The Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet (Mongolian: Монгол Кирилл үсэг, Mongol Kirill üseg or Кирилл цагаан толгой, Kirill tsagaan tolgoi) is the writing system used for the standard dialect of the Mongolian language in the modern state of Mongolia. It has a largely phonemic orthography, meaning that there is a fair degree of consistency in the representation of individual sounds. Cyrillic has not been adopted as the writing system in the Inner Mongolia region of China, which continues to use the traditional Mongolian script.
It was introduced in the 1940s in the Mongolian People's Republic under Soviet influence,[1] after two months in 1941 where Latin was used as the official script, while Latinisation in the Soviet Union was in vogue. After the Mongolian democratic revolution in 1990, the traditional Mongolian script was briefly considered to replace Cyrillic, but the plan was canceled in the end. However, the Mongolian script has become a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schooling and is slowly gaining in popularity.[2] The Mongolian script is a highly uncommon vertical script, and unlike other historically vertical-only scripts such as the Chinese script it cannot easily be adapted for horizontal use, which puts it at a disadvantage compared to Cyrillic for many modern purposes. Thus, the Cyrillic script continues to be used in everyday life.[citation needed]
In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025.[3][4][5]
In China, Cyrillic alphabet also used by the Chinese to learn the modern Mongolian language, and by some Mongols in Inner Mongolia to demonstrate their ethnic identity.[6][7]
Cyrillic Script Monument erected under a joint Bulgarian-Mongolian project in Antarctica
Үү and Өө are sometimes also written as the Ukrainian lettersЇї (or Vv) and Єє respectively,[11] when using Russian software or keyboards that do not support them.
Initial long vowels and non-initial full vowels are written with double vowel letters, while initial short vowels and non-initial epenthetic vowels are written with single vowel letters. Conversely, every vowel letter except у and ү can also represent schwa and zero in non-first syllables. Palatalisation is indicated by и (i), the soft sign ь (') or е (ye), ё (yo), я (ya) and ю (yu) after the palatalised consonant. These latter letters are pronounced without [j] in that position. Щ is never used in Mongolian and only used in Russian words containing the letter.[12] It is pronounced identically to Ш, and is often omitted when teaching the Cyrillic alphabet. Sometimes, Russian loanwords with Щ will be spelled with Ш instead: борш, Хрушев. The difference between [e~i] might be dialectal,[13] while the difference between ɵ~o is positional.[14]
/ɡ/ and /ɢ/ are both indicated by the letter г ⟨g⟩, but the phonetic value of that letter is mostly predictable. In words with "front" (+ATR) vowels (see Mongolian phonology for details), it always means /ɡ/, because only /ɡ/ occurs in such words. In words with "back" (−ATR) vowels, it always means /ɢ/, except syllable-finally, where it means /ɡ/; to acquire the value of /ɢ/, it is written as followed by a single mute syllable-final vowel letter. Similarly, a mute vowel is added to final н ⟨n⟩ to make it denote /n/ and not /ŋ/. ф (f) and к (k) are loan consonants and will often be adapted into the Mongolian sound system as [pʰ] and [x].[12]
The original plan as at 10 October 1945 was to use э only at the beginning of words and in long vowel combinations (as is done in other languages written using Russian-based Cyrillic), дз for modern з, дж for modern ж, ии for modern ий and йө for modern е (to represent the "yö" sound at the beginning of words), but the alphabet was changed to its final form on 13 November.[15]
^Will Mongolia Have the Courage to Scrap the Russian Alphabet?
^"Монгол бичиг XXI зуунд хэлэлцүүлгээс уриалга гаргалаа" [Announcements from the "Mongolian script in the 21st century" debate]. 13 May 2011 (in Mongolian). GoGo.mn. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
^"Mongolia to promote usage of traditional script". China.org.cn (March 19, 2020).
^Official documents to be recorded in both scripts from 2025, Montsame, 18 March 2020.
^Mongolian Language Law is effective from July 1st, Gogo, 1 July 2015. "Misinterpretation 1:Use of cyrillic is to be terminated and only Mongolian script to be used. There is no provision in the law that states the termination of use of cyrillic. It clearly states that Mongolian script is to be added to the current use of cyrillic. Mongolian script will be introduced in stages and state and local government is to conduct their correspondence in both cyrillic and Mongolian script. This provision is to be effective starting January 1st of 2025. ID, birth certificate, marriage certificate and education certificates are to be both in Mongolian cyrillic and Mongolian script and currently Mongolian script is being used in official letters of President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament."
^Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén. 2005. The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press: 30-40.
^"Монгол кирил үсгийн латин хөрвүүлгийн шинэ стандарт батлагдлаа" [New latinization standard for Mongolian cyrillic script approved]. 18 February 2012 (in Mongolian). GoGo.mn. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
^kirill-useg-standart.jpg, basic table on archive.today
^Sühbaatar, B. . InfoCon. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
^Svantesson et al. 2005 who proclaim a merger. Luvsanjav, J. (1975): Mongol avianii duudlaga. Ulaanbaatar: MUIS: 14-15 claims that word-initial e-s are articulated towards i, while others are not. But LaCross, Amy (2012): Non-adjacent Phonological Dependency Effects on Khalkha Mongolian Speech Perception. Proceedings of the 29th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. Jaehoon Choi et al., 143-151. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 143-151 keeps them distinct
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This article is about Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet For other developments see Mongolian writing systems For the language see Mongolian language See also Cyrillic alphabets Cyrillic script and List of Cyrillic letters This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet Mongolian Mongol Kirill үseg Mongol Kirill useg or Kirill cagaan tolgoj Kirill tsagaan tolgoi is the writing system used for the standard dialect of the Mongolian language in the modern state of Mongolia It has a largely phonemic orthography meaning that there is a fair degree of consistency in the representation of individual sounds Cyrillic has not been adopted as the writing system in the Inner Mongolia region of China which continues to use the traditional Mongolian script Mongolian CyrillicScript typeAlphabetTime period1940s presentLanguagesMongolianRelated scriptsParent systemsMongolicProto Mongolic languageMiddle MongolClassical Mongolian languageMongolian CyrillicISO 15924ISO 15924Cyrl 220 CyrillicUnicodeUnicode aliasCyrillicUnicode rangesubset of Cyrillic U 0400 U 04FF This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters The word Mongolia Mongol in Cyrillic script Contents 1 History 2 Description 3 Keyboard layout 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistory EditMongolian Cyrillic is the most recent of the many writing systems that have been used for Mongolian It uses the same characters as the Russian alphabet except for the two additional characters Өo o and Үү u It was introduced in the 1940s in the Mongolian People s Republic under Soviet influence 1 after two months in 1941 where Latin was used as the official script while Latinisation in the Soviet Union was in vogue After the Mongolian democratic revolution in 1990 the traditional Mongolian script was briefly considered to replace Cyrillic but the plan was canceled in the end However the Mongolian script has become a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schooling and is slowly gaining in popularity 2 The Mongolian script is a highly uncommon vertical script and unlike other historically vertical only scripts such as the Chinese script it cannot easily be adapted for horizontal use which puts it at a disadvantage compared to Cyrillic for many modern purposes Thus the Cyrillic script continues to be used in everyday life citation needed In March 2020 the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2025 3 4 5 In China Cyrillic alphabet also used by the Chinese to learn the modern Mongolian language and by some Mongols in Inner Mongolia to demonstrate their ethnic identity 6 7 Description EditSee also Cyrillic alphabets Mongolian The Cyrillic alphabet used for Mongolian is as follows with borrowed sounds in parentheses Pos Cyrillic Braille Name IPA 8 ISO 9 Standard romanization MNS 5217 2012 9 10 Library ofCongress Mongolianscriptcounterpart1 Aa a a a ᠠ2 Bb be p pʲ b ᠪ3 Vv ve w w ʲ v ᠸ4 Gg ge ɡ ɡʲ ɢ g ᠭ5 Dd de t tʲ d ᠳ6 Ee e ji jɵ e ye e ᠶᠡ7 Yoyo yo jɔ e yo e ᠶᠣ8 Zhzh zhe tʃ z j zh ᠵ9 Zz ze ts z ᠽ10 Ii i i i ᠢ11 Jj hagas i i j i ĭ ᠢ12 Kk ka kʰ kʲʰ x xʲ k ᠺ13 Ll el ɮ ɮʲ l ᠯᠠ14 Mm em m mʲ m ᠮ15 Nn en n nʲ ŋ n ᠨ16 Oo o ɔ o ᠣ17 Өo o ɵ o o o ᠥ18 Pp pe pʰ pʰʲ p ᠫ19 Rr er r rʲ r ᠷ20 Ss es s s ᠰ21 Tt te tʰ tʰʲ t ᠲ22 Uu u ʊ u ᠤ23 Үү ү u u ᠦ24 Ff fe fa ef f pʰ f ᠹ25 Hh he ha x xʲ h kh ᠬ26 Cc ce tsʰ c ts ᠴ27 Chch che tʃʰ c ch ᠴᠤ28 Shsh sha esh ʃ s sh ᠱ29 Shsh sha eshe ʃ ŝ sh shch ᠰᠢ30 hatuugijn temdeg none ʺ i i ᠢ31 Yy er үgijn y i y32 zoolnij temdeg ʲ ʹ i33 Ee e e i e e e ᠡ34 Yuyu yu jʊ ju u yu iu ᠶᠦ35 Yaya ya ja a ya ia ᠶᠠ Cyrillic Script Monument erected under a joint Bulgarian Mongolian project in Antarctica Үү and Өo are sometimes also written as the Ukrainian letters Yiyi or Vv and Yeye respectively 11 when using Russian software or keyboards that do not support them Initial long vowels and non initial full vowels are written with double vowel letters while initial short vowels and non initial epenthetic vowels are written with single vowel letters Conversely every vowel letter except u and ү can also represent schwa and zero in non first syllables Palatalisation is indicated by i i the soft sign or e ye yo yo ya ya and yu yu after the palatalised consonant These latter letters are pronounced without j in that position Sh is never used in Mongolian and only used in Russian words containing the letter 12 It is pronounced identically to Sh and is often omitted when teaching the Cyrillic alphabet Sometimes Russian loanwords with Sh will be spelled with Sh instead borsh Hrushev The difference between e i might be dialectal 13 while the difference between ɵ o is positional 14 ɡ and ɢ are both indicated by the letter g g but the phonetic value of that letter is mostly predictable In words with front ATR vowels see Mongolian phonology for details it always means ɡ because only ɡ occurs in such words In words with back ATR vowels it always means ɢ except syllable finally where it means ɡ to acquire the value of ɢ it is written as followed by a single mute syllable final vowel letter Similarly a mute vowel is added to final n n to make it denote n and not ŋ f f and k k are loan consonants and will often be adapted into the Mongolian sound system as pʰ and x 12 The original plan as at 10 October 1945 was to use e only at the beginning of words and in long vowel combinations as is done in other languages written using Russian based Cyrillic dz for modern z dzh for modern zh ii for modern ij and jo for modern e to represent the yo sound at the beginning of words but the alphabet was changed to its final form on 13 November 15 Keyboard layout EditSee also Keyboard layout Cyrillic The standard Mongolian Cyrillic keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows dd See also Edit Language portalMongolian writing systems Mongolian script Galik alphabet Todo alphabet ʼPhags pa script Horizontal square script Soyombo script Mongolian Latin alphabet SASM GNC romanization Mongolian Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters Sino Mongolian Transliterations zh Mongolian Braille Mongolian Sign Language Mongolian nameReferences Edit Will Mongolia Have the Courage to Scrap the Russian Alphabet Mongol bichig XXI zuundhelelcүүlgees urialga gargalaa Announcements from the Mongolian script in the 21st century debate 13 May 2011 in Mongolian GoGo mn Retrieved 20 February 2012 Mongolia to promote usage of traditional script China org cn March 19 2020 Official documents to be recorded in both scripts from 2025 Montsame 18 March 2020 Mongolian Language Law is effective from July 1st Gogo 1 July 2015 Misinterpretation 1 Use of cyrillic is to be terminated and only Mongolian script to be used There is no provision in the law that states the termination of use of cyrillic It clearly states that Mongolian script is to be added to the current use of cyrillic Mongolian script will be introduced in stages and state and local government is to conduct their correspondence in both cyrillic and Mongolian script This provision is to be effective starting January 1st of 2025 ID birth certificate marriage certificate and education certificates are to be both in Mongolian cyrillic and Mongolian script and currently Mongolian script is being used in official letters of President Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament 侯万庄 王浩 2017 01 01 现代蒙古语教程 Orchin cagijn mongol helnij surah bichig Beijing 北京大学出版社 ISBN 9787301272312 Өvor mongolchuudyn ov soyol үnet zүjls aazhmaar zamhrah ayuul nүүrleed bajna iSee mn in Mongolian Gadaad medee Svantesson Jan Olof Anna Tsendina Anastasia Karlsson Vivan Franzen 2005 The Phonology of Mongolian New York Oxford University Press 30 40 Mongol kiril үsgijn latin horvүүlgijn shine standart batlagdlaa New latinization standard for Mongolian cyrillic script approved 18 February 2012 in Mongolian GoGo mn Retrieved 20 February 2012 kirill useg standart jpg basic table on archive today Suhbaatar B Mongol helnij kirill usgijg latin usgeer galiglah tuhaj InfoCon Archived from the original on 2009 01 29 Retrieved 2009 01 03 a b Svantesson et al 2005 30 40 Svantesson et al 2005 who proclaim a merger Luvsanjav J 1975 Mongol avianii duudlaga Ulaanbaatar MUIS 14 15 claims that word initial e s are articulated towards i while others are not But LaCross Amy 2012 Non adjacent Phonological Dependency Effects on Khalkha Mongolian Speech Perception Proceedings of the 29th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics ed Jaehoon Choi et al 143 151 Somerville MA Cascadilla Proceedings Project 143 151 keeps them distinct Svantesson et al 2005 1 10 Tseveliin Shagdagsuren Mongolchuudyn useg bichigiin tovchoon 2001 page 190 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet amp oldid 1131619617, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
