCN-CQ
GDP2021[5]
 - Total¥2.80 trillion
$432 billion
 - Per Capita¥86,885
$13,467
 • growth 8.3%
HDI (2019)0.768[6] (11th) – high
AbbreviationCQ / ;
ClimateCfa
WebsiteCQ.gov.cn (in Chinese)
English.CQ.gov.cn
Symbols
FlowerCamellia[7]
TreeFicus lacor[8]
Chongqing
"Chongqing" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese重庆
Traditional Chinese重慶
PostalChungking
Literal meaning"Doubled Celebration"

Administratively, it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of the central government of the People's Republic of China (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin), and the only such municipality located deep inland.[14] The municipality of Chongqing, roughly the size of Austria, includes the city of Chongqing as well as various discontiguous cities. Due to a classification technicality, Chongqing municipality can claim to be the largest city proper in the world—though it does not have the world's largest urban area. Chongqing is the only city in China with a permanent population of over 30 million.[15] Chongqing is the fourth largest Chinese city by urban population, with urban population of 16.34 million as of the 2020 estimation, after Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen.[16] According to the 2010 census, Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality,[17] and also the largest direct-controlled municipality in China, containing 26 districts, eight counties, and four autonomous counties.

During the Republic of China (ROC) era, Chongqing was a municipality located within Sichuan Province. It served as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). The current municipality was separated from Sichuan province on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China.[18]

Chongqing has an extensive history and a rich culture. As one of China's National Central Cities, it serves as a financial center of the Sichuan Basin and the upstream Yangtze. It is a major manufacturing and transportation center; a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit described it as one of China's "13 emerging megalopolises".[19] Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, a major aviation hub serving Chongqing metropolitan areas and Western China, is one of the top 50 busiest airports in the world,[20][21] and the city's monorails system is the world's longest and busiest monorails system with the greatest number of stations (70).[22][23] Chongqing is ranked as a Beta (global second-tier) city.[24] Chongqing is also the headquarters of the Changan Automobile, one of the "Big Four" car manufacturers of China,[25] and hosts more than 10 foreign consulates, making it the fifth major city to host more foreign representatives than any other city in China after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu.[26]

Chongqing is one of the top 50 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index,[27] and home to several notable universities, including Chongqing University, Southwest University, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing Normal University, Sichuan International Studies University, Sichuan Fine Arts Institute and Chongqing University of Technology.[28][29]

History

Ancient history

Chongqing's location is historically associated with the State of Ba. Its capital was first called Jiangzhou (江州).[30]

Imperial era

Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huang's rule during the Qin dynasty, the successor of the Qin State, as well as the rule of Han dynasty emperors. Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Northern and Southern dynasties to Chu Prefecture (楚州), then again in 581 AD (Sui dynasty) to Yu Prefecture (渝州), and later in 1102 during Northern Song to Gong Prefecture (恭州).[31] The name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, as well as for the city's historic center, where the old town once stood; its name is Yuzhong (渝中, Central Yu).[30] It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song dynasty described his crowning as king and then Emperor Guangzong as a "double celebration" (simplified Chinese: 双重喜庆; traditional Chinese: 雙重喜慶; pinyin: shuāngchóng xǐqìng, or chóngqìng in short). To mark the occasion of his enthronement, Yu Prefecture was therefore converted to Chongqing Fu.

In 1362, (Yuan dynasty), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebel leader, established the Daxia Kingdom (大夏) at Chongqing for a short time.[32] In 1621 (Ming dynasty), another short-lived kingdom of Daliang (大梁) was established by She Chongming (奢崇明) with Chongqing as its capital.[33] In 1644, after the fall of the Ming dynasty to a rebel army, Chongqing, together with the rest of Sichuan, was captured by Zhang Xianzhong, who was said to have massacred a large number of people in Sichuan and depopulated the province, in part by causing many people to flee to safety elsewhere. The Manchus later conquered the province, and during the Qing dynasty, immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with the support of the Qing emperor.[34]

In 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing.[35] The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners, with the proviso that foreign ships should not be at liberty to trade there until Chinese-owned steamers had succeeded in ascending the river. This restriction was abolished by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, which declared the city open on the same terms as other ports, although it was not until 1907 that a steamship made the journey without the help of manual haulers.[36] From 1896 to 1904, the American, German, French, and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing.[37][38][39][40]

Provisional wartime capital of the Republic of China

 
A street scene in Chongqing, c. 1944

During and after the Second Sino-Japanese War, from Nov 1937 to May 1946, it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's provisional capital. After the General and remaining army had lived there for a time following their retreat in 1938 from the previous capital of Wuhan, it was formally declared the second capital city (陪都, péi dū) on 6 September 1940.[41] After Britain, the United States, and other Allies entered the war in Asia in December 1941, one of the Allies' deputy commanders of operations in South East Asia (South East Asia Command SEAC), Joseph Stilwell, was based in the city. This made it a city of world importance in the fight against Axis powers, together with London, Moscow and Washington, D.C.[42]

The city was also visited by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Ceylon, modern day Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell.[43] From 1938 to 1943, the city suffered from continuous massive bombing campaigns of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Army Air Forces; battles of which were fought entirely by the Chinese Air Force squadrons and anti-aircraft artillery units.[44][45] Many lives were saved by the air-raid shelters which took advantage of the mountainous terrain. Chongqing was acclaimed to be the "City of Heroes" due to the indomitable spirits of its people as well as their contributions and sacrifices during the War of Resistance-World War II. Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China and ultimately to Chongqing during years of setbacks in the war, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city. In late November 1949, the Nationalist KMT government retreated from the city.[46]

Municipality status

 
A sunset view of Jiefangbei CBD and Hongya Cave, taken in 2017

On 14 March 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress decided to merge the sub-provincial city with adjacent Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang prefectures that it had governed on behalf of the province since September 1996. The resulting single entity became Chongqing Municipality, containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former counties (without intermediate political levels). The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997.

On 8 February 2010, Chongqing became one of the four National Central/Core cities, the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.[47] The same year on June 18, the Liangjiang New Area was established in Chongqing, which was the third state-level new area at the time of its establishment.[48]

Geography

 
Map including Chongqing (labeled as 重慶 CH'UNG-CH'ING (CHUNGKING)) (AMS, 1954)

Physical geography and topography

 
Topography of Chongqing

Chongqing is situated at the transitional area between the Tibetan Plateau and the plain on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the sub-tropical climate zone often swept by moist monsoons. It often rains at night in late spring and early summer, and thus the city is famous for its "night rain in the Ba Mountains", as described by poems throughout Chinese history including the famous Written on a Rainy Night-A Letter to the North by Li Shangyin.[49] The municipality reaches a maximum length of 470 km (290 mi) from east to west, and a maximum width of 450 km (280 mi) from north to south.[50] It borders the following provinces: Hubei in the east, Hunan in the southeast, Guizhou in the south, Sichuan in the west and northwest, and Shaanxi to the north in its northeast corner.[51]

 
Qutang Gorge on the Yangtze River

Chongqing covers a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains. The Daba Mountains stand in the north, the Wu Mountains in the east, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast, and the Dalou Mountains in the south. The whole area slopes down from north and south towards the Yangtze River valley, with sharp rises and falls. The area is featured by a large geological massif, of mountains and hills, with large sloping areas at different heights.[52] Typical karst landscape is common in this area, and stone forests, numerous collections of peaks, limestone caves and valleys can be found in many places. The Longshuixia Gap (龙水峡地缝), with its natural arch-bridges, has made the region a popular tourist attraction. The Yangtze River runs through the whole area from west to east, covering a course of 665 km (413 mi), cutting through the Wu Mountains at three places and forming the well-known Three Gorges: the Qutang, the Wuxia and the Xiling gorges.[53] Coming from northwest and running through "the Jialing Lesser Three Gorges" of Libi, Wentang and Guanyin, the Jialing River joins the Yangtze in Chongqing.[54]

Li Bai's Poem of Chongqing's Baidi Cheng

Leaving at dawn the White Emperor crowned with cloud,
I've sailed a thousand li through canyons in a day.
With the monkeys' adieus the riverbanks are loud,
My skiff has left ten thousand mountains far away.

The central urban area of Chongqing, or Chongqing proper, is a city of unique features. Built on mountains and partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers, it is known as a "mountain city" and a "city on rivers".[55] The night scene of the city is very illuminated, with millions of lights and their reflection on the rivers. With its special topographical features, Chongqing has the unique scenery of mountains, rivers, forests, springs, waterfalls, gorges, and caves. Li Bai, a famous poet of the Tang dynasty, was inspired by the natural scenery and wrote this epigram.[56]

Specifically, the central urban area is located on a huge folding area. Yuzhong District, Nan'an District, Shapingba District and Jiangbei District are located right on a big syncline. And the "Southern Mountain of Chongqing" (Tongluo Mountain), along with the Zhongliang Mountain are two anticlines next to the syncline of downtown.[57]

Zhongliang Mountains (中梁山) and Tongluo Mountains (铜锣山) roughly forms the eastern and western boundaries of Chongqing's urban area. The highest point in downtown is the top of Eling Hill, which is a smaller syncline hill that separates the Yangtze River and Jialing River. The elevation of Eling Hill is 379 m (1,243 ft). The lowest point is Chaotian Gate, where the two rivers merge with each other. The altitude there is 160 m (520 ft). The average height of the area is 259 m (850 ft). However, there are several high mountains outside central Chongqing, such as the Wugong Ling Mountain, with the altitude of 1,709.4 m (5,608 ft), in Jiangjin.

Climate

 
In the spring and fall, downtown Chongqing is often enshrouded in fog.

Chongqing has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), bordering on a monsoonal humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and for most of the year experiences very high relative humidity, with all months above 75%. Known as one of the "Three Furnaces" of the Yangtze River, along with Wuhan and Nanjing, its summers are long and among the hottest and most humid in China, with highs of 33 to 34 °C (91 to 93 °F) in July and August in the urban area.[58] Winters are short and somewhat mild, but damp and overcast. The city's location in the Sichuan Basin causes it to have one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally, at only 1,055 hours, lower than much of Northern Europe; the monthly percent possible sunshine in the city proper ranges from a mere 8% in December and January to 48% in August. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.8 °C (29 °F) on 15 December 1975 (unofficial record of −2.5 °C (27 °F) was set on 8 February 1943) to 43.7 °C (111 °F) on 18 and 19 August 2022[59] (unofficial record of 44.0 °C (111 °F) was set on 8 and 9 August 1933).[60]

Chongqing, with over 100 days of fog per year,[61] is known as the "Fog City" (雾都); this is because in the spring and fall, a thick layer of fog enshrouds it for 68 days per year.[62][63] During the Second Sino-Japanese War, this special weather possibly played a role in protecting the city from being overrun by the Imperial Japanese Army.

As exemplified by Youyang County below, conditions are often cooler in the southeast part of the municipality due to the higher elevations there.

Climate data for Chongqing (Shapingba District, 1981–2010 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.8
(65.8)
24.6
(76.3)
34.0
(93.2)
36.5
(97.7)
38.9
(102.0)
39.8
(103.6)
42.0
(107.6)
43.7
(110.7)
41.9
(107.4)
35.1
(95.2)
29.2
(84.6)
21.5
(70.7)
43.7
(110.7)
Average high °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5)
12.9
(55.2)
17.7
(63.9)
23.0
(73.4)
27.2
(81.0)
29.4
(84.9)
33.0
(91.4)
33.2
(91.8)
28.3
(82.9)
21.7
(71.1)
17.1
(62.8)
11.5
(52.7)
22.1
(71.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.9
(46.2)
10.0
(50.0)
13.8
(56.8)
18.6
(65.5)
22.6
(72.7)
25.1
(77.2)
28.3
(82.9)
28.3
(82.9)
24.1
(75.4)
18.6
(65.5)
14.2
(57.6)
9.2
(48.6)
18.4
(65.1)
Average low °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2)
8.0
(46.4)
11.2
(52.2)
15.4
(59.7)
19.3
(66.7)
22.1
(71.8)
24.8
(76.6)
24.7
(76.5)
21.2
(70.2)
16.5
(61.7)
12.3
(54.1)
7.7
(45.9)
15.8
(60.4)
Record low °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8)
−0.8
(30.6)
1.2
(34.2)
2.8
(37.0)
10.8
(51.4)
15.5
(59.9)
19.2
(66.6)
17.8
(64.0)
14.3
(57.7)
6.9
(44.4)
0.7
(33.3)
−1.7
(28.9)
−1.8
(28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 19.7
(0.78)
23.3
(0.92)
43.2
(1.70)
95.2
(3.75)
145.9
(5.74)
192.6
(7.58)
186.0
(7.32)
137.9
(5.43)
105.8
(4.17)
85.8
(3.38)
48.3
(1.90)
24.3
(0.96)
1,108
(43.63)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 10.0 9.8 11.9 14.3 15.5 15.7 12.5 11.3 12.7 16.1 11.5 9.8 151.1
Average relative humidity (%) 84 80 77 77 77 81 76 74 79 85 84 85 80
Mean monthly sunshine hours 20.6 29.7 64.9 93.6 109.4 97.7 158.6 167.0 106.6 50.4 35.9 20.4 954.8
Percent possible sunshine 8 11 18 25 26 26 42 48 28 18 13 8 24
Average ultraviolet index 4 6 8 10 11 12 12 11 10 7 5 4 8
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[64][65]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (uv)[66][59]

See or edit raw graph data.

Climate data for Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.4
(70.5)
27.9
(82.2)
30.6
(87.1)
33.4
(92.1)
35.3
(95.5)
35.6
(96.1)
36.7
(98.1)
37.5
(99.5)
35.6
(96.1)
31.9
(89.4)
26.7
(80.1)
20.9
(69.6)
37.5
(99.5)
Average high °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7)
9.3
(48.7)
13.7
(56.7)
19.9
(67.8)
24.4
(75.9)
27.2
(81.0)
30.1
(86.2)
30.2
(86.4)
26.1
(79.0)
20.1
(68.2)
15.5
(59.9)
10.2
(50.4)
19.5
(67.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4)
5.8
(42.4)
9.5
(49.1)
15.0
(59.0)
19.4
(66.9)
22.6
(72.7)
25.2
(77.4)
24.8
(76.6)
21.1
(70.0)
15.8
(60.4)
11.1
(52.0)
6.2
(43.2)
15.1
(59.1)
Average low °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1)
3.3
(37.9)
6.5
(43.7)
11.5
(52.7)
15.8
(60.4)
19.3
(66.7)
21.7
(71.1)
21.2
(70.2)
17.8
(64.0)
13.0
(55.4)
8.2
(46.8)
3.4
(38.1)
12.0
(53.5)
Record low °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9)
−4.5
(23.9)
−2.3
(27.9)
1.4
(34.5)
5.9
(42.6)
11.5
(52.7)
14.6
(58.3)
14.3
(57.7)
10.7
(51.3)
4.0
(39.2)
−1.7
(28.9)
−4.7
(23.5)
−5.6
(21.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.6
(1.13)
37.2
(1.46)
54.8
(2.16)
121.0
(4.76)
192.9
(7.59)
224.0
(8.82)
203.4
(8.01)
150.4
(5.92)
97.9
(3.85)
110.6
(4.35)
64.2
(2.53)
23.9
(0.94)
1,308.9
(51.52)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12.0 12.2 15.9 16.9 18.1 17.1 15.4 14.4 13.0 15.1 11.6 9.7 171.4
Average relative humidity (%) 77 78 79 79 80 82 81 80 79 82 79 76 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours 42.5 37.4 47.6 83.3 102.7 101.4 155.9 171.7 112.3 88.7 68.7 64.4 1,076.6
Percent possible sunshine 13 12 13 22 25 24 37 42 31 25 21 20 24.3
Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000)[67][68]

Cityscape

Politics

 
The Great Hall of the People serves as the venue for major political conferences in Chongqing

Since 1997 Chongqing has been a direct-controlled municipality in the Chinese administrative structure, making it a provincial-level division with commensurate political importance. The municipality's top leader is the secretary of the municipal committee of the Chinese Communist Party ("party chief"), which, since 2007, has also held a seat on the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, the country's second highest governing council. Under the Soviet-inspired nomenklatura system of appointments, individuals are appointed to the position by the central leadership of the Communist Party, and bestowed to an official based on seniority and adherence to party orthodoxy, usually given to an individual with prior regional experience elsewhere in China and nearly never a native of Chongqing. Notable individuals who have held the municipal Party Secretary position include He Guoqiang, Wang Yang, Bo Xilai, Zhang Dejiang, and Sun Zhengcai, the latter three were Politburo members during their term as party chief. The party chief heads the municipal party standing committee, the de facto top governing council of the municipality. The standing committee is typically composed of 13 individuals which includes the party chiefs of important subdivisions and other leading figures in the local party and government organization, as well as one military representative.

The municipal People's Government serves as the day-to-day administrative authority, and is headed by the mayor, who is assisted by numerous vice mayors and mayoral assistants. Each vice mayor is given jurisdiction over specific municipal departments. The mayor is the second-highest-ranking official in the municipality. The mayor usually represents the city when foreign guests visit.[69]

The municipality also has a People's Congress, theoretically elected by lower level People's Congresses. The People's Congress nominally appoints the mayor and approves the nominations of other government officials. The People's Congress, like those of other provincial jurisdictions, is generally seen as a symbolic body. It convenes in full once a year to approve party-sponsored resolutions and local regulations and duly confirm party-approved appointments. On occasion the People's Congress can be venues of discussion on municipal issues, although this is dependent on the actions of individual delegates. The municipal People's Congress is headed by a former municipal official, usually in their late fifties or sixties, with a lengthy prior political career in Chongqing. The municipal Political Consultative Conference (zhengxie) meets at around the same time as the People's Congress. Its role is to advise on political issues. The zhengxie is headed by a leader who is typically a former municipal or regional official with a lengthy career in the party and government bureaucracy.

Military

Chongqing was the wartime capital of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (i.e., World War II), and from 1938 to 1946,[70] the seat of administration for the Republic of China's government before its departure to Nanjing and then Taiwan.[71] After the eventual defeat at the Battle of Wuhan General Chiang-Kai Shek and the army were forced to use it as base of resistance from 1938 onwards.[41] It also contains a military museum named after the Chinese Korean War hero Qiu Shaoyun.[72]

Chongqing used to be the headquarters of the 13th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the two group armies that formerly comprised the Chengdu Military Region, which in 2016 was re-organized into the Western Theater Command.[73]

Administrative divisions

Chongqing is the largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China. The municipality is divided into 38 subdivisions (3 were abolished in 1997, and Wansheng and Shuangqiao districts were abolished in October 2011[74]), consisting of 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties. The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much farther into the city's hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and much of its administrative area, which spans over 80,000 km2 (30,900 sq mi), is rural. At the end of year 2018, the total population is 31.02 million.

Administrative divisions of Chongqing
Division code[75] Division Area in km2[76] Total population 2010[77] Urban area
population 2010[78]
Seat Postal code Subdivisions[79]
Subdistricts Towns Townships
[n 1]
Ethnic townships Residential communities Villages
500000 Chongqing 82403 28,846,170 15295803 Yuzhong 400000 181 567 233 14 2324 5235
500101 Wanzhou 3457 1,563,050 859,662 Chenjiaba Subdistrict 404000 11 29 10 2 187 448
500102 Fuling 2946 1,066,714 595,224 Lizhi Subdistrict 408000 8 12 6 108 310
500103 Yuzhong 23 630,090 Qixinggang Subdistrict 400000 12 78
500104 Dadukou 102 301,042 280,512 Xinshancun Subdistrict 400000 5 2 48 32
500105 Jiangbei 221 738,003 672,545 Cuntan Subdistrict 400000 9 3 88 48
500106 Shapingba 396 1,000,013 900,568 Qinjiagang Subdistrict 400000 18 8 140 86
500107 Jiulongpo 431 1,084,419 939,349 Yangjiaping Subdistrict 400000 7 11 107 105
500108 Nan'an 263 759,570 683,717 Tianwen Subdistrict 400000 7 7 85 61
500109 Beibei 754 680,360 501,822 Beiwenquan Subdistrict 400700 5 12 63 117
500110 Qijiang 2747 1,056,817 513,935 Gunan Subdistrict 400800 5 25 99 365
500111 Dazu 1433 721,359 315,183 Tangxiang Subdistrict 400900 3 24 103 197
500112 Yubei 1452 1,345,410 985,918 Shuangfengqiao Subdistrict 401100 14 12 155 215
500113 Banan 1834 918,692 669,269 Longzhouwan Subdistrict 401300 8 14 87 198
500114 Qianjiang 2397 445,012 173,997 Chengxi Subdistrict 409700 6 12 12 80 138
500115 Changshou 1423 770,009 408,261 Fengcheng Subdistrict 401200 4 14 31 223
500116 Jiangjin 3200 1,233,149 686,189 Jijiang Subdistrict 402200 4 24 85 180
500117 Hechuan 2356 1,293,028 721,753 Nanjin Street Subdistrict 401500 7 23 61 327
500118 Yongchuan 1576 1,024,708 582,769 Zhongshan Road Subdistrict 402100 7 16 52 208
500119 Nanchuan 2602 534,329 255,045 Dongcheng Subdistrict 408400 3 15 15 58 185
500120 Bishan 912 586,034 246,425 Bicheng Subdistrict 402700 6 9 43 142
500151 Tongliang 1342 600,086 248,962 Bachuan Subdistrict 402500 3 25 57 269
500152 Tongnan 1585 639,985 247,084 Guilin Subdistrict 402600 2 20 21 281
500153 Rongchang 1079 661,253 271,232 Changyuan Subdistrict 402400 6 15 75 92
500154 Kaizhou 3959 1,160,336 416,415 Hanfeng Subdistrict 405400 7 26 7 78 435
500155 Liangping 1890 687,525 235,753 Liangshan Subdistrict 405200 2 26 7 33 310
500156 Wulong 2872 351,038 115,823 Gangkou town 408500 12 10 4 24 184
500229 Chengkou Co. 3286 192,967 49,039 Gecheng Subdistrict 405900 2 6 17 22 184
500230 Fengdu Co. 2896 649,182 224,003 Sanhe Subdistrict 408200 2 23 5 53 277
500231 Dianjiang Co. 1518 704,458 241,424 Guixi Subdistrict 408300 2 23 2 62 236
500233 Zhong Co. 2184 751,424 247,406 Zhongzhou town 404300 22 5 1 49 317
500235 Yunyang Co. 3634 912,912 293,636 Shuangjiang Subdistrict 404500 4 22 15 1 87 391
500236 Fengjie Co. 4087 834,259 269,302 Yong'an town 404600 19 8 4 54 332
500237 Wushan Co. 2958 495,072 148,597 Gaotang Subdistrict 404700 11 12 2 30 308
500238 Wuxi Co. 4030 414,073 105,111 Baichang Subdistrict 405800 2 15 16 38 292
500240 Shizhu Co. 3013 415,050 134,173 Nanbin town 409100 17 15 29 213
500241 Xiushan Co. 2450 501,590 150,566 Zhonghe Subdistrict 409900 14 18 59 208
500242 Youyang Co. 5173 578,058 137,635 Taohuayuan town 409800 15 23 8 270
500243 Pengshui Co. 3903 545,094 137,409 Hanjia Subdistrict 409600 11 28 55 241
  1. ^ Including other township related subdivisions.

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of districts
# City Urban area[78] District area[78] Census date
1 Chongqing[i] 6,263,790 7,457,599 2010-11-01
2 Wanzhou 859,662 1,563,050 2010-11-01
3 Hechuan 721,753 1,293,028 2010-11-01
4 Jiangjin 686,189 1,233,149 2010-11-01
5 Fuling 595,224 1,066,714 2010-11-01
6 Yongchuan 582,769 1,024,708 2010-11-01
7 Qijiang[ii] 513,935 1,056,817 2010-11-01
(8) Kaizhou[iii] 416,415 1,160,336 2010-11-01
9 Changshou 408,261 770,009 2010-11-01
10 Dazu[iv] 315,183 721,359 2010-11-01
(11) Rongchang[v] 271,232 661,253 2010-11-01
12 Nanchuan 255,045 534,329 2010-11-01
(13) Tongliang[vi] 248,962 600,086 2010-11-01
(14) Tongnan[vii] 247,084 639,985 2010-11-01
(15) Bishan[viii] 246,425 586,034 2010-11-01
(16) Liangping[ix] 235,753 687,525 2010-11-01
17 Qianjiang 173,997 445,012 2010-11-01
(18) Wulong[x] 115,823 351,038 2010-11-01
  1. ^ Chongqing core districts are consist of nine districts: Yuzhong, Dadukou, Jiangbei, Shapingba, Jiulongpo, Nan'an, Beibei, Yubei, & Banan.
  2. ^ Wansheng District & Qijiang County currently known as Qijiang District after census.
  3. ^ Kaizhou County is currently known as Kaizhou District after census.
  4. ^ Shuangqiao District & Dazu County currently known as Dazu District after census.
  5. ^ Rongchang County is currently known as Rongchang District after census.
  6. ^ Tongliang County is currently known as Tongliang District after census.
  7. ^ Tongnan County is currently known as Tongnan District after census.
  8. ^ Bishan County is currently known as Bishan District after census.
  9. ^ Liangping County is currently known as Liangping District after census.
  10. ^ Wulong County is currently known as Wulong District after census.

a Indicates with which district the division was associated below prior to the merging of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian (now Wanzhou) and Qianjiang in 1997.

Central Chongqing

 
Jiefangbei CBD, Yuzhong Peninsula of Chongqing at night

The main urban area of Chongqing city (重庆主城区) spans approximately 5,473 km2 (2,113 sq mi), and includes the following nine districts:[80][81]

  • Yuzhong District (渝中区, literally "Central Chongqing District"), the central and most densely populated district, where government and international business offices and the city's best shopping are located in the district's Jiefangbei CBD area. Yuzhong is located on the peninsula surrounded by Eling Hill, Yangtze River and Jialing River.
  • Jiangbei District (江北区, literally "North of the River District"), located to the north of Jialing River.
  • Shapingba District (沙坪坝区), roughly located between Jialing River and Zhongliang Mountain.
  • Jiulongpo District (九龙坡区), roughly located between Yangtze River and Zhongliang Mountain.
  • Nan'an District (南岸区, literally "Southern Bank District"), located on the south side of Yangtze River.
  • Dadukou District (大渡口区)
  • Banan District (巴南区, literally "Southern of Ba District"). Previously called Ba County, and changed to the current name in 1994.
  • Yubei District (渝北区, or "Northern Chongqing District"). Previously called Jiangbei County, and changed into the current name in 1994.
  • Beibei District (北碚区), a satellite district northwest of Chongqing.

Demographics

Population

 
Jiefangbei (People's Liberation Monument), the landmark and center of Chongqing
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19491,003,000—    
19796,301,000+528.2%
198313,890,000+120.4%
199615,297,000+10.1%
1997[82]*28,753,000+88.0%
2000[82]28,488,200−0.9%
2005[82]27,980,000−1.8%
2008[82]28,390,000+1.5%
2012[82]28,846,170+1.6%
2013[82]29,700,000+3.0%
2014[83]29,914,000+0.7%
2015[84]30,170,000+0.9%
*Population size in 1997 was affected by expansion of administrative divisions.

According to a July 2010 article from the official Xinhua news agency, the municipality has a population of 32.8 million, including 23.3 million farmers. Among them, 8.4 million farmers have become migrant workers, including 3.9 million working and living in urban areas of Chongqing.[85] as of 2010, the metropolitan area encompassing the central urban area was estimated by the OECD to have, a population of 17 million.[86][87][88]

This would mean that the locally registered farmers who work in other jurisdictions number 4.5 million, reducing the local, year-round population of Chongqing in 2010 to 28.3 million, plus those who are registered in other jurisdictions but live and work in Chongqing. According to China's 2005 statistical yearbook, of a total population of 30.55 million, those with residence registered in other jurisdictions but residing in the Chongqing enumeration area numbered 1.4 million, including 46,000 who resided in Chongqing "for less than half-year". An additional 83,000 had registered in Chongqing, but not yet settled there.[89]

The 2005 statistical yearbook also lists 15.22 million (49.82%) males and 15.33 million (50.18%) females.[89]

In terms of age distribution in 2004, of the 30.55 million total population, 6.4 million (20.88%) were age 0–14, 20.7 million (67.69%) were 15–64, and 3.5 million (11.46%) were 65 and over.[90]

Of a total 10,470,000 households (2004), 1,360,000 consisted of one person, 2,940,000 two-person, 3,190,000 three-person, 1,790,000 four-person, 783,000 five-person, 270,000 six-person, 89,000 seven-person, 28,000 eight-person, 6,000 nine-person, and 10,000 households of 10 or more persons per household.[91]

Religion

Religion in Chongqing[92][note 2]

  Christianity (1.05%)
  Other or no religion[note 3] (72.32%)

The predominant religions in Chongqing are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 26.63% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 1.05% of the population identifies as Christian (see also Christianity in Sichuan).[92]

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 72.32% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, or folk religious sects.

In 2010, there were 9,056 Muslims in Chongqing.[93]

 
Buddhist temple in Jiulongpo

Economy

 
Chongqing products treemap, 2020

Chongqing is facing rapid urbanization. For instance, statistics suggest that new construction added approximately 137,000 m2 (1,470,000 sq ft) daily of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential, commercial and factory space.[94] Thus, Chongqing was separated from Sichuan province and made into a municipality in its own right on 14 March 1997[95] in order to accelerate its development and subsequently China's relatively poorer western areas (see China Western Development strategy).[96] An important industrial area in western China,[97]

As of 2021, the economy of Chongqing was China's 16th largest economy with a GDP of CNY¥ 2,789 billion or USD$439 billion in (nominal), which is equivalent to the GDP of Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa.[98][99] However, its overall economic performance is still lagging behind coastal cities such as Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou. For example, its GDP per capita was 87,000 yuan (USD13,400 $),[98] which is around the national average. Nevertheless, there is a massive government push to transform Chongqing into the region's economic, trade, and financial center and use the municipality as a platform to open up the country's western interior to further development.[100]

Compared to a country, it would be the 33rd-largest economy and the 45th most populous with the total perminant population of 32.05 millions as of 2021.[101][99]

Chongqing has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei, Anshan, Maanshan, Pingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.[102]

Traditionally, due to its geographic inaccessibility, Chongqing and Sichuan have both been important military bases in weapons research and development.[103] Even though Chongqing's industries are diversified, unlike eastern China, its export sector is small due to its relatively disadvantageous inland location. Instead, factories producing local-oriented consumer goods such as processed food, cars, chemicals, textiles, machinery, sports equipment and electronics are common.

Chongqing is China's third largest motor vehicle production center and the largest for motorcycles. In 2007, it had an annual output capacity of 1 million cars and 8.6 million motorcycles.[104] Leading makers of cars and motorbikes includes China's fourth biggest automaker; Changan Automotive Corp and Lifan Hongda Enterprise, as well as Ford Motor Company, with the US car giant having 3 plants in Chongqing. The municipality is also one of China's nine largest iron and steel producers in China as well as one of its three major aluminum producers. Important manufacturers include Chongqing Iron and Steel Company (重庆钢铁股份有限公司) and Southwest Aluminum (西南鋁業), which is Asia's largest aluminum plant.[105] Agriculture remains significant. Rice and fruits, especially oranges, are the area's main produce. Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal, natural gas, and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as strontium and manganese. Coal reserves total approximately 4,800,000,000 metric tons (4.7×109 long tons; 5.3×109 short tons). Chuandong Natural Gas Field is China's largest inland gas field with deposits of around 270 billion m3 – more than 1/5 of China's total. Has China's largest reserve of strontium (China has the world's 2nd biggest strontium deposit). Manganese is mined in the Xiushan area. Although the mining sector has been denounced as heavily polluting and unsafe.[note 4] Chongqing is also planned to be the site of a 10 million ton capacity refinery operated by CNPC (parent company of PetroChina) to process imported crude oil from the Sino-Burma pipelines. The pipeline itself, though not yet finished, will eventually run from Sittwe (in Myanmar's western coast) through Kunming in Yunnan before reaching Chongqing[106] and it will provide China with fuels sourced from Myanmar, the Middle East and Africa. Recently, there has been a drive to move up the value chain by shifting towards high technology and knowledge intensive industries resulting in new development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ).[107] Chongqing's local government is hoping through the promotion of favorable economic policies for the electronics and information technology sectors, that it can create a 400 billion RMB high technology manufacturing hub which will surpass its car industry and account for 25% of its exports.[108]

The city has also invested heavily in infrastructure to attract investment.[104][109] The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China has been expanded and upgraded reducing logistical costs. Furthermore, the nearby Three Gorges Dam which is the world's largest, supplies Chongqing with power and allows oceangoing ships to reach Chongqing's Yangtze River port.[110] These infrastructure improvements have led to the arrivals of numerous foreign direct investors (FDI) in industries ranging from car to finance and retailing; such as Ford,[111] Mazda,[112] HSBC,[113] Standard Chartered Bank,[114] Citibank,[115] Deutsche Bank,[116] ANZ Bank,[117] Scotiabank,[118] Wal-Mart,[119] Metro AG[120] and Carrefour,[121] among other multinational corporations.

Economic and technological development zones

The city includes a number of economic and technological development zones:

  • Chongqing Chemical Industrial Park[122]
  • Chongqing Economic & Technological Development Zone[123]
  • Chongqing Hi-Tech Industry Development Zone[124]
  • Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ)[125]
  • Chongqing Export Processing Zone[126]
  • Jianqiao Industrial Park (located in Dadukou District)[127]
  • Liangjiang New Area[128]
  • Liangjiang Cloud Computing Center (the largest of its kind in China)[129]

Chongqing itself is part of the West Triangle Economic Zone, along with Chengdu and Xi'an.

Education

As of 2022, Chongqing hosts 70 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), making it the fourth city with most higher education institutions nationwide and the first city in Southwest China, which comprises Chongqing, Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, Yunnan Province, and Tibet Autonomous Region with a combination of more than 180 million population.[130]

Colleges and universities

Notable high schools

  • Fuling Experimental High School (涪陵实验中学)
  • Chongqing No.1 Secondary School (重庆一中)
  • Chongqing Nankai Secondary School (重庆南开中学)
  • Chongqing No.8 Secondary School (重庆八中)
  • Bashu Secondary School (巴蜀中学)
  • Chongqing Railway High School (重庆铁路中学)
  • Chongqing Yucai Secondary School (育才中学)
  • Chongqing Foreign Language School (The High School Affiliated to Sichuan International Studies University 重庆一外)
  • Verakin High School of Chongqing (The 2nd Chongqing Foreign Language School, 重庆二外)
  • Chongqing Qiujing High School (求精中学)
  • High School Affiliated to Southwest University (西南大学附中)
  • Chongqing NO.18 Secondary School (重庆十八中)

International schools

Transport

Since its elevation to national-level municipality in 1997, the city has dramatically expanded its transportation infrastructure. With the construction of railways and expressways to the east and southeast, Chongqing is a major transportation hub in southwestern China.

As of October 2014, the municipality had 31 bridges across the Yangtze River including over a dozen in the city's urban core.[133] Aside from the city's first two Yangtze River bridges, which were built, respectively, in 1960 and 1977, all of the other bridges were completed since 1995.

Public transit

Chongqing Rail Transit

 
A train of Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2 coming through a residential building at Liziba station.
 

Public transport in Chongqing consists of metro, intercity railway, a ubiquitous bus system and the world's largest monorail network.

According to the Chongqing Municipal Government's ambitious plan in May 2007, Chongqing is investing 150 billion RMB over 13 years to finish a system that combines underground metro lines with heavy monorail.

As of 2017, four metro lines, the 14 km (8.7 mi) long CRT Line 1, a conventional subway, and the 19 km (12 mi) long heavy monorail CRT Line 2 (through Phase II), Line 3, a heavy monorail connects the airport and the southern part of downtown.[134] Line 6, runs between Beibei, a district in the city's far north to downtown.[135] Line 5 opened in late 2017.

By 2020 CRT will consist of 6 lines and 1 loop line resulting in 363.5 km (225.9 mi) of road and railway to the existing transportation infrastructure and 93 new metro stations will be added to the 111 stations that are already in place.[136]

By 2050, Chongqing will have as many as 18 lines that are planned to be in operation.[137][full citation needed]

Aerial tramway

 
An aerial tramway across the Yangtze River in Chongqing CBD. (Photo by Chen Hualin)

Chongqing is the only Chinese city that keeps public aerial tramways. Historically there were three aerial tramways in Chongqing: the Yangtze River Tramway, the Jialing River Tramway and the South Mountain Tramway. Currently, only Yangtze River Tramway is still operating and it is Class 4A Tourist Attractions in China. The 1,160-meter (3,810 ft)-long tramway connects the southern and northern banks of Yangtze River; its daily passenger volume is about 10,000.

 
空中缆车


Railways

Major railway stations in Chongqing:

  • Chongqing railway station in Yuzhong, accessible via Metro Lines 1 & 3 (Lianglukou Metro station), is the city's oldest railway station and located near the Jiefangbei CBD in the city center. The station handles mostly long-distance trains. There are plans for a major renovation and overhaul of this station, thus many services have been transferred to Chongqing North railway station.
  • Chongqing North railway station is a station handling many long-distance services and high-speed rail services to Chengdu, Beijing and other cities. It was completed in 2006 and is connected to Metro Line.
  • Chongqing West railway station is in Shapingba, a station handling many long-distance services and high-speed rail services to many cities. It was completed in 2018.
  • Shapingba railway station is in Shapingba, near Shapingba CBD, accessible via Shapingba metro station on Lines 1, 9 and the Loop line. It handles many local and regional train services. It was completed in 2018.
  • Another railway station, Chongqing East, is currently under construction and is expected to be completed in 2025.

Chongqing is a major freight destination for rail with continued development with improved handling facilities. Due to subsidies and incentives, the relocation and construction of many factories in Chongqing has seen a huge increase in rail traffic.

Chongqing is a major rail hub regionally.

River port

 
Hydrofoil on the Yangtze in the outer reaches of the municipality

Chongqing is one of the most important inland ports in China. There are numerous luxury cruise ships that terminate at Chongqing, cruising downstream along the Yangtze River to Yichang, Wuhan, Nanjing or even Shanghai.[citation needed] In the recent past, this provided virtually the only transportation option along the river. However, improved rail, expressways and air travel have seen this ferry traffic reduced or cancelled altogether. Most of the river ferry traffic consists of leisure cruises for tourists rather than local needs. Improved access by larger cargo vessels has been made due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. This allows bulk transport of goods along the Yangtze River. Coal, raw minerals and containerized goods provide the majority of traffic plying this section of the river. Several port handling facilities exist throughout the city, including many impromptu river bank sites.[138]

Highways

Traditionally, the road network in Chongqing has been narrow, winding and limited to smaller vehicles because of the natural terrain, large rivers and the huge population demands on the area, especially in the Yuzhong District. In other places, such as Jiangbei, large areas of homes and buildings have recently been cleared to improve the road network and create better urban planning; thus, several ring roads have also been constructed. This has seen many tunnels and large bridges needing to be built across the city. The construction of many expressways have connected Chongqing to its neighbors. The natural mountainous terrain that Chongqing is built on makes many road projects difficult to construct, including for example some of the world's highest road bridges.[139]

Unlike many other Chinese cities, it is rare for motorbikes, electric scooters or bicycles to be seen on Chongqing's Roads. This is due to the extremely hilly and mountainous nature of Chongqing's roads and streets. However, despite this, Chongqing is a manufacturing center for these types of vehicles.[140]

  • Chongqing-Chengdu Expressway
  • Chongqing-Chengdu 2nd Expressway (under construction)
  • Chongqing-Wanzhou-Yichang Highway (Wanzhou-Yichang section under construction)
  • Chongqing-Guiyang Highway
  • Chongqing-Changsha Expressway (Xiushan-Changsha section under construction)
  • Chongqing-Dazhou-Xi'a Highway (Dazhou-Xi'an section under construction)
  • Chongqing-Suining Expressway
  • Chongqing-Nanchong Expressway
  • China National Highway 210
  • China National Highway 212

Bridges

 
View of Chaotianmen Bridge across the Yangtze River in Chongqing

With so many bridges crossing the Yangtze and Jialing rivers in the urban area, Chongqing is sometimes known as the 'Bridge Capital of China'. The first important bridge in urban Chongqing was the Niujiaotuo Jialing River Bridge, built in 1958. The first bridge over the Yangtze river was the Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge (or Chongqing Yangtze River Bridge) built in 1977.

As of 2014, within the area of the 9 districts, there were 20 bridges on the Yangtze river and 28 bridges on the Jialing river. The bridges in Chongqing exhibit a variety of shapes and structures, making Chongqing a showcase for bridge design.

Airports

 
Departure Level of Terminal 3, Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport

The major airport of Chongqing is Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport (IATA: CKG, ICAO: ZUCK). It is located in Yubei District. The airport offers a growing network of direct flights to China, South East Asia, the Middle East, North America, and Europe. It is located 21 km (13 mi) north of the city center of Chongqing and serves as an important aviation hub for south-western China.[141] Jiangbei airport is a hub for China Southern Airlines, Chongqing Airlines, Sichuan Airlines, China Express Airlines, Shandong Airlines and Hainan Airlines's new China West Air. Chongqing also is a focus city of Air China, therefore it is very well connected with Star Alliance and Skyteam's international network. The airport currently has three parallel runways in operation. It serves domestic routes to most other Chinese cities, as well as international routes to Auckland, New York City, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Doha, Dubai, Seoul, Bangkok, Phuket, Osaka, Singapore, Chiang Mai, Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Malé, Bali, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, Batam, Rome and Helsinki. As of 2021, Jiangbei Airport was the 4th busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic in mainland China.[142]

Currently, Jiangbei airport has three terminals. Chongqing Airport has metro access (CRT Line 3 and Line 10) to its central city, and two runways in normal use.[143]

There are four other airports in Chongqing Municipality: Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport, Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport, Chongqing Xiannüshan Airport, and Chongqing Wushan Airport. They are all class 4C airports and serve passenger flights to domestic destinations including Beijing, Shanghai and Kunming.

Culture

Language

 
Zhongshan Ancient Town, Jiangjin, Chongqing

The language native to Chongqing is Southwestern Mandarin. More precisely, the great majority of the municipality, save for Xiushan, speak Sichuanese, including the primary Chengdu-Chongqing dialect and Minjiang dialect spoken in Jiangjin and Qijiang.[144] There are also a few speakers of Xiang and Hakka in the municipality, due to the great immigration wave to the Sichuan region (湖广填四川) during the Ming and Qing dynasties. In addition, in parts of southeastern Chongqing, the Miao and Tujia languages are also used by some Miao and Tujia people.[145]

Tourism

 
Martyrs' Cemetery

As the provisional Capital of China for almost ten years (1937 to 1945), the city was also known as one of the three headquarters of the Allies during World War II, as well as being a strategic center of many other wars throughout China's history. Chongqing has many historic war-time buildings or sites, some of which have since been destroyed. These sites include the People's Liberation Monument, located in the center of Chongqing city. It used to be the highest building in the area, but is now surrounded and dwarfed by numerous shopping centers. Originally named the Monument for the Victory over Axis Armies, it is the only building in China for that purpose.[146] Today, the monument serves as a symbol for the city. The General Joseph W. Stilwell Museum, dedicated to General "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell, a World War II general.[147] the air force cemetery in the Nanshan area, in memory of those air force personnel killed during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), and the Red Rock Village Museum, a diplomatic site for the Communist Party in Chongqing led by Zhou Enlai during World War II, and Guiyuan, Cassia Garden, where Mao Zedong signed the "Double 10 (10 October) Peace Agreement" with the Kuomintang in 1945.[148]

 
The Hongya Cave (Hongya-dong) traditional Bayu-style stilted houses at Jiefangbei CBD
 
The steep path up to the front gate of Fishing Town
 
Ciqikou ancient road in Shapingba District

Cuisine

Chongqing food is part of Sichuan cuisine. Chongqing is known for its spicy food. Its food is normally considered numbing because of the use of Sichuan pepper, also known as Sichuan peppercorn, containing hydroxy alpha sanshool. Chongqing's city center has many restaurants and food stalls where meals often cost less than RMB10. Local specialties here include dumplings and pickled vegetables and, different from many other Chinese cuisines, Chongqing dishes are suitable for the solo diner as they are often served in small individual sized portions.[162] Among the delicacies and local specialties are these dishes:

 
Typical Chongqing hot pot served with minced shrimp, tripes, pork aorta, goose intestine, and kidney slices.
 
Chongqing Xiao mian with peas and spicy bean paste
  • Chongqing hot pot– Chongqing's local culinary specialty which was originally from Northern China. Tables in hot pot restaurants usually have a central pot, where food ordered by the customers is boiled in a spicy broth, items such as beef, pork, tripe, kidney slices, pork aorta and goose intestine are often consumed.[163]
  • Chongqing Xiao Mian – a common lamian noodle dish tossed with chili oil and rich mixtures of spices and ingredients
  • Jiangtuan fish – since Chongqing is located along Jialing River, visitors have a good opportunity to sample varieties of aquatic products. Among them, is a fish local to the region, Jiangtuan fish: Hypophthalmichthys nobilis although more commonly known as bighead carp.[164] The fish is often served steamed or baked.[165]Wanzhou district is famous for baking Jiangtuan fish.[166]
 
Laziji is famous for its crispy texture
  • Suan La Fen (Sour and Spicy Sweet-Potato Noodles) – Thick, transparent noodles of rubbery texture in a spicy vinegar soup.[167]
  • Lazi Ji (Spicy Chicken) – A stir-fried dish consists of marinated then deep-fried pieces of chicken, dried Sichuan chili peppers, Sichuan peppers, garlic, and ginger,[168] originated near Geleshan in Chongqing.[169]
  • Quanshui Ji (Spring Water Chicken) – Quanshui Ji is cooked with the natural spring water in the Southern Mountain of Chongqing.
  • Pork leg cooked with rock sugar – A common household dish of Chongqing, the tender, reddish finished dish, has been described as having strong and sweet aftertaste.[170]
  • Qianzhang (skimmed soy bean cream) – Qianzhang is the cream skimmed from soybean milk. In order to create this, several steps must be followed very carefully. First, soybeans are soaked in water, ground, strained, boiled, restrained several times and spread over gauze until delicate, snow-white cream is formed. The paste can also be hardened, cut into slivers and seasoned with sesame oil, garlic and chili oil. Another variation is to bake the cream and fry it with bacon, which is described as soft and sweet.[171]

Media

The Chongqing People's Broadcast Station is Chongqing's largest radio station.[172] The only municipal-level TV network is Chongqing TV, claimed to be the 4th largest television station in China.[173] Chongqing TV broadcasts many local-oriented channels, and can be viewed on many TV sets throughout China.

Sports and recreation

Basketball

Chongqing Soaring Dragons became the 20th team playing in Chinese Basketball Association in 2013. They play at Datianwan Arena, in the same sporting complex as Datianwan Stadium.[174] The team moved to Beijing in 2015 and is currently known as Beijing Royal Fighters.

Soccer

Professional soccer teams in Chongqing include:

Chongqing Lifan is a professional Chinese soccer club that currently plays in the Chinese Super League. They are owned by the Chongqing-based Lifan Group, which manufactures motorcycles, cars and spare parts.[175] Originally called Qianwei (Vanguard) Wuhan, the club formed in 1995 to take part in the recently developed, fully professional Chinese Soccer League. They would quickly rise to top tier of the system and experience their greatest achievement in winning the 2000 Chinese FA Cup,[176] and coming in fourth within the league. However, since then they have struggled to replicate the same success, and have twice been relegated from the top tier.[177]

Chongqing FC was a soccer club located in the city that competed in China League One, the country's second-tier soccer division, before being relegated to the China League Two, and dissolved due to a resultant lack of funds.[178]

Sport venues

Sport venues in Chongqing include:

  • The Chongqing Olympic Sports Center is a multipurpose stadium. It is currently used mostly for soccer matches, as it has a grass surface, and can hold 58,680. It was built in 2002 and was one of main venues for the 2004 AFC Asian Cup.[179]
  • Yanghe Stadium is a multiuse stadium that is currently used mostly for soccer matches. The stadium holds 32,000 people, and is the home of Chongqing Lifan in the Chinese Super League. The stadium was purchased by the Lifan Group in 2001 for RMB80 million and immediately replaced Datianwan Stadium as the home of Chongqing Lifan.[180]
  • Datianwan Stadium is a multipurpose stadium that is currently used mostly for soccer matches. The stadium has a capacity 32,000 people, and up until 2001 was the home of Chongqing Lifan.[181]

Cloud Valley

At the end of 2020, a collaboration between a Danish architecture firm and a Chinese tech company Terminus was announced, taking the form of an AI-controlled campus. The project is named Cloud Valley and aims to use sensors and WiFi-controlled devices to collect data on the city's residents and atmosphere, including weather and eating and sleeping habits. The AI will adapt devices to work in a way that fits the gathered information and improves residents' lives.[182]

Notable people

International relations

Consulates

Consulate Date Consular District
Canada Consulate-General, Chongqing[183] 05.1998 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
United Kingdom Consulate-General, Chongqing[183] 03.2000 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Cambodia Consulate-General, Chongqing[183] 12.2004 Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi
Japan Consulate-General, Chongqing[183] 01.2005 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi
Philippines Consulate-General, Chongqing[183] 12.2008 Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan
Hungary Consulate-General, Chongqing[183] 02.2010 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu
Ethiopia Consulate-General, Chongqing[183] 11.2011 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Italy Consulate-General, Chongqing[184] 12.2013 Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Netherlands Consulate-General, Chongqing[184] 01.2014 Chongqing, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Guizhou
Uruguay Consulate-General, Chongqing[185] 12.2019 Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu

Twin towns – sister cities

Chongqing has sister city relationships with many cities of the world including:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Total urban population in the municipality.
  2. ^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[92] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② folk traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people practicing ancestral worship are often classified into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, etc.) was not reported by Wang.
  3. ^ This may include:
  4. ^ A survey in 2005 by China's State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) found 13 firms in the manganese triangle had breached targets on the release of hexavalent chromium and ammonia-nitrogen – in the worst case, by a factor of 180. The cleanup ordered by SEPA resulted in firms closing and the expenditure of 280 million yuan.

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  2. ^ 2015年重庆常住人口3016.55万人 继续保持增长态势 (in Chinese (China)). Chongqing News. 28 January 2016. from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  3. ^ "China: Chóngqìng". City Population. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  4. ^ "China: Chóngqìng (Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". City Population.
  5. ^ GDP-2021 is a preliminary data "Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province" (Press release). China NBS. 1 March 2022. from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  6. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI". Global Data Labg. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  7. ^ . En.cq.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  8. ^ . En.cq.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  9. ^ "Chongqing". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  10. ^ "Chongqing". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Chongqing". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  12. ^ "Chongqing". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  13. ^ . English.cri.cn. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  14. ^ "China's Direct-Controlled Municipalities". Geography.about.com. 14 March 1997. from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  15. ^ Alexander, Ruth (29 January 2012). "Which is the world's biggest city?". BBC News. from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  16. ^ "Top 10 Chinese cities by urban resident population". investinchina.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  17. ^ 最新中国城市人口数量排名(根据2010年第六次人口普查). www.elivecity.cn. 2012. from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  18. ^ 关于提请审议设立重庆直辖市的议案的说明_中国人大网 [Explanation on the proposal to consider the establishment of a municipality directly under the Central Government of China]. www.npc.gov.cn. from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  19. ^ . Eiu.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2015.
  20. ^ "2020 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. July 2021. p. 30. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  21. ^ 2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report (PDF). United States: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2020.
  22. ^ (in Chinese (China)). NetEase News. 12 October 2013. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  23. ^ . Chongqing Rail Transit (in Chinese (China)). 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  24. ^ . Loughborough University. 21 August 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  25. ^ "One minute to understand Changan". Changan Auto. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  26. ^ "Foreign consulates in Chongqing". www.embassypages.com. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  27. ^ "Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2022 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  28. ^ "Nature Index 2018 Science Cities". Nature Index. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  29. ^ "US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Chongqing". U.S. News & World Report. 26 October 2021. from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  30. ^ a b Kim Hunter Gordon; Jesse Watson (2011). Chongqing & The Three Gorges. pp. 38–40. ISBN 978-7-5022-5215-1.
  31. ^ . Chongqing Municipal Government. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  32. ^ "Ming Yuzhen Information". Neohumanism.com. from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  33. ^ Nicola di Cosmo; Don J. Wyatt (3 July 2003). Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries, and Human Geographies in Chinese History. ISBN 9780203987957. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  34. ^ "The last Qing (Manchu) Dynasty 1644 - 1912 of China". from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  35. ^ . Cq.xinhuanet.com. 30 December 2004. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  36. ^   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ch'ungk'ing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 324.
  37. ^ . Cq.xinhuanet.com. 30 December 2004. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  38. ^ "Japanese Consulate Page". Chongqing.cn.emb-japan.go.jp. from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  39. ^ "US Consulate Page". Us-passport-service-guide.com. from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  40. ^ . 2011.cqlib.cn. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  41. ^ a b Danielson, Eric N. (2005). "Revisiting Chongqing: China's Second World War Temporary National Capital". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 45: 175. JSTOR 23889883.
  42. ^ "Chongqing - The Famous City in the Second World War: Photo Annals of Vanishing Sceneries(Book)".
  43. ^ "Stilwell in China: The Worst Command in the War". from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2015. Chiang Kai-shek & Stilwell, Joseph
  44. ^ . www.chinamil.com.cn. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  45. ^ Gustavsson, Hakans. "Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1939". Biplane Fighter Aces - CHINA. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  46. ^ . .needham.k12.ma.us. 23 October 1944. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  47. ^ "Chongqing becomes 5th National Central city". English.peopledaily.com.cn. 10 February 2010. from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  48. ^ . Gochina.scmp.com. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  49. ^ "Tang poetry: Night rain in the mountain in Bashan". from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2015. Bashan Poems
  50. ^ . En.cq.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  51. ^ "Chongqing 2005 - The Year in Review". from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2015. Chongqing's bordering provinces
  52. ^ Chongqing Topography. . Fodors.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  53. ^ "The Three Gorges Corp". Ctg.com.cn. from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  54. ^ "Yangtze River". Chinese National Tourism Office, US Chinese Embassy. from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  55. ^ Murphy, Ryan (28 December 2010). "Trip to Chongqing". Elevendegreesnorth.blogspot.com. from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  56. ^ "Poems of Li Bai". Poemhunter.com. from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  57. ^ . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2015. Chongqing Mountains Data
  58. ^ (in Simplified Chinese). Guangzhou Popular Science News Net (广州科普资讯网). 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
  59. ^ a b "57516: Chongqing (China)". ogimet.com (in Spanish). OGIMET. 19 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  60. ^ . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  61. ^ . IES Global. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  62. ^ "Chongqing – City of Hills, Fog and Spicy Food". China.com. from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  63. ^ Lin, Yutang (1944). The Vigil of a Nation. The John Day Company.[page needed]
  64. ^ "Index" 中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data. China Meteorological Administration. from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  65. ^ (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. May 2011. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  66. ^ "Monthly weather forecast and climate - Chongqing, China". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  67. ^ 中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data (in Chinese (China)). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  68. ^ . China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
  69. ^ Page, Jeremy (15 March 2012). "Chongqing Party Chief Position". Online.wsj.com. from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  70. ^ Kuo, Ping-chia. "Chongqing History: The Modern Period". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  71. ^ . En.cq.gov.cn. 14 March 1997. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  72. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  73. ^ Pike, John (21 November 2003). "A history of the 13th Army Group". Globalsecurity.org. from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  74. ^ . News.163.com. 17 March 2010. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  75. ^ (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  76. ^ 《保定经济统计年鉴2011》 [China Statistical Yearbook 2011]. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2011.
  77. ^ 中国2010年人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1st ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. 2012. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  78. ^ a b c 国务院人口普查办公室; 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司, eds. (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
  79. ^ 《中国民政统计年鉴2012》 [China Statistical Yearbook 2012]. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2012.
  80. ^ . Chongqing Municipal Government. 22 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  81. ^ [Five Functional Districts: Urban-function Core District]. CQNEWS Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  82. ^ a b c d e f [Statistical Yearbook 2014] (in Simplified Chinese). Statistics Bureau of Chongqing. 9 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  83. ^ [Chongqing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014] (in Simplified Chinese). Chongqing Bureau of Statistics. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  84. ^ "Annual Total Population by Provinces". National Bureau of Statistics China. from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  85. ^ . Xinhua News. 2 July 2010. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  86. ^ CNBC.com, Justina Crabtree; special to (20 September 2016). "A tale of megacities: China's largest metropolises". CNBC. from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017. slide 8
  87. ^ OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition. OECD iLibrary. OECD Urban Policy Reviews. OECD. 18 April 2015. p. 37. doi:10.1787/9789264230040-en. ISBN 9789264230033. ISSN 2306-9341. from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  88. ^ "OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015". OECD. 18 April 2015. from the original on 9 December 2017.
  89. ^ a b "Residence Status of Population by Region and Sex (2004)". National Bureau of Statistics of China, in allcountries.org. 2005. from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  90. ^ "Age Composition and Dependency Ratio of Population by Region (2004)". National Bureau of Statistics of China, in allcountries.org. 2005. from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  91. ^ "Number and Size of Family Households by Region (2004)". National Bureau of Statistics of China, in allcountries.org. 2005. from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  92. ^ a b c Wang, Xiuhua (2015). Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground (PDF) (Master's thesis). p. 15. (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2015.
  93. ^ "Muslim in China". Top China Travel. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  94. ^ Tapscott, Don; Williams, Anthony D. (2006). Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. Penguin. p. 218. ISBN 9781591843672.
  95. ^ . Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Australia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  96. ^ . Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  97. ^ "Market Profiles on Chinese Cities and Provinces (hktdc.com)". Tdctrade.com. from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  98. ^ a b "Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers". China Briefing News. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  99. ^ a b "GDP (current US$) - Nigeria | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  100. ^ (PDF). Jon Sigurdson and Krystyna Palonka of Stockholm School of Economics, EIJS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  101. ^ "Chongqing, Chengdu top new first-tier cities by population". global.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  102. ^ "The Rise of The 'Champs' – New Report Maps Business Opportunity in China's Fastest Growing Cities". Sourcewire.com. 9 November 2010. from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  103. ^ . The Australia-China Chamber of Commerce and Industry of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  104. ^ a b . China Business Review. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  105. ^ MacKie, Nick (4 May 2005). . BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 June 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  106. ^ . Atimes.com. 24 April 2007. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  107. ^ . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008.
  108. ^ . The China Perspective. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  109. ^ "Chongqing Investment Zone Profiles". Allroadsleadtochina.com. 30 May 2007. from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  110. ^ . CNN. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  111. ^ Dee-Ann Durbin (28 August 2012). "Ford building sixth plant in China". Associated Press. from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  112. ^ Seetharaman, Deepa (27 August 2012). "Mazda in Chongqing". Reuters.com. from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  113. ^ . Hsbc.com.cn. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  114. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  115. ^ "Citibank opens branch in Chongqing". Citigroup.com. 31 March 2011. from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  116. ^ . 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  117. ^ "ANZ Bank opens a branch in Chongqing". Anz.com. from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  118. ^ . Scotiabank. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  119. ^ Yue, Terril (25 October 2011). "Wal-Mart reopens Chongqing locations". Reuters.com. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  120. ^ . Archived from the original on 29 October 2018.
  121. ^ Tan, Kenneth (12 November 2007). "Chongqing Carrefour Stampede". Shanghaiist.com. from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  122. ^ "Industrial Park". Chinaknowledge.com. from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  123. ^ "CETD". Hktdc.com. 19 September 2011. from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  124. ^ . En.cq.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  125. ^ . English.cq.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  126. ^ Contact. "CEPZ". Rightsite.asia. from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  127. ^ "Jianqiao Industrial Park Profile". Hktdc.com. 19 September 2011. from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  128. ^ "Chongqing Liangjiang New Area". from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  129. ^ . En.cq.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  130. ^ "Top 10 Chinese cities with most higher education institutions". www.chinadaily.com.cn. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  131. ^ "Home - Yew Chung International School of Chongqing". from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2009. Website in English
  132. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2015. Website in English
  133. ^ . Green Travel. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013.
  134. ^ "Line 2 & 1". English.cqnews.net. 15 December 2009. from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  135. ^ . Cn.siemens.com. 30 December 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  136. ^ "Chongqing City Transport". English.cqnews.net. from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  137. ^ Chongqing Daily (23 March 2008)
  138. ^ "Chongqing Ports Details". Service-industries-research.hktdc.com. 19 July 2011. from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  139. ^ Black, Simon (12 July 2011). "Chongqing: World's Largest Construction Project". Articles.businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  140. ^ . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012.
  141. ^ "CJIA Stats". Theairdb.com. from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  142. ^ 2018年民航机场生产统计公报 (in Chinese). Civil Aviation Administration of China. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  143. ^ . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013.
  144. ^ 翟时雨 (Ruo Shiyu) (2003). "中篇第四节:四川话的分区 (The divisions of the Sichuan dialect)". 《汉语方言学》 [The Study of Chinese Languages] (in Simplified Chinese). Southwest China Normal University Press (西南师范大学出版社). ISBN 978-7-5621-2942-4.
  145. ^ [The Miao People: Characteristics of the Miao language]. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  146. ^ "People's Liberation Monument". Chongqingwomen.com. from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  147. ^ "General Joseph Stilwell Museum". Travelchinaguide.com. 17 May 1944. from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  148. ^ . Beijingfeeling.com. 15 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  149. ^ "Chongqing: The First Underwater Museum in China has Been Built and Opened". Chinahush. 21 May 2009. from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  150. ^ "Great Hall of the People". Placesonline.com. from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  151. ^ "Luohan Si". Fodors.com. 28 May 2013. from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  152. ^ www.chinaeducenter.com. "Embassies List". Chinaeducenter.com. from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  153. ^ "Wuxi County". English.51766.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  154. ^ "Dazu Rock Carvings". China.org.cn. 12 September 2003. from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  155. ^ "China: Three Natural Bridges National Geopark". Naturalarches.org. from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  156. ^ . Gxnu.edu.cn. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  157. ^ "Ciqkou". Blog.seattlechinesegarden.org. from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  158. ^ "Fishing Town". Chongqingwomen.com. from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  159. ^ . Luopan ChinaHotelSearch. Archived from the original on 18 October 2011.
  160. ^ "Chongqing Zoo Profile and Pictures". Travelchinaguide.com. from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  161. ^ "Black Mountain Valley". Travelchinaguide.com. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  162. ^ SinoHotelGuide.com. "Chongqing Dining Overlook" (in Dutch). Sinohotelguide.com. from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  163. ^ "Chongqing Hot Pot & Dining Guide". Travelchinaguide.com. from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  164. ^ "Bighead Carp, or Jiangtuan Fish". Nas.er.usgs.gov. from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  165. ^ "Jiangtuan Fish". Chinatravelcompass.com. from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  166. ^ Yang, Shihan; Tan, Martini,Kailong (24 June 2021). "Wanzhou Grilled Fish, Sees an Annual Output Value of Tens of Billions". iChongqing. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  167. ^ Holliday, Taylor (20 July 2019). "Sour and Spicy Sweet-Potato Noodles (Suan La Fen) and a Spicy Girl Graduates". The Mala Market. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  168. ^ Dunlop, Fuchsia (17 January 2014). "Recipe: Firecracker poussin with chillies". Financial Times. from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  169. ^ Knyazeva, Katya (26 January 2010). . CNN. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  170. ^ "Chongqing Dining, Dining in Chongqing, Chongqing cuisine, Chongqing Food, Chongqing restaurants". Chinatourguide.com. from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  171. ^ "Qianzhang". Chinatourguide.com. from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  172. ^ . Chinaculture.org. 24 September 2003. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  173. ^ Bandurski, David (1 June 2011). . Cmp.hku.hk. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  174. ^ "Beijing Events | the Beijinger". from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2015. Beijing Ducks vs. Chongqing
  175. ^ "Lifan Group buys Chongqing soccer team". China.org.cn. from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  176. ^ "2000 Chinese FA Cup". Rsssf.com. 8 March 2007. from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  177. ^ "Chongqing Lifan F.C". Soccerway.com. 9 January 2013. from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  178. ^ "重庆Fc宣布解散球员自寻下家 传解散因资金匮乏-搜狐体育". from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2015. Chongqing FC folds
  179. ^ "重庆市奥林匹克体育中心 重庆奥体中心". from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. Official Site
  180. ^ "Yanghe Stadium profile". Footballgroundmap.com. 13 September 2013. from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  181. ^ . Worldstadiums.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  182. ^ Bacchi, Umberto (3 December 2020). "'I know your favourite drink': Chinese smart city to put AI in charge". Reuters. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  183. ^ a b c d e f g 各国驻华领馆领区一览表 (in Simplified Chinese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 8 May 2007. from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  184. ^ a b . Hexun (in Simplified Chinese). 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015.
  185. ^ . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  186. ^ Tarleton, Gael D. "Chongqing, China - Office of Intergovernmental Relations". www.seattle.gov. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  187. ^ "Brisbane's Sister City - Chongqing". Brisbane City Council. from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.

Sources

General
  • Danielson, Eric N. (2005). "Chongqing". The Three Gorges and the Upper Yangzi. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish/Times Editions. pp. 325–362. ISBN 978-981-232-599-0.
  • Huang, Jiren (1999). 老重庆:巴山夜语 [Old Chongqing: Ba Mountains Night Rains]. 老城市 [The Old Cities] (in Chinese). Nanjing: Jiangsu Fine Arts Publishing House.
  • Kapp, Robert A. (1974). "Chungking as a Center of Warlord Power, 1926–1937". In Mark Elvin; G. William Skinner (eds.). The Chinese City Between Two Worlds. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 143–170. ISBN 9780804708531.
  • Kapp, Robert A. (1973). Szechwan and the Chinese Republic: Provincial Militarism and Central Power, 1911–1938. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Liao, Qingyu (2005). Chongqing Ge Le Shan Pei Du Yizhi [The Construction of War-time Capital on the Gele Mountain, Chongqing]. Chengdu: Sichuan University Press.
  • Long, Juncai (2005). Sui Yue Ya Feng de Jiyi: Chongqing Kang Zhan Yizhi (Covered Memory of Flowing Years: Site[s] of [the] Anti-Japanese War in Chongqing). Chongqing: Southwest University Press.
  • McIsaac, Lee (2000). "The City as Nation: Creating a Wartime Capital in Chongqing". In Esherick, Joseph W. (ed.). Remaking the Chinese City, 1900–1950. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Xu Dongsheng; Liu Yuchuan (1998). Chongqing Jiu Ying [Old Photos of Chongqing]. Beijing: People's Fine Arts Publishing House.

External links

  • Chongqing Municipal Government website
  • Chongqing gongfutiyu website
  • Chongqing Jushen Sports website
Preceded by Wartime Capital of China
Republic of China
21 November 1937 – 5 May 1946
Succeeded by
Preceded by Wartime Capital of China
Republic of China
14 October 1949 – 30 November 1949
Succeeded by

chongqing, confused, with, chongjin, other, uses, disambiguation, chong, ching, chong, ching, simplified, chinese, 重庆, traditional, chinese, 重慶, pinyin, chóngqìng, sichuanese, pronunciation, tsʰoŋ, tɕʰin, standard, mandarin, pronunciation, ʈʂʰʊ, tɕʰi, listen, . Not to be confused with Chongjin For other uses see Chongqing disambiguation Chongqing ˌ tʃ ɒ ŋ ˈ tʃ ɪ ŋ chong CHING 9 or ˈ tʃ ɒ ŋ ˌ tʃ ɪ ŋ CHONG ching 10 11 simplified Chinese 重庆 traditional Chinese 重慶 pinyin Chongqing Sichuanese pronunciation tsʰoŋ tɕʰin Standard Mandarin pronunciation ʈʂʰʊ ŋ tɕʰi ŋ listen alternately romanized as Chungking ˈ tʃ ʊ ŋ ˈ k ɪ ŋ 12 is a municipality in Southwest China The official abbreviation of the city Yu 渝 was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997 13 This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River Chongqing 重庆Chungking Ch ung ch ingMunicipality file 重庆市人民大礼堂正门 jpg 0px alt From top left to right Yuzhong District skyline Hongya Cave and Qiansimen Bridge Chongqing Art Museum a train of Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2 coming through residential building at Liziba Station Chongqing Art Museum Jiefangbei CBD Great Hall of the PeopleLocation of Chongqing Municipality within ChinaCoordinates Chongqing municipal government 29 33 49 N 106 33 01 E 29 5637 N 106 5504 E 29 5637 106 5504 Coordinates 29 33 49 N 106 33 01 E 29 5637 N 106 5504 E 29 5637 106 5504CountryChinaSettledc 316 BCMunicipal seatYuzhong DistrictDivisions County level Township level26 districts 12 counties1259 towns townships and subdistrictsGovernment TypeMunicipality BodyChongqing Municipal People s Congress CCP SecretaryYuan Jiajun Congress chairmanWang Jiong MayorHu Henghua CPPCC chairmanTang FangyuArea 1 Municipality82 403 km2 31 816 sq mi Built up area5 472 8 km2 2 113 1 sq mi Elevation244 m 801 ft Highest elevation Yintiao Ling 2 797 m 9 177 ft Population 2020 census total 2018 otherwise 4 Municipality32 054 159 Density390 km2 1 000 sq mi Urban22 251 500 note 1 2 Built up area9 580 770 3 Time zoneUTC 8 CST Postal codes4000 00 4099 00Area code23ISO 3166 codeCN CQGDP2021 5 Total 2 80 trillion 432 billion Per Capita 86 885 13 467 growth8 3 HDI 2019 0 768 6 11th highAbbreviationCQ 渝 YuClimateCfaWebsiteCQ gov cn in Chinese English CQ gov cnSymbolsFlowerCamellia 7 TreeFicus lacor 8 Chongqing Chongqing in Simplified top and Traditional bottom Chinese charactersSimplified Chinese重庆Traditional Chinese重慶PostalChungkingLiteral meaning Doubled Celebration TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinChongqingBopomofoㄔㄨㄥˊ ㄑㄧㄥˋGwoyeu RomatzyhChorngchinqWade GilesChʻung2 chʻing4IPA ʈʂʰʊ ŋ tɕʰi ŋ listen other MandarinSichuanese PinyinCong2qin4 Sichuanese Pinyin tsʰoŋ tɕʰin WuRomanizationZon上 chin去HakkaRomanizationTshung khinYue CantoneseYale RomanizationChuhnghingJyutpingCung4hing3IPA tsʰo ŋ he ŋ Southern MinHokkien POJTiong khengTai loTiong khingAdministratively it is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of the central government of the People s Republic of China the other three are Beijing Shanghai and Tianjin and the only such municipality located deep inland 14 The municipality of Chongqing roughly the size of Austria includes the city of Chongqing as well as various discontiguous cities Due to a classification technicality Chongqing municipality can claim to be the largest city proper in the world though it does not have the world s largest urban area Chongqing is the only city in China with a permanent population of over 30 million 15 Chongqing is the fourth largest Chinese city by urban population with urban population of 16 34 million as of the 2020 estimation after Shanghai Beijing and Shenzhen 16 According to the 2010 census Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality 17 and also the largest direct controlled municipality in China containing 26 districts eight counties and four autonomous counties During the Republic of China ROC era Chongqing was a municipality located within Sichuan Province It served as its wartime capital during the Second Sino Japanese War 1937 1945 The current municipality was separated from Sichuan province on 14 March 1997 to help develop the central and western parts of China 18 Chongqing has an extensive history and a rich culture As one of China s National Central Cities it serves as a financial center of the Sichuan Basin and the upstream Yangtze It is a major manufacturing and transportation center a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit described it as one of China s 13 emerging megalopolises 19 Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport a major aviation hub serving Chongqing metropolitan areas and Western China is one of the top 50 busiest airports in the world 20 21 and the city s monorails system is the world s longest and busiest monorails system with the greatest number of stations 70 22 23 Chongqing is ranked as a Beta global second tier city 24 Chongqing is also the headquarters of the Changan Automobile one of the Big Four car manufacturers of China 25 and hosts more than 10 foreign consulates making it the fifth major city to host more foreign representatives than any other city in China after Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou and Chengdu 26 Chongqing is one of the top 50 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index 27 and home to several notable universities including Chongqing University Southwest University Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Southwest University of Political Science and Law Chongqing Normal University Sichuan International Studies University Sichuan Fine Arts Institute and Chongqing University of Technology 28 29 Contents 1 History 1 1 Ancient history 1 2 Imperial era 1 3 Provisional wartime capital of the Republic of China 1 4 Municipality status 2 Geography 2 1 Physical geography and topography 2 2 Climate 3 Cityscape 4 Politics 4 1 Military 4 2 Administrative divisions 4 2 1 Urban areas 4 2 2 Central Chongqing 5 Demographics 5 1 Population 5 2 Religion 6 Economy 6 1 Economic and technological development zones 7 Education 7 1 Colleges and universities 7 2 Notable high schools 7 3 International schools 8 Transport 8 1 Public transit 8 1 1 Chongqing Rail Transit 8 1 2 Aerial tramway 8 2 Railways 8 3 River port 8 4 Highways 8 5 Bridges 8 6 Airports 9 Culture 9 1 Language 9 2 Tourism 9 3 Cuisine 9 4 Media 9 5 Sports and recreation 9 5 1 Basketball 9 5 2 Soccer 9 5 3 Sport venues 9 6 Cloud Valley 10 Notable people 11 International relations 11 1 Consulates 11 2 Twin towns sister cities 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14 1 Citations 14 2 Sources 15 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Chongqing Ancient history Edit Chongqing s location is historically associated with the State of Ba Its capital was first called Jiangzhou 江州 30 Imperial era Edit Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huang s rule during the Qin dynasty the successor of the Qin State as well as the rule of Han dynasty emperors Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Northern and Southern dynasties to Chu Prefecture 楚州 then again in 581 AD Sui dynasty to Yu Prefecture 渝州 and later in 1102 during Northern Song to Gong Prefecture 恭州 31 The name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing as well as for the city s historic center where the old town once stood its name is Yuzhong 渝中 Central Yu 30 It received its current name in 1189 after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song dynasty described his crowning as king and then Emperor Guangzong as a double celebration simplified Chinese 双重喜庆 traditional Chinese 雙重喜慶 pinyin shuangchong xǐqing or chongqing in short To mark the occasion of his enthronement Yu Prefecture was therefore converted to Chongqing Fu In 1362 Yuan dynasty Ming Yuzhen a peasant rebel leader established the Daxia Kingdom 大夏 at Chongqing for a short time 32 In 1621 Ming dynasty another short lived kingdom of Daliang 大梁 was established by She Chongming 奢崇明 with Chongqing as its capital 33 In 1644 after the fall of the Ming dynasty to a rebel army Chongqing together with the rest of Sichuan was captured by Zhang Xianzhong who was said to have massacred a large number of people in Sichuan and depopulated the province in part by causing many people to flee to safety elsewhere The Manchus later conquered the province and during the Qing dynasty immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with the support of the Qing emperor 34 In 1890 the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing 35 The following year the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners with the proviso that foreign ships should not be at liberty to trade there until Chinese owned steamers had succeeded in ascending the river This restriction was abolished by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 which declared the city open on the same terms as other ports although it was not until 1907 that a steamship made the journey without the help of manual haulers 36 From 1896 to 1904 the American German French and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing 37 38 39 40 Provisional wartime capital of the Republic of China Edit Main article Bombing of Chongqing A street scene in Chongqing c 1944 During and after the Second Sino Japanese War from Nov 1937 to May 1946 it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai shek s provisional capital After the General and remaining army had lived there for a time following their retreat in 1938 from the previous capital of Wuhan it was formally declared the second capital city 陪都 pei du on 6 September 1940 41 After Britain the United States and other Allies entered the war in Asia in December 1941 one of the Allies deputy commanders of operations in South East Asia South East Asia Command SEAC Joseph Stilwell was based in the city This made it a city of world importance in the fight against Axis powers together with London Moscow and Washington D C 42 The city was also visited by Lord Louis Mountbatten the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Ceylon modern day Sri Lanka Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell 43 From 1938 to 1943 the city suffered from continuous massive bombing campaigns of the Imperial Japanese Navy and Army Air Forces battles of which were fought entirely by the Chinese Air Force squadrons and anti aircraft artillery units 44 45 Many lives were saved by the air raid shelters which took advantage of the mountainous terrain Chongqing was acclaimed to be the City of Heroes due to the indomitable spirits of its people as well as their contributions and sacrifices during the War of Resistance World War II Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China and ultimately to Chongqing during years of setbacks in the war transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city In late November 1949 the Nationalist KMT government retreated from the city 46 Municipality status Edit Location maps of Chongqing Fuling Wanxian Qianjiang prefectures in Sichuan before 1997 A sunset view of Jiefangbei CBD and Hongya Cave taken in 2017 On 14 March 1997 the Eighth National People s Congress decided to merge the sub provincial city with adjacent Fuling Wanxian and Qianjiang prefectures that it had governed on behalf of the province since September 1996 The resulting single entity became Chongqing Municipality containing 30 020 000 people in forty three former counties without intermediate political levels The municipality became the spearhead of China s effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997 On 8 February 2010 Chongqing became one of the four National Central Core cities the other three are Beijing Shanghai and Tianjin 47 The same year on June 18 the Liangjiang New Area was established in Chongqing which was the third state level new area at the time of its establishment 48 Geography Edit Map including Chongqing labeled as 重慶 CH UNG CH ING CHUNGKING AMS 1954 Physical geography and topography Edit Topography of Chongqing Chongqing is situated at the transitional area between the Tibetan Plateau and the plain on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the sub tropical climate zone often swept by moist monsoons It often rains at night in late spring and early summer and thus the city is famous for its night rain in the Ba Mountains as described by poems throughout Chinese history including the famous Written on a Rainy Night A Letter to the North by Li Shangyin 49 The municipality reaches a maximum length of 470 km 290 mi from east to west and a maximum width of 450 km 280 mi from north to south 50 It borders the following provinces Hubei in the east Hunan in the southeast Guizhou in the south Sichuan in the west and northwest and Shaanxi to the north in its northeast corner 51 Qutang Gorge on the Yangtze River Chongqing covers a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains The Daba Mountains stand in the north the Wu Mountains in the east the Wuling Mountains in the southeast and the Dalou Mountains in the south The whole area slopes down from north and south towards the Yangtze River valley with sharp rises and falls The area is featured by a large geological massif of mountains and hills with large sloping areas at different heights 52 Typical karst landscape is common in this area and stone forests numerous collections of peaks limestone caves and valleys can be found in many places The Longshuixia Gap 龙水峡地缝 with its natural arch bridges has made the region a popular tourist attraction The Yangtze River runs through the whole area from west to east covering a course of 665 km 413 mi cutting through the Wu Mountains at three places and forming the well known Three Gorges the Qutang the Wuxia and the Xiling gorges 53 Coming from northwest and running through the Jialing Lesser Three Gorges of Libi Wentang and Guanyin the Jialing River joins the Yangtze in Chongqing 54 Li Bai s Poem of Chongqing s Baidi Cheng Leaving at dawn the White Emperor crowned with cloud I ve sailed a thousand li through canyons in a day With the monkeys adieus the riverbanks are loud My skiff has left ten thousand mountains far away The central urban area of Chongqing or Chongqing proper is a city of unique features Built on mountains and partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers it is known as a mountain city and a city on rivers 55 The night scene of the city is very illuminated with millions of lights and their reflection on the rivers With its special topographical features Chongqing has the unique scenery of mountains rivers forests springs waterfalls gorges and caves Li Bai a famous poet of the Tang dynasty was inspired by the natural scenery and wrote this epigram 56 Specifically the central urban area is located on a huge folding area Yuzhong District Nan an District Shapingba District and Jiangbei District are located right on a big syncline And the Southern Mountain of Chongqing Tongluo Mountain along with the Zhongliang Mountain are two anticlines next to the syncline of downtown 57 Zhongliang Mountains 中梁山 and Tongluo Mountains 铜锣山 roughly forms the eastern and western boundaries of Chongqing s urban area The highest point in downtown is the top of Eling Hill which is a smaller syncline hill that separates the Yangtze River and Jialing River The elevation of Eling Hill is 379 m 1 243 ft The lowest point is Chaotian Gate where the two rivers merge with each other The altitude there is 160 m 520 ft The average height of the area is 259 m 850 ft However there are several high mountains outside central Chongqing such as the Wugong Ling Mountain with the altitude of 1 709 4 m 5 608 ft in Jiangjin Climate Edit In the spring and fall downtown Chongqing is often enshrouded in fog Chongqing has a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cfa bordering on a monsoonal humid subtropical climate Koppen Cwa and for most of the year experiences very high relative humidity with all months above 75 Known as one of the Three Furnaces of the Yangtze River along with Wuhan and Nanjing its summers are long and among the hottest and most humid in China with highs of 33 to 34 C 91 to 93 F in July and August in the urban area 58 Winters are short and somewhat mild but damp and overcast The city s location in the Sichuan Basin causes it to have one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally at only 1 055 hours lower than much of Northern Europe the monthly percent possible sunshine in the city proper ranges from a mere 8 in December and January to 48 in August Extremes since 1951 have ranged from 1 8 C 29 F on 15 December 1975 unofficial record of 2 5 C 27 F was set on 8 February 1943 to 43 7 C 111 F on 18 and 19 August 2022 59 unofficial record of 44 0 C 111 F was set on 8 and 9 August 1933 60 Chongqing with over 100 days of fog per year 61 is known as the Fog City 雾都 this is because in the spring and fall a thick layer of fog enshrouds it for 68 days per year 62 63 During the Second Sino Japanese War this special weather possibly played a role in protecting the city from being overrun by the Imperial Japanese Army As exemplified by Youyang County below conditions are often cooler in the southeast part of the municipality due to the higher elevations there Climate data for Chongqing Shapingba District 1981 2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 18 8 65 8 24 6 76 3 34 0 93 2 36 5 97 7 38 9 102 0 39 8 103 6 42 0 107 6 43 7 110 7 41 9 107 4 35 1 95 2 29 2 84 6 21 5 70 7 43 7 110 7 Average high C F 10 3 50 5 12 9 55 2 17 7 63 9 23 0 73 4 27 2 81 0 29 4 84 9 33 0 91 4 33 2 91 8 28 3 82 9 21 7 71 1 17 1 62 8 11 5 52 7 22 1 71 8 Daily mean C F 7 9 46 2 10 0 50 0 13 8 56 8 18 6 65 5 22 6 72 7 25 1 77 2 28 3 82 9 28 3 82 9 24 1 75 4 18 6 65 5 14 2 57 6 9 2 48 6 18 4 65 1 Average low C F 6 2 43 2 8 0 46 4 11 2 52 2 15 4 59 7 19 3 66 7 22 1 71 8 24 8 76 6 24 7 76 5 21 2 70 2 16 5 61 7 12 3 54 1 7 7 45 9 15 8 60 4 Record low C F 1 8 28 8 0 8 30 6 1 2 34 2 2 8 37 0 10 8 51 4 15 5 59 9 19 2 66 6 17 8 64 0 14 3 57 7 6 9 44 4 0 7 33 3 1 7 28 9 1 8 28 8 Average precipitation mm inches 19 7 0 78 23 3 0 92 43 2 1 70 95 2 3 75 145 9 5 74 192 6 7 58 186 0 7 32 137 9 5 43 105 8 4 17 85 8 3 38 48 3 1 90 24 3 0 96 1 108 43 63 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 10 0 9 8 11 9 14 3 15 5 15 7 12 5 11 3 12 7 16 1 11 5 9 8 151 1Average relative humidity 84 80 77 77 77 81 76 74 79 85 84 85 80Mean monthly sunshine hours 20 6 29 7 64 9 93 6 109 4 97 7 158 6 167 0 106 6 50 4 35 9 20 4 954 8Percent possible sunshine 8 11 18 25 26 26 42 48 28 18 13 8 24Average ultraviolet index 4 6 8 10 11 12 12 11 10 7 5 4 8Source 1 China Meteorological Administration 64 65 Source 2 Weather Atlas uv 66 59 See or edit raw graph data Climate data for Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County 1981 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 21 4 70 5 27 9 82 2 30 6 87 1 33 4 92 1 35 3 95 5 35 6 96 1 36 7 98 1 37 5 99 5 35 6 96 1 31 9 89 4 26 7 80 1 20 9 69 6 37 5 99 5 Average high C F 7 6 45 7 9 3 48 7 13 7 56 7 19 9 67 8 24 4 75 9 27 2 81 0 30 1 86 2 30 2 86 4 26 1 79 0 20 1 68 2 15 5 59 9 10 2 50 4 19 5 67 2 Daily mean C F 4 1 39 4 5 8 42 4 9 5 49 1 15 0 59 0 19 4 66 9 22 6 72 7 25 2 77 4 24 8 76 6 21 1 70 0 15 8 60 4 11 1 52 0 6 2 43 2 15 1 59 1 Average low C F 1 7 35 1 3 3 37 9 6 5 43 7 11 5 52 7 15 8 60 4 19 3 66 7 21 7 71 1 21 2 70 2 17 8 64 0 13 0 55 4 8 2 46 8 3 4 38 1 12 0 53 5 Record low C F 5 6 21 9 4 5 23 9 2 3 27 9 1 4 34 5 5 9 42 6 11 5 52 7 14 6 58 3 14 3 57 7 10 7 51 3 4 0 39 2 1 7 28 9 4 7 23 5 5 6 21 9 Average precipitation mm inches 28 6 1 13 37 2 1 46 54 8 2 16 121 0 4 76 192 9 7 59 224 0 8 82 203 4 8 01 150 4 5 92 97 9 3 85 110 6 4 35 64 2 2 53 23 9 0 94 1 308 9 51 52 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 12 0 12 2 15 9 16 9 18 1 17 1 15 4 14 4 13 0 15 1 11 6 9 7 171 4Average relative humidity 77 78 79 79 80 82 81 80 79 82 79 76 79Mean monthly sunshine hours 42 5 37 4 47 6 83 3 102 7 101 4 155 9 171 7 112 3 88 7 68 7 64 4 1 076 6Percent possible sunshine 13 12 13 22 25 24 37 42 31 25 21 20 24 3Source China Meteorological Administration precipitation days and sunshine 1971 2000 67 68 Cityscape Edit Jiangbeizui CBD from above taken in 2018 Chaotianmen Bridge connects Jiangbei District with Nan an District of Chongqing taken in 2018 Jiefangbei 解放碑 People s Liberation Monument is a World War II victory monument Raffles City Chongqing sitting in the confluence of Yangtze and Jialing RiverPolitics EditMain article Politics of Chongqing See also List of provincial leaders of the People s Republic of China The Great Hall of the People serves as the venue for major political conferences in Chongqing Since 1997 Chongqing has been a direct controlled municipality in the Chinese administrative structure making it a provincial level division with commensurate political importance The municipality s top leader is the secretary of the municipal committee of the Chinese Communist Party party chief which since 2007 has also held a seat on the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party the country s second highest governing council Under the Soviet inspired nomenklatura system of appointments individuals are appointed to the position by the central leadership of the Communist Party and bestowed to an official based on seniority and adherence to party orthodoxy usually given to an individual with prior regional experience elsewhere in China and nearly never a native of Chongqing Notable individuals who have held the municipal Party Secretary position include He Guoqiang Wang Yang Bo Xilai Zhang Dejiang and Sun Zhengcai the latter three were Politburo members during their term as party chief The party chief heads the municipal party standing committee the de facto top governing council of the municipality The standing committee is typically composed of 13 individuals which includes the party chiefs of important subdivisions and other leading figures in the local party and government organization as well as one military representative The municipal People s Government serves as the day to day administrative authority and is headed by the mayor who is assisted by numerous vice mayors and mayoral assistants Each vice mayor is given jurisdiction over specific municipal departments The mayor is the second highest ranking official in the municipality The mayor usually represents the city when foreign guests visit 69 The municipality also has a People s Congress theoretically elected by lower level People s Congresses The People s Congress nominally appoints the mayor and approves the nominations of other government officials The People s Congress like those of other provincial jurisdictions is generally seen as a symbolic body It convenes in full once a year to approve party sponsored resolutions and local regulations and duly confirm party approved appointments On occasion the People s Congress can be venues of discussion on municipal issues although this is dependent on the actions of individual delegates The municipal People s Congress is headed by a former municipal official usually in their late fifties or sixties with a lengthy prior political career in Chongqing The municipal Political Consultative Conference zhengxie meets at around the same time as the People s Congress Its role is to advise on political issues The zhengxie is headed by a leader who is typically a former municipal or regional official with a lengthy career in the party and government bureaucracy Military Edit Chongqing was the wartime capital of China during the Second Sino Japanese War i e World War II and from 1938 to 1946 70 the seat of administration for the Republic of China s government before its departure to Nanjing and then Taiwan 71 After the eventual defeat at the Battle of Wuhan General Chiang Kai Shek and the army were forced to use it as base of resistance from 1938 onwards 41 It also contains a military museum named after the Chinese Korean War hero Qiu Shaoyun 72 Chongqing used to be the headquarters of the 13th Group Army of the People s Liberation Army one of the two group armies that formerly comprised the Chengdu Military Region which in 2016 was re organized into the Western Theater Command 73 Administrative divisions Edit For a more comprehensive list see List of administrative divisions of Chongqing Chongqing is the largest of the four direct controlled municipalities of the People s Republic of China The municipality is divided into 38 subdivisions 3 were abolished in 1997 and Wansheng and Shuangqiao districts were abolished in October 2011 74 consisting of 26 districts 8 counties and 4 autonomous counties The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much farther into the city s hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities Beijing Shanghai and Tianjin and much of its administrative area which spans over 80 000 km2 30 900 sq mi is rural At the end of year 2018 the total population is 31 02 million Administrative divisions of Chongqing Wanzhou Fuling 1 Yuzhong 2 Dadukou 3 Jiangbei 4 Shapingba 5 Jiulongpo 6 Nan an Beibei Qijiang Dazu Yubei Yubei Banan Banan Qianjiang Changshou Jiangjin Hechuan Yongchuan Nanchuan Bishan Tongliang Tongnan Rongchang Kaizhou Liangping Wulong ChengkouCounty FengduCounty DianjiangCounty ZhongCounty YunyangCounty FengjieCounty WushanCounty WuxiCounty ShizhuCounty XiushanCounty YouyangCounty PengshuiCounty 1 Yuzhong 2 Dadukou 3 Jiangbei 4 Shapingba 5 Jiulongpo 6 Nan anDivision code 75 Division Area in km2 76 Total population 2010 77 Urban areapopulation 2010 78 Seat Postal code Subdivisions 79 Subdistricts Towns Townships n 1 Ethnic townships Residential communities Villages500000 Chongqing 82403 28 846 170 15295803 Yuzhong 400000 181 567 233 14 2324 5235500101 Wanzhou 3457 1 563 050 859 662 Chenjiaba Subdistrict 404000 11 29 10 2 187 448500102 Fuling 2946 1 066 714 595 224 Lizhi Subdistrict 408000 8 12 6 108 310500103 Yuzhong 23 630 090 Qixinggang Subdistrict 400000 12 78500104 Dadukou 102 301 042 280 512 Xinshancun Subdistrict 400000 5 2 48 32500105 Jiangbei 221 738 003 672 545 Cuntan Subdistrict 400000 9 3 88 48500106 Shapingba 396 1 000 013 900 568 Qinjiagang Subdistrict 400000 18 8 140 86500107 Jiulongpo 431 1 084 419 939 349 Yangjiaping Subdistrict 400000 7 11 107 105500108 Nan an 263 759 570 683 717 Tianwen Subdistrict 400000 7 7 85 61500109 Beibei 754 680 360 501 822 Beiwenquan Subdistrict 400700 5 12 63 117500110 Qijiang 2747 1 056 817 513 935 Gunan Subdistrict 400800 5 25 99 365500111 Dazu 1433 721 359 315 183 Tangxiang Subdistrict 400900 3 24 103 197500112 Yubei 1452 1 345 410 985 918 Shuangfengqiao Subdistrict 401100 14 12 155 215500113 Banan 1834 918 692 669 269 Longzhouwan Subdistrict 401300 8 14 87 198500114 Qianjiang 2397 445 012 173 997 Chengxi Subdistrict 409700 6 12 12 80 138500115 Changshou 1423 770 009 408 261 Fengcheng Subdistrict 401200 4 14 31 223500116 Jiangjin 3200 1 233 149 686 189 Jijiang Subdistrict 402200 4 24 85 180500117 Hechuan 2356 1 293 028 721 753 Nanjin Street Subdistrict 401500 7 23 61 327500118 Yongchuan 1576 1 024 708 582 769 Zhongshan Road Subdistrict 402100 7 16 52 208500119 Nanchuan 2602 534 329 255 045 Dongcheng Subdistrict 408400 3 15 15 58 185500120 Bishan 912 586 034 246 425 Bicheng Subdistrict 402700 6 9 43 142500151 Tongliang 1342 600 086 248 962 Bachuan Subdistrict 402500 3 25 57 269500152 Tongnan 1585 639 985 247 084 Guilin Subdistrict 402600 2 20 21 281500153 Rongchang 1079 661 253 271 232 Changyuan Subdistrict 402400 6 15 75 92500154 Kaizhou 3959 1 160 336 416 415 Hanfeng Subdistrict 405400 7 26 7 78 435500155 Liangping 1890 687 525 235 753 Liangshan Subdistrict 405200 2 26 7 33 310500156 Wulong 2872 351 038 115 823 Gangkou town 408500 12 10 4 24 184500229 Chengkou Co 3286 192 967 49 039 Gecheng Subdistrict 405900 2 6 17 22 184500230 Fengdu Co 2896 649 182 224 003 Sanhe Subdistrict 408200 2 23 5 53 277500231 Dianjiang Co 1518 704 458 241 424 Guixi Subdistrict 408300 2 23 2 62 236500233 Zhong Co 2184 751 424 247 406 Zhongzhou town 404300 22 5 1 49 317500235 Yunyang Co 3634 912 912 293 636 Shuangjiang Subdistrict 404500 4 22 15 1 87 391500236 Fengjie Co 4087 834 259 269 302 Yong an town 404600 19 8 4 54 332500237 Wushan Co 2958 495 072 148 597 Gaotang Subdistrict 404700 11 12 2 30 308500238 Wuxi Co 4030 414 073 105 111 Baichang Subdistrict 405800 2 15 16 38 292500240 Shizhu Co 3013 415 050 134 173 Nanbin town 409100 17 15 29 213500241 Xiushan Co 2450 501 590 150 566 Zhonghe Subdistrict 409900 14 18 59 208500242 Youyang Co 5173 578 058 137 635 Taohuayuan town 409800 15 23 8 270500243 Pengshui Co 3903 545 094 137 409 Hanjia Subdistrict 409600 11 28 55 241Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizationsEnglish Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Sichuanese PinyinChongqing Municipality 重庆市 Chongqing Shi cong2 qin4 si4Wanzhou District 万州区 Wanzhōu Qu wan4 zou2 qu1Fuling District 涪陵区 Fuling QuYuzhong District 渝中区 Yuzhōng Qu yu2 zong1 qu1Dadukou District 大渡口区 Dadukǒu Qu da4 du4 kou3 qu1Jiangbei District 江北区 Jiangbei Qu jiang1 be2 qu1Shapingba District 沙坪坝区 Shapingba Qu sa1 pin2 ba4 qu1Jiulongpo District 九龙坡区 Jiǔlongpō QuNan an District 南岸区 Nan an Qu lan2 ngan4 qu1Beibei District 北碚区 Beibei QuQijiang District 綦江区 Qijiang QuDazu District 大足区 Dazu QuYubei District 渝北区 Yubei Qu yu2 be2 qu1Banan District 巴南区 Banan Qu ba1 lan2 qu1Qianjiang District 黔江区 Qianjiang QuChangshou District 长寿区 Changshou QuJiangjin District 江津区 Jiangjin Qu jiang1 jin1 qu1Hechuan District 合川区 Hechuan Qu ho2 cuan1 qu1Yongchuan District 永川区 Yǒngchuan Qu yun3 cuan1 qu1Nanchuan District 南川区 Nanchuan Qu lan2 cuan1 qu1Bishan District 璧山区 Bishan QuTongliang District 铜梁区 Tongliang QuTongnan District 潼南区 Tongnan QuRongchang District 荣昌区 Rongchang QuKaizhou District 开州区 Kaizhōu Qu kai1 zou1 qu1Liangping District 梁平区 Liangping QuWulong District 武隆区 Wǔlong Qu wu3 nong2 qu1Chengkou County 城口县 Chengkǒu Xian cen2 kou3 xian3Fengdu County 丰都县 Fengdu XianDianjiang County 垫江县 Dianjiang XianZhong County 忠县 Zhōngxian zong1 xian3Yunyang County 云阳县 Yunyang Xian yun2 yang2 xian3Fengjie County 奉节县 Fengjie XianWushan County 巫山县 Wushan XianWuxi County 巫溪县 Wuxi XianShizhu Tujia Autonomous County 石柱土家族自治县 Shizhu Tǔjiazu ZizhixianXiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County 秀山土家族苗族自治县 Xiushan Tǔjiazu Miaozu ZizhixianYouyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County 酉阳土家族苗族自治县 Yǒuyang Tǔjiazu Miaozu ZizhixianPengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County 彭水苗族土家族自治县 Pengshuǐ Miaozu Tǔjiazu Zizhixian Including other township related subdivisions Urban areas Edit Population by urban areas of districts City Urban area 78 District area 78 Census date1 Chongqing i 6 263 790 7 457 599 2010 11 012 Wanzhou 859 662 1 563 050 2010 11 013 Hechuan 721 753 1 293 028 2010 11 014 Jiangjin 686 189 1 233 149 2010 11 015 Fuling 595 224 1 066 714 2010 11 016 Yongchuan 582 769 1 024 708 2010 11 017 Qijiang ii 513 935 1 056 817 2010 11 01 8 Kaizhou iii 416 415 1 160 336 2010 11 019 Changshou 408 261 770 009 2010 11 0110 Dazu iv 315 183 721 359 2010 11 01 11 Rongchang v 271 232 661 253 2010 11 0112 Nanchuan 255 045 534 329 2010 11 01 13 Tongliang vi 248 962 600 086 2010 11 01 14 Tongnan vii 247 084 639 985 2010 11 01 15 Bishan viii 246 425 586 034 2010 11 01 16 Liangping ix 235 753 687 525 2010 11 0117 Qianjiang 173 997 445 012 2010 11 01 18 Wulong x 115 823 351 038 2010 11 01 Chongqing core districts are consist of nine districts Yuzhong Dadukou Jiangbei Shapingba Jiulongpo Nan an Beibei Yubei amp Banan Wansheng District amp Qijiang County currently known as Qijiang District after census Kaizhou County is currently known as Kaizhou District after census Shuangqiao District amp Dazu County currently known as Dazu District after census Rongchang County is currently known as Rongchang District after census Tongliang County is currently known as Tongliang District after census Tongnan County is currently known as Tongnan District after census Bishan County is currently known as Bishan District after census Liangping County is currently known as Liangping District after census Wulong County is currently known as Wulong District after census Districts Pinyin name PreviousassociationaBanan ChongqingBeibeiBishanChangshouDadukouDazuFuling FulingHechuan ChongqingJiangbeiJiangjinJiulongpoKaizhou WanxianLiangpingNan an ChongqingNanchuan FulingQianjiang QianjiangShapingba ChongqingTongliangTongnanQijiangRongchangWanzhou WanxianWulong FulingYubei ChongqingYongchuanYuzhong Counties Pinyin name PreviousassociationaChengkou WanxianDianjiang FulingFengduFengjie WanxianWushanWuxiYunyangZhong Autonomous counties Pinyin name PreviousassociationaPengshui QianjiangShizhuXiushanYouyang a Indicates with which district the division was associated below prior to the merging of Chongqing Fuling Wanxian now Wanzhou and Qianjiang in 1997 Central Chongqing Edit Jiefangbei CBD Yuzhong Peninsula of Chongqing at night The main urban area of Chongqing city 重庆主城区 spans approximately 5 473 km2 2 113 sq mi and includes the following nine districts 80 81 Yuzhong District 渝中区 literally Central Chongqing District the central and most densely populated district where government and international business offices and the city s best shopping are located in the district s Jiefangbei CBD area Yuzhong is located on the peninsula surrounded by Eling Hill Yangtze River and Jialing River Jiangbei District 江北区 literally North of the River District located to the north of Jialing River Shapingba District 沙坪坝区 roughly located between Jialing River and Zhongliang Mountain Jiulongpo District 九龙坡区 roughly located between Yangtze River and Zhongliang Mountain Nan an District 南岸区 literally Southern Bank District located on the south side of Yangtze River Dadukou District 大渡口区 Banan District 巴南区 literally Southern of Ba District Previously called Ba County and changed to the current name in 1994 Yubei District 渝北区 or Northern Chongqing District Previously called Jiangbei County and changed into the current name in 1994 Beibei District 北碚区 a satellite district northwest of Chongqing Demographics EditPopulation Edit Jiefangbei People s Liberation Monument the landmark and center of Chongqing Historical populationYearPop 19491 003 000 19796 301 000 528 2 198313 890 000 120 4 199615 297 000 10 1 1997 82 28 753 000 88 0 2000 82 28 488 200 0 9 2005 82 27 980 000 1 8 2008 82 28 390 000 1 5 2012 82 28 846 170 1 6 2013 82 29 700 000 3 0 2014 83 29 914 000 0 7 2015 84 30 170 000 0 9 Population size in 1997 was affected by expansion of administrative divisions According to a July 2010 article from the official Xinhua news agency the municipality has a population of 32 8 million including 23 3 million farmers Among them 8 4 million farmers have become migrant workers including 3 9 million working and living in urban areas of Chongqing 85 as of 2010 update the metropolitan area encompassing the central urban area was estimated by the OECD to have a population of 17 million 86 87 88 This would mean that the locally registered farmers who work in other jurisdictions number 4 5 million reducing the local year round population of Chongqing in 2010 to 28 3 million plus those who are registered in other jurisdictions but live and work in Chongqing According to China s 2005 statistical yearbook of a total population of 30 55 million those with residence registered in other jurisdictions but residing in the Chongqing enumeration area numbered 1 4 million including 46 000 who resided in Chongqing for less than half year An additional 83 000 had registered in Chongqing but not yet settled there 89 The 2005 statistical yearbook also lists 15 22 million 49 82 males and 15 33 million 50 18 females 89 In terms of age distribution in 2004 of the 30 55 million total population 6 4 million 20 88 were age 0 14 20 7 million 67 69 were 15 64 and 3 5 million 11 46 were 65 and over 90 Of a total 10 470 000 households 2004 1 360 000 consisted of one person 2 940 000 two person 3 190 000 three person 1 790 000 four person 783 000 five person 270 000 six person 89 000 seven person 28 000 eight person 6 000 nine person and 10 000 households of 10 or more persons per household 91 Religion Edit Religion in Chongqing 92 note 2 Chinese ancestral religion 26 63 Christianity 1 05 Other or no religion note 3 72 32 The predominant religions in Chongqing are Chinese folk religions Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009 26 63 of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors while 1 05 of the population identifies as Christian see also Christianity in Sichuan 92 The reports did not give figures for other types of religion 72 32 of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities Buddhism Confucianism Taoism or folk religious sects In 2010 there were 9 056 Muslims in Chongqing 93 The Jade Emperor at the Fengdu Ghost City Buddhist temple in Jiulongpo St Joseph s Cathedral Chongqing Roman Catholic Gospel Church at Jiangbei District Methodist Economy EditMain article Economy of Chongqing Chongqing products treemap 2020 Chongqing is facing rapid urbanization For instance statistics suggest that new construction added approximately 137 000 m2 1 470 000 sq ft daily of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential commercial and factory space 94 Thus Chongqing was separated from Sichuan province and made into a municipality in its own right on 14 March 1997 95 in order to accelerate its development and subsequently China s relatively poorer western areas see China Western Development strategy 96 An important industrial area in western China 97 As of 2021 update the economy of Chongqing was China s 16th largest economy with a GDP of CNY 2 789 billion or USD 439 billion in nominal which is equivalent to the GDP of Nigeria the largest economy in Africa 98 99 However its overall economic performance is still lagging behind coastal cities such as Shanghai Shenzhen and Guangzhou For example its GDP per capita was 87 000 yuan USD13 400 98 which is around the national average Nevertheless there is a massive government push to transform Chongqing into the region s economic trade and financial center and use the municipality as a platform to open up the country s western interior to further development 100 Compared to a country it would be the 33rd largest economy and the 45th most populous with the total perminant population of 32 05 millions as of 2021 101 99 Chongqing has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS Chongqing Hefei Anshan Maanshan Pingdingshan and Shenyang an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China 102 Traditionally due to its geographic inaccessibility Chongqing and Sichuan have both been important military bases in weapons research and development 103 Even though Chongqing s industries are diversified unlike eastern China its export sector is small due to its relatively disadvantageous inland location Instead factories producing local oriented consumer goods such as processed food cars chemicals textiles machinery sports equipment and electronics are common Chongqing is China s third largest motor vehicle production center and the largest for motorcycles In 2007 it had an annual output capacity of 1 million cars and 8 6 million motorcycles 104 Leading makers of cars and motorbikes includes China s fourth biggest automaker Changan Automotive Corp and Lifan Hongda Enterprise as well as Ford Motor Company with the US car giant having 3 plants in Chongqing The municipality is also one of China s nine largest iron and steel producers in China as well as one of its three major aluminum producers Important manufacturers include Chongqing Iron and Steel Company 重庆钢铁股份有限公司 and Southwest Aluminum 西南鋁業 which is Asia s largest aluminum plant 105 Agriculture remains significant Rice and fruits especially oranges are the area s main produce Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal natural gas and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as strontium and manganese Coal reserves total approximately 4 800 000 000 metric tons 4 7 109 long tons 5 3 109 short tons Chuandong Natural Gas Field is China s largest inland gas field with deposits of around 270 billion m3 more than 1 5 of China s total Has China s largest reserve of strontium China has the world s 2nd biggest strontium deposit Manganese is mined in the Xiushan area Although the mining sector has been denounced as heavily polluting and unsafe note 4 Chongqing is also planned to be the site of a 10 million ton capacity refinery operated by CNPC parent company of PetroChina to process imported crude oil from the Sino Burma pipelines The pipeline itself though not yet finished will eventually run from Sittwe in Myanmar s western coast through Kunming in Yunnan before reaching Chongqing 106 and it will provide China with fuels sourced from Myanmar the Middle East and Africa Recently there has been a drive to move up the value chain by shifting towards high technology and knowledge intensive industries resulting in new development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone CNNZ 107 Chongqing s local government is hoping through the promotion of favorable economic policies for the electronics and information technology sectors that it can create a 400 billion RMB high technology manufacturing hub which will surpass its car industry and account for 25 of its exports 108 The city has also invested heavily in infrastructure to attract investment 104 109 The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China has been expanded and upgraded reducing logistical costs Furthermore the nearby Three Gorges Dam which is the world s largest supplies Chongqing with power and allows oceangoing ships to reach Chongqing s Yangtze River port 110 These infrastructure improvements have led to the arrivals of numerous foreign direct investors FDI in industries ranging from car to finance and retailing such as Ford 111 Mazda 112 HSBC 113 Standard Chartered Bank 114 Citibank 115 Deutsche Bank 116 ANZ Bank 117 Scotiabank 118 Wal Mart 119 Metro AG 120 and Carrefour 121 among other multinational corporations Economic and technological development zones Edit The city includes a number of economic and technological development zones Chongqing Chemical Industrial Park 122 Chongqing Economic amp Technological Development Zone 123 Chongqing Hi Tech Industry Development Zone 124 Chongqing New North Zone CNNZ 125 Chongqing Export Processing Zone 126 Jianqiao Industrial Park located in Dadukou District 127 Liangjiang New Area 128 Liangjiang Cloud Computing Center the largest of its kind in China 129 Chongqing itself is part of the West Triangle Economic Zone along with Chengdu and Xi an Education EditAs of 2022 Chongqing hosts 70 institutions of higher education excluding adult colleges making it the fourth city with most higher education institutions nationwide and the first city in Southwest China which comprises Chongqing Sichuan Province Guizhou Province Yunnan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region with a combination of more than 180 million population 130 Colleges and universities Edit For a more comprehensive list see List of universities and colleges in Chongqing Chongqing University 重庆大学 Southwest University 西南大学 Chongqing University of Science and Technology 重庆科技学院 Southwest University of Political Science and Law 西南政法大学 Third Military Medical University 第三军医大学 Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications 重庆邮电大学 Chongqing University of Technology 重庆理工大学 Chongqing Jiaotong University 重庆交通大学 Chongqing Medical University 重庆医科大学 Chongqing Normal University 重庆师范大学 Chongqing Technology and Business University 重庆工商大学 Chongqing Three Gorges University 重庆三峡学院 Chongqing Telecommunication Institute 重庆通讯学院 Sichuan Fine Arts Institute 四川美术学院 Sichuan International Studies University 四川外国语大学 University of Logistics 后勤工程学院 Chongqing University of Arts and Science 重庆文理学院 Yangtze Normal University 长江师范学院 Chongqing University of Education 重庆第二师范学院 Notable high schools Edit Entrance to the Chongqing Nankai Secondary School Fuling Experimental High School 涪陵实验中学 Chongqing No 1 Secondary School 重庆一中 Chongqing Nankai Secondary School 重庆南开中学 Chongqing No 8 Secondary School 重庆八中 Bashu Secondary School 巴蜀中学 Chongqing Railway High School 重庆铁路中学 Chongqing Yucai Secondary School 育才中学 Chongqing Foreign Language School The High School Affiliated to Sichuan International Studies University 重庆一外 Verakin High School of Chongqing The 2nd Chongqing Foreign Language School 重庆二外 Chongqing Qiujing High School 求精中学 High School Affiliated to Southwest University 西南大学附中 Chongqing NO 18 Secondary School 重庆十八中 International schools Edit Yew Chung International School of Chongqing 重庆耀中国际学校 131 KL International School of Chongqing Bashu 重庆市诺林巴蜀外籍人员子女学校 132 Transport EditSince its elevation to national level municipality in 1997 the city has dramatically expanded its transportation infrastructure With the construction of railways and expressways to the east and southeast Chongqing is a major transportation hub in southwestern China As of October 2014 update the municipality had 31 bridges across the Yangtze River including over a dozen in the city s urban core 133 Aside from the city s first two Yangtze River bridges which were built respectively in 1960 and 1977 all of the other bridges were completed since 1995 Public transit Edit Chongqing Rail Transit Edit A train of Chongqing Rail Transit Line 2 coming through a residential building at Liziba station Hongyancun station on Line 9 Main article Chongqing Rail Transit Public transport in Chongqing consists of metro intercity railway a ubiquitous bus system and the world s largest monorail network According to the Chongqing Municipal Government s ambitious plan in May 2007 Chongqing is investing 150 billion RMB over 13 years to finish a system that combines underground metro lines with heavy monorail As of 2017 update four metro lines the 14 km 8 7 mi long CRT Line 1 a conventional subway and the 19 km 12 mi long heavy monorail CRT Line 2 through Phase II Line 3 a heavy monorail connects the airport and the southern part of downtown 134 Line 6 runs between Beibei a district in the city s far north to downtown 135 Line 5 opened in late 2017 By 2020 CRT will consist of 6 lines and 1 loop line resulting in 363 5 km 225 9 mi of road and railway to the existing transportation infrastructure and 93 new metro stations will be added to the 111 stations that are already in place 136 By 2050 Chongqing will have as many as 18 lines that are planned to be in operation 137 full citation needed Aerial tramway Edit An aerial tramway across the Yangtze River in Chongqing CBD Photo by Chen Hualin Chongqing is the only Chinese city that keeps public aerial tramways Historically there were three aerial tramways in Chongqing the Yangtze River Tramway the Jialing River Tramway and the South Mountain Tramway Currently only Yangtze River Tramway is still operating and it is Class 4A Tourist Attractions in China The 1 160 meter 3 810 ft long tramway connects the southern and northern banks of Yangtze River its daily passenger volume is about 10 000 空中缆车 Railways Edit Chongqing North railway station Major railway stations in Chongqing Chongqing railway station in Yuzhong accessible via Metro Lines 1 amp 3 Lianglukou Metro station is the city s oldest railway station and located near the Jiefangbei CBD in the city center The station handles mostly long distance trains There are plans for a major renovation and overhaul of this station thus many services have been transferred to Chongqing North railway station Chongqing North railway station is a station handling many long distance services and high speed rail services to Chengdu Beijing and other cities It was completed in 2006 and is connected to Metro Line Chongqing West railway station is in Shapingba a station handling many long distance services and high speed rail services to many cities It was completed in 2018 Shapingba railway station is in Shapingba near Shapingba CBD accessible via Shapingba metro station on Lines 1 9 and the Loop line It handles many local and regional train services It was completed in 2018 Another railway station Chongqing East is currently under construction and is expected to be completed in 2025 Chongqing is a major freight destination for rail with continued development with improved handling facilities Due to subsidies and incentives the relocation and construction of many factories in Chongqing has seen a huge increase in rail traffic Chongqing is a major rail hub regionally Chengdu Chongqing railway to Chengdu Sichuan Province Sichuan Guizhou railway to Guiyang Guizhou Province Xiangyang Chongqing railway to Hubei Province Chongqing Huaihua railway to Hunan Province Suining Chongqing railway to Sichuan Province Chongqing Lichuan railway to Hubei Province Chongqing Lanzhou railway railway to Gansu Province River port Edit Hydrofoil on the Yangtze in the outer reaches of the municipality Chongqing is one of the most important inland ports in China There are numerous luxury cruise ships that terminate at Chongqing cruising downstream along the Yangtze River to Yichang Wuhan Nanjing or even Shanghai citation needed In the recent past this provided virtually the only transportation option along the river However improved rail expressways and air travel have seen this ferry traffic reduced or cancelled altogether Most of the river ferry traffic consists of leisure cruises for tourists rather than local needs Improved access by larger cargo vessels has been made due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam This allows bulk transport of goods along the Yangtze River Coal raw minerals and containerized goods provide the majority of traffic plying this section of the river Several port handling facilities exist throughout the city including many impromptu river bank sites 138 Highways Edit Traditionally the road network in Chongqing has been narrow winding and limited to smaller vehicles because of the natural terrain large rivers and the huge population demands on the area especially in the Yuzhong District In other places such as Jiangbei large areas of homes and buildings have recently been cleared to improve the road network and create better urban planning thus several ring roads have also been constructed This has seen many tunnels and large bridges needing to be built across the city The construction of many expressways have connected Chongqing to its neighbors The natural mountainous terrain that Chongqing is built on makes many road projects difficult to construct including for example some of the world s highest road bridges 139 Unlike many other Chinese cities it is rare for motorbikes electric scooters or bicycles to be seen on Chongqing s Roads This is due to the extremely hilly and mountainous nature of Chongqing s roads and streets However despite this Chongqing is a manufacturing center for these types of vehicles 140 Chongqing Chengdu Expressway Chongqing Chengdu 2nd Expressway under construction Chongqing Wanzhou Yichang Highway Wanzhou Yichang section under construction Chongqing Guiyang Highway Chongqing Changsha Expressway Xiushan Changsha section under construction Chongqing Dazhou Xi a Highway Dazhou Xi an section under construction Chongqing Suining Expressway Chongqing Nanchong Expressway China National Highway 210 China National Highway 212Bridges Edit View of Chaotianmen Bridge across the Yangtze River in Chongqing With so many bridges crossing the Yangtze and Jialing rivers in the urban area Chongqing is sometimes known as the Bridge Capital of China The first important bridge in urban Chongqing was the Niujiaotuo Jialing River Bridge built in 1958 The first bridge over the Yangtze river was the Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge or Chongqing Yangtze River Bridge built in 1977 As of 2014 update within the area of the 9 districts there were 20 bridges on the Yangtze river and 28 bridges on the Jialing river The bridges in Chongqing exhibit a variety of shapes and structures making Chongqing a showcase for bridge design Airports Edit See also Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport Departure Level of Terminal 3 Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport The major airport of Chongqing is Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport IATA CKG ICAO ZUCK It is located in Yubei District The airport offers a growing network of direct flights to China South East Asia the Middle East North America and Europe It is located 21 km 13 mi north of the city center of Chongqing and serves as an important aviation hub for south western China 141 Jiangbei airport is a hub for China Southern Airlines Chongqing Airlines Sichuan Airlines China Express Airlines Shandong Airlines and Hainan Airlines s new China West Air Chongqing also is a focus city of Air China therefore it is very well connected with Star Alliance and Skyteam s international network The airport currently has three parallel runways in operation It serves domestic routes to most other Chinese cities as well as international routes to Auckland New York City London Los Angeles Moscow Doha Dubai Seoul Bangkok Phuket Osaka Singapore Chiang Mai Phnom Penh Siem Reap Male Bali Tokyo Kuala Lumpur Batam Rome and Helsinki As of 2021 update Jiangbei Airport was the 4th busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic in mainland China 142 Currently Jiangbei airport has three terminals Chongqing Airport has metro access CRT Line 3 and Line 10 to its central city and two runways in normal use 143 There are four other airports in Chongqing Municipality Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport Chongqing Xiannushan Airport and Chongqing Wushan Airport They are all class 4C airports and serve passenger flights to domestic destinations including Beijing Shanghai and Kunming Culture EditMain article Bashu culture Language Edit Main article Sichuanese Mandarin Zhongshan Ancient Town Jiangjin Chongqing The language native to Chongqing is Southwestern Mandarin More precisely the great majority of the municipality save for Xiushan speak Sichuanese including the primary Chengdu Chongqing dialect and Minjiang dialect spoken in Jiangjin and Qijiang 144 There are also a few speakers of Xiang and Hakka in the municipality due to the great immigration wave to the Sichuan region 湖广填四川 during the Ming and Qing dynasties In addition in parts of southeastern Chongqing the Miao and Tujia languages are also used by some Miao and Tujia people 145 Tourism Edit Chongqing Grand Theater Martyrs Cemetery Chongqing Art Museum See also Twelve Views of Bayu As the provisional Capital of China for almost ten years 1937 to 1945 the city was also known as one of the three headquarters of the Allies during World War II as well as being a strategic center of many other wars throughout China s history Chongqing has many historic war time buildings or sites some of which have since been destroyed These sites include the People s Liberation Monument located in the center of Chongqing city It used to be the highest building in the area but is now surrounded and dwarfed by numerous shopping centers Originally named the Monument for the Victory over Axis Armies it is the only building in China for that purpose 146 Today the monument serves as a symbol for the city The General Joseph W Stilwell Museum dedicated to General Vinegar Joe Stilwell a World War II general 147 the air force cemetery in the Nanshan area in memory of those air force personnel killed during the Second Sino Japanese War 1937 1945 and the Red Rock Village Museum a diplomatic site for the Communist Party in Chongqing led by Zhou Enlai during World War II and Guiyuan Cassia Garden where Mao Zedong signed the Double 10 10 October Peace Agreement with the Kuomintang in 1945 148 The Hongya Cave Hongya dong traditional Bayu style stilted houses at Jiefangbei CBD The steep path up to the front gate of Fishing Town Ciqikou ancient road in Shapingba District The Baiheliang Underwater Museum China s first underwater museum 149 The Memorial of Great Tunnel Massacre a former air raid shelter where a major massacre occurred during World War II The Great Hall of the People in Chongqing is based on the Great Hall of the People in Beijing This is one of the largest public assembly buildings in China which though built in modern times emulates traditional architectural styles It is adjacent to the densely populated and hilly central district with narrow streets and pedestrian only walkways 150 The large domed Three Gorges Museum presents the history culture and environment of the Three Gorges area and Chongqing Chongqing Art Museum is known for striking architecture Chongqing Science and Technology Museum has an IMAX theater Luohan Si a Ming dynasty temple 151 Huangguan Escalator the second longest escalator in Asia Former sites for embassies of major countries during the 1940s As the capital at that time Chongqing had many residential and other buildings for these officials 152 Wuxi County noted as a major tourism area of Chongqing 153 The Dazu Rock Carvings in Dazu county are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings dating back as far as the 7th century A D depicting and influenced by Buddhist Confucian and Taoist beliefs Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site the Dazu Rock Carvings are made up of 75 protected sites containing some 50 000 statues with over 100 000 Chinese characters forming inscriptions and epigraphs 154 The Three Natural Bridges and Furong Cave in Wulong Karst National Geology Park Wulong County are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the South China Karst 155 156 Ciqikou is a 1000 year old town in the Shapingba District of Chongqing It is also known as Little Chongqing The town located next to the lower reaches of the Jialing River was at one time an important source of china ware and used to be a busy commercial dock during the Ming and Qing dynasties 157 Fishing Town or Fishing City is one of the three great ancient battlefields of China It is noted for its resistance to the Mongol armies during the Southern Song dynasty 1127 1279 and the location where the Mongol leader Mongke Khan died in 1259 158 Xueyu Cave in Fengdu County is the only example of a pure white jade like karst cave in China 159 Fengdu Ghost City in Fengdu County is the Gate of the Hell in traditional Chinese literature and culture Snowy Jade Cave see Xueyu Cave above Baidi Cheng a peninsula in Yangtze River known due to a famous poem by Li Bai The Chongqing Zoo a zoo that exhibits many rare species including the giant panda the extremely rare South China tiger and the African elephant 160 Chongqing Amusement Park Chongqing Grand Theater a performing arts center Foreigners Street was an amusement park including the Porcelain Palace the world s largest toilet Also the location of the abortive Love Land development in 2009 The Black Mountain Valley Heishangu 161 Hongya Cave aka Hongya Dong a pier stilt house fortress that served as one of the 17 city gates of Ancient Chongqing is a popular tourist attraction for its architecture Cuisine Edit Chongqing food is part of Sichuan cuisine Chongqing is known for its spicy food Its food is normally considered numbing because of the use of Sichuan pepper also known as Sichuan peppercorn containing hydroxy alpha sanshool Chongqing s city center has many restaurants and food stalls where meals often cost less than RMB10 Local specialties here include dumplings and pickled vegetables and different from many other Chinese cuisines Chongqing dishes are suitable for the solo diner as they are often served in small individual sized portions 162 Among the delicacies and local specialties are these dishes Typical Chongqing hot pot served with minced shrimp tripes pork aorta goose intestine and kidney slices Chongqing Xiao mian with peas and spicy bean paste Chongqing hot pot Chongqing s local culinary specialty which was originally from Northern China Tables in hot pot restaurants usually have a central pot where food ordered by the customers is boiled in a spicy broth items such as beef pork tripe kidney slices pork aorta and goose intestine are often consumed 163 Chongqing Xiao Mian a common lamian noodle dish tossed with chili oil and rich mixtures of spices and ingredients Jiangtuan fish since Chongqing is located along Jialing River visitors have a good opportunity to sample varieties of aquatic products Among them is a fish local to the region Jiangtuan fish Hypophthalmichthys nobilis although more commonly known as bighead carp 164 The fish is often served steamed or baked 165 Wanzhou district is famous for baking Jiangtuan fish 166 Laziji is famous for its crispy texture Suan La Fen Sour and Spicy Sweet Potato Noodles Thick transparent noodles of rubbery texture in a spicy vinegar soup 167 Lazi Ji Spicy Chicken A stir fried dish consists of marinated then deep fried pieces of chicken dried Sichuan chili peppers Sichuan peppers garlic and ginger 168 originated near Geleshan in Chongqing 169 Quanshui Ji Spring Water Chicken Quanshui Ji is cooked with the natural spring water in the Southern Mountain of Chongqing Pork leg cooked with rock sugar A common household dish of Chongqing the tender reddish finished dish has been described as having strong and sweet aftertaste 170 Qianzhang skimmed soy bean cream Qianzhang is the cream skimmed from soybean milk In order to create this several steps must be followed very carefully First soybeans are soaked in water ground strained boiled restrained several times and spread over gauze until delicate snow white cream is formed The paste can also be hardened cut into slivers and seasoned with sesame oil garlic and chili oil Another variation is to bake the cream and fry it with bacon which is described as soft and sweet 171 Media Edit The Chongqing People s Broadcast Station is Chongqing s largest radio station 172 The only municipal level TV network is Chongqing TV claimed to be the 4th largest television station in China 173 Chongqing TV broadcasts many local oriented channels and can be viewed on many TV sets throughout China Sports and recreation Edit Basketball Edit Chongqing Soaring Dragons became the 20th team playing in Chinese Basketball Association in 2013 They play at Datianwan Arena in the same sporting complex as Datianwan Stadium 174 The team moved to Beijing in 2015 and is currently known as Beijing Royal Fighters Soccer Edit Professional soccer teams in Chongqing include Chongqing Lifan Chinese Super League Chongqing F C foldedChongqing Lifan is a professional Chinese soccer club that currently plays in the Chinese Super League They are owned by the Chongqing based Lifan Group which manufactures motorcycles cars and spare parts 175 Originally called Qianwei Vanguard Wuhan the club formed in 1995 to take part in the recently developed fully professional Chinese Soccer League They would quickly rise to top tier of the system and experience their greatest achievement in winning the 2000 Chinese FA Cup 176 and coming in fourth within the league However since then they have struggled to replicate the same success and have twice been relegated from the top tier 177 Chongqing FC was a soccer club located in the city that competed in China League One the country s second tier soccer division before being relegated to the China League Two and dissolved due to a resultant lack of funds 178 Sport venues Edit Sport venues in Chongqing include The Chongqing Olympic Sports Center is a multipurpose stadium It is currently used mostly for soccer matches as it has a grass surface and can hold 58 680 It was built in 2002 and was one of main venues for the 2004 AFC Asian Cup 179 Yanghe Stadium is a multiuse stadium that is currently used mostly for soccer matches The stadium holds 32 000 people and is the home of Chongqing Lifan in the Chinese Super League The stadium was purchased by the Lifan Group in 2001 for RMB80 million and immediately replaced Datianwan Stadium as the home of Chongqing Lifan 180 Datianwan Stadium is a multipurpose stadium that is currently used mostly for soccer matches The stadium has a capacity 32 000 people and up until 2001 was the home of Chongqing Lifan 181 Cloud Valley Edit At the end of 2020 a collaboration between a Danish architecture firm and a Chinese tech company Terminus was announced taking the form of an AI controlled campus The project is named Cloud Valley and aims to use sensors and WiFi controlled devices to collect data on the city s residents and atmosphere including weather and eating and sleeping habits The AI will adapt devices to work in a way that fits the gathered information and improves residents lives 182 Notable people EditMain category People from Chongqing This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ba Manzi a legendary hero of Ba kingdom in Zhou dynasty Ba Qing the Widow the earliest known female merchant in Chinese history who provided huge financial aid to Qin Shi Huang to construct the Great Wall Gan Ning a general serving under warlord Sun Quan in the last years of Han dynasty Yan Yan a loyal general during Three Kingdoms period Lanxi Daolong a famous Buddhism monk and philosopher in Song dynasty who went to Japan and established the Kenchō ji Qin Liangyu a popular heroine in Ming dynasty who fought against Manchus Nie Rongzhen marshal of the People s Liberation Army of China Liu Bocheng an early leader of Chinese communist party during Anti Japanese War Lu Zuofu a notable patriotic industrialist and businessman who was a member of Chinese United League and a leader of Railway Protection Movement established the Beibei District Chongqing Natural History Museum Jianshan High School the Northern Hot Spring Park of Chongqing and Beibei Library and served as the chief official of Food Bureau during Republic of China period Liu Yongqing wife of the former president and Party general secretary Hu Jintao Zhonghua Pang a well known calligrapher and geologist born in Sichuan but raised and lived in Chongqing Liu Xiaoqing an actress Xia Peisu Chinese computer scientist Chen Kun Chinese actor and singer Huang Qian Chess player Tian Liang Olympic diving gold medalist Li Yundi a pianist Karry Wang A member of the pop band TFBoys and an actor Roy Wang a singer songwriter and member of TFBoys also an actor and TV host Huang Junjie an actor Jiang Qinqin an actress Li Hua artist who studied in Europe An Qi singer a member of the pop band THE9 Xiao Zhan actor singer and member of the boy group X Nine Pan Wenhua born in Renshou County Sichuan Province was a famous military general who was regarded as a born military prodigy Zhou Zhennan a leader of C pop group R1SE Yao Chen a member of C pop group R1SE Zhang Yanqi a member of C pop group R1SE Shi Tingmao Olympic diving gold medalist Chen Zihan Actress Xia Li Professional wrestler signed with WWE Feng Timo Singer pop star and internet personality Meng Fei Prime time television host Li Ying footballer born 1993 First Chinese Soccer Player to come out as Lesbian Domee Shi Chinese Canadian animator director and screenwriterInternational relations EditConsulates Edit Consulate Date Consular DistrictCanada Consulate General Chongqing 183 05 1998 Chongqing Sichuan Guizhou YunnanUnited Kingdom Consulate General Chongqing 183 03 2000 Chongqing Sichuan Guizhou YunnanCambodia Consulate General Chongqing 183 12 2004 Chongqing Hubei Hunan ShaanxiJapan Consulate General Chongqing 183 01 2005 Chongqing Sichuan Guizhou Yunnan ShaanxiPhilippines Consulate General Chongqing 183 12 2008 Chongqing Guizhou YunnanHungary Consulate General Chongqing 183 02 2010 Chongqing Sichuan Guizhou Yunnan Shaanxi GansuEthiopia Consulate General Chongqing 183 11 2011 Chongqing Sichuan Guizhou YunnanItaly Consulate General Chongqing 184 12 2013 Chongqing Sichuan Guizhou YunnanNetherlands Consulate General Chongqing 184 01 2014 Chongqing Sichuan Shaanxi Yunnan GuizhouUruguay Consulate General Chongqing 185 12 2019 Chongqing Sichuan Yunnan Shaanxi GansuTwin towns sister cities Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Chongqing has sister city relationships with many cities of the world including Toulouse France 1982 Seattle United States 1983 186 Toronto Canada 1986 Hiroshima Japan 1986 Leicester United Kingdom 1993 Voronezh Russia 1993 Zaporizhzhia Ukraine 2002 Mpumalanga South Africa 2002 Sliven Bulgaria 2002 Dusseldorf Germany 2004 Brisbane Australia 2005 187 Shiraz Iran 2005 Aswan Egypt 2005 Busan South Korea 2007 Sor Trondelag Norway 2007 Chiang Mai Province Thailand 2008 Cordoba Argentina 2010 Budapest Hungary 2010 Bangkok Thailand 2005 Antwerp Belgium 2011 Salvador Bahia Brazil 2011 Chennai India 2015 Maribor Slovenia 2017 Telde Spain 2018 See also Edit China portalList of cities in China by population and built up area List of twin towns and sister cities in China Major national historical and cultural sites in ChongqingNotes Edit Total urban population in the municipality The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey CGSS of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey CSLS of 2007 reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang 2015 92 in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures Christian churches and folk traditional Chinese religion of the lineage i e people practicing ancestral worship are often classified into lineage churches and ancestral shrines Data for other religions with a significant presence in China Buddhism Taoism folk religious sects etc was not reported by Wang This may include Buddhists Confucians Folk religionists Taoists Members of folk religious sects Small minorities of Muslims And people not bounded to nor practicing any institutional or diffuse religion A survey in 2005 by China s State Environmental Protection Administration SEPA found 13 firms in the manganese triangle had breached targets on the release of hexavalent chromium and ammonia nitrogen in the worst case by a factor of 180 The cleanup ordered by SEPA resulted in firms closing and the expenditure of 280 million yuan References EditCitations Edit Doing Business in China Survey Ministry of Commerce of the People s Republic of China Archived from the original on 5 August 2013 Retrieved 5 August 2013 2015年重庆常住人口3016 55万人 继续保持增长态势 in Chinese China Chongqing News 28 January 2016 Archived from the original on 29 January 2016 Retrieved 13 February 2016 China Chongqing City Population Retrieved 16 June 2022 China Chongqing Districts and Counties Population Statistics Charts and Map City Population GDP 2021 is a preliminary data Home Regional Quarterly by Province Press release China NBS 1 March 2022 Archived from the original on 1 July 2022 Retrieved 30 April 2022 Sub national HDI Subnational HDI Global Data Labg Retrieved 17 April 2020 City Flower En cq gov cn Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 City Tree En cq gov cn Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Chongqing The Free Dictionary Retrieved 24 January 2023 Chongqing The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 8 April 2019 Chongqing Dictionary com Retrieved 27 June 2021 Chongqing Merriam Webster Dictionary Chongqing s Official Abbreviation English cri cn Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 10 December 2013 China s Direct Controlled Municipalities Geography about com 14 March 1997 Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Alexander Ruth 29 January 2012 Which is the world s biggest city BBC News Archived from the original on 6 August 2018 Retrieved 31 August 2018 Top 10 Chinese cities by urban resident population investinchina chinadaily com cn Retrieved 26 November 2022 最新中国城市人口数量排名 根据2010年第六次人口普查 www elivecity cn 2012 Archived from the original on 3 March 2015 Retrieved 28 May 2014 关于提请审议设立重庆直辖市的议案的说明 中国人大网 Explanation on the proposal to consider the establishment of a municipality directly under the Central Government of China www npc gov cn Archived from the original on 17 May 2016 Retrieved 29 July 2018 EIU Report Eiu com Archived from the original PDF on 17 December 2015 2020 Airport Traffic Report PDF Port Authority of New York and New Jersey July 2021 p 30 Retrieved 26 September 2021 2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report PDF United States Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2020 世界最长单轨线路 in Chinese China NetEase News 12 October 2013 Archived from the original on 8 July 2015 Retrieved 19 November 2014 日本单轨协会副会长石川正和一行来渝考察重庆单轨发展情况 Chongqing Rail Transit in Chinese China 18 November 2016 Archived from the original on 2 December 2016 Retrieved 2 December 2016 The World According to GaWC 2020 Loughborough University 21 August 2020 Archived from the original on 14 January 2021 Retrieved 4 October 2020 One minute to understand Changan Changan Auto Retrieved 17 June 2022 Foreign consulates in Chongqing www embassypages com Retrieved 28 August 2022 Leading 200 science cities Nature Index 2022 Science Cities Supplements Nature Index www nature com Retrieved 27 November 2022 Nature Index 2018 Science Cities Nature Index 1 November 2018 Retrieved 7 October 2020 US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Chongqing U S News amp World Report 26 October 2021 Archived from the original on 30 October 2021 Retrieved 30 October 2021 a b Kim Hunter Gordon Jesse Watson 2011 Chongqing amp The Three Gorges pp 38 40 ISBN 978 7 5022 5215 1 Chongqing s History with the State of Ba Chongqing Municipal Government 6 December 2007 Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 Retrieved 2 July 2012 Ming Yuzhen Information Neohumanism com Archived from the original on 7 February 2016 Retrieved 2 July 2012 Nicola di Cosmo Don J Wyatt 3 July 2003 Political Frontiers Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History ISBN 9780203987957 Retrieved 2 July 2012 The last Qing Manchu Dynasty 1644 1912 of China Archived from the original on 7 November 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2015 UK Consulate Page Cq xinhuanet com 30 December 2004 Archived from the original on 23 August 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Ch ungk ing Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 6 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 324 French Consulate Page Cq xinhuanet com 30 December 2004 Archived from the original on 23 August 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Japanese Consulate Page Chongqing cn emb japan go jp Archived from the original on 9 July 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 US Consulate Page Us passport service guide com Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 German Consulate Page 2011 cqlib cn Archived from the original on 23 August 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 a b Danielson Eric N 2005 Revisiting Chongqing China s Second World War Temporary National Capital Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch 45 175 JSTOR 23889883 Chongqing The Famous City in the Second World War Photo Annals of Vanishing Sceneries Book Stilwell in China The Worst Command in the War Archived from the original on 21 August 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2015 Chiang Kai shek amp Stilwell Joseph 揭秘重庆空战 抗战期间出动飞机2159次 中国军网 www chinamil com cn Archived from the original on 16 November 2020 Retrieved 15 November 2020 Gustavsson Hakans Hakans Aviation page Sino Japanese Air War 1939 Biplane Fighter Aces CHINA Retrieved 15 November 2020 WWII Era History of Chongqing needham k12 ma us 23 October 1944 Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Chongqing becomes 5th National Central city English peopledaily com cn 10 February 2010 Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Establishment of the Liangjiang New Area Gochina scmp com 25 November 2013 Archived from the original on 25 February 2021 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Tang poetry Night rain in the mountain in Bashan Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2015 Bashan Poems Location of Chongqing En cq gov cn Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Chongqing 2005 The Year in Review Archived from the original on 24 October 2016 Retrieved 6 August 2015 Chongqing s bordering provinces Chongqing Topography Mountains in Sichuan and Chongqing Fodors com Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 The Three Gorges Corp Ctg com cn Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Yangtze River Chinese National Tourism Office US Chinese Embassy Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 31 March 2014 Murphy Ryan 28 December 2010 Trip to Chongqing Elevendegreesnorth blogspot com Archived from the original on 18 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Poems of Li Bai Poemhunter com Archived from the original on 27 June 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Scithesis Previous outstanding master s and doctoral thesis search and download Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 19 August 2015 Chongqing Mountains Data 中国气象局 国家气象信息中心 in Simplified Chinese Guangzhou Popular Science News Net 广州科普资讯网 12 September 2007 Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 Retrieved 12 November 2014 a b 57516 Chongqing China ogimet com in Spanish OGIMET 19 August 2022 Retrieved 20 August 2022 Extreme Temperatures Around the World Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 Retrieved 22 May 2013 Chongqing Municipality IES Global Archived from the original on 11 October 2010 Retrieved 17 July 2011 Chongqing City of Hills Fog and Spicy Food China com Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 Retrieved 17 July 2011 Lin Yutang 1944 The Vigil of a Nation The John Day Company page needed Index 中国气象数据网 WeatherBk Data China Meteorological Administration Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 Retrieved 9 November 2018 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值数据集 1971 2000年 in Simplified Chinese China Meteorological Administration May 2011 Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 23 May 2011 Monthly weather forecast and climate Chongqing China Weather Atlas Retrieved 12 June 2020 中国气象数据网 WeatherBk Data in Chinese China China Meteorological Administration Retrieved 22 November 2022 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集 1971 2000年 China Meteorological Administration Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 25 May 2010 Page Jeremy 15 March 2012 Chongqing Party Chief Position Online wsj com Archived from the original on 24 November 2017 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Kuo Ping chia Chongqing History The Modern Period Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Archived from the original on 22 June 2016 Retrieved 31 July 2016 Chongqing once a wartime capitol En cq gov cn 14 March 1997 Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Qiu Shaoyun Memorial Hall Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 16 October 2016 Pike John 21 November 2003 A history of the 13th Army Group Globalsecurity org Archived from the original on 13 March 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 重庆调整部分行政区划 4区 县 并为2区 News 163 com 17 March 2010 Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 Retrieved 10 December 2013 国家统计局统计用区划代码 in Simplified Chinese National Bureau of Statistics of the People s Republic of China Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 Retrieved 9 December 2015 保定经济统计年鉴2011 China Statistical Yearbook 2011 National Bureau of Statistics of China 2011 中国2010年人口普查分乡 镇 街道资料 1st ed Beijing China Statistics Print 2012 ISBN 978 7 5037 6660 2 a b c 国务院人口普查办公室 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司 eds 2012 中国2010年人口普查分县资料 Beijing China Statistics Print ISBN 978 7 5037 6659 6 中国民政统计年鉴2012 China Statistical Yearbook 2012 National Bureau of Statistics of China 2012 Position of Five Function Districts in Chongqing Chongqing Municipal Government 22 September 2013 Archived from the original on 21 November 2014 Retrieved 26 May 2015 五大功能区域 都市功能核心区 Five Functional Districts Urban function Core District CQNEWS Corporation Archived from the original on 27 May 2015 Retrieved 26 May 2015 a b c d e f 统计年鉴2014 Statistical Yearbook 2014 in Simplified Chinese Statistics Bureau of Chongqing 9 February 2015 Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 1 May 2015 2014年重庆市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 Chongqing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 in Simplified Chinese Chongqing Bureau of Statistics 16 March 2015 Archived from the original on 23 May 2015 Retrieved 1 May 2015 Annual Total Population by Provinces National Bureau of Statistics China Archived from the original on 19 April 2016 Retrieved 15 May 2018 China s Chongqing starts household registration reform Xinhua News 2 July 2010 Archived from the original on 21 August 2010 Retrieved 12 August 2010 CNBC com Justina Crabtree special to 20 September 2016 A tale of megacities China s largest metropolises CNBC Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 Retrieved 8 December 2017 slide 8 OECD Urban Policy Reviews China 2015 OECD READ edition OECD iLibrary OECD Urban Policy Reviews OECD 18 April 2015 p 37 doi 10 1787 9789264230040 en ISBN 9789264230033 ISSN 2306 9341 Archived from the original on 27 March 2017 Retrieved 8 December 2017 OECD Urban Policy Reviews China 2015 OECD 18 April 2015 Archived from the original on 9 December 2017 a b Residence Status of Population by Region and Sex 2004 National Bureau of Statistics of China in allcountries org 2005 Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 Retrieved 12 August 2010 Age Composition and Dependency Ratio of Population by Region 2004 National Bureau of Statistics of China in allcountries org 2005 Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 Retrieved 12 August 2010 Number and Size of Family Households by Region 2004 National Bureau of Statistics of China in allcountries org 2005 Archived from the original on 4 December 2010 Retrieved 12 August 2010 a b c Wang Xiuhua 2015 Explaining Christianity in China Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground PDF Master s thesis p 15 Archived PDF from the original on 25 September 2015 Muslim in China Top China Travel Retrieved 4 August 2021 Tapscott Don Williams Anthony D 2006 Wikinomics How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything Penguin p 218 ISBN 9781591843672 Chinese vice premier urges Chongqing to become economic engine for western regions Embassy of the People s Republic of China in Australia Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 31 January 2009 China urges reform development of Chongqing municipality Xinhua News Agency Archived from the original on 23 August 2013 Retrieved 31 January 2009 Market Profiles on Chinese Cities and Provinces hktdc com Tdctrade com Archived from the original on 4 January 2006 Retrieved 14 March 2011 a b Decoding China s 2021 GDP Growth Rate A Look at Regional Numbers China Briefing News 7 February 2022 Retrieved 19 September 2022 a b GDP current US Nigeria Data data worldbank org Retrieved 19 September 2022 Innovative City in West China Chongqing PDF Jon Sigurdson and Krystyna Palonka of Stockholm School of Economics EIJS Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 1 February 2009 Chongqing Chengdu top new first tier cities by population global chinadaily com cn Retrieved 19 September 2022 The Rise of The Champs New Report Maps Business Opportunity in China s Fastest Growing Cities Sourcewire com 9 November 2010 Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 Retrieved 14 March 2011 Chongqing Municipality 重慶市 The Australia China Chamber of Commerce and Industry of New South Wales Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 Retrieved 31 January 2009 a b Critical Eye on Chongqing Pillar of the West China Business Review Archived from the original on 6 April 2016 Retrieved 31 January 2009 MacKie Nick 4 May 2005 China s west seeks to impress investors BBC News Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 Retrieved 28 April 2010 China Myanmar pipeline projects on track Atimes com 24 April 2007 Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 Retrieved 14 March 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Main Industry in CNNZ Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 China Business News HP Foxcom Setup Laptop Plants in Chongqing The China Perspective Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 14 March 2011 Chongqing Investment Zone Profiles Allroadsleadtochina com 30 May 2007 Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 Retrieved 14 March 2011 China s Three Gorges Dam CNN Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 Retrieved 31 January 2009 Dee Ann Durbin 28 August 2012 Ford building sixth plant in China Associated Press Archived from the original on 20 March 2017 Retrieved 20 March 2017 Seetharaman Deepa 27 August 2012 Mazda in Chongqing Reuters com Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 10 December 2013 HSBC opens bank in Chongqing Hsbc com cn 28 December 2009 Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Standard Chartered open a bank in Chongqing PDF Archived from the original PDF on 12 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Citibank opens branch in Chongqing Citigroup com 31 March 2011 Archived from the original on 3 July 2014 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Branch opening in Chongqing Deutsche Bank a strong partner in China 28 April 2011 Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 Retrieved 3 September 2012 ANZ Bank opens a branch in Chongqing Anz com Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 PPeople s Republic of China Scotiabank Archived from the original on 26 August 2012 Retrieved 16 October 2016 Yue Terril 25 October 2011 Wal Mart reopens Chongqing locations Reuters com Retrieved 10 December 2013 Multinational Grocery Stores in Chongqing Archived from the original on 29 October 2018 Tan Kenneth 12 November 2007 Chongqing Carrefour Stampede Shanghaiist com Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Industrial Park Chinaknowledge com Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 CETD Hktdc com 19 September 2011 Archived from the original on 12 December 2010 Retrieved 10 December 2013 CHTIDT En cq gov cn Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 CNNZ English cq gov cn Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Contact CEPZ Rightsite asia Archived from the original on 27 March 2010 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Jianqiao Industrial Park Profile Hktdc com 19 September 2011 Archived from the original on 12 December 2010 Retrieved 29 December 2013 Chongqing Liangjiang New Area Archived from the original on 16 October 2016 Retrieved 3 September 2012 New cloud computing center En cq gov cn Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Top 10 Chinese cities with most higher education institutions www chinadaily com cn 4 August 2022 Retrieved 8 August 2022 Home Yew Chung International School of Chongqing Archived from the original on 14 October 2014 Retrieved 11 February 2009 Website in English KL International School of Chongqing Bashu A Responsive School for a Changing World Archived from the original on 8 November 2016 Retrieved 16 May 2015 Website in English New Scenery of Chongqing Metropolis Green Travel Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 Line 2 amp 1 English cqnews net 15 December 2009 Archived from the original on 12 August 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Planning of Chongqing Line 6 Cn siemens com 30 December 2010 Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Chongqing City Transport English cqnews net Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Chongqing Daily 23 March 2008 Chongqing Ports Details Service industries research hktdc com 19 July 2011 Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Black Simon 12 July 2011 Chongqing World s Largest Construction Project Articles businessinsider com Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Rough Guide to Chongqing Travel Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 CJIA Stats Theairdb com Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 2018年民航机场生产统计公报 in Chinese Civil Aviation Administration of China 5 March 2019 Retrieved 12 March 2019 Chongqing Airport Profile Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 翟时雨 Ruo Shiyu 2003 中篇第四节 四川话的分区 The divisions of the Sichuan dialect 汉语方言学 The Study of Chinese Languages in Simplified Chinese Southwest China Normal University Press 西南师范大学出版社 ISBN 978 7 5621 2942 4 苗族 特色苗语 The Miao People Characteristics of the Miao language Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 Retrieved 31 July 2010 People s Liberation Monument Chongqingwomen com Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 General Joseph Stilwell Museum Travelchinaguide com 17 May 1944 Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Red Rock Village Museum Beijingfeeling com 15 September 2013 Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Chongqing The First Underwater Museum in China has Been Built and Opened Chinahush 21 May 2009 Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Great Hall of the People Placesonline com Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Luohan Si Fodors com 28 May 2013 Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 www chinaeducenter com Embassies List Chinaeducenter com Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Wuxi County English 51766 com Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Dazu Rock Carvings China org cn 12 September 2003 Archived from the original on 26 May 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 China Three Natural Bridges National Geopark Naturalarches org Archived from the original on 9 June 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Furong Cave Gxnu edu cn Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Ciqkou Blog seattlechinesegarden org Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Fishing Town Chongqingwomen com Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Xueyu Cave Chongqing Luopan ChinaHotelSearch Archived from the original on 18 October 2011 Chongqing Zoo Profile and Pictures Travelchinaguide com Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Black Mountain Valley Travelchinaguide com Retrieved 26 November 2017 SinoHotelGuide com Chongqing Dining Overlook in Dutch Sinohotelguide com Archived from the original on 10 May 2010 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Chongqing Hot Pot amp Dining Guide Travelchinaguide com Archived from the original on 2 August 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Bighead Carp or Jiangtuan Fish Nas er usgs gov Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Jiangtuan Fish Chinatravelcompass com Archived from the original on 8 October 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Yang Shihan Tan Martini Kailong 24 June 2021 Wanzhou Grilled Fish Sees an Annual Output Value of Tens of Billions iChongqing Retrieved 4 December 2022 Holliday Taylor 20 July 2019 Sour and Spicy Sweet Potato Noodles Suan La Fen and a Spicy Girl Graduates The Mala Market Retrieved 8 May 2020 Dunlop Fuchsia 17 January 2014 Recipe Firecracker poussin with chillies Financial Times Archived from the original on 25 September 2019 Retrieved 7 August 2019 Knyazeva Katya 26 January 2010 The search for the best la zi ji in Shanghai CNN Archived from the original on 10 July 2012 Retrieved 12 August 2012 Chongqing Dining Dining in Chongqing Chongqing cuisine Chongqing Food Chongqing restaurants Chinatourguide com Archived from the original on 21 June 2012 Retrieved 26 March 2013 Qianzhang Chinatourguide com Archived from the original on 21 June 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Chinese radio stations Chinaculture org 24 September 2003 Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Bandurski David 1 June 2011 Chongqing s TV revolution Cmp hku hk Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Beijing Events the Beijinger Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 Retrieved 6 August 2015 Beijing Ducks vs Chongqing Lifan Group buys Chongqing soccer team China org cn Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 2000 Chinese FA Cup Rsssf com 8 March 2007 Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Chongqing Lifan F C Soccerway com 9 January 2013 Archived from the original on 3 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 重庆Fc宣布解散球员自寻下家 传解散因资金匮乏 搜狐体育 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 6 July 2015 Chongqing FC folds 重庆市奥林匹克体育中心 重庆奥体中心 Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2012 Official Site Yanghe Stadium profile Footballgroundmap com 13 September 2013 Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Datianwan Stadium profile Worldstadiums com Archived from the original on 3 February 2013 Retrieved 10 December 2013 Bacchi Umberto 3 December 2020 I know your favourite drink Chinese smart city to put AI in charge Reuters Retrieved 7 December 2020 a b c d e f g 各国驻华领馆领区一览表 in Simplified Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People s Republic of China 8 May 2007 Archived from the original on 6 November 2011 Retrieved 18 March 2011 a b 荷兰意大利有望年内在渝设领事馆 Hexun in Simplified Chinese 8 May 2013 Archived from the original on 30 April 2015 Consulate General of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay in Chongqing Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People s Republic of China Archived from the original on 28 July 2020 Retrieved 24 April 2020 Tarleton Gael D Chongqing China Office of Intergovernmental Relations www seattle gov Retrieved 23 March 2021 Brisbane s Sister City Chongqing Brisbane City Council Archived from the original on 4 September 2019 Retrieved 4 September 2019 Sources Edit GeneralDanielson Eric N 2005 Chongqing The Three Gorges and the Upper Yangzi Singapore Marshall Cavendish Times Editions pp 325 362 ISBN 978 981 232 599 0 Huang Jiren 1999 老重庆 巴山夜语 Old Chongqing Ba Mountains Night Rains 老城市 The Old Cities in Chinese Nanjing Jiangsu Fine Arts Publishing House Kapp Robert A 1974 Chungking as a Center of Warlord Power 1926 1937 In Mark Elvin G William Skinner eds The Chinese City Between Two Worlds Stanford Stanford University Press pp 143 170 ISBN 9780804708531 Kapp Robert A 1973 Szechwan and the Chinese Republic Provincial Militarism and Central Power 1911 1938 New Haven Yale University Press Liao Qingyu 2005 Chongqing Ge Le Shan Pei Du Yizhi The Construction of War time Capital on the Gele Mountain Chongqing Chengdu Sichuan University Press Long Juncai 2005 Sui Yue Ya Feng de Jiyi Chongqing Kang Zhan Yizhi Covered Memory of Flowing Years Site s of the Anti Japanese War in Chongqing Chongqing Southwest University Press McIsaac Lee 2000 The City as Nation Creating a Wartime Capital in Chongqing In Esherick Joseph W ed Remaking the Chinese City 1900 1950 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press Xu Dongsheng Liu Yuchuan 1998 Chongqing Jiu Ying Old Photos of Chongqing Beijing People s Fine Arts Publishing House External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chongqing Look up Chongqing Chungking or Ch ung ch ing in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chongqing category Chongqing Municipal Government website Chongqing gongfutiyu website Chongqing Jushen Sports website Preceded byGuangzhou Wartime Capital of ChinaRepublic of China21 November 1937 5 May 1946 Succeeded byNanjingPreceded byGuangzhou Wartime Capital of ChinaRepublic of China14 October 1949 30 November 1949 Succeeded byChengdu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chongqing amp oldid 1136958638, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.