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Indo-Pacific

February 10, 2023

This article is about a region. For similar region, see Asia-Pacific. For the proposed language family, see Indo-Pacific languages. For the Australian rail service, see Indian Pacific.

The Indo-Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth.

Area covered by the Indo-Pacific biogeographic region.
Indo-Pacific. The green circle covers ASEAN.

In a narrow sense, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific or Indo-Pacific Asia, it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the seas connecting the two in the general area of Indonesia. It does not include the temperate and polar regions of the Indian and Pacific oceans, nor the Tropical Eastern Pacific, along the Pacific coast of the Americas, which is also a distinct marine realm. The term is especially useful in marine biology, ichthyology, and similar fields, since many marine habitats are continuously connected from Madagascar to Japan and Oceania, and a number of species occur over that range, but are not found in the Atlantic Ocean.

The region has an exceptionally high species richness, with the world's highest species richness being found in at its heart in the Coral Triangle,[1][2] and a remarkable gradient of decreasing species richness radiating outward in all directions.[1] The region includes over 3,000 species of fish, compared with around 1,200 in the next richest marine region, the Western Atlantic, and around 500 species of reef building corals, compared with about 50 species in the Western Atlantic.[3]

The term first appeared in academic use in oceanography and geopolitics. Scholarship has shown that the "Indo-Pacific" concept circulated in Weimar Germany, and spread to interwar Japan. German political oceanographers envisioned an "Indo-Pacific" comprising anticolonial India and republican China, as German allies, against "Euro-America".[4] Since the late 2010s, the term "Indo-Pacific" has been increasingly used in geopolitical discourse. It also has a "symbiotic link" with the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, or "Quad", an informal grouping between Australia, Japan, India, and the United States. It has been argued that the concept may lead to a change in popular "mental maps" of how the world is understood in strategic terms.[5]

In its widest sense, the term geopolitically covers all nations and islands surrounding either the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean, encompassing mainland African and Asian nations who border these oceans, such as India and South Africa, Indian Ocean territories such as the Kerguelen Islands and Seychelles, the Malay Archipelago (which is within the bounds of both the Indian Ocean and the Pacific), Japan, Russia and other Far East nations bordering the Pacific, Australia and all the Pacific Islands east of them, as well as Pacific nations of the Americas such as Canada or Mexico.[6][7][8] ASEAN countries (defined as those in Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipelago) are considered to be geographically at the centre of the political Indo-Pacific.[9]

Subdivisions

 
Biogeographic regionalizations that were tested using model selection with analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) by Crandall et al. 2019. Colours represent different regions within a scheme.

The WWF and Nature Conservancy divide the Indo-Pacific into 3 realms (or subrealms), and each of these into 25 marine provinces and 77 ecoregions (Marine Ecoregions of the World; MEOW) based on data-driven expert opinion.[10] Other schemes for subdivision of the Indo-Pacific have included: 5 provinces, based on endemism in fishes;[11][12] 3 regions split into 10 provinces based on dissimilarity of fish assemblages,[13] 11 provinces based on range boundaries in corals,[14] 12 divisions split into 124 ecoregions based on biogeographic clustering from coral distributions[15] and finally 8 realms from distributions of 65,000 marine species.[16] All but the last of these schemes were tested against one another by an international consortium of marine scientists using genetic data from 56 Indo-Pacific species, with the reasoning that genetic data should reflect the evolutionary processes that structure the Indo-Pacific.[17] While there was no clear winning scheme, and all schemes were supported by data from at least one species, the genetic data in general favored schemes with few subdivisions, supporting the Indo-Pacific as relatively unstructured biogeographic realm - possibly the world's largest. Below are briefly described the 3 MEOW realms of the Indo-Pacific:

Central Indo-Pacific

Main article: Central Indo-Pacific
 
The Coral Triangle and countries participating in the Coral Triangle Initiative

The Central Indo-Pacific includes the numerous seas and straits connecting the Indian and Pacific oceans, including the seas surrounding the Indonesian archipelago (with the exception of Sumatra's northwest coast, which is part of the Western Indo-Pacific), the South China Sea, the Philippine Sea, the north coast of Australia, and the seas surrounding New Guinea, western and central Micronesia, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and Tonga. The Central Indo-Pacific, due in part to its central location at the meeting of two oceans, has the greatest richness and diversity of marine organisms, specifically located within the Coral Triangle, which contains 76% of all known coral species in the world.[2]

Eastern Indo-Pacific

Main article: Eastern Indo-Pacific

The Eastern Indo-Pacific surrounds the mostly volcanic islands of the central Pacific Ocean, extending from the Marshall Islands in the west through central and southeastern Polynesia to Hawaii, to the west coast of Chile. The World Wide Fund for Nature believe the region ends at Chile's Easter Island and Isla Salas y Gómez, although it is sometimes extended even further to include Chile's Desventuradas Islands and Juan Fernández Islands.[18][19][20][10]

Western Indo-Pacific

Main article: Western Indo-Pacific

The Western Indo-Pacific covers the western and central portion of the Indian Ocean, including Africa's east coast, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Andaman Sea, as well as the coastal waters surrounding Madagascar, Seychelles, the Comoros, the Mascarene Islands, Maldives, and the Chagos Archipelago.[10]

Ecology

Some seashore and coastal plants are found throughout most of the region, including the trees Pisonia grandis, Calophyllum inophyllum, Heliotropium arboreum, Pandanus tectorius, Cordia subcordata, Guettarda speciosa, and the shrubs Scaevola taccada, Suriana maritima, and Pemphis acidula. These plants have adapted to grow on coral sand, and have seeds adapted to crossing salt water, including distribution by birds or which can survive floating in salt water.[21]

The trees coconut (Coco nucifera), candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus), and Morinda citrifolia originated in the Central Indo-Pacific, and were spread further across the region by human settlers.[21]

Economic region

The "Indo-Pacific" has been an economic idea since its early formulation in Weimar Germany. According to Hansong Li, the German geographer Karl Haushofer, son of the economist Max Haushofer, believed that capital, along with urbanisation and population growth, are key vectors that determine the 'manometers' of the oceanic region. Haushofer also explained why industrialisation broke out in Europe rather than the Indo-Pacific by a spatial theory of demography.[4]: 3–22 

In the 21st century, with the rising involvement of the United States in the new growth areas of Asia, the idea of the Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor (IPEC) emerged during the U.S.–India Strategic Dialogue of 2013. The Secretary of State John Kerry referred to the potential of the Indo-Pacific Economic Corridor in transforming the prospects for development and investments as well as for trade and transit between the economies of South and Southeast Asia Indo-Pacific economic corridor.[22]

K. Yhome in his scholarly study has mapped out the potential for various emerging trans-regional corridors in Asia along with the challenges of linking IPEC into the larger web of regional economic integration initiatives taking shape in the region in 2017.[23]

On 23 May 2022, the president of the United States, Joe Biden, launched the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF). This agreement includes a dozen of initial partners including: Australia, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Together, all the countries included within the framework represent 40% of the world GDP. The IPEF contains four pillars. The goal of a Connected Economy through digital economy rules, data localization, AI, privacy. A Resilient Economy through better supply chain commitments that better anticipate and prevent disruptions in supply chains to create a more resilient economy. A Clean Economy with commitments to clean energy, de-carbonization, and green infrastructure. A Fair Economy, with recommendation to strengthen efforts to crack down on corruption, effective tax implementation, anti-money laundering, and anti-bribery regimes.[24]

Geopolitical context

Origins

The German geopolitician Karl Haushofer first used "Indo-Pacific" in the 1920s in multiple works on geography and geopolitics: Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean (1924), Building Blocks of Geopolitics (1928), Geopolitics of Pan-Ideas (1931), and German Cultural Politics in the Indo-Pacific Space (1939). Haushofer legitimated the integration of the two oceans by evidence in marine biology, oceanography, ethnography, and historical philology. He envisioned an "Indo-Pacific" comprising anticolonial forces in India and China, as Germany's ally against the maritime domination of Britain, the United States, and Western Europe.[4]

Contemporary use

The Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe referred to the "confluence" of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in his speech to the Indian Parliament in August 2007 as "the dynamic coupling as seas of freedom and of prosperity" in the "broader Asia".[25][26] The focus of Japanese Prime Minister's August 2007 speech in the Indian Parliament was on security of sea lanes linking the two oceans. In the academic discourse relating to such maritime security issue in the Indo-Pacific, the first articulation was carried by a paper published in January 2007 by the Institute of Defense Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi. It was a result of consultations between IDSA and the Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) held in New Delhi in October 2006.[27] From 2010 onwards, the term Indo-Pacific acquired salience within the Indian government and has since been used often by India's apex political leadership.[28] From about 2011 onwards, the term has been used frequently by strategic analysts and high-level government/military leadership in Australia, Japan and the United States to denote said region. However, a formal/official documented articulation of the term first appeared in Australia's Defence White Paper, 2013.[29] It is also "symbiotically linked"[5] with the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue—an informal grouping of like-minded democracies in the region, comprising Australia, India, Japan, and the United States.

Since 2011, the term "Indo-Pacific" is being used increasingly in geopolitical discourse.[30][31]

In 2013, Indonesian Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa proposed an "Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" to restore trust, manage unresolved territory disputes, and help countries deal with change in the region.[32] In 2013, U.S. officials have begun using the term "Indo-Asia Pacific".[33]

In 2019, the United States Department of State published a document formalizing the concept of a "Free and Open Indo-Pacific", to be sustained among members of "the Quad", a partnership of four Indo-Pacific democracies led by the United States, in concert with Australia, India, and Japan.[34] "Indo-Pacific" has also featured prominently in top-level U.S. strategic documents such as the 2017 National Security Strategy,[35] the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review,[36] and the 2018 National Defense Strategy.[37] According to Felix Heiduk and Gudrun Wacker at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs, the concept is aimed at containing China and is "primarily understood as a U.S.-led containment strategy directed against China" in Beijing.[38] It has been argued that the concept of the Indo-Pacific may lead to a change in popular "mental maps" of how the world is understood in strategic terms.[39]

The term's profile was raised when it found mention in the joint statement issued by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and United States President Donald Trump after the former's state visit to the White House on 26 June 2017. "As responsible stewards in the Indo-Pacific region, President Trump and Prime Minister Modi agreed that a close partnership between the United States and India is central to peace and stability in the region. In marking 70 years of diplomatic relations between India and the United States, the leaders resolved to expand and deepen the strategic partnership between the countries and advance common objectives. Above all, these objectives include combatting terrorist threats, promoting stability across the Indo-Pacific region, increasing free and fair trade, and strengthening energy linkages".[40] However, President Trump's November 2017 articulation on Indo-Pacific was widely seen as something that would usher in a new (US–China) Cold War.[41] This led to the Indian Prime Minister spelling out the Indian vision of Indo-Pacific as an enabler for "a common pursuit of progress and prosperity... not directed against any country... (albeit based on) our principled commitment to rule of law".[42] According to Dr. Cenk Tamer, the U.S. seeks to create an "anti-China axis" in the Asia-Pacific region through the conceptualization of the Indo-Pacific because it sees India as a key part in containing China. This was reiterated by President Biden, who declared a "secure and prosperous Indo-Pacific."[43] Tamer calls the Indo-Pacific a concept that started to gain ground in international relations as a geopolitical challenge by the U.S. toward China.[43]

Criticism

The Australian Citizens Party, a minor third party associated with the LaRouche movement, criticises the "Indo-Pacific" vision as a reenactment of Nazi strategy, given the concept's link to Karl Haushofer.[44]

Former Prime Minister of Australia Paul Keating, in a televised address at the National Press Club, criticised the notion of the "Indo-Pacific" as a construct of the United States in its diplomatic war with China:[45]

The United States says, well, that's all very interesting. But look, if you behave yourself, you Chinese. You can be a stakeholder in our system. And look, you wouldn't have to be Xi Jinping or anybody, to take the view of your Chinese Nationalist say, "Well, hang on, let me get this right. We are already one and a quarter times bigger than you, will soon be twice as big as you, and we may be two and a half times as big as you. But we can be a stakeholder in your system, is that it?" I mean, it’d make a cat laugh.

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo-Pacific.

References

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Further reading

  • Doyle, Timothy; Rumley, Dennis (2020). The Rise and Return of the Indo-Pacific. Oxford: OUP.
  • Auslin, Michael R., ed. (2020). Asia's New Geopolitics: Essays on Reshaping the Indo-Pacific. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. excerpt
  • Medcalf, Rory (2020). Indo-Pacific Empire: China, America and the Contest for the World's Pivotal Region. excerpt
  • J. Cannon, Brendon; Rossiter, Ash, eds. (August 2018). Rising Powers Quarterly. 3 (2). special issue on "The "Indo-Pacific" – Regional Dynamics in the 21st Century's New Geopolitical Center of Gravity"
  • 2018 United States Strategic Framework for the Indo-Pacific

February 10, 2023
indo, pacific, this, article, about, region, similar, region, asia, pacific, proposed, language, family, languages, australian, rail, service, indian, pacific, vast, biogeographic, region, earth, area, covered, biogeographic, region, green, circle, covers, ase. This article is about a region For similar region see Asia Pacific For the proposed language family see Indo Pacific languages For the Australian rail service see Indian Pacific The Indo Pacific is a vast biogeographic region of Earth Area covered by the Indo Pacific biogeographic region Indo Pacific The green circle covers ASEAN In a narrow sense sometimes known as the Indo West Pacific or Indo Pacific Asia it comprises the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean the western and central Pacific Ocean and the seas connecting the two in the general area of Indonesia It does not include the temperate and polar regions of the Indian and Pacific oceans nor the Tropical Eastern Pacific along the Pacific coast of the Americas which is also a distinct marine realm The term is especially useful in marine biology ichthyology and similar fields since many marine habitats are continuously connected from Madagascar to Japan and Oceania and a number of species occur over that range but are not found in the Atlantic Ocean The region has an exceptionally high species richness with the world s highest species richness being found in at its heart in the Coral Triangle 1 2 and a remarkable gradient of decreasing species richness radiating outward in all directions 1 The region includes over 3 000 species of fish compared with around 1 200 in the next richest marine region the Western Atlantic and around 500 species of reef building corals compared with about 50 species in the Western Atlantic 3 The term first appeared in academic use in oceanography and geopolitics Scholarship has shown that the Indo Pacific concept circulated in Weimar Germany and spread to interwar Japan German political oceanographers envisioned an Indo Pacific comprising anticolonial India and republican China as German allies against Euro America 4 Since the late 2010s the term Indo Pacific has been increasingly used in geopolitical discourse It also has a symbiotic link with the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue or Quad an informal grouping between Australia Japan India and the United States It has been argued that the concept may lead to a change in popular mental maps of how the world is understood in strategic terms 5 In its widest sense the term geopolitically covers all nations and islands surrounding either the Indian Ocean or the Pacific Ocean encompassing mainland African and Asian nations who border these oceans such as India and South Africa Indian Ocean territories such as the Kerguelen Islands and Seychelles the Malay Archipelago which is within the bounds of both the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Japan Russia and other Far East nations bordering the Pacific Australia and all the Pacific Islands east of them as well as Pacific nations of the Americas such as Canada or Mexico 6 7 8 ASEAN countries defined as those in Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipelago are considered to be geographically at the centre of the political Indo Pacific 9 Contents 1 Subdivisions 1 1 Central Indo Pacific 1 2 Eastern Indo Pacific 1 3 Western Indo Pacific 2 Ecology 3 Economic region 4 Geopolitical context 4 1 Origins 4 2 Contemporary use 4 3 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingSubdivisions Edit Biogeographic regionalizations that were tested using model selection with analysis of molecular variance AMOVA by Crandall et al 2019 Colours represent different regions within a scheme The WWF and Nature Conservancy divide the Indo Pacific into 3 realms or subrealms and each of these into 25 marine provinces and 77 ecoregions Marine Ecoregions of the World MEOW based on data driven expert opinion 10 Other schemes for subdivision of the Indo Pacific have included 5 provinces based on endemism in fishes 11 12 3 regions split into 10 provinces based on dissimilarity of fish assemblages 13 11 provinces based on range boundaries in corals 14 12 divisions split into 124 ecoregions based on biogeographic clustering from coral distributions 15 and finally 8 realms from distributions of 65 000 marine species 16 All but the last of these schemes were tested against one another by an international consortium of marine scientists using genetic data from 56 Indo Pacific species with the reasoning that genetic data should reflect the evolutionary processes that structure the Indo Pacific 17 While there was no clear winning scheme and all schemes were supported by data from at least one species the genetic data in general favored schemes with few subdivisions supporting the Indo Pacific as relatively unstructured biogeographic realm possibly the world s largest Below are briefly described the 3 MEOW realms of the Indo Pacific Central Indo Pacific Edit Main article Central Indo Pacific The Coral Triangle and countries participating in the Coral Triangle Initiative The Central Indo Pacific includes the numerous seas and straits connecting the Indian and Pacific oceans including the seas surrounding the Indonesian archipelago with the exception of Sumatra s northwest coast which is part of the Western Indo Pacific the South China Sea the Philippine Sea the north coast of Australia and the seas surrounding New Guinea western and central Micronesia New Caledonia the Solomon Islands Vanuatu Fiji and Tonga The Central Indo Pacific due in part to its central location at the meeting of two oceans has the greatest richness and diversity of marine organisms specifically located within the Coral Triangle which contains 76 of all known coral species in the world 2 Eastern Indo Pacific Edit Main article Eastern Indo Pacific The Eastern Indo Pacific surrounds the mostly volcanic islands of the central Pacific Ocean extending from the Marshall Islands in the west through central and southeastern Polynesia to Hawaii to the west coast of Chile The World Wide Fund for Nature believe the region ends at Chile s Easter Island and Isla Salas y Gomez although it is sometimes extended even further to include Chile s Desventuradas Islands and Juan Fernandez Islands 18 19 20 10 Western Indo Pacific Edit Main article Western Indo Pacific The Western Indo Pacific covers the western and central portion of the Indian Ocean including Africa s east coast the Red Sea the Gulf of Aden the Persian Gulf the Arabian Sea the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea as well as the coastal waters surrounding Madagascar Seychelles the Comoros the Mascarene Islands Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago 10 Ecology EditSome seashore and coastal plants are found throughout most of the region including the trees Pisonia grandis Calophyllum inophyllum Heliotropium arboreum Pandanus tectorius Cordia subcordata Guettarda speciosa and the shrubs Scaevola taccada Suriana maritima and Pemphis acidula These plants have adapted to grow on coral sand and have seeds adapted to crossing salt water including distribution by birds or which can survive floating in salt water 21 The trees coconut Coco nucifera candlenut Aleurites moluccanus and Morinda citrifolia originated in the Central Indo Pacific and were spread further across the region by human settlers 21 Economic region EditThe Indo Pacific has been an economic idea since its early formulation in Weimar Germany According to Hansong Li the German geographer Karl Haushofer son of the economist Max Haushofer believed that capital along with urbanisation and population growth are key vectors that determine the manometers of the oceanic region Haushofer also explained why industrialisation broke out in Europe rather than the Indo Pacific by a spatial theory of demography 4 3 22 In the 21st century with the rising involvement of the United States in the new growth areas of Asia the idea of the Indo Pacific Economic Corridor IPEC emerged during the U S India Strategic Dialogue of 2013 The Secretary of State John Kerry referred to the potential of the Indo Pacific Economic Corridor in transforming the prospects for development and investments as well as for trade and transit between the economies of South and Southeast Asia Indo Pacific economic corridor 22 K Yhome in his scholarly study has mapped out the potential for various emerging trans regional corridors in Asia along with the challenges of linking IPEC into the larger web of regional economic integration initiatives taking shape in the region in 2017 23 On 23 May 2022 the president of the United States Joe Biden launched the Indo Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity IPEF This agreement includes a dozen of initial partners including Australia Brunei India Indonesia Japan Republic of Korea Malaysia New Zealand the Philippines Singapore Thailand and Vietnam Together all the countries included within the framework represent 40 of the world GDP The IPEF contains four pillars The goal of a Connected Economy through digital economy rules data localization AI privacy A Resilient Economy through better supply chain commitments that better anticipate and prevent disruptions in supply chains to create a more resilient economy A Clean Economy with commitments to clean energy de carbonization and green infrastructure A Fair Economy with recommendation to strengthen efforts to crack down on corruption effective tax implementation anti money laundering and anti bribery regimes 24 Geopolitical context EditOrigins Edit The German geopolitician Karl Haushofer first used Indo Pacific in the 1920s in multiple works on geography and geopolitics Geopolitics of the Pacific Ocean 1924 Building Blocks of Geopolitics 1928 Geopolitics of Pan Ideas 1931 and German Cultural Politics in the Indo Pacific Space 1939 Haushofer legitimated the integration of the two oceans by evidence in marine biology oceanography ethnography and historical philology He envisioned an Indo Pacific comprising anticolonial forces in India and China as Germany s ally against the maritime domination of Britain the United States and Western Europe 4 Contemporary use Edit The Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe referred to the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in his speech to the Indian Parliament in August 2007 as the dynamic coupling as seas of freedom and of prosperity in the broader Asia 25 26 The focus of Japanese Prime Minister s August 2007 speech in the Indian Parliament was on security of sea lanes linking the two oceans In the academic discourse relating to such maritime security issue in the Indo Pacific the first articulation was carried by a paper published in January 2007 by the Institute of Defense Studies and Analyses IDSA New Delhi It was a result of consultations between IDSA and the Japan Institute of International Affairs JIIA held in New Delhi in October 2006 27 From 2010 onwards the term Indo Pacific acquired salience within the Indian government and has since been used often by India s apex political leadership 28 From about 2011 onwards the term has been used frequently by strategic analysts and high level government military leadership in Australia Japan and the United States to denote said region However a formal official documented articulation of the term first appeared in Australia s Defence White Paper 2013 29 It is also symbiotically linked 5 with the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue an informal grouping of like minded democracies in the region comprising Australia India Japan and the United States Since 2011 the term Indo Pacific is being used increasingly in geopolitical discourse 30 31 In 2013 Indonesian Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa proposed an Indo Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation to restore trust manage unresolved territory disputes and help countries deal with change in the region 32 In 2013 U S officials have begun using the term Indo Asia Pacific 33 In 2019 the United States Department of State published a document formalizing the concept of a Free and Open Indo Pacific to be sustained among members of the Quad a partnership of four Indo Pacific democracies led by the United States in concert with Australia India and Japan 34 Indo Pacific has also featured prominently in top level U S strategic documents such as the 2017 National Security Strategy 35 the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review 36 and the 2018 National Defense Strategy 37 According to Felix Heiduk and Gudrun Wacker at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs the concept is aimed at containing China and is primarily understood as a U S led containment strategy directed against China in Beijing 38 It has been argued that the concept of the Indo Pacific may lead to a change in popular mental maps of how the world is understood in strategic terms 39 The term s profile was raised when it found mention in the joint statement issued by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and United States President Donald Trump after the former s state visit to the White House on 26 June 2017 As responsible stewards in the Indo Pacific region President Trump and Prime Minister Modi agreed that a close partnership between the United States and India is central to peace and stability in the region In marking 70 years of diplomatic relations between India and the United States the leaders resolved to expand and deepen the strategic partnership between the countries and advance common objectives Above all these objectives include combatting terrorist threats promoting stability across the Indo Pacific region increasing free and fair trade and strengthening energy linkages 40 However President Trump s November 2017 articulation on Indo Pacific was widely seen as something that would usher in a new US China Cold War 41 This led to the Indian Prime Minister spelling out the Indian vision of Indo Pacific as an enabler for a common pursuit of progress and prosperity not directed against any country albeit based on our principled commitment to rule of law 42 According to Dr Cenk Tamer the U S seeks to create an anti China axis in the Asia Pacific region through the conceptualization of the Indo Pacific because it sees India as a key part in containing China This was reiterated by President Biden who declared a secure and prosperous Indo Pacific 43 Tamer calls the Indo Pacific a concept that started to gain ground in international relations as a geopolitical challenge by the U S toward China 43 Criticism Edit The Australian Citizens Party a minor third party associated with the LaRouche movement criticises the Indo Pacific vision as a reenactment of Nazi strategy given the concept s link to Karl Haushofer 44 Former Prime Minister of Australia Paul Keating in a televised address at the National Press Club criticised the notion of the Indo Pacific as a construct of the United States in its diplomatic war with China 45 The United States says well that s all very interesting But look if you behave yourself you Chinese You can be a stakeholder in our system And look you wouldn t have to be Xi Jinping or anybody to take the view of your Chinese Nationalist say Well hang on let me get this right We are already one and a quarter times bigger than you will soon be twice as big as you and we may be two and a half times as big as you But we can be a stakeholder in your system is that it I mean it d make a cat laugh See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indo Pacific AUKUS Asia Pacific Austronesian peoples East of Suez Orient Valeriepieris circle Geography of Asia United States Indo Pacific CommandReferences Edit a b Roberts Callum M McClean Colin J Veron John E N Hawkins Julie P Allen Gerald R McAllister Don E Mittermeier Cristina G Schueler Frederick W Spalding Mark Wells Fred Vynne Carly 15 February 2002 Marine Biodiversity Hotspots and Conservation Priorities for Tropical Reefs Science 295 5558 1280 1284 Bibcode 2002Sci 295 1280R doi 10 1126 science 1067728 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 11847338 S2CID 25927433 a b Veron J E N Devantier Lyndon M Turak Emre Green Alison L Kininmonth Stuart Stafford Smith Mary Peterson Nate 2009 Delineating the Coral Triangle Galaxea Journal of Coral Reef Studies 11 2 91 100 doi 10 3755 galaxea 11 91 Helfman Gene S Collette Bruce B Facey Douglas E 1997 The Diversity of Fishes Blackwell Publishing pp 274 276 ISBN 0 86542 256 7 a b c Li Hansong 4 June 2021 The Indo Pacific Intellectual Origins and International Visions in Global Contexts Modern Intellectual History 19 3 807 833 doi 10 1017 S1479244321000214 S2CID 236226422 a b India s understanding of the Quad amp Indo Pacific Distinct narrative or a flawed one Orf The broadening spectrum of India Mexico ties Orf Where is Canada The missing Indo Pacific player Stephen Nagy for Inside Policy 21 March 2022 Africa a low presence in the first Indo Pacific forum 25 February 2022 Thuong Nguyen Le Thy Oanh Nguyen Thi 2021 Vietnam in the Indo Pacific Region Perception Position and Perspectives India Quarterly A Journal of International Affairs 77 2 129 142 doi 10 1177 09749284211005036 S2CID 235724917 a b c Spalding Mark D Fox Helen E Allen Gerald R Davidson Nick Ferdana Zach A Finlayson Max Halpern Benjamin S Jorge Miguel A Lombana Al Lourie Sara A Martin Kirsten D McManus Edmund Molnar Jennifer Recchia Cheri A Robertson James July August 2007 Marine Ecoregions of the World A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas BioScience 57 7 573 583 doi 10 1641 B570707 S2CID 29150840 Briggs J C 1974 Marine Zoogeography McGraw Hill Briggs John C Bowen Brian W 2012 A realignment of marine biogeographic provinces with particular reference to fish distributions Marine biogeographic provinces Journal of Biogeography 39 1 12 30 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2699 2011 02613 x S2CID 56455379 Kulbicki Michel Parravicini Valeriano Bellwood David R Arias Gonzalez Ernesto Chabanet Pascale Floeter Sergio R Friedlander Alan McPherson Jana Myers Robert E Vigliola Laurent Mouillot David 30 December 2013 Stergiou Konstantinos I ed Global Biogeography of Reef Fishes A Hierarchical Quantitative Delineation of Regions PLOS ONE 8 12 e81847 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 881847K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0081847 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3875412 PMID 24386083 Keith S A Baird A H Hughes T P Madin J S Connolly S R 22 July 2013 Faunal breaks and species composition of Indo Pacific corals the role of plate tectonics environment and habitat distribution Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 280 1763 20130818 doi 10 1098 rspb 2013 0818 ISSN 0962 8452 PMC 3774232 PMID 23698011 Veron John Stafford Smith Mary DeVantier Lyndon Turak Emre 18 February 2015 Overview of distribution patterns of zooxanthellate Scleractinia Frontiers in Marine Science 1 doi 10 3389 fmars 2014 00081 ISSN 2296 7745 Costello Mark J Tsai Peter Wong Pui Shan Cheung Alan Kwok Lun Basher Zeenatul Chaudhary Chhaya December 2017 Marine biogeographic realms and species endemicity Nature Communications 8 1 1057 Bibcode 2017NatCo 8 1057C doi 10 1038 s41467 017 01121 2 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 5648874 PMID 29051522 Crandall Eric D Riginos Cynthia Bird Chris E Liggins Libby Treml Eric Beger Maria Barber Paul H Connolly Sean R Cowman Peter F DiBattista Joseph D Eble Jeff A 2019 Borregaard Michael ed The molecular biogeography of the Indo Pacific Testing hypotheses with multispecies genetic patterns Global Ecology and Biogeography 28 7 943 960 doi 10 1111 geb 12905 ISSN 1466 822X S2CID 149934700 Friedlander Alan M Ballesteros Enric Caselle Jennifer E Gaymer Carlos F Palma Alvaro T Petit Ignacio Varas Eduardo Munoz Wilson Alex Sala Enric 6 January 2016 Marine Biodiversity in Juan Fernandez and Desventuradas Islands Chile Global Endemism Hotspots PLOS ONE Journals plos org 11 1 e0145059 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1145059F doi 10 1371 journal pone 0145059 PMC 4703205 PMID 26734732 Pequeno German 2011 Shore Fishes of Easter Island John E Randall amp Alfredo Cea Egana Gayana 75 2 201 202 doi 10 4067 S0717 65382011000200011 ProQuest 920291064 Udvardy Miklos D F A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World PDF UNESCO Archived from the original PDF on 4 May 2022 Retrieved 7 March 2022 a b Central Polynesian tropical moist forests Terrestrial Ecoregions World Wildlife Fund Sundararaman Shankari 10 February 2017 Indo Pacific economic corridor A vision in progress Orf Observer Research Foundation Retrieved 9 December 2021 Yhome K Chaturvedy Rajeev Ranjan eds 2017 Emerging Trans Regional Corridors South and Southeast Asia PDF Observer Research Foundation ISBN 978 81 86818 26 8 FACT SHEET In Asia President Biden and a Dozen Indo Pacific Partners Launch the Indo Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity The White House 23 May 2022 Retrieved 23 May 2022 Confluence of the Two Seas Speech by H E Mr Shinzo Abe Prime Minister of Japan at the Parliament of the Republic of India mofa go jp Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 22 August 2007 Retrieved 9 December 2021 Maritime Policy Archives orfonline org Observer Research Foundation Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 Retrieved 6 December 2017 full citation needed Khurana Gurpreet S January February 2007 Security of Sea Lines Prospects for India Japan Cooperation Strategic Analysis 31 1 139 153 doi 10 1080 09700160701355485 S2CID 153632833 Scott David July October 2012 India and the Allure of the Indo Pacific International Studies 49 3 4 165 188 doi 10 1177 0020881714534038 S2CID 153576791 Defence White Paper 2013 PDF Report Department of Defence Australian Government 2013 ISBN 978 0 9874958 0 8 Archived from the original PDF on 12 May 2013 Retrieved 9 December 2021 Amane Yamazaki 28 February 2020 The PRC s Cautious Stance on the U S Indo Pacific Strategy China Brief Jamestown Foundation 20 4 Retrieved 7 March 2020 Medcalf Rory 2020 Contest for the Indo Pacific Why China Won t Map the Future Black Incorporated ISBN 978 1 76064 157 3 OCLC 1127546396 Georgieff Jack 17 May 2013 An Indo Pacific Treaty An Idea Whose Time Has Come The Diplomat Retrieved 7 April 2022 Miles Donna 8 February 2013 Locklear Calls for Indo Asia Pacific Cooperation Press release United States Department of State Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 A Free and Open Indo Pacific Advancing a Shared Vision PDF Report Washington D C United States Department of State 4 November 2019 Retrieved 9 December 2021 National Security Strategy of the United States of America PDF Report Washington D C White House December 2017 Retrieved 9 December 2021 Nuclear Posture Review PDF Report Washington D C Office of the Secretary of Defense February 2018 Retrieved 9 December 2021 Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America Sharpening the American Military s Competitive Edge PDF Washington D C United States Department of Defense 2018 Retrieved 9 December 2021 From Asia Pacific to Indo Pacific Retrieved 19 November 2022 Brewster David 2014 Dividing Lines Evolving Mental Maps of the Bay of Bengal Asian Security 10 2 151 167 doi 10 1080 14799855 2014 914499 hdl 1885 13057 S2CID 154762903 Joint Statement United States and India Prosperity Through Partnership mea gov in Ministry of External Affairs Government of India 27 June 2017 Retrieved 9 December 2021 Khurana Gurpreet S 14 November 2017 Opinion Trump s new Cold War alliance in Asia is dangerous The Washington Post Retrieved 9 December 2021 Prime Minister s Keynote Address at Shangri La Dialogue mea gov in Ministry of External Affairs Government of India 1 June 2018 Retrieved 9 December 2021 a b Terminology of the Geopolitical Power Struggle Asia Pacific or Indo Pacific 11 March 2021 Bardon Richard 20 January 2021 The Nazi roots of the Indo Pacific strategy citizensparty org au Australian Citizens Party Retrieved 20 June 2021 Australia s long march into Asia Workers BushTelegraph 14 November 2021 Retrieved 16 March 2022 Further reading EditDoyle Timothy Rumley Dennis 2020 The Rise and Return of the Indo Pacific Oxford OUP Auslin Michael R ed 2020 Asia s New Geopolitics Essays on Reshaping the Indo Pacific Stanford Hoover Institution Press excerpt Medcalf Rory 2020 Indo Pacific Empire China America and the Contest for the World s Pivotal Region excerpt J Cannon Brendon Rossiter Ash eds August 2018 Rising Powers Quarterly 3 2 special issue on The Indo Pacific Regional Dynamics in the 21st Century s New Geopolitical Center of Gravity 2018 United States Strategic Framework for the Indo Pacific Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indo Pacific amp oldid 1138496948, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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