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Guangzhou

January 10, 2023

For other uses, see Guangzhou (disambiguation).
For other places with same name "Canton", see Canton.
Not to be confused with Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan or Quanzhou.

Guangzhou (UK: /ɡwæŋˈdʒoʊ/,[5] US: /ɡwɒŋ-/;[6] simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu; Cantonese pronunciation: [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u] (listen); Mandarin pronunciation: [kwàŋ tʂóu] (listen)), also known as Canton[7] (/kænˈtɒn/) and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow,[8] is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China.[9] Located on the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road;[10] it continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub as well as being one of China's three largest cities.[11] For a long time, the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders, Guangzhou was captured by the British during the First Opium War. No longer enjoying a monopoly after the war, it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major transshipment port. Due to a high urban population and large volumes of port traffic, Guangzhou is classified as a Large-Port Megacity, the largest type of port-city in the world.[12] Due to worldwide travel restrictions at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, the major airport of Guangzhou, briefly became the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2020.[13]

Guangzhou
广州市
Canton; Kwangchow
Prefecture-level and subprovincial city
Clockwise from top: Aerial view of Zhujiang New Town, Canton Tower and the Pearl River; Sacred Heart Cathedral; Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall; Zhenhai Tower in Yuexiu Hill; Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees; and Five-Ram Sculpture
Nicknames: 
City of Rams, City of Flowers, City of Rice Spike
Location of Guangzhou City jurisdiction in Guangdong
Guangzhou
Location of the city center in Guangdong
Guangzhou
Guangzhou (China)
Coordinates (Guangdong People's Government): 23°07′48″N 113°15′36″E / 23.13000°N 113.26000°E / 23.13000; 113.26000Coordinates: 23°07′48″N 113°15′36″E / 23.13000°N 113.26000°E / 23.13000; 113.26000
CountryChina
ProvinceGuangdong
Settled214 BC
Founded byQin dynasty
Municipal seatYuexiu District
Government
 • TypeSub-provincial city
 • BodyGuangzhou Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryLin Keqing
 • Congress ChairmanWang Yanshi
 • MayorGuo Yonghang
 • CPPCC ChairmanLi Yiwei
Area
[1]
 • Prefecture-level and subprovincial city7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi)
 • Urban
3,843.431 km2 (1,483.957 sq mi)
 • Metro
19,870.4 km2 (7,672.0 sq mi)
Elevation
21 m (69 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Prefecture-level and subprovincial city18,676,605
 • Density2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
 • Urban
[3]
16,492,590
 • Urban density4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
65,594,622
 • Metro density3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi)
DemonymCantonese
Time zoneUTC+08:00 (china standard time)
Postal code
510000
Area code(0)20
ISO 3166 codeCN-GD-01
GDP (nominal)[4]2021
 - Total¥2.823 trillion
$437.7 billion
 - Per capita¥151,162
$23,436
 - Growth 8.1%
License plate prefixes粤A
City FlowerBombax ceiba
City BirdChinese hwamei
LanguagesCantonese, Standard Chinese
WebsiteGuangzhou International

Guangzhou is at the heart of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area, the most-populous built-up metropolitan area in the world, which extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen and part of Jiangmen, Huizhou, Zhuhai and Macau, forming the largest urban agglomeration on Earth with approximately 65,594,622 residents[14] and part of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. Administratively, the city holds subprovincial status[15] and is one of China's nine National Central Cities.[16] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis.[17] The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city's total population in 2008. Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China.[18] As of the 2020 census, the registered population of the city's expansive administrative area was 18,676,605 individuals (up to 47% from the previous census in 2010) whom 16,492,590 lived in 9 urban districts (all but Conghua and Zengcheng).[2] Guangzhou is the fifth most populous city by urban resident population in China after Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen and Chongqing.[19]

In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China.[20] For three consecutive years (2013–2015), Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city in mainland China.[21] Guangzhou is highly ranked as an Alpha- (global first-tier) city together with San Francisco and Stockholm.[22] It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region and ranks 21st globally in the 2020 Global Financial Centres Index.[23] As an important international city, Guangzhou has hosted numerous international and national sporting events, the most notable being the 2010 Asian Games, the 2010 Asian Para Games, and the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. The city hosts 65 foreign representatives, making it the third major city to host more foreign representatives than any other city in China after Beijing and Shanghai.[24][25] As of 2020, Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen) for the number of billionaire residents by the Hurun Global Rich List.[26]

Guangzhou is a major centre of research and innovation in the Asia-Pacific with a high level of scientific research output, ranking 10th globally, 5th in the Asia-Pacific and 4th in China,[27] and is home to many of China's most prestigious universities, including Sun Yat-sen University, South China University of Technology, Jinan University, South China Normal University, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou University, Southern Medical University, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine.[28][29][30]

Toponymy

 
Portrait of the Grotto of the Five Immortals, the Taoist temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname "The City of Rams"

Guǎngzhōu is the official romanization of the Chinese name 广州. The name of the city is taken from the ancient "Guang Province" after it had become the prefecture's seat of government. The character 廣 or 广 means "broad" or "expansive".

Before acquiring its current name, the town was known as Panyu (Punyü; 番禺), a name still borne by one of Guangzhou's districts not far from the main city. The origin of the name is still uncertain, with 11 various explanations being offered,[31] including that it may have referred to two local mountains.[32][33] The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a prefecture. From this latter name, Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh[34] as Khanfu (خانفو).[35] Under the Southern Han, the city was renamed Xingwang Fu (興王府).[36][37]

The Chinese abbreviation for Guangzhou is "穗," pronounced Seoi6 in Cantonese and Suì in Mandarin (although the abbreviation on car license plates, as with the rest of the province, is 粤), after its nickname "City of Rice" (穗城). The city has long borne the nickname City of Rams (羊城) or City of the Five Rams (五羊城) from the five stones at the old Temple of the Five Immortals said to have been the sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist culture heroes credited with introducing rice cultivation to the area around the time of the city's foundation.[38] The former name "City of the Immortals" (仙城/五仙城) came from the same story. The more recent City of Flowers (花城) is usually taken as a simple reference to the area's fine greenery.

The English name "Canton" derived from Portuguese Cantão[39] or Cidade de Cantão,[40] a blend of dialectical pronunciations of "Guangdong"[41][42] (e.g., Cantonese Gwong2-dung1). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors.[note 1][note 2] It was adopted as the Postal Map Romanization of Guangzhou, and remained the official name until its name change to "Guangzhou." As an adjective, it is still used in describing the people, language, cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region. The 19th-century name was referred "Kwang-chow foo"[44]

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Guangzhou.

Prehistory

A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC.[45][46] Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of Ji Yan,[47][48] king of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.[47][48]

Nanyue

Guangzhou, then known as Panyu, was founded on the eastern bank of the Pearl River[44] in 214 BC. It was the seat of Qin Empire's Nanhai Commandery, and served as a base for the first invasion of the Baiyue lands in southern China. Legendary accounts claimed that the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years.[49] Upon the fall of the Qin, General Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC. It remained independent throughout the Chu-Han Contention, although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the Han in 196 BC.[50] Archeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial center: in addition to items from central China, archeologists have found remains originating from Southeast Asia, India, and even Africa.[51] Zhao Tuo was succeeded by Zhao Mo and then Zhao Yingqi. Upon Zhao Yingqi's death in 115 BC, his younger son Zhao Xing was named as his successor in violation of Chinese primogeniture. By 113 BC, his chinese mother, the Empress Dowager Jiu (樛) had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire. The native prime minister Lü Jia (呂嘉) launched a coup, killing Han ambassadors along with the king, his mother, and their supporters.[52] A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him. Emperor Wu took offense and launched a massive river- and seaborne war: six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu[53] took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC.[52]

Imperial China

 
Guangzhou (as 廣) on the 1136 Map of the Tracks of Yu
 
Old photograph of a commercial Guangzhou street c. 1880
 
Guangzhou ("Canton") and the surrounding islands of Henan ("Hanan"), Pazhou ("Whampoa"), changzhou ("Dane's Island"), and Xiaoguwei ("French Island") during the First Opium War's Second Battle of Canton. The large East Indiamen of the Canton trade used the anchorage sheltered by these four islands, but the village and island of Huangpu for which it was named make up no part of present-day Guangzhou's Huangpu District.

Incorporated into the Han dynasty, Panyu became a provincial capital. In AD 226, it became the seat of Guang Prefecture, which gave it its modern name. The Old Book of Tang described Guangzhou as an important port in southern China.[54] Direct routes connected the Middle East and China, as shown in the records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at Talas.[55] Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates[56] sacked the city on October 30, 758[note 3][57][58][59][60] and about 200,000 foreigners were killed under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with the city's Jews, Christians,[61][62][63] and Parsis.[64][65] The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction.[56]

Amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Tang dynasty, the Later Liang governor Liu Yan used his base at Panyu to establish a "Great Yue" or "Southern Han" empire, which lasted from 917 to 971. The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period. From the 10th to 12th century, there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively male, but included "Persian women".[66][67][note 4] According to Odoric of Pordenone, Guangzhou was as large as three Venices in terms of area, and rivaled all of Italy in the amount of crafts produced. He also noted the large amount of ginger available as well as large geese and snakes.[69] Guangzhou was visited by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his 14th-century journey around the world;[70] he detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port's shipyards.[71]

Shortly after the Hongwu Emperor's declaration of the Ming dynasty, he reversed his earlier support of foreign trade and imposed the first of a series of sea bans (海禁).[72] These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors.[73] Previous maritime intendancies of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Ningbo were closed in 1384[74] and legal trade became limited to the tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments.[75]

Following the Portuguese conquest of the Melaka Sultanate, Rafael Perestrello traveled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native junk in 1516.[76] His report induced Fernão Pires de Andrade to sail to the city with eight ships the next year,[76] but De Andrade's exploration[77] was understood as spying[78] and his brother Simão and others began attempting to monopolize trade,[79] enslaving Chinese women[80] and children,[note 5] engaging in piracy,[82] and fortifying the island of Tamão.[83][84] Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children.[85][81][note 6] The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off:[82] they bested the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen[87] and in Xicao Bay; held a diplomatic mission hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the sultan of Malacca,[88] who had been accounted a Ming vassal;[89] and, after placing them in cangues and keeping them for most of a year, ultimately executed 23 by lingchi.[90][note 7] With the help of local pirates,[85] the "Folangji" then carried out smuggling at Macao, Lampacau, and St John's Island (now Shangchuan),[80] until Leonel de Sousa legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo (汪柏) and the 1554 Luso-Chinese Accord. The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues;[93] three years later, after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies,[94] the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at Macau instead of Guangzhou itself.[95]

In October 1646, the Longwu Emperor's brother, Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou, the last stronghold of the Ming empire. On December 11, he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor, borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes.[96] He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on 20 January 1647 when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong (李成棟) sacked the city on behalf of the Qing.[97][note 8]

The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of Taiwan in 1683.[98] The Portuguese from Macau and Spaniards from Manila returned, as did private Muslim, Armenian, and English traders.[99] From 1699 to 1714, the French and British East India Companies sent a ship or two each year;[99] the Austrian Ostend General India Co. arrived in 1717,[100] the Dutch East India Co. in 1729,[101] the Danish Asiatic Co. in 1731,[note 9] and the Swedish East India Co. the next year.[99] These were joined by the occasional Prussian or Trieste Company vessel. The first independent American ship arrived in 1784, and the first colonial Australian one in 1788.[citation needed] By that time, Guangzhou was one of the world's great ports, organized under the Canton System.[103] The main exports were tea and porcelain.[99] As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world, Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy.[104]

In the 19th century, most of the city's buildings were still only one or two stories. However, there were notable exceptions such as the Flower Pagoda of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, and the guard tower known as the Five-Story Pagoda. The subsequently urbanized northern hills were bare and covered with traditional graves. The brick city walls were about 6 mi (10 km) in circumference, 25 ft (8 m) high, and 20 ft (6 m) wide. Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night. The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which, along with the canals, functioned as the city's sewer, emptied daily by the river's tides. A partition wall with four gates divided the northern "old town" from the southern "new town" closer to the river; the suburb of Xiguan (Saikwan; "West Gate") stretched beyond and the boats of fishers, traders, and Tanka ("boat people") almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about 4 mi (6 km). It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their courtyards as a kind of warehouse.[44] The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing—about 1,200 mi (1,931 km) away—in less than 24 hours.[105]

The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839. Following a series of battles in the Pearl River Delta, the British captured Canton on March 18, 1841.[106] The Second Battle of Canton was fought two months later.[107] Following the Qing's 1842 treaty with Great Britain, Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more treaty ports were opened to more and more countries, usually including extraterritorial enclaves. Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856), the Punti and Hakka waged a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died. The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the Arrow War (1856–1858). The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through Shanghai.[108][109]

The concession for the Guangdong–Hankou Railway was awarded to the American China Development Co. in 1898. It completed its branch line west to Foshan and Sanshui before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing subsequently canceled its concession. J.P. Morgan was awarded millions in damages[110] and the line to Wuchang was not completed until 1936[111] and the completion of a unified Beijing–Guangzhou Railway waited until the completion of Wuhan's Yangtze River Bridge in 1957.

Modern China

Revolutions

 
Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs

During the late Qing dynasty, Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the Uprisings of 1895 and 1911 that were the predecessors of the successful Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city's 72 Martyrs at the Huanghuagang ("Yellow Flower Mound") Mausoleum.

Republic of China

After the assassination of Sung Chiao-jen and Yuan Shih-kʻai's attempts to remove the Nationalist Party of China from power, the leader of Guangdong Hu Hanmin joined the 1913 Second Revolution against him[112] but was forced to flee to Japan with Sun Yat-sen after its failure. The city came under national spotlight again in 1917, when Prime Minister Duan Qirui's abrogation of the constitution triggered the Constitutional Protection Movement. Sun Yat-sen came to head the Guangzhou Military Government supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords. The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support. Sun fled to Shanghai in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming restored him in October 1920 during the Yuegui Wars.[113] On 16 June 1922, Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship Yongfeng after Chen sided with the Zhili Clique's Beijing government. In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi, and in January established a government in the city for the third time.

From 1923 to 1926 Sun and the Kuomintang used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north. Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city, with the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition. The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment, setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927.

In 1924, the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR. With Soviet help, KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro-labor and pro-peasant stance. The Kuomintang-CCP cooperation was confirmed in the First Congress of the KMT and the communists were instructed to join the KMT. The allied government set up the Peasant Movement Training Institute in the city, of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term. Sun and his military commander Chiang used Soviet funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars, training its cadres in the Whampoa Military Academy.[113] In August, the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising. The next year the anti-imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country, and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong. The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists. In August the left-wing KMT leader Liao Zhongkai was assassinated and the right-wing leader Hu Hanmin, the suspected mastermind, was exiled to the Soviet Union, leaving the pro-communist Wang Jingwei in charge. Opposing communist encroachment, the right-wing Western Hills Group vowed to expel the communists from the KMT. The "Canton Coup" on 20 March 1926 saw Chiang solidify his control over the Nationalists and their army against Wang Jingwei, the party's left wing, its Communist allies, and its Soviet advisors.[114][115] By May, he had ended civilian control of the military[115] and begun his Northern Expedition against the warlords of the north. Its success led to the split of the KMT between Wuhan and Nanking and the purge of the communists in the April 12 Incident. Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of Li Jishen, resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups. Later in 1927 when Zhang Fakui, a general supportive of the Wuhan faction seized Canton and installed Wang Jingwei's faction in the city, the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising. Prominent communist military leaders Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the failed defense of the city. Soon, control of the city reverted to Li Jishen.

Li was deposed during a war between Chiang and the Kwangsi Clique. By 1929, Chen Jitang had established himself as the powerholder of Guangdong. In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti-Chiang schism by hosting a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou.[116] Opposing Chiang's alleged dictatorship, the separatists included KMT leaders like Wang Ching-wei, Sun Fo and others from diverse factions. The peace negotiations amid the armed standoff led to the 4th National Congress of Kuomintang being held separately by three factions in Nanjing, Shanghai and Canton. Resigning all his posts, Chiang pulled off a political compromise that reunited all factions. While the intraparty division was resolved, Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936. During the WW2, the "Canton Operation" subjected the city to Japanese occupation by the end of December 1938.

People's Republic of China

Amid the closing months before total Communist victory, Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republican government. Guangzhou was captured on 14 October 1949. Amid a massive exodus to Hong Kong and Macau, defeated Nationalist forces blew up the Haizhu Bridge across the Pearl River in retreat. The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city, with much of its temples, churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period.

The People's Republic of China initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city's boat people to life on land. Since the 1980s, the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and Shenzhen and its ties to overseas Chinese made it one of the first beneficiaries of China's opening up under Deng Xiaoping. Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s also helped the city's industrialization and economic development.

The municipality was expanded in the year 2000, with Huadu and Panyu joining the city as urban districts and Conghua and Zengcheng as more rural counties. The former districts of Dongshan and Fangcun were abolished in 2005, merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively. The city acquired Nansha and Luogang. The former was carved out of Panyu, the latter from parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, Zengcheng, and an exclave within Huangpu. The National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta in January 2009; on March 19 the same year, the Guangzhou and Foshan municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.[117] In 2014, Luogang merged into Huangpu and both Conghua and Zengcheng counties were upgraded to districts.

On June 16, 2022, an EF2 tornado struck the city, causing major power outages and knocking out power to the city's subway lines.[118][119][120]

Gallery

Geography

 
Map of Guangzhou (labeled as KUANG-CHOU (CANTON) 廣州) in surrounding region (AMS, 1954)
 
Tiantang Peak, highest mountain in Guangzhou

The old town of Guangzhou was near Baiyun Mountain on the east bank of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) about 80 mi (129 km) from its junction with the South China Sea and about 300 mi (483 km) below its head of navigation.[44] It commanded the rich alluvial plain of the Pearl River Delta, with its connection to the sea protected at the Humen Strait.[44] The present city spans 7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi) on both sides of the river from 112° 57′ to 114° 03′ E longitude and 22° 26′ to 23° 56′ N latitude in south-central Guangdong. The Pearl is the 4th-largest river of China.[123] Intertidal ecosystems exist on the tidal flat lining the river estuary, however, many of the tidal flats have been reclaimed for agriculture.[124] Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city's "lung" (市肺).[11][125][why?]

The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast, with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front. Tiantang Peak (simplified Chinese: 天堂顶; traditional Chinese: 天堂頂, "Heavenly Peak") is the highest point of elevation at 1,210 m (3,970 ft) above sea level.

Natural resources

There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou, including 18 large and medium-sized oil deposits. The major minerals are granite, cement limestone, ceramic clay, potassium, albite, salt mine, mirabilite, nepheline, syenite, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and geothermal mineral water. Since Guangzhou is located in the water-rich area of southern China, it has a wide water area with many rivers and water systems, accounting for 10% of the total land area. The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable.[126]

Climate

Despite being located just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa/Cwa) influenced by the East Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity, and a high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season, spanning from April through September. Monthly averages range from 14.1 °C (57.4 °F) in January to 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 22.8 °C (73.0 °F).[11] Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time.[127] The relative humidity is approximately 73 percent, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,700 mm (67 in).[11] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March and April to 52 percent in November, the city receives 1,628 hours of bright sunshine annually, considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) to 39.1 °C (102.4 °F).[128] The last recorded snowfall in the city was on 24 January 2016, 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall.[129]

Climate data for Guangzhou (normals 1981–2010, extremes 1951–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.4
(83.1) 		29.4
(84.9) 		32.1
(89.8) 		33.3
(91.9) 		36.2
(97.2) 		38.9
(102.0) 		39.1
(102.4) 		38.3
(100.9) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.2
(97.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		29.6
(85.3) 		39.1
(102.4)
Average high °C (°F) 19.0
(66.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.8
(73.0) 		26.5
(79.7) 		30.5
(86.9) 		32.0
(89.6) 		33.7
(92.7) 		33.5
(92.3) 		32.1
(89.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		25.3
(77.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		27.2
(81.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.1
(57.4) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		26.4
(79.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		29.4
(84.9) 		29.1
(84.4) 		27.9
(82.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.6
(60.1) 		22.8
(73.1)
Average low °C (°F) 10.8
(51.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		15.9
(60.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		25.1
(77.2) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.9
(78.6) 		24.7
(76.5) 		21.6
(70.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		12.0
(53.6) 		19.6
(67.3)
Record low °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2) 		1.3
(34.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		0.0
(32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 44.3
(1.74) 		67.9
(2.67) 		94.9
(3.74) 		183.5
(7.22) 		285.6
(11.24) 		315.0
(12.40) 		240.0
(9.45) 		230.8
(9.09) 		200.9
(7.91) 		70.5
(2.78) 		38.4
(1.51) 		29.4
(1.16) 		1,801.2
(70.91)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.5 11.2 15.0 16.3 18.3 18.2 15.9 16.8 12.5 7.1 5.5 4.9 149.2
Average relative humidity (%) 68 75 76 79 77 79 75 76 72 66 64 63 73
Mean monthly sunshine hours 118.5 71.6 62.4 65.1 104.0 140.2 202.0 173.5 170.2 181.8 172.7 166.0 1,628
Percent possible sunshine 35 22 17 17 26 35 49 43 46 51 52 50 37
Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000)[130][131] all-time extreme temperature[128]

Administrative divisions

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou

Guangzhou is a sub-provincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts:

Administrative divisions of Guangzhou
Division
code[132]		 Division Area
(km2)[133]		 Population
(2020)[134]		 Seat Postal
code 		Subdivisions[135]
Subdistricts Towns Residential
communities 		Administrative
villages
440100 Guangzhou 7,434.40 18,676,605 Yuexiu 510000 136 34 1533 1142
440103 Liwan 59.10 1,238,305 Shiweitang Subdistrict 510000 22   195  
440104 Yuexiu 33.80 1,038,643 Beijing Subdistrict 510000 18   267  
440105 Haizhu 90.40 1,819,037 Jianghai Subdistrict 510000 18   257  
440106 Tianhe 96.33 2,241,826 Tianyuan Subdistrict 510000 21   205  
440111 Baiyun 795.79 3,742,991 Jingtai Subdistrict 510000 18 4 253 118
440112 Huangpu 484.17 1,264,447 Luogang Subdistrict 510500 14 1 90 28
440113 Panyu 529.94 2,658,397 Shiqiao Subdistrict 511400 11 5 87 177
440114 Huadu 970.04 1,642,360 Huacheng Subdistrict 510800 4 6 50 188
440115 Nansha 783.86 846,584 Huangge Town 511400 3 6 28 128
440117 Conghua 1,974.50 717,684 Jiekou Subdistrict 510900 3 5 46 221
440118 Zengcheng 1,616.47 1,466,331 Licheng Subdistrict 511300 4 7 55 282

Economy

 
The first Canton Fair (1957) at the Sino-Soviet Friendship Building

Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta, one of mainland China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2021, its GDP reached ¥2,823 billion (US$444.37 billion in nominal), making it the 2nd largest economy in the South-Central China region after Shenzhen.[136] Guangzhou's GDP (nominal) was US$444.37 billion in 2021, exceeding that of Nigeria with a GDP of US$ 440.77 billion, the largest economy in Africa.[137] Guangzhou's per capita was ¥151,162 (US$23,794 in nominal).[136] Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China. Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen) in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020.[26] Guangzhou is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in terms of nominal GDP in 2035 (together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics,[138] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above US$42,000 in 2030.[139] Guangzhou also ranks 21st globally (between Washington, D.C. and Amsterdam) and 8th in the whole Asia & Oceania region (behind Shanghai, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, Shenzhen and Dubai) in the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index (GFCI).[23] Owing to rapid industrialization, it was once also considered a rather polluted city. After green urban planning was implemented, it is now one of the most livable cities in China.

Canton Fair

The Canton Fair, formally the "China Import and Export Fair", is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trade. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the fair is a major event for the city. It is the trade fair with the longest history, highest level, and largest scale in China.[140] From the 104th session onwards, the fair moved to the new Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center (广州国际会展中心) in Pazhou, from the older complex in Liuhua. The GICEC is served by two stations on Line 8 and three stations on Tram Line THZ1. Since the 104th session, the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases.

  •  

    Guangzhou skyline

  •  

    The former Canton Fair site at Yuexiu's Liuhua Complex

  •  

    Interior of the Canton Fair Complex in Pazhou, 2006

Local products

Industry

  • GAC Group
  • Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone
    The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36 km2 (0.53 sq mi).[141] It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated 54 km (34 mi) (a 70 minutes drive) south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port. It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal.
  • Guangzhou Free Trade Zone
    The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport.[142] The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing and computer software. Recently the Area has been rebranded and is now being marketed under the name Huangpu District. Next to the industries above, new sectors are being introduced to the business environment, including new energy, AI, new mobility, new materials, information and communication technology and new transport. It is also Home to the Guangzhou IP Court.[143]
  • Guangzhou Science City

Business Environment

Guangzhou is a hub for international businesses. According to an article by China Briefing, over 30,000 foreign-invested companies had settled in Guangzhou by 2018, including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies with projects and 120 Fortune Global 500 companies with headquarters or regional headquarters in the city.[144]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1950[145]2,567,645—    
1960[145]3,683,104+43.4%
1970[145]4,185,363+13.6%
1980[145]5,018,638+19.9%
1990[145]5,942,534+18.4%
2000[145]9,943,000+67.3%
2002[146]10,106,229+1.6%
2005[147]9,496,800−6.0%
2006[147]9,966,600+4.9%
2007[147]10,530,100+5.7%
2008[147]11,153,400+5.9%
2009[147]11,869,700+6.4%
2010[145]12,701,948+7.0%
2011[148]12,751,400+0.4%
2012[148]12,832,900+0.6%
2013[148]12,926,800+0.7%
2014[148]13,080,500+1.2%
201814,904,400+13.9%
Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions.

The 2010 census found Guangzhou's population to be 12.78 million. As of 2014, it was estimated at 13,080,500,[149][148] with 11,264,800 urban residents.[3] Its population density is thus around 1,800 people per km2. The built-up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities. The built-up area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone covers around 17,573 km2 (6,785 sq mi) and has been estimated to house 22 million people, including Guangzhou's nine urban districts, Shenzhen (5.36m), Dongguan (3.22m), Zhongshan (3.12m), most of Foshan (2.2m), Jiangmen (1.82m), Zhuhai (890k), and Huizhou's Huiyang District (760k).[citation needed] The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[citation needed] The area's fast-growing economy and high demand for labor has produced a huge "floating population" of migrant workers; thus, up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year.[citation needed] In 2008, about five million of Guangzhou's permanent residents were hukouless migrants.[150]

Ethnicity and language

Most of Guangzhou's population is Han Chinese. Almost all Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language,[152] while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin.[150] In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population,[153] although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well.[citation needed] In 2018, He Huifeng of the South China Morning Post stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives, causing their Cantonese-speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them. He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin-speaking Shenzhen.[154] Jinan University released a survey result of the Guangzhou youths born in the year 2000 or after that were part of this educational study showed that 69% could still speak and understand Cantonese, 20% can understand Cantonese, but unable to speak it, and 11% completely had no knowledge of Cantonese. Jinan University's study of these Guangzhou youths also indicated when it came to the daily recreational use of Cantonese, roughly 40%-50% of them participated in these recreational functions with the usage of Cantonese with 51.4% of them in mobile games, 47% in Social Platforms, 44.1% in TV shows, and 39.8% in Books and Newspapers. Despite some decline in the use of Cantonese, it is faring better in survival, popularity, and prestige than other Chinese languages due to the historical pride in the language and culture, as well as the wide popularity and availability of mainstream Cantonese entertainment, which encourages locals to retain the Cantonese language.[155][156] As of the 2020s, additional renewed efforts were introduced to preserve the local Cantonese language and culture with some limited Cantonese language classes now being taught in some schools as well as hosting Cantonese appreciation cultural events along with hosting activities that cater to the local Cantonese culture and language as well as many local Cantonese speaking families are now placing much stronger emphasis on their children to speak Cantonese to preserve the culture and language. In a 2018 report study by Shan Yunming and Li Sheng, the report showed that 90% of people living in Guangzhou are bilingual in both Cantonese and Mandarin, though fluency will vary depending on if they are locally born to the city and the surrounding Guangdong province or migrants from other provinces, which shows how much importance the Cantonese language still has in the city despite the strict policy rules from the government to be using Mandarin as the country's official language.[157][158] Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country. While most areas of China have 112–120 boys per 100 girls, the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls.[159] [160][161]

Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants, with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people. This huge influx of people from other areas, called the floating population, is due to the city's fast-growing economy and high labor demands. Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that, while the city had 10.33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number, the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million. According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng, the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million, which means the city is facing a great strain, mostly due to a high population of unregistered people.[159]

According to the 2000 National Census, marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and particular important for women as 29.3% of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage [Liang et al.,2004]. Many of the female economic migrants marry men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life.[162] but like elsewhere in the People's Republic of China, the household registration system (hukou) limits migrants' access to residences, educational institutions and other public benefits. It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution.[163] In May 2014, legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city, rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously.[164]

Historically, the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th- and 20th-century Chinese diaspora; in fact, many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou. This is particularly true in the United States,[165] Canada,[166] and Australia.

Demographically, the only significant immigration into China has been by overseas Chinese, but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists, workers, and residents from the usual locations such as the United States. Notably, it is also home to thousands of African immigrants, including people from Nigeria, Somalia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.[167]

Metropolitan area

The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, as of 2010, a population of 25 million.[168][169]

Development of Guangzhou

ScienceDirect provided a report on their website of the development of Guangzhou from 1990 until 2020. Their map report showed in 1990, the developed residential districts were almost exclusively concentrated to a small part of western Guangzhou whereas other parts of Guangzhou had smaller limited amount of developed residential communities being overwhelmingly surrounded by agricultural and forest lands. However, from 2005 until 2020, other parts of the city eventually began to develop more so residential communities and in the 2020 map report, it showed fully developed residential communities going from west to east of the city whereas the very southern part and large portions of northern Guangzhou still remain mainly agricultural and forest lands with very limited developed residential communities. [170][171][172][173]

Transportation

 
The east square of Guangzhou railway station in 1991

Urban mass transit

Main article: Guangzhou Metro

When the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. Currently the metro network is made up of thirteen lines, covering a total length of 476.26 km (295.93 mi).[174] A long-term plan is to make the city's metro system expand to over 500 km (310 mi) by 2020 with 15 lines in operation. In addition to the metro system there is also the Haizhu Tram line which opened on 31 December 2014.[175]

The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (GBRT) system which was introduced in 2010 along Zhongshan Road. It has several connections to the metro and is the world's 2nd-largest bus rapid transit system with 1,000,000 passenger trips daily.[176] It handles 26,900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota.[177] The system averages one bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world's longest BRT stations—around 260 m (850 ft) including bridges.

Motor transport

See also: List of bus routes in Guangzhou

In the 19th century, the city already had over 600 long, straight streets; these were mostly paved but still very narrow.[44] In June 1919, work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways. The demolition took three years in total.[178]

In 2009, it was reported that all 9,424 buses and 17,695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG-fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city.[179] At present[when?], Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world, and at the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis.[citation needed]

Effective January 1, 2007, the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong's urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated.[180] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.[181]

Airports

Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Baiyun District; it opened on August 5, 2004.[182] This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city center but failed to meet the city's rapidly growing air traffic demand. The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways, with two more planned.[183] Terminal 2 opened on April 26, 2018.[184] Another airport located in Zengcheng District is under planning.[185]

Guangzhou is served by Hong Kong International Airport; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Lianhuashan Ferry Terminal and Nansha Ferry Port in Nansha District to the HKIA Skypier.[186] There are also coach bus services connecting Guangzhou with HKIA.[187]

Railways

Further information: Guangzhou railway station, Guangzhou East railway station, Guangzhou South railway station, and Guangzhou North railway station

Guangzhou is the terminus of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Guangzhou–Shenzhen, Guangzhou–Maoming and Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou conventional speed railways. In late 2009, the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway started service, with multiple unit trains covering 980 km (608.94 mi) at a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). In December 2014, the Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway and Nanning-Guangzhou railway began service with trains running at top speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph) and 200 km/h (124 mph), respectively.[188] The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom station in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182 km (113 mi) in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city. A number of regional railways radiating from Guangzhou started operating such as the Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway and the Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhaoqing intercity railway.

Water transport

There are daily high-speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal, as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong.

Culture

 
Guangzhou Opera House

Within China, the culture of the Cantonese people is a subset of the larger "Southern" or "Lingnan" cultural areas. Notable aspects of Guangzhou's cultural heritage include:

The Guangzhou Opera House & Symphony Orchestra also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style. Cantonese music is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music, while Cantopop is the local form of pop music and rock-and-roll which developed from neighboring Hong Kong.

Religions

Before the postmodern era, Guangzhou had about 124 religious pavilions, halls, and temples.[44] Today, in addition to the Buddhist Association, Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association, a Jewish community,[191][192] as well as a history with Christianity, reintroduced to China by colonial powers.[clarification needed]

Taoism

Taoism and Chinese folk religion are still represented at a few of the city's temples. Among the most important is the Temple of the Five Immortals, dedicated to the Five Immortals credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city. The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames.[193] However, the temple has not been restored as a Taoist temple status yet. Other famous temples include the City God Temple of Guangzhou and Sanyuan Palace. During the Cultural Revolution, all Taoist temples and shrines were practically destroyed or damaged by the red guards. Only handful of them like Sanyuan Palace were restored during 1980s. Guangzhou, like most of southern China, is also notably observant and continue the practice of Chinese ancestral worship during major festive occasions like the Qing Ming Festival and Zhong Yuan Festival.

Buddhism

Buddhism is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou.[194] The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD 233 from the estate of a Wu official; it is said to comprise the residence of Zhao Jiande, the last of the Nanyue kings, and has been known as the Guangxiao Temple ("Temple of Bright Filial Piety") since the Ming dynasty. The Buddhist missionary monk, Bodhidharma is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the Liu Song or Liang dynasty (5th or 6th century). Around AD 520, Emperor Wu of the Liang ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of Cambodian Buddhist saints which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there. The Baozhuangyan is now known as the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, after a famous poem composed by Su Shi after a visit during the Northern Song.[citation needed] The Xilai Monastery was renamed as the Hualin Temple ("Flowery Forest Temple") after its reconstruction during the Qing dynasty.

The temples were badly damaged by both the Republican campaign to "Promote Education with Temple Property" (廟產興學) and the PRC's Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the opening up that began in the 1980s. The Ocean Banner Temple on Henan Island, once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners, has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery.

Christianity

Nestorian Christians first arrived in China via the overland Silk Road, but suffered during Emperor Wuzong's 845 persecution and were essentially extinct by the year 1000.[195][specify] The Qing-era ban on foreigners limited missionaries until it was abolished following the First Opium War, although the Protestant Robert Morrison was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory. The Catholic archdiocese of Guangzhou is housed at Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral, known locally as the "Stone House". A Gothic Revival edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under French direction, its original Latin and French stained-glass windows were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution; they have since been replaced by English ones. The Canton Christian College (1888) and Hackett Medical College for Women (1902) were both founded by missionaries and now form part of Guangzhou's Lingnan University. Since the opening up of China in the 1980s, there has been renewed interest in Christianity, but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials.[196] The Catholic archbishop Dominic Tang was imprisoned without trial for 22 years; however, his present successor is recognized by both the Vatican and China's Patriotic Church.

Islam

Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the Tang dynasty.[197] Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on October 30, 758; the port was subsequently closed for fifty years.[56][57][58][59][60] Their presence came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with that of the Jews, Christians,[61][62][63] and Parsis.[64][65] Nowadays, the city is home to halal restaurants.[198]

Sport

 
Tianhe Stadium is the home of Guangzhou F.C.

The 11,468 seat Guangzhou Gymnasium was one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[199]

From 12 to 27 November 2010, Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games. The same year, it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19. Combined, these were the major sporting events the city ever hosted.[200]

Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events:

Current professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include:

In the 2010s, Guangzhou has risen to be a football powerhouse of China, having won eight national titles between 2011 and 2019. The team has also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015. The club has competed at the 2013 and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup, where it lost 3–0 in the semifinal stage to the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League winners FC Bayern Munich and the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League winners FC Barcelona, respectively.[201]

Destinations

Eight Views

Main articles: Eight Views and Eight Views of Guangzhou

The Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou's eight most famous tourist attractions. They have varied over time since the Song dynasty, with some being named or demoted by emperors. The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011:[citation needed]

Parks and gardens

  • Baiyun Mountain
  • Nansha Wetland Park
  • People's Park
  • South China Botanical Garden
  • Yuexiu Park
  • Dongshanhu Park (东山湖公园; 東山湖公園)
  • Liuhuahu Park (流花湖公园; 流花湖公園)
  • Liwanhu Park (荔湾湖公园; 荔灣湖公園)
  • Luhu Park (麓湖公园; 麓湖公園)
  • Martyrs' Park (广州起义烈士陵园; 廣州起義烈士陵園)
  • Pearl River Park (珠江公园; 珠江公園)
  • Yuntai Garden (云台花园; 雲臺花園)
  • Shimen National Forest Park(石门国家森林公园; 石門國家森林公園)
  • Haizhu Lake Park(海珠湖公园; 海珠湖公園)

Tourist attractions

Guangzhou attracts more than 223 million visitors each year, and the total revenue of the tourism exceeded 400 billion in 2018.[203] There are many tourist attractions, including:

 
Modern Guangzhou by day
 
Modern Guangzhou at night

Pedestrian streets

In every district there are many shopping areas where people can walk on the sidewalks; however most of them are not set as pedestrian streets.

 
Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street

The popular pedestrian streets are:

Malls and shopping centers

There are many malls and shopping centers in Guangzhou. The majority of the new malls are located in the Tianhe district.

Major buildings

Main article: List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou
See also: List of historic buildings in Guangzhou
  •  

    Canton Custom House (est. 1916), one of the oldest surviving in China

  •  

    Aiqun Hotel, Guangzhou's tallest building from 1937 to 1967

  •  

    Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on Shamian

  •  

    The Canton Cement Factory (est. 1907), which housed Sun Yat-sen from 1923 to 1925

  •  

    The old provincial capitol, now the Museum of Revolutionary History

  •  

    Guangzhou's CBD, including the IFC (right)

Media

Guangzhou has two local radio stations: the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou. Together they broadcast in more than a dozen channels. The primary language of both stations is Cantonese. Traditionally only one channel of Radio Guangdong is dedicated to Mandarin Chinese. However, in recent years there has been an increase in Mandarin programs on most Cantonese channels. Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city, depending on the radio stations' locations and transmission power. The Beijing-based China National Radio also broadcasts Mandarin programs in the city. Radio Guangdong has a 30-minute weekly English programs, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network. Daily English news programs are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong.

Guangzhou has some of the most notable Chinese-language newspapers and magazines in mainland China, most of which are published by three major newspaper groups in the city, the Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation, and the Yangcheng Evening News Group. The two leading newspapers of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily. The former, with a circulation of 1.8 million, has been China's most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue, while Southern Metropolis Daily is considered one of the most liberal newspapers in mainland China. In addition to Guangzhou's Chinese-language publications, there are a few English magazines and newspapers. The most successful is That's Guangzhou, which started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into That's PRD, producing expatriate magazines in Beijing and Shanghai as well. It also produces In the Red.

Education and research

 
The College of Medical Science at Sun Yat-sen University
 
Guangzhou Library

The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, also known as Guangzhou University Town (广州大学城), is a large tertiary education complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou. It occupies the entirety of Xiaoguwei Island in Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 km2 (7 sq mi). The complex accommodates campuses from ten higher education institutions and can eventually accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers, and 50,000 staff.[204]

As of 2022, Guangzhou hosts 83 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 2nd (tie) nationwide with Wuhan and 1st in South China region.[205] Guangzhou is a major centre of research and innovation in the Asia-Pacific with a high level of scientific research output, ranking 10th globally, 5th in the Asia-Pacific, 4th in China after (Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing) and 1st in South Central China region.[206]

The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center's higher education campuses are as follows:

Guangzhou's other fully accredited and degree-granting universities and colleges include:

The two main comprehensive libraries are Guangzhou Library and Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province. Guangzhou Library is a public library in Guangzhou. The library has moved to a new building in Zhujiang New Town, which fully opened on 23 June 2013.[207] Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province has the largest collection of ancient books in Southern China.[208]

Notable people

  • Zhi Cong Li (born 1993), racing driver
  • Kuang Sunmou (1863–?), railway engineer, businessman, and bureaucrat
  • Bolo Yeung (born July 3, 1946), is a Hong Kong martial artist, competitive bodybuilder, and a film actor.
  • Qi Yuwu (born November 28, 1976), is an actor based in Singapore.
  • Szeto Keung (1948-2011), was an internationally known photographer.
  • Donnie Yen (born July 3, 1946), is a Hong Kong martial artist, action director and choreographer, and a film director and actor.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Consulates General/consulates

See also: List of diplomatic missions in China

As of October 2020, Guangzhou hosts 65 foreign consulates-general/consulates, excluding the Hong Kong and Macao trade office, making it one of the major cities to host more than 50 foreign representatives in China after Beijing and Shanghai.[24][25]

Honours

Guangzhou Peninsula in Antarctica is named after the city, which was a major market and processing centre for the nineteenth-century Antarctic sealing industry.[209]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The lexicographer only accepted Canton as a proper noun referring to the city, and considered usages with reference to the province as an “ellipsis”, see Yule & al.[39]
  2. ^ A. Hamilton (1727) used Canton to refer to both the city and the province, but used Canton for the city more frequently in the same work, especially when he wrote Canton without reference to “Quantung”. See A. Hamilton (1727; pp. 224–238)[43]
  3. ^ Given in contemporary sources as the "Guisi Day" (癸巳) of the 9th lunar month of the first year of the Qianyuan Era under Emperor Suzong of the Tang.
  4. ^ The term "Persian" may, however, have been loosely applied and referred indifferently to any similar-looking foreign women.[68]
  5. ^ "Buying and selling of children was scarcely unknown in Ming China, but the large new demands of the Portuguese may have stimulated kidnapings from good families..."[81]
  6. ^ "Some early Chinese historians go even so far as to give vivid details of the price paid for the children and how they were roasted."[86]
  7. ^ "On the day of St Nicholas [6 Dec.] in the year 1522 they put boards on them with the sentence that they should die and be exposed in pillories as robbers. The sentences said: 'Petty sea robbers sent by the great robber falsely; they come to spy out our country; let them die in pillories as robbers.' A report was sent to the king according to the information of the mandarins, and the king confirmed the sentence. On 23 Sept. 1523 these twenty-three persons were each one cut in pieces, to wit, heads, legs, arms, and their private members placed in their mouths, the trunk of the body being divided into two pieces round the belly. In the streets of Canton, outside the walls, in the suburbs, through the principal streets they were put to death, at distances of one crossbow shot from one another, that all might see them, both those of Canton and those of the environs, in order to give them to understand that they thought nothing of the Portuguese, so that the people might not talk of the Portuguese. Thus... they were all killed, and their heads and private members were carried on the backs of the Portuguese in front of the mandarins of Canton with the playing of musical instruments and rejoicing, were exhibited suspended in the streets, and were then thrown into the dunghills. And from henceforth it was resolved not to allow any more Portuguese into the country nor other strangers."[92]
  8. ^ The Shaowu Emperor's remains are buried in Yuexiu Park.
  9. ^ In fact, the Danish Asiatic Company was formally chartered in April 1732 while this first ship, the Cron-Printz Christian, was on its return trip.[102] Counting the Cron-Printz Christian, up to 1833, the DAC dispatched 130 ships to Guangzhou, losing five. The average voyage from Copenhagen took 216 days and the voyage back, 192.[99]
  10. ^ The statement is an excerpt from the longer proverb "Be born in Suzhou, play in Hangzhou, eat in Guangzhou, and die in Liuzhou" (生在蘇州，玩在杭州，食在廣州，死在柳州).
  11. ^ The other seven are the cuisines of Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan and Zhejiang.[190]

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January 10, 2023
guangzhou, other, uses, disambiguation, other, places, with, same, name, canton, canton, confused, with, leased, territory, quanzhou, simplified, chinese, 广州, traditional, chinese, 廣州, pinyin, guǎngzhōu, cantonese, pronunciation, kʷɔ, ːŋ, tsɐ, kʷɔ, ːŋ, tsɐ, li. For other uses see Guangzhou disambiguation For other places with same name Canton see Canton Not to be confused with Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan or Quanzhou Guangzhou UK ɡ w ae ŋ ˈ dʒ oʊ 5 US ɡ w ɒ ŋ 6 simplified Chinese 广州 traditional Chinese 廣州 pinyin Guǎngzhōu Cantonese pronunciation kʷɔ ːŋ tsɐ u or kʷɔ ːŋ tsɐ u listen Mandarin pronunciation kwaŋ tʂou listen also known as Canton 7 k ae n ˈ t ɒ n and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow 8 is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China 9 Located on the Pearl River about 120 km 75 mi north northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km 90 mi north of Macau Guangzhou has a history of over 2 200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road 10 it continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub as well as being one of China s three largest cities 11 For a long time the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders Guangzhou was captured by the British during the First Opium War No longer enjoying a monopoly after the war it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai but continued to serve as a major transshipment port Due to a high urban population and large volumes of port traffic Guangzhou is classified as a Large Port Megacity the largest type of port city in the world 12 Due to worldwide travel restrictions at the beginning of the COVID 19 pandemic Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport the major airport of Guangzhou briefly became the world s busiest airport by passenger traffic in 2020 13 Guangzhou 广州市Canton KwangchowPrefecture level and subprovincial cityClockwise from top Aerial view of Zhujiang New Town Canton Tower and the Pearl River Sacred Heart Cathedral Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall Zhenhai Tower in Yuexiu Hill Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees and Five Ram SculptureNicknames City of Rams City of Flowers City of Rice SpikeLocation of Guangzhou City jurisdiction in GuangdongGuangzhouLocation of the city center in GuangdongShow map of GuangdongGuangzhouGuangzhou China Show map of ChinaCoordinates Guangdong People s Government 23 07 48 N 113 15 36 E 23 13000 N 113 26000 E 23 13000 113 26000 Coordinates 23 07 48 N 113 15 36 E 23 13000 N 113 26000 E 23 13000 113 26000CountryChinaProvinceGuangdongSettled214 BCFounded byQin dynastyMunicipal seatYuexiu DistrictGovernment TypeSub provincial city BodyGuangzhou Municipal People s Congress CCP SecretaryLin Keqing Congress ChairmanWang Yanshi MayorGuo Yonghang CPPCC ChairmanLi YiweiArea 1 Prefecture level and subprovincial city7 434 4 km2 2 870 4 sq mi Urban3 843 431 km2 1 483 957 sq mi Metro19 870 4 km2 7 672 0 sq mi Elevation21 m 69 ft Population 2020 census 2 Prefecture level and subprovincial city18 676 605 Density2 500 km2 6 500 sq mi Urban 3 16 492 590 Urban density4 300 km2 11 000 sq mi Metro65 594 622 Metro density3 300 km2 8 500 sq mi DemonymCantoneseTime zoneUTC 08 00 china standard time Postal code510000Area code 0 20ISO 3166 codeCN GD 01GDP nominal 4 2021 Total 2 823 trillion 437 7 billion Per capita 151 162 23 436 Growth8 1 License plate prefixes粤ACity FlowerBombax ceibaCity BirdChinese hwameiLanguagesCantonese Standard ChineseWebsiteGuangzhou InternationalGuangzhou Guangzhou in Simplified top and Traditional bottom Chinese charactersTraditional Chinese廣州Simplified Chinese广州PostalCantonKwangchowLiteral meaning Broad Prefecture TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGuǎngzhōuBopomofoㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄓㄡGwoyeu RomatzyhGoangjouWade GilesKuang chou Yale RomanizationGwǎngjōuIPA kwa ŋ ʈʂo ʊ WuRomanizationKuaon tseuHakkaRomanizationKong ziu Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationGwongjau orGwongjauJyutpingGwong2zau1IPA kʷɔ ːŋ tsɐ u or kʷɔ ːŋ tsɐ u Southern MinHokkien POJKng chiuabbreviationChinese穗TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinSuiBopomofoㄙㄨㄟˋGwoyeu RomatzyhSueyWade GilesSui Yale RomanizationSweiIPA swe ɪ Yue CantoneseYale RomanizationSeuihJyutpingSeoi6IPA sɵ y Guangzhou is at the heart of the Guangdong Hong Kong Macau Greater Bay Area the most populous built up metropolitan area in the world which extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan Dongguan Zhongshan Shenzhen and part of Jiangmen Huizhou Zhuhai and Macau forming the largest urban agglomeration on Earth with approximately 65 594 622 residents 14 and part of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone Administratively the city holds subprovincial status 15 and is one of China s nine National Central Cities 16 In the late 1990s and early 2000s nationals of sub Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997 98 Asian financial crisis 17 The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40 of the city s total population in 2008 Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China 18 As of the 2020 census the registered population of the city s expansive administrative area was 18 676 605 individuals up to 47 from the previous census in 2010 whom 16 492 590 lived in 9 urban districts all but Conghua and Zengcheng 2 Guangzhou is the fifth most populous city by urban resident population in China after Shanghai Beijing Shenzhen and Chongqing 19 In modern commerce Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair the oldest and largest trade fair in China 20 For three consecutive years 2013 2015 Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city in mainland China 21 Guangzhou is highly ranked as an Alpha global first tier city together with San Francisco and Stockholm 22 It is a leading financial centre in the Asia Pacific region and ranks 21st globally in the 2020 Global Financial Centres Index 23 As an important international city Guangzhou has hosted numerous international and national sporting events the most notable being the 2010 Asian Games the 2010 Asian Para Games and the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup The city hosts 65 foreign representatives making it the third major city to host more foreign representatives than any other city in China after Beijing and Shanghai 24 25 As of 2020 Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China after Beijing Shanghai Hong Kong and Shenzhen for the number of billionaire residents by the Hurun Global Rich List 26 Guangzhou is a major centre of research and innovation in the Asia Pacific with a high level of scientific research output ranking 10th globally 5th in the Asia Pacific and 4th in China 27 and is home to many of China s most prestigious universities including Sun Yat sen University South China University of Technology Jinan University South China Normal University South China Agricultural University Guangzhou University Southern Medical University Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine 28 29 30 Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 2 1 Prehistory 2 2 Nanyue 2 3 Imperial China 2 4 Modern China 2 4 1 Revolutions 2 4 2 Republic of China 2 4 3 People s Republic of China 3 Gallery 4 Geography 4 1 Natural resources 4 2 Climate 4 3 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5 1 Canton Fair 5 2 Local products 5 3 Industry 5 4 Business Environment 6 Demographics 6 1 Ethnicity and language 6 2 Metropolitan area 6 3 Development of Guangzhou 7 Transportation 7 1 Urban mass transit 7 2 Motor transport 7 3 Airports 7 4 Railways 7 5 Water transport 8 Culture 8 1 Religions 8 1 1 Taoism 8 1 2 Buddhism 8 1 3 Christianity 8 1 4 Islam 9 Sport 10 Destinations 10 1 Eight Views 10 2 Parks and gardens 10 3 Tourist attractions 10 4 Pedestrian streets 10 5 Malls and shopping centers 10 6 Major buildings 11 Media 12 Education and research 13 Notable people 14 International relations 14 1 Twin towns and sister cities 14 2 Consulates General consulates 15 Honours 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 18 1 Citations 18 2 Sources 19 Further reading 20 External linksToponymy Edit Portrait of the Grotto of the Five Immortals the Taoist temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname The City of Rams Guǎngzhōu is the official romanization of the Chinese name 广州 The name of the city is taken from the ancient Guang Province after it had become the prefecture s seat of government The character 廣 or 广 means broad or expansive Before acquiring its current name the town was known as Panyu Punyu 番禺 a name still borne by one of Guangzhou s districts not far from the main city The origin of the name is still uncertain with 11 various explanations being offered 31 including that it may have referred to two local mountains 32 33 The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a prefecture From this latter name Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh 34 as Khanfu خانفو 35 Under the Southern Han the city was renamed Xingwang Fu 興王府 36 37 The Chinese abbreviation for Guangzhou is 穗 pronounced Seoi6 in Cantonese and Sui in Mandarin although the abbreviation on car license plates as with the rest of the province is 粤 after its nickname City of Rice 穗城 The city has long borne the nickname City of Rams 羊城 or City of the Five Rams 五羊城 from the five stones at the old Temple of the Five Immortals said to have been the sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist culture heroes credited with introducing rice cultivation to the area around the time of the city s foundation 38 The former name City of the Immortals 仙城 五仙城 came from the same story The more recent City of Flowers 花城 is usually taken as a simple reference to the area s fine greenery The English name Canton derived from Portuguese Cantao 39 or Cidade de Cantao 40 a blend of dialectical pronunciations of Guangdong 41 42 e g Cantonese Gwong2 dung1 Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors note 1 note 2 It was adopted as the Postal Map Romanization of Guangzhou and remained the official name until its name change to Guangzhou As an adjective it is still used in describing the people language cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region The 19th century name was referred Kwang chow foo 44 History EditFor a chronological guide see Timeline of Guangzhou Prehistory Edit A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC 45 46 Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng s founding during the reign of Ji Yan 47 48 king of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud 47 48 The jade burial suit of Zhao Mo in Guangzhou s Nanyue King Museum Nanyue Edit Guangzhou then known as Panyu was founded on the eastern bank of the Pearl River 44 in 214 BC It was the seat of Qin Empire s Nanhai Commandery and served as a base for the first invasion of the Baiyue lands in southern China Legendary accounts claimed that the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years 49 Upon the fall of the Qin General Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC It remained independent throughout the Chu Han Contention although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the Han in 196 BC 50 Archeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial center in addition to items from central China archeologists have found remains originating from Southeast Asia India and even Africa 51 Zhao Tuo was succeeded by Zhao Mo and then Zhao Yingqi Upon Zhao Yingqi s death in 115 BC his younger son Zhao Xing was named as his successor in violation of Chinese primogeniture By 113 BC his chinese mother the Empress Dowager Jiu 樛 had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire The native prime minister Lu Jia 呂嘉 launched a coup killing Han ambassadors along with the king his mother and their supporters 52 A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him Emperor Wu took offense and launched a massive river and seaborne war six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu 53 took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC 52 Imperial China Edit Guangzhou as 廣 on the 1136 Map of the Tracks of Yu Old photograph of a commercial Guangzhou street c 1880 Guangzhou Canton and the surrounding islands of Henan Hanan Pazhou Whampoa changzhou Dane s Island and Xiaoguwei French Island during the First Opium War s Second Battle of Canton The large East Indiamen of the Canton trade used the anchorage sheltered by these four islands but the village and island of Huangpu for which it was named make up no part of present day Guangzhou s Huangpu District Incorporated into the Han dynasty Panyu became a provincial capital In AD 226 it became the seat of Guang Prefecture which gave it its modern name The Old Book of Tang described Guangzhou as an important port in southern China 54 Direct routes connected the Middle East and China as shown in the records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at Talas 55 Relations were often strained Arab and Persian pirates 56 sacked the city on October 30 758 note 3 57 58 59 60 and about 200 000 foreigners were killed under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878 along with the city s Jews Christians 61 62 63 and Parsis 64 65 The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction 56 Amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Tang dynasty the Later Liang governor Liu Yan used his base at Panyu to establish a Great Yue or Southern Han empire which lasted from 917 to 971 The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period From the 10th to 12th century there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively male but included Persian women 66 67 note 4 According to Odoric of Pordenone Guangzhou was as large as three Venices in terms of area and rivaled all of Italy in the amount of crafts produced He also noted the large amount of ginger available as well as large geese and snakes 69 Guangzhou was visited by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his 14th century journey around the world 70 he detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port s shipyards 71 Shortly after the Hongwu Emperor s declaration of the Ming dynasty he reversed his earlier support of foreign trade and imposed the first of a series of sea bans 海禁 72 These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors 73 Previous maritime intendancies of Guangzhou Quanzhou and Ningbo were closed in 1384 74 and legal trade became limited to the tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments 75 Following the Portuguese conquest of the Melaka Sultanate Rafael Perestrello traveled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native junk in 1516 76 His report induced Fernao Pires de Andrade to sail to the city with eight ships the next year 76 but De Andrade s exploration 77 was understood as spying 78 and his brother Simao and others began attempting to monopolize trade 79 enslaving Chinese women 80 and children note 5 engaging in piracy 82 and fortifying the island of Tamao 83 84 Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children 85 81 note 6 The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off 82 they bested the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen 87 and in Xicao Bay held a diplomatic mission hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the sultan of Malacca 88 who had been accounted a Ming vassal 89 and after placing them in cangues and keeping them for most of a year ultimately executed 23 by lingchi 90 note 7 With the help of local pirates 85 the Folangji then carried out smuggling at Macao Lampacau and St John s Island now Shangchuan 80 until Leonel de Sousa legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo 汪柏 and the 1554 Luso Chinese Accord The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues 93 three years later after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies 94 the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at Macau instead of Guangzhou itself 95 In October 1646 the Longwu Emperor s brother Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou the last stronghold of the Ming empire On December 11 he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes 96 He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on 20 January 1647 when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong 李成棟 sacked the city on behalf of the Qing 97 note 8 The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of Taiwan in 1683 98 The Portuguese from Macau and Spaniards from Manila returned as did private Muslim Armenian and English traders 99 From 1699 to 1714 the French and British East India Companies sent a ship or two each year 99 the Austrian Ostend General India Co arrived in 1717 100 the Dutch East India Co in 1729 101 the Danish Asiatic Co in 1731 note 9 and the Swedish East India Co the next year 99 These were joined by the occasional Prussian or Trieste Company vessel The first independent American ship arrived in 1784 and the first colonial Australian one in 1788 citation needed By that time Guangzhou was one of the world s great ports organized under the Canton System 103 The main exports were tea and porcelain 99 As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy 104 In the 19th century most of the city s buildings were still only one or two stories However there were notable exceptions such as the Flower Pagoda of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees and the guard tower known as the Five Story Pagoda The subsequently urbanized northern hills were bare and covered with traditional graves The brick city walls were about 6 mi 10 km in circumference 25 ft 8 m high and 20 ft 6 m wide Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which along with the canals functioned as the city s sewer emptied daily by the river s tides A partition wall with four gates divided the northern old town from the southern new town closer to the river the suburb of Xiguan Saikwan West Gate stretched beyond and the boats of fishers traders and Tanka boat people almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about 4 mi 6 km It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their courtyards as a kind of warehouse 44 The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing about 1 200 mi 1 931 km away in less than 24 hours 105 The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839 Following a series of battles in the Pearl River Delta the British captured Canton on March 18 1841 106 The Second Battle of Canton was fought two months later 107 Following the Qing s 1842 treaty with Great Britain Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more treaty ports were opened to more and more countries usually including extraterritorial enclaves Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the Red Turban Rebellion 1854 1856 the Punti and Hakka waged a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the Arrow War 1856 1858 The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through Shanghai 108 109 The concession for the Guangdong Hankou Railway was awarded to the American China Development Co in 1898 It completed its branch line west to Foshan and Sanshui before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing subsequently canceled its concession J P Morgan was awarded millions in damages 110 and the line to Wuchang was not completed until 1936 111 and the completion of a unified Beijing Guangzhou Railway waited until the completion of Wuhan s Yangtze River Bridge in 1957 Modern China Edit Revolutions Edit Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs During the late Qing dynasty Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the Uprisings of 1895 and 1911 that were the predecessors of the successful Xinhai Revolution which overthrew the Qing dynasty The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city s 72 Martyrs at the Huanghuagang Yellow Flower Mound Mausoleum Republic of China Edit After the assassination of Sung Chiao jen and Yuan Shih kʻai s attempts to remove the Nationalist Party of China from power the leader of Guangdong Hu Hanmin joined the 1913 Second Revolution against him 112 but was forced to flee to Japan with Sun Yat sen after its failure The city came under national spotlight again in 1917 when Prime Minister Duan Qirui s abrogation of the constitution triggered the Constitutional Protection Movement Sun Yat sen came to head the Guangzhou Military Government supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support Sun fled to Shanghai in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming restored him in October 1920 during the Yuegui Wars 113 On 16 June 1922 Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship Yongfeng after Chen sided with the Zhili Clique s Beijing government In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi and in January established a government in the city for the third time From 1923 to 1926 Sun and the Kuomintang used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city with the leadership of Chiang Kai shek the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927 In 1924 the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR With Soviet help KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro labor and pro peasant stance The Kuomintang CCP cooperation was confirmed in the First Congress of the KMT and the communists were instructed to join the KMT The allied government set up the Peasant Movement Training Institute in the city of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term Sun and his military commander Chiang used Soviet funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars training its cadres in the Whampoa Military Academy 113 In August the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants Corps Uprising The next year the anti imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre After the death of Sun Yat sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists In August the left wing KMT leader Liao Zhongkai was assassinated and the right wing leader Hu Hanmin the suspected mastermind was exiled to the Soviet Union leaving the pro communist Wang Jingwei in charge Opposing communist encroachment the right wing Western Hills Group vowed to expel the communists from the KMT The Canton Coup on 20 March 1926 saw Chiang solidify his control over the Nationalists and their army against Wang Jingwei the party s left wing its Communist allies and its Soviet advisors 114 115 By May he had ended civilian control of the military 115 and begun his Northern Expedition against the warlords of the north Its success led to the split of the KMT between Wuhan and Nanking and the purge of the communists in the April 12 Incident Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of Li Jishen resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups Later in 1927 when Zhang Fakui a general supportive of the Wuhan faction seized Canton and installed Wang Jingwei s faction in the city the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising Prominent communist military leaders Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the failed defense of the city Soon control of the city reverted to Li Jishen Li was deposed during a war between Chiang and the Kwangsi Clique By 1929 Chen Jitang had established himself as the powerholder of Guangdong In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti Chiang schism by hosting a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou 116 Opposing Chiang s alleged dictatorship the separatists included KMT leaders like Wang Ching wei Sun Fo and others from diverse factions The peace negotiations amid the armed standoff led to the 4th National Congress of Kuomintang being held separately by three factions in Nanjing Shanghai and Canton Resigning all his posts Chiang pulled off a political compromise that reunited all factions While the intraparty division was resolved Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936 During the WW2 the Canton Operation subjected the city to Japanese occupation by the end of December 1938 People s Republic of China Edit Amid the closing months before total Communist victory Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republican government Guangzhou was captured on 14 October 1949 Amid a massive exodus to Hong Kong and Macau defeated Nationalist forces blew up the Haizhu Bridge across the Pearl River in retreat The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city with much of its temples churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period The People s Republic of China initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city s boat people to life on land Since the 1980s the city s close proximity to Hong Kong and Shenzhen and its ties to overseas Chinese made it one of the first beneficiaries of China s opening up under Deng Xiaoping Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s also helped the city s industrialization and economic development The municipality was expanded in the year 2000 with Huadu and Panyu joining the city as urban districts and Conghua and Zengcheng as more rural counties The former districts of Dongshan and Fangcun were abolished in 2005 merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively The city acquired Nansha and Luogang The former was carved out of Panyu the latter from parts of Baiyun Tianhe Zengcheng and an exclave within Huangpu The National People s Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta in January 2009 on March 19 the same year the Guangzhou and Foshan municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities 117 In 2014 Luogang merged into Huangpu and both Conghua and Zengcheng counties were upgraded to districts On June 16 2022 an EF2 tornado struck the city causing major power outages and knocking out power to the city s subway lines 118 119 120 Gallery Edit Nieuhof s imaginative 1665 map of Kanton 121 made from secondhand accounts when Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled city The Thirteen Factories c 1805 displaying the flags of Denmark Spain the United States Sweden Britain and the Netherlands An 1855 painting of the gallery of Tingqua one of the most successful suppliers of export paintings for Guangzhou s foreign traders Common themes included the Thirteen Factories the Whampoa Anchorage now Pazhou and the Sea Banner Temple now Hoi Tong Monastery Vrooman s 1860 map of the City and Entire Suburbs of Canton one of the first made after the treaties of Tianjin and Beijing permitted foreigners full access to Guangzhou s walled city The Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in 1863 The Five story Pagoda atop Yuexiu Hill c 1880 The Sacred Heart Cathedral towering over the one and two story homes of old Guangzhou c 1880 Street scene in Guangzhou 1919 The US Navy s Dept of Navigation s 1920 map of Canton 122 Sun Yat sen and Chiang Kai shek at the opening of the Whampoa Military Academy on 16 June 1924 The Guangzhou Bund in 1930 with rows of Tanka boats source source source source source source source source source source A short film of Guangzhou in 1937 The People s Liberation Army entering Guangzhou on 14 October 1949 Map of Guangzhou labeled as KUANG CHOU CANTON Geography Edit Guangzhou Shenzhen Hong Kong Dongguan Foshan Jiangmen Huizhou Zhongshan Zhuhai Macau Zhaoqing Enping Heshan Kaiping SihuiGuangzhou Guangdong Map of Guangzhou labeled as KUANG CHOU CANTON 廣州 in surrounding region AMS 1954 Tiantang Peak highest mountain in Guangzhou The old town of Guangzhou was near Baiyun Mountain on the east bank of the Pearl River Zhujiang about 80 mi 129 km from its junction with the South China Sea and about 300 mi 483 km below its head of navigation 44 It commanded the rich alluvial plain of the Pearl River Delta with its connection to the sea protected at the Humen Strait 44 The present city spans 7 434 4 km2 2 870 4 sq mi on both sides of the river from 112 57 to 114 03 E longitude and 22 26 to 23 56 N latitude in south central Guangdong The Pearl is the 4th largest river of China 123 Intertidal ecosystems exist on the tidal flat lining the river estuary however many of the tidal flats have been reclaimed for agriculture 124 Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city s lung 市肺 11 125 why The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front Tiantang Peak simplified Chinese 天堂顶 traditional Chinese 天堂頂 Heavenly Peak is the highest point of elevation at 1 210 m 3 970 ft above sea level Natural resources Edit There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou including 18 large and medium sized oil deposits The major minerals are granite cement limestone ceramic clay potassium albite salt mine mirabilite nepheline syenite fluorite marble mineral water and geothermal mineral water Since Guangzhou is located in the water rich area of southern China it has a wide water area with many rivers and water systems accounting for 10 of the total land area The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable 126 Climate Edit Despite being located just south of the Tropic of Cancer Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cfa Cwa influenced by the East Asian monsoon Summers are wet with high temperatures high humidity and a high heat index Winters are mild and comparatively dry Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season spanning from April through September Monthly averages range from 14 1 C 57 4 F in January to 29 4 C 84 9 F in July while the annual mean is 22 8 C 73 0 F 11 Autumn from October to December is very moderate cool and windy and is the best travel time 127 The relative humidity is approximately 73 percent whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1 700 mm 67 in 11 With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March and April to 52 percent in November the city receives 1 628 hours of bright sunshine annually considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 C 32 F to 39 1 C 102 4 F 128 The last recorded snowfall in the city was on 24 January 2016 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall 129 Climate data for Guangzhou normals 1981 2010 extremes 1951 2010 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 28 4 83 1 29 4 84 9 32 1 89 8 33 3 91 9 36 2 97 2 38 9 102 0 39 1 102 4 38 3 100 9 37 6 99 7 36 2 97 2 33 4 92 1 29 6 85 3 39 1 102 4 Average high C F 19 0 66 2 20 7 69 3 22 8 73 0 26 5 79 7 30 5 86 9 32 0 89 6 33 7 92 7 33 5 92 3 32 1 89 8 29 7 85 5 25 3 77 5 21 0 69 8 27 2 81 0 Daily mean C F 14 1 57 4 16 4 61 5 18 9 66 0 22 7 72 9 26 4 79 5 27 9 82 2 29 4 84 9 29 1 84 4 27 9 82 2 25 1 77 2 20 2 68 4 15 6 60 1 22 8 73 1 Average low C F 10 8 51 4 13 5 56 3 15 9 60 6 20 0 68 0 23 3 73 9 25 1 77 2 26 3 79 3 25 9 78 6 24 7 76 5 21 6 70 9 16 5 61 7 12 0 53 6 19 6 67 3 Record low C F 0 1 32 2 1 3 34 3 3 2 37 8 7 7 45 9 14 6 58 3 18 8 65 8 21 6 70 9 20 9 69 6 15 5 59 9 9 5 49 1 4 9 40 8 0 0 32 0 0 0 32 0 Average precipitation mm inches 44 3 1 74 67 9 2 67 94 9 3 74 183 5 7 22 285 6 11 24 315 0 12 40 240 0 9 45 230 8 9 09 200 9 7 91 70 5 2 78 38 4 1 51 29 4 1 16 1 801 2 70 91 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 7 5 11 2 15 0 16 3 18 3 18 2 15 9 16 8 12 5 7 1 5 5 4 9 149 2Average relative humidity 68 75 76 79 77 79 75 76 72 66 64 63 73Mean monthly sunshine hours 118 5 71 6 62 4 65 1 104 0 140 2 202 0 173 5 170 2 181 8 172 7 166 0 1 628Percent possible sunshine 35 22 17 17 26 35 49 43 46 51 52 50 37Source China Meteorological Data Service Center precipitation days and sunshine 1971 2000 130 131 all time extreme temperature 128 Administrative divisions Edit Main article List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou Guangzhou is a sub provincial city It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts Liwan Yuexiu Haizhu Tianhe Baiyun Huangpu Panyu Huadu Nansha Conghua Zengcheng Administrative divisions of GuangzhouDivisioncode 132 Division Area km2 133 Population 2020 134 Seat Postalcode Subdivisions 135 Subdistricts Towns Residentialcommunities Administrativevillages440100 Guangzhou 7 434 40 18 676 605 Yuexiu 510000 136 34 1533 1142440103 Liwan 59 10 1 238 305 Shiweitang Subdistrict 510000 22 195 440104 Yuexiu 33 80 1 038 643 Beijing Subdistrict 510000 18 267 440105 Haizhu 90 40 1 819 037 Jianghai Subdistrict 510000 18 257 440106 Tianhe 96 33 2 241 826 Tianyuan Subdistrict 510000 21 205 440111 Baiyun 795 79 3 742 991 Jingtai Subdistrict 510000 18 4 253 118440112 Huangpu 484 17 1 264 447 Luogang Subdistrict 510500 14 1 90 28440113 Panyu 529 94 2 658 397 Shiqiao Subdistrict 511400 11 5 87 177440114 Huadu 970 04 1 642 360 Huacheng Subdistrict 510800 4 6 50 188440115 Nansha 783 86 846 584 Huangge Town 511400 3 6 28 128440117 Conghua 1 974 50 717 684 Jiekou Subdistrict 510900 3 5 46 221440118 Zengcheng 1 616 47 1 466 331 Licheng Subdistrict 511300 4 7 55 282Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizationsEnglish Chinese Pinyin GuangdongRomanization KejiahuaPinyin Fang anLiwan District 荔湾区 Liwan Qu lei6 wan1 keu1 lai4 van1 ki1Yuexiu District 越秀区 Yuexiu Qu yud6 seo3 keu1 yet6 siu4 ki1Haizhu District 海珠区 Hǎizhu Qu hoi2 ju1 keu1 hoi2 zu1 ki1Tianhe District 天河区 Tianhe Qu tin6 ho4 keu1 tien1 ho2 ki1Baiyun District 白云区 Baiyun Qu bak6 wan4 keu1 pak6 yun2 ki1Huangpu District 黄埔区 Huangpǔ Qu wong4 bou3 keu1 vong2 bu4 ki1Panyu District 番禺区 Panyu Qu pun1 yu4 keu1 pan1 ngi2 ki1Huadu District 花都区 Huadu Qu fa1 dou1 keu1 fa1 du1 ki1Nansha District 南沙区 Nansha Qu nam4 sa1 keu1 nam2 lam2 sa1 ki1Conghua District 从化区 Conghua Qu cung4 fa3 keu1 vung2 fa3 ki1Zengcheng District 增城区 Zengcheng Qu zeng1 xing4 keu1 zen1 sang2 ki1Guangzhou City 广州市 Guǎngzhōu Shi guong2 zeo1 xi5 kong3 ziu1 si4Economy Edit The first Canton Fair 1957 at the Sino Soviet Friendship Building Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta one of mainland China s leading commercial and manufacturing regions In 2021 its GDP reached 2 823 billion US 444 37 billion in nominal making it the 2nd largest economy in the South Central China region after Shenzhen 136 Guangzhou s GDP nominal was US 444 37 billion in 2021 exceeding that of Nigeria with a GDP of US 440 77 billion the largest economy in Africa 137 Guangzhou s per capita was 151 162 US 23 794 in nominal 136 Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China after Beijing Shanghai Hong Kong and Shenzhen in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020 26 Guangzhou is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in terms of nominal GDP in 2035 together with Shanghai Beijing and Shenzhen in China according to a study by Oxford Economics 138 and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above US 42 000 in 2030 139 Guangzhou also ranks 21st globally between Washington D C and Amsterdam and 8th in the whole Asia amp Oceania region behind Shanghai Tokyo Hong Kong Singapore Beijing Shenzhen and Dubai in the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index GFCI 23 Owing to rapid industrialization it was once also considered a rather polluted city After green urban planning was implemented it is now one of the most livable cities in China Canton Fair Edit The Canton Fair formally the China Import and Export Fair is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trade Inaugurated in the spring of 1957 the fair is a major event for the city It is the trade fair with the longest history highest level and largest scale in China 140 From the 104th session onwards the fair moved to the new Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center 广州国际会展中心 in Pazhou from the older complex in Liuhua The GICEC is served by two stations on Line 8 and three stations on Tram Line THZ1 Since the 104th session the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases Guangzhou skyline The former Canton Fair site at Yuexiu s Liuhua Complex Interior of the Canton Fair Complex in Pazhou 2006Local products Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cantonese cuisine is one of China s most famous and popular regional cuisines with a saying stating simply to Eat in Guangzhou 食在廣州 note 10 Cantonese sculpture includes work in jade wood and controversially ivory Canton porcelain developed over the past three centuries as one of the major forms of exportware It is now known within China for its highly colorful style Cantonese embroidery is one of china s four main styles of the embroidery Zhujiang Beer a pale lager is one of China s most successful brands Industry Edit GAC Group Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005 Its total planned area is 1 36 km2 0 53 sq mi 141 It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital Guangzhou The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly biotechnology and heavy industry It is situated 54 km 34 mi a 70 minutes drive south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal Guangzhou Free Trade Zone The zone was founded in 1992 It is located in the east of Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport 142 The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade logistics processing and computer software Recently the Area has been rebranded and is now being marketed under the name Huangpu District Next to the industries above new sectors are being introduced to the business environment including new energy AI new mobility new materials information and communication technology and new transport It is also Home to the Guangzhou IP Court 143 Guangzhou Science CityBusiness Environment Edit Guangzhou is a hub for international businesses According to an article by China Briefing over 30 000 foreign invested companies had settled in Guangzhou by 2018 including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies with projects and 120 Fortune Global 500 companies with headquarters or regional headquarters in the city 144 Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop 1950 145 2 567 645 1960 145 3 683 104 43 4 1970 145 4 185 363 13 6 1980 145 5 018 638 19 9 1990 145 5 942 534 18 4 2000 145 9 943 000 67 3 2002 146 10 106 229 1 6 2005 147 9 496 800 6 0 2006 147 9 966 600 4 9 2007 147 10 530 100 5 7 2008 147 11 153 400 5 9 2009 147 11 869 700 6 4 2010 145 12 701 948 7 0 2011 148 12 751 400 0 4 2012 148 12 832 900 0 6 2013 148 12 926 800 0 7 2014 148 13 080 500 1 2 201814 904 400 13 9 Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions The 2010 census found Guangzhou s population to be 12 78 million As of 2014 update it was estimated at 13 080 500 149 148 with 11 264 800 urban residents 3 Its population density is thus around 1 800 people per km2 The built up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities The built up area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone covers around 17 573 km2 6 785 sq mi and has been estimated to house 22 million people including Guangzhou s nine urban districts Shenzhen 5 36m Dongguan 3 22m Zhongshan 3 12m most of Foshan 2 2m Jiangmen 1 82m Zhuhai 890k and Huizhou s Huiyang District 760k citation needed The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent Hong Kong Special Administrative Region citation needed The area s fast growing economy and high demand for labor has produced a huge floating population of migrant workers thus up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year citation needed In 2008 about five million of Guangzhou s permanent residents were hukouless migrants 150 Ethnicity and language Edit Most of Guangzhou s population is Han Chinese Almost all Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language 152 while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin 150 In 2010 each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city s population 153 although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well citation needed In 2018 He Huifeng of the South China Morning Post stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives causing their Cantonese speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin speaking Shenzhen 154 Jinan University released a survey result of the Guangzhou youths born in the year 2000 or after that were part of this educational study showed that 69 could still speak and understand Cantonese 20 can understand Cantonese but unable to speak it and 11 completely had no knowledge of Cantonese Jinan University s study of these Guangzhou youths also indicated when it came to the daily recreational use of Cantonese roughly 40 50 of them participated in these recreational functions with the usage of Cantonese with 51 4 of them in mobile games 47 in Social Platforms 44 1 in TV shows and 39 8 in Books and Newspapers Despite some decline in the use of Cantonese it is faring better in survival popularity and prestige than other Chinese languages due to the historical pride in the language and culture as well as the wide popularity and availability of mainstream Cantonese entertainment which encourages locals to retain the Cantonese language 155 156 As of the 2020s additional renewed efforts were introduced to preserve the local Cantonese language and culture with some limited Cantonese language classes now being taught in some schools as well as hosting Cantonese appreciation cultural events along with hosting activities that cater to the local Cantonese culture and language as well as many local Cantonese speaking families are now placing much stronger emphasis on their children to speak Cantonese to preserve the culture and language In a 2018 report study by Shan Yunming and Li Sheng the report showed that 90 of people living in Guangzhou are bilingual in both Cantonese and Mandarin though fluency will vary depending on if they are locally born to the city and the surrounding Guangdong province or migrants from other provinces which shows how much importance the Cantonese language still has in the city despite the strict policy rules from the government to be using Mandarin as the country s official language 157 158 Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country While most areas of China have 112 120 boys per 100 girls the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls 159 160 161 Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people This huge influx of people from other areas called the floating population is due to the city s fast growing economy and high labor demands Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that while the city had 10 33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million which means the city is facing a great strain mostly due to a high population of unregistered people 159 According to the 2000 National Census marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and particular important for women as 29 3 of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage Liang et al 2004 Many of the female economic migrants marry men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life 162 but like elsewhere in the People s Republic of China the household registration system hukou limits migrants access to residences educational institutions and other public benefits It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution 163 In May 2014 legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously 164 Historically the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th and 20th century Chinese diaspora in fact many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou This is particularly true in the United States 165 Canada 166 and Australia Demographically the only significant immigration into China has been by overseas Chinese but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists workers and residents from the usual locations such as the United States Notably it is also home to thousands of African immigrants including people from Nigeria Somalia Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo 167 Metropolitan area Edit The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to have as of 2010 update a population of 25 million 168 169 Development of Guangzhou Edit ScienceDirect provided a report on their website of the development of Guangzhou from 1990 until 2020 Their map report showed in 1990 the developed residential districts were almost exclusively concentrated to a small part of western Guangzhou whereas other parts of Guangzhou had smaller limited amount of developed residential communities being overwhelmingly surrounded by agricultural and forest lands However from 2005 until 2020 other parts of the city eventually began to develop more so residential communities and in the 2020 map report it showed fully developed residential communities going from west to east of the city whereas the very southern part and large portions of northern Guangzhou still remain mainly agricultural and forest lands with very limited developed residential communities 170 171 172 173 Transportation Edit The east square of Guangzhou railway station in 1991 Urban mass transit Edit Main article Guangzhou Metro When the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997 Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system behind Beijing Tianjin and Shanghai Currently the metro network is made up of thirteen lines covering a total length of 476 26 km 295 93 mi 174 A long term plan is to make the city s metro system expand to over 500 km 310 mi by 2020 with 15 lines in operation In addition to the metro system there is also the Haizhu Tram line which opened on 31 December 2014 175 The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit GBRT system which was introduced in 2010 along Zhongshan Road It has several connections to the metro and is the world s 2nd largest bus rapid transit system with 1 000 000 passenger trips daily 176 It handles 26 900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota 177 The system averages one bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world s longest BRT stations around 260 m 850 ft including bridges Motor transport Edit See also List of bus routes in Guangzhou In the 19th century the city already had over 600 long straight streets these were mostly paved but still very narrow 44 In June 1919 work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways The demolition took three years in total 178 In 2009 it was reported that all 9 424 buses and 17 695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city 179 At present when Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG fueled vehicles in the world and at the end of 2006 6 500 buses and 16 000 taxis were using LPG taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis citation needed Effective January 1 2007 the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong s urban areas Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated 180 The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban 181 Airports Edit Guangzhou s main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Baiyun District it opened on August 5 2004 182 This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport which was very close to the city center but failed to meet the city s rapidly growing air traffic demand The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways with two more planned 183 Terminal 2 opened on April 26 2018 184 Another airport located in Zengcheng District is under planning 185 Guangzhou is served by Hong Kong International Airport ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Lianhuashan Ferry Terminal and Nansha Ferry Port in Nansha District to the HKIA Skypier 186 There are also coach bus services connecting Guangzhou with HKIA 187 Railways Edit Further information Guangzhou railway station Guangzhou East railway station Guangzhou South railway station and Guangzhou North railway station Guangzhou is the terminus of the Beijing Guangzhou Guangzhou Shenzhen Guangzhou Maoming and Guangzhou Meizhou Shantou conventional speed railways In late 2009 the Wuhan Guangzhou high speed railway started service with multiple unit trains covering 980 km 608 94 mi at a top speed of 320 km h 199 mph In December 2014 the Guiyang Guangzhou high speed railway and Nanning Guangzhou railway began service with trains running at top speeds of 250 km h 155 mph and 200 km h 124 mph respectively 188 The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom station in Kowloon Hong Kong The route is approximately 182 km 113 mi in length and the ride takes less than two hours Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations mostly major hotels around the city A number of regional railways radiating from Guangzhou started operating such as the Guangzhou Zhuhai intercity railway and the Guangzhou Foshan Zhaoqing intercity railway Water transport Edit There are daily high speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong Gongyuanqian Station of the Guangzhou Metro Tianhe Sports Center Station GBRT Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District A CRH3 Train at Guangzhou South Railway Station A Tram at Wanshengwei StationCulture Edit Guangzhou Opera House Within China the culture of the Cantonese people is a subset of the larger Southern or Lingnan cultural areas Notable aspects of Guangzhou s cultural heritage include Cantonese language the local and prestige variant of Yue Chinese Cantonese cuisine one of China s eight major culinary traditions 189 note 11 Cantonese opera usually divided into martial and literary performances Xiguan Saikwan the area west of the former walled cityThe Guangzhou Opera House amp Symphony Orchestra also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style Cantonese music is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music while Cantopop is the local form of pop music and rock and roll which developed from neighboring Hong Kong Religions Edit Before the postmodern era Guangzhou had about 124 religious pavilions halls and temples 44 Today in addition to the Buddhist Association Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association a Jewish community 191 192 as well as a history with Christianity reintroduced to China by colonial powers clarification needed Taoism Edit Taoism and Chinese folk religion are still represented at a few of the city s temples Among the most important is the Temple of the Five Immortals dedicated to the Five Immortals credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames 193 However the temple has not been restored as a Taoist temple status yet Other famous temples include the City God Temple of Guangzhou and Sanyuan Palace During the Cultural Revolution all Taoist temples and shrines were practically destroyed or damaged by the red guards Only handful of them like Sanyuan Palace were restored during 1980s Guangzhou like most of southern China is also notably observant and continue the practice of Chinese ancestral worship during major festive occasions like the Qing Ming Festival and Zhong Yuan Festival Buddhism Edit Buddhism is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou 194 The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD 233 from the estate of a Wu official it is said to comprise the residence of Zhao Jiande the last of the Nanyue kings and has been known as the Guangxiao Temple Temple of Bright Filial Piety since the Ming dynasty The Buddhist missionary monk Bodhidharma is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the Liu Song or Liang dynasty 5th or 6th century Around AD 520 Emperor Wu of the Liang ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of Cambodian Buddhist saints which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there The Baozhuangyan is now known as the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees after a famous poem composed by Su Shi after a visit during the Northern Song citation needed The Xilai Monastery was renamed as the Hualin Temple Flowery Forest Temple after its reconstruction during the Qing dynasty The temples were badly damaged by both the Republican campaign to Promote Education with Temple Property 廟產興學 and the PRC s Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the opening up that began in the 1980s The Ocean Banner Temple on Henan Island once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery Christianity Edit Nestorian Christians first arrived in China via the overland Silk Road but suffered during Emperor Wuzong s 845 persecution and were essentially extinct by the year 1000 195 specify The Qing era ban on foreigners limited missionaries until it was abolished following the First Opium War although the Protestant Robert Morrison was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory The Catholic archdiocese of Guangzhou is housed at Guangzhou s Sacred Heart Cathedral known locally as the Stone House A Gothic Revival edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under French direction its original Latin and French stained glass windows were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution they have since been replaced by English ones The Canton Christian College 1888 and Hackett Medical College for Women 1902 were both founded by missionaries and now form part of Guangzhou s Lingnan University Since the opening up of China in the 1980s there has been renewed interest in Christianity but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials 196 The Catholic archbishop Dominic Tang was imprisoned without trial for 22 years however his present successor is recognized by both the Vatican and China s Patriotic Church Islam Edit Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the Tang dynasty 197 Relations were often strained Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on October 30 758 the port was subsequently closed for fifty years 56 57 58 59 60 Their presence came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878 along with that of the Jews Christians 61 62 63 and Parsis 64 65 Nowadays the city is home to halal restaurants 198 Guangzhou s Temple of the Five Immortals The Hall of the 500 Arhats at the Flowery Forest Temple Hualin in the 1870s The Temple of Bright Filial Piety Guangzhou s City God Temple The sacred pigs of the Ocean Banner Temple Hoi Tong in the 1830s The Flower Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees Liurong The Thousand Buddha Tower at the present day Hoi Tong Monastery Sacred Heart Cathedral Tianhe Church built in 2017Sport Edit Guangdong Olympic Stadium Tianhe Stadium is the home of Guangzhou F C Yuexiushan Stadium is the home of Guangzhou City F C The 11 468 seat Guangzhou Gymnasium was one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup 199 From 12 to 27 November 2010 Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games The same year it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19 Combined these were the major sporting events the city ever hosted 200 Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events 1987 The 6th National Games of China 1991 The 1st FIFA Women s World Cup 2001 The 2001 National Games of China 2007 The 8th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of the People s Republic of China Wikidata 2008 The 49th World Table Tennis Championships 2009 The 11th Sudirman Cup the world badminton mixed team championshipsCurrent professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include Sport League Tier Club StadiumFootball China League One 2nd Guangzhou Tianhe StadiumFootball Chinese Super League 1st Guangzhou City Yuexiushan StadiumEsports Overwatch Overwatch League 1st Guangzhou Charge Tianhe GymnasiumBasketball Chinese Basketball Association 1st Guangzhou Loong Lions Tianhe GymnasiumBaseball China Baseball League 1st Guangdong Leopards Tianhe Sports Center baseball fieldIn the 2010s Guangzhou has risen to be a football powerhouse of China having won eight national titles between 2011 and 2019 The team has also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015 The club has competed at the 2013 and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup where it lost 3 0 in the semifinal stage to the 2012 13 UEFA Champions League winners FC Bayern Munich and the 2014 15 UEFA Champions League winners FC Barcelona respectively 201 Destinations EditEight Views Edit Main articles Eight Views and Eight Views of Guangzhou Canton Tower 202 The Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou s eight most famous tourist attractions They have varied over time since the Song dynasty with some being named or demoted by emperors The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011 citation needed Towers Shining through the New Town The Pearl River Flowing and Shining The Pearl River from Bai etan to Pazhou Cloudy Mountain Green and Tidy Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area Yuexiu s Grandeur Yuexiu Hill and Park The Ancient Academy s Lingering Fame The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall and its folk art museum Liwan s Wonderful Scenery Liwan Lake Science City Splendid as Brocade Wetlands Singing at Night Nansha Wetlands Park The Pearl River at Haiyin Bridge Zhujiang New City from Pakwan or Baiyun Mountain A brick carving at the Guangzhou Folk Art Museum housed in the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall Bombax ceiba Guangzhou s official flower Parks and gardens Edit Baiyun Mountain Nansha Wetland Park People s Park South China Botanical Garden Yuexiu Park Dongshanhu Park 东山湖公园 東山湖公園 Liuhuahu Park 流花湖公园 流花湖公園 Liwanhu Park 荔湾湖公园 荔灣湖公園 Luhu Park 麓湖公园 麓湖公園 Martyrs Park 广州起义烈士陵园 廣州起義烈士陵園 Pearl River Park 珠江公园 珠江公園 Yuntai Garden 云台花园 雲臺花園 Shimen National Forest Park 石门国家森林公园 石門國家森林公園 Haizhu Lake Park 海珠湖公园 海珠湖公園 Tourist attractions Edit Guangzhou attracts more than 223 million visitors each year and the total revenue of the tourism exceeded 400 billion in 2018 203 There are many tourist attractions including Canton Tower Chen Clan Ancestral Hall housing Guangzhou s folk art museum Chime Long Paradise Chime Long Waterpark simplified Chinese 长隆水上乐园 traditional Chinese 長隆水上樂園 Guangdong Provincial Museum Guangzhou Zoo Wikidata Mulberry Park public center which demonstrates mulberry growing and silk making Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King Peasant Movement Training Institute an important Maoist site Sacred Heart Cathedral Stone House Temple of Bright Filial Piety Guangxiao Temple of the Six Banyan Trees Liurong site of the Flowery Pagoda Sanyuan Palace Shamian or Shameen Island the old trading compound Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall site of Guangzhou s former presidential palace Xiguan Saikwan the western suburbs of the old city Modern Guangzhou by day Modern Guangzhou at night Pedestrian streets Edit In every district there are many shopping areas where people can walk on the sidewalks however most of them are not set as pedestrian streets Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street The popular pedestrian streets are Beijing Road pedestrian street Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street Huacheng Square Flower City Square Malls and shopping centers Edit There are many malls and shopping centers in Guangzhou The majority of the new malls are located in the Tianhe district 101 Dynamics China Plaza Liwan Plaza Teem Plaza Victory Plaza Wanguo Plaza Grandview Mall Grandview Mall Aquarium Wanda square Happy Valley TaiKoo Hui Parc Central OneLinkWalk Rock Square Aeon Mall GT Land Plaza IFC Plaza IGC Mall Mall of the World K11 Fashion Tianhe Major buildings Edit Main article List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou See also List of historic buildings in Guangzhou CITIC Plaza Canton Tower Guangzhou Circle Mansion Guangdong Olympic Stadium Guangzhou Opera House Guangzhou TV Tower Pearl River Tower The Twin Towers Guangzhou International Finance Center West The CTF Guangzhou East Canton Custom House est 1916 one of the oldest surviving in China Aiqun Hotel Guangzhou s tallest building from 1937 to 1967 Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on Shamian The Canton Cement Factory est 1907 which housed Sun Yat sen from 1923 to 1925 The old provincial capitol now the Museum of Revolutionary History Guangzhou s CBD including the IFC right Media EditGuangzhou has two local radio stations the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou Together they broadcast in more than a dozen channels The primary language of both stations is Cantonese Traditionally only one channel of Radio Guangdong is dedicated to Mandarin Chinese However in recent years there has been an increase in Mandarin programs on most Cantonese channels Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city depending on the radio stations locations and transmission power The Beijing based China National Radio also broadcasts Mandarin programs in the city Radio Guangdong has a 30 minute weekly English programs Guangdong Today which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network Daily English news programs are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong Guangzhou has some of the most notable Chinese language newspapers and magazines in mainland China most of which are published by three major newspaper groups in the city the Guangzhou Daily Press Group Nanfang Press Corporation and the Yangcheng Evening News Group The two leading newspapers of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily The former with a circulation of 1 8 million has been China s most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue while Southern Metropolis Daily is considered one of the most liberal newspapers in mainland China In addition to Guangzhou s Chinese language publications there are a few English magazines and newspapers The most successful is That s Guangzhou which started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into That s PRD producing expatriate magazines in Beijing and Shanghai as well It also produces In the Red Education and research Edit Sun Yat sen University main gate The College of Medical Science at Sun Yat sen University Guangzhou Library The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center also known as Guangzhou University Town 广州大学城 is a large tertiary education complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou It occupies the entirety of Xiaoguwei Island in Panyu District covering an area of about 18 km2 7 sq mi The complex accommodates campuses from ten higher education institutions and can eventually accommodate up to 200 000 students 20 000 teachers and 50 000 staff 204 As of 2022 Guangzhou hosts 83 institutions of higher education excluding adult colleges ranking 2nd tie nationwide with Wuhan and 1st in South China region 205 Guangzhou is a major centre of research and innovation in the Asia Pacific with a high level of scientific research output ranking 10th globally 5th in the Asia Pacific 4th in China after Beijing Shanghai and Nanjing and 1st in South Central China region 206 The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center s higher education campuses are as follows Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts Guangzhou University Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine South China Normal University South China University of Technology Sun Yat sen University Xinghai Conservatory of MusicGuangzhou s other fully accredited and degree granting universities and colleges include Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University Guangdong University of Finance amp Economics Guangdong University of Finance Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Sports University Jinan University South China Agricultural University Southern Medical University Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringThe two main comprehensive libraries are Guangzhou Library and Sun Yat sen Library of Guangdong Province Guangzhou Library is a public library in Guangzhou The library has moved to a new building in Zhujiang New Town which fully opened on 23 June 2013 207 Sun Yat sen Library of Guangdong Province has the largest collection of ancient books in Southern China 208 Notable people EditZhi Cong Li born 1993 racing driver Kuang Sunmou 1863 railway engineer businessman and bureaucrat Bolo Yeung born July 3 1946 is a Hong Kong martial artist competitive bodybuilder and a film actor Qi Yuwu born November 28 1976 is an actor based in Singapore Szeto Keung 1948 2011 was an internationally known photographer Donnie Yen born July 3 1946 is a Hong Kong martial artist action director and choreographer and a film director and actor International relations EditTwin towns and sister cities Edit Main article List of twin towns and sister cities in China Consulates General consulates Edit See also List of diplomatic missions in ChinaAs of October 2020 Guangzhou hosts 65 foreign consulates general consulates excluding the Hong Kong and Macao trade office making it one of the major cities to host more than 50 foreign representatives in China after Beijing and Shanghai 24 25 Honours EditGuangzhou Peninsula in Antarctica is named after the city which was a major market and processing centre for the nineteenth century Antarctic sealing industry 209 See also EditCanton System and Old China Trade World s largest cities Historical capitals of China Mezitli Producer Women s Market Guangzhou Innovation Award 2021 Guangzhou bombingNotes Edit The lexicographer only accepted Canton as a proper noun referring to the city and considered usages with reference to the province as an ellipsis see Yule amp al 39 A Hamilton 1727 used Canton to refer to both the city and the province but used Canton for the city more frequently in the same work especially when he wrote Canton without reference to Quantung See A Hamilton 1727 pp 224 238 43 Given in contemporary sources as the Guisi Day 癸巳 of the 9th lunar month of the first year of the Qianyuan Era under Emperor Suzong of the Tang The term Persian may however have been loosely applied and referred indifferently to any similar looking foreign women 68 Buying and selling of children was scarcely unknown in Ming China but the large new demands of the Portuguese may have stimulated kidnapings from good families 81 Some early Chinese historians go even so far as to give vivid details of the price paid for the children and how they were roasted 86 On the day of St Nicholas 6 Dec in the year 1522 they put boards on them with the sentence that they should die and be exposed in pillories as robbers The sentences said Petty sea robbers sent by the great robber falsely they come to spy out our country let them die in pillories as robbers A report was sent to the king according to the information of the mandarins and the king confirmed the sentence On 23 Sept 1523 these twenty three persons were each one cut in pieces to wit heads legs arms and their private members placed in their mouths the trunk of the body being divided into two pieces round the belly In the streets of Canton outside the walls in the suburbs through the principal streets they were put to death at distances of one crossbow shot from one another that all might see them both those of Canton and those of the environs in order to give them to understand that they thought nothing of the Portuguese so that the people might not talk of the Portuguese Thus they were all killed and their heads and private members were carried on the backs of the Portuguese in front of the mandarins of Canton with the playing of musical instruments and rejoicing were exhibited suspended in the streets and were then thrown into the dunghills And from henceforth it was resolved not to allow any more Portuguese into the country nor other strangers 92 The Shaowu Emperor s remains are buried in Yuexiu Park In fact the Danish Asiatic Company was formally chartered in April 1732 while this first ship the Cron Printz Christian was on its return trip 102 Counting the Cron Printz Christian up to 1833 the DAC dispatched 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