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Korea

April 22, 2023

"Korean Peninsula" redirects here. For the geographical region, see Geography of Korea. For other uses, see Korea (disambiguation).

Korea (Korean: 한국, Hanguk or 조선, Joseon) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic of Korea) comprising its southern half. Korea consists of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and several minor islands near the peninsula. The peninsula is bordered by China (Manchuria) to the north and Russia to the northeast, across the Amrok and Duman rivers. It is separated from Japan to the southeast by the Korea Strait.

Korea
한국 (South Korean)
조선 (North Korean)


Anthem: 
Korea shown in dark green
Capital
Largest citySeoul
Official languagesKorean
Official script
  • Hangul
  • Chosŏn'gŭl
Demonym(s)Korean
GovernmentIn dispute between South Korea and North Korea
Yoon Suk-yeol
Kim Jong-un[a]
Han Duck-soo
Kim Tok-hun
Legislature
Establishment
• Gojoseon
2333 BCE (mythological)
194 BCE
57 BCE
668
918
17 July 1392
12 October 1897
22 August 1910
1 March 1919
11 April 1919
2 September 1945
• Establishment of the Republic of Korea
15 August 1948
• Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
9 September 1948
25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953
• Both Koreas admitted to the UN
17 September 1991
27 April 2018
Area
• Total
223,155 km2 (86,161 sq mi)[1][2]
Population
• 2017 estimate
77,000,000
• Density
349.06/km2 (904.1/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+09 (Korea Standard Time and Pyongyang Time)
Driving sideright
Calling code
Internet TLD

During the first half of the 1st millennium, Korea was divided between three states, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In the second half of the 1st millennium, Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo, leading to the "Unified Silla" period. Meanwhile, Balhae formed in the north, superseding former Goguryeo. Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to civil war, ushering in the Later Three Kingdoms. Toward the end of the 1st millennium, Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo, which defeated the two other states and unified the Korean Peninsula as a single sovereign state. Around the same time, Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo. Goryeo (also spelled as Koryŏ), whose name developed into the modern exonym "Korea", was a highly cultured state that created the world's first metal movable type in 1234.[3][4][5][6][7][8] However, multiple incursions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation, which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting. Following military resistance under King Gongmin that ended Mongol political influence in Goryeo, severe political strife followed, and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye, who established Joseon on 17 July 1392. The first 200 years of the Joseon era were marked by relative peace, and during this time the Korean alphabet was created by Sejong the Great and Confucianism became increasingly influential in the kingdom.

Joseon's two centuries of peace were broken by foreign invasions and internal factional strife from 1592 to 1637. Most notable of these invasions is the Japanese invasions of Korea, which marked the end of the Joseon dynasty's early period. Several decades later, Joseon was invaded by the Jurchens and the Manchus in 1627 and 1636 respectively, leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy, for which the country became known as the "hermit kingdom" in Western literature. After the end of these invasions from Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace and prosperity, along with cultural and technological development. What power the kingdom recovered during its isolation waned as the 18th century came to a close. Faced with internal strife, power struggles, international pressure, and rebellions at home, the kingdom declined rapidly in the late 19th century.

During the later years of the dynasty, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the "hermit kingdom". By the mid 19th century, with the country unwilling to modernize, and under encroachment of European powers, Joseon Korea was forced to sign unequal treaties with foreign powers. After the assassination of Empress Myeongseong in 1895, the Donghak Peasant Revolution, and the Gabo Reforms of 1894 to 1896, the Korean Empire (1897–1910) came into existence, heralding a brief but rapid period of social reform and modernization. However, in 1905, the Korean Empire signed a protectorate treaty and in 1910, Japan annexed the Korean Empire. Korea then became a Japanese colony from 1910 to 1945.

Japan relinquished control over Korea after formally surrendering to the Allies on 2 September 1945, in the aftermath of World War II. The Soviet Union and the United States had agreed to partition Korea along the 38th parallel, with the Soviets occupying the north and the Americans occupying the south. These circumstances became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers with two different ideologies, exacerbated by their inability to agree on the terms of Korean independence. The communist government in the north received backing from the Soviet Union in opposition to the pro-Western government in the south, leading to Korea's division into two sovereign states in 1948: North Korea and South Korea. Tensions between the two resulted in North Korea invading South Korea and the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. With involvement by foreign troops, the war ended in a stalemate in 1953, but without a formalised peace treaty. This status contributes to the high tensions that continue to divide the peninsula, and both states continue to claim to be the sole legitimate government of Korea. A breakthrough in the peace process came on 27 April 2018, when North Korea and South Korea signed the Panmunjom Declaration on ending the conflict and reunifying Korea.

Etymology

Main article: Names of Korea
See also: Korean romanization
Korea
North Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl조선
Hancha朝鮮
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationJoseon
McCune–ReischauerChosŏn
South Korean name
Hangul한국
Hanja韓國
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationHan(-)guk
McCune–ReischauerHan’guk

"Korea" is the modern spelling of "Corea", a name attested in English as early as 1614.[9][10] Korea was transliterated as Cauli in The Travels of Marco Polo,[11] of the Chinese 高麗 (MC: Kawlej,[12] mod. Gāolì). This was the Hanja for the Korean kingdom of Goryeo (Korean: 고려; MR: Koryŏ), which ruled most of the Korean peninsula during Marco Polo's time. Korea's introduction to the West resulted from trade and contact with merchants from Arabic lands,[13] with some records dating back as far as the 9th century.[14] Goryeo's name was a continuation of Goguryeo (Koguryŏ) the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which was officially known as Goryeo beginning in the 5th century.[15] The original name was a combination of the adjective go ("high, lofty") with the name of a local Yemaek tribe, whose original name is thought to have been either *Guru (溝樓, "walled city," inferred from some toponyms in Chinese historical documents) or Gauri (가우리, "center"). With expanding British and American trade following the opening of Korea in the late 19th century, the spelling "Korea" appeared and gradually grew in popularity;[9] its use in transcribing East Asian languages avoids the issues caused by the separate hard and soft Cs existing in English vocabulary derived from the Romance languages. The name Korea is now commonly used in English contexts by both North and South Korea.

In South Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Hanguk (한국, [haːnɡuk], lit. 'country of the Han'). The name references Samhan, referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula.[16][17] Although written in Hanja as 韓, 幹, or 刊, this Han has no relation to the Chinese place names or peoples who used those characters but was a phonetic transcription (OC: *Gar, MC: Han[12] or Gan) of a native Korean word that seems to have had the meaning "big" or "great", particularly in reference to leaders. It has been tentatively linked with the title khan used by the nomads of Manchuria and Central Asia.

In North Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Joseon (조선, [tɕosʰʌn], lit. '[land of the] Morning Calm'). Joseon is the modern Korean pronunciation of the Hanja 朝鮮, which is also the basis of the word for Korea as a whole in Japan (朝鮮, Chōsen), China (朝鲜, Cháoxiǎn), and Vietnam (Triều Tiên). "Great Joseon" was the name of the kingdom ruled by the Joseon dynasty from 1393 until their declaration of the short-lived Great Korean Empire in 1897. King Taejo had named them for the earlier Gojoseon (고조선), who ruled northern Korea from its legendary prehistory until their conquest in 108 BCE by China's Han Empire. The Go- in Gojoseon is the Hanja 古 and simply means "ancient" or "old"; it is a modern usage to distinguish the ancient Joseon from the later dynasty. It is unclear whether Joseon was a transcription of a native Korean name (OC *T[r]awser, MC Trjewsjen)[12] or a partial translation into Chinese of the Korean capital Asadal (아사달),[18] whose meaning has been reconstructed as "Morning Land" or "Mountain".

History

Main article: History of Korea
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Korean history.

Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Korea

The Korean Academy claimed ancient hominid fossils originating from about 100,000 BCE in the lava at a stone city site in Korea. Fluorescent and high-magnetic analyses indicate the volcanic fossils may be from as early as 300,000 BCE.[19] The best preserved Korean pottery goes back to the paleolithic times around 10,000 BCE and the Neolithic period begins around 6000 BCE.

Beginning around 300 BC, the Japonic-speaking Yayoi people from the Korean Peninsula entered the Japanese islands and displaced or intermingled with the original Jōmon inhabitants.[20] The linguistic homeland of Proto-Koreans is located somewhere in Southern Siberia/Manchuria, such the Liao river area or the Amur region. Proto-Koreans arrived in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC, replacing and assimilating Japonic-speakers and likely causing the Yayoi migration.[21]

Gojoseon

Main article: Gojoseon

According to Korean legend, Dangun, a descendant of Heaven, established Gojoseon in 2333 BCE. In 108 BCE, the Han dynasty defeated Gojoseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the Lelang Commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries. By 313, Goguryeo annexed all of the Chinese commanderies.

Proto–Three Kingdoms

Main article: Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea

The Proto–Three Kingdoms period, sometimes called the Multiple States Period, is the earlier part of what is commonly called the Three Kingdoms Period, following the fall of Gojoseon but before Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla fully developed into kingdoms.

This time period saw numerous states spring up from the former territories of Gojoseon, which encompassed northern Korea and southern Manchuria. With the fall of Gojoseon, southern Korea entered the Samhan period.

Located in the southern part of Korea, Samhan referred to the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan. Mahan was the largest and consisted of 54 states. Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of twelve states, bringing a total of 78 states within the Samhan. These three confederacies eventually developed into Baekje, Silla, and Gaya.

Three Kingdoms

Main articles: Three Kingdoms of Korea, Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla
 
7th century Tang dynasty painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla

The Three Kingdoms of Korea consisted of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje. Silla and Baekje controlled the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, maintaining the former Samhan territories, while Goguryeo controlled the northern half of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula, uniting Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and other states in the former Gojoseon territories.[22]

Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state;[23][24][self-published source?] it was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia,[25][26][27][28][self-published source?] reaching its zenith in the 5th century when its territories expanded to encompass most of Manchuria to the north, parts of Inner Mongolia to the west,[29] parts of Russia to the east,[30] and the Seoul region to the south.[31] Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto the Great and his son Jangsu,[32][33][34][35] who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times, achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula.[36][37] In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties,[38][self-published source?] most notably the Goguryeo–Sui War, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men.[39][40][41][42][43] In 642, the powerful general Yeon Gaesomun led a coup and gained complete control over Goguryeo. In response, Emperor Tang Taizong of China led a campaign against Goguryeo, but was defeated and retreated.[44][45][self-published source?] After the death of Tang Taizong, his son Emperor Tang Gaozong allied with the Korean kingdom of Silla and invaded Goguryeo again, but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defences and was defeated in 662.[46][47] However, Yeon Gaesomun died of a natural cause in 666 and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[48][49] The Tang-Silla alliance finally conquered Goguryeo in 668. After the collapse of Goguryeo, Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the Korean Peninsula. Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula, while Tang gained control over Goguryeo's northern territories. However, 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo, a Goguryeo general by the name of Dae Joyeong founded the Korean-Mohe state of Balhae and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories.

The southwestern Korean kingdom of Baekje was founded around modern-day Seoul by a Goguryeo prince, a son of the founder of Goguryeo.[50][51][self-published source?][52] Baekje absorbed all of the Mahan states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula (including the modern provinces of Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeolla, as well as parts of Hwanghae and Gangwon) to a centralised government; during the expansion of its territory, Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through maritime contacts with the Southern Dynasties. Baekje was a great maritime power;[53] its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan.[54][55] Historic evidence suggests that Japanese culture, art, and language were influenced by the kingdom of Baekje and Korea itself;[28][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][excessive citations] Baekje also played an important role in transmitting advanced Chinese culture to the Japanese archipelago. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, most notably in the 4th century during the rule of Geunchogo when its influence extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin, and Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago;[67] however, Baekje was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined.[citation needed]

 
The Three Kingdoms of Korea, at the end of the 5th century

Although later records claim that Silla was the oldest of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, it is now believed to have been the last kingdom to develop. By the 2nd century, Silla existed as a large state in the southeast, occupying and influencing its neighbouring city-states. In 562, Silla annexed the Gaya confederacy, which was located between Baekje and Silla. The Three Kingdoms of Korea often warred with each other and Silla was often dominated by Baekje and Goguryeo. Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.[68][69] In 660, King Muyeol ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-shin, aided by Tang forces, conquered Baekje after defeating General Gyebaek at the Battle of Hwangsanbeol. In 661, Silla and Tang attacked Goguryeo but were repelled. King Munmu, son of Muyeol and nephew of General Kim Yu-shin, launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year.

North–South States Period

Main articles: North–South States Period, Later Silla, and Balhae

Beginning in the 6th century, Silla's power gradually extended across the Korean Peninsula. Silla first annexed the adjacent Gaya confederacy in 562. By the 640s, Silla formed an alliance with the Tang dynasty of China to conquer Baekje and later Goguryeo. After conquering Baekje and Goguryeo, Silla repulsed Tang China from the Korean peninsula in 676. Even though Silla unified most of the Korean Peninsula, most of the Goguryeo territories to the north of the Korean Peninsula were ruled by Balhae. Former Goguryeo general[70][71] or chief of Sumo Mohe[72][73][74] Dae Jo-yeong led a group of Goguryeo and Mohe refugees to the Jilin and founded the kingdom of Balhae, 30 years after the collapse of Goguryeo, as the successor to Goguryeo. At its height, Balhae's territories extended from southern Manchuria down to the northern Korean peninsula. Balhae was called the "Prosperous Country in the East".[75]

 
Unified Silla and Balhae in the 8th century CE

Later Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje, which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia,[76] and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of Jang Bogo; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River.[77][78][79][80] Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country,[81] and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju[82] was the fourth largest city in the world.[83][84][85][86] Later Silla experienced a golden age of art and culture,[87][88][89][90] as evidenced by the Hwangnyongsa, Seokguram, and Emille Bell. Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists[91] and contributed to Chinese Buddhism,[92] including: Woncheuk, Wonhyo, Uisang, Musang,[93][94][95][96] and Kim Gyo-gak, a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism.[97][98][99][100][101]

Later Silla fell apart in the late 9th century, giving way to the tumultuous Later Three Kingdoms period (892–935), and Balhae was destroyed by the Khitans in 926. Goryeo unified the Later Three Kingdoms and received the last crown prince and much of the ruling class of Balhae, thus bringing about a unification of the two successor nations of Goguryeo.[102]

Goryeo dynasty

Main article: Goryeo

Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Silla as the ruling dynasty of Korea. Goryeo's land was at first what is now South Korea and about 1/3 of North Korea, but later on managed to recover most of the Korean peninsula. Momentarily, Goryeo advanced to parts of Jiandao while conquering the Jurchens, but returned the territories due to the harsh climate and difficulties in defending them. The name "Goryeo" (高麗) is a short form of "Goguryeo" (高句麗) and was first used during the time of King Jangsu. Goryeo regarded itself as the successor of Goguryeo, hence its name and efforts to recover the former territories of Goguryeo.[103][104][105][106] Wang Geon, the founder of Goryeo, was of Goguryeo descent and traced his ancestry to a noble Goguryeo clan.[107] He made Kaesong, his hometown, the capital.

During this period, laws were codified and a civil service system was introduced. Buddhism flourished and spread throughout the peninsula. The development of celadon industries flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries. The publication of the Tripitaka Koreana onto more than 80,000 wooden blocks and the invention of the world's first metal movable type in the 13th century attest to Goryeo's cultural achievements.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

 
Goryeo in 1374

Goryeo had to defend frequently against attacks by nomadic empires, especially the Khitans and the Mongols. Goryeo had a hostile relationship with the Khitans, because the Khitan Empire had destroyed Balhae, also a successor state of Goguryeo. In 993, the Khitans, who had established the Liao dynasty in 907, invaded Goryeo, demanding that it make amity with them. Goryeo sent the diplomat Seo Hui to negotiate, who successfully persuaded the Khitans to let Goryeo expand to the banks of the Amnok (Yalu) River, citing that in the past the land belonged to Goguryeo, the predecessor of Goryeo.[108] During the Goryeo–Khitan War, the Khitan Empire invaded Korea twice more in 1009 and 1018, but was defeated.

After defeating the Khitan Empire, which was the most powerful empire of its time,[109][110] Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century, during which the Tripitaka Koreana was completed, and there were great developments in printing and publishing, promoting learning and dispersing knowledge on philosophy, literature, religion, and science; by 1100, there were 12 universities that produced famous scholars and scientists.[111][112]

Goryeo was invaded by the Mongols in seven major campaigns from the 1230s until the 1270s, but was never conquered.[113] Exhausted after decades of fighting, Goryeo sent its crown prince to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to the Mongols; Kublai Khan accepted, and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince,[113] and the dynastic line of Goryeo continued to survive under the overlordship of the Mongol Yuan dynasty as a semi-autonomous vassal state and compulsory ally. The two nations became intertwined for 80 years as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses,[113] and the last empress of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean princess.[citation needed]

In the 1350s, King Gongmin was free at last to reform the Goryeo government when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble. Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with, which included the removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officials, the question of land holding, and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars. During this tumultuous period, Goryeo momentarily conquered Liaoyang in 1356, repulsed two large invasions by the Red Turbans in 1359 and 1360, and defeated the final attempt by the Yuan to dominate Goryeo when General Choe Yeong defeated a Mongol tumen in 1364. During the 1380s, Goryeo turned its attention to the Wokou threat and used naval artillery created by Choe Museon to annihilate hundreds of pirate ships.

Joseon dynasty

Main article: Joseon
 
Gyeongbokgung Palace

In 1392, the general Yi Seong-gye overthrew the Goryeo dynasty after he staged a coup and defeated General Choe Yeong. Yi Seong-gye named his new dynasty Joseon and moved the capital from Kaesong to Hanseong (formerly Hanyang; modern-day Seoul) and built the Gyeongbokgung palace.[114] In 1394, he adopted Confucianism as the country's official ideology, resulting in much loss of power and wealth by the Buddhists. The prevailing philosophy of the Joseon dynasty was Neo-Confucianism, which was epitomised by the seonbi class, scholars who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity.

Joseon was a nominal tributary state of China but exercised full sovereignty,[115][116] and maintained the highest position among China's tributary states,[117][118] which also included countries such as the Ryukyu Kingdom, Vietnam, Burma, Brunei, Laos, Thailand,[119][120][121] and the Philippines, among others.[122][123] In addition, Joseon received tribute from Jurchens and Japanese until the 17th century,[124][125][126] and had a small enclave in the Ryukyu Kingdom that engaged in trade with Siam and Java.[127]

During the 15th and 16th centuries, Joseon enjoyed many benevolent rulers who promoted education and science.[128] Most notable among them was Sejong the Great (r. 1418–50), who personally created and promulgated Hangul, the Korean alphabet.[129] This golden age[128] saw great cultural and scientific advancements,[130] including in printing, meteorological observation, astronomy, calendar science, ceramics, military technology, geography, cartography, medicine, and agricultural technology, some of which were unrivaled elsewhere.[131] Joseon implemented a class system that consisted of yangban the noble class, jungin the middle class, yangin the common class, and cheonin the lowest class, which included occupations such as butchers, tanners, shamans, entertainers, and nobi, the equivalent of slaves, bondservants, or serfs.[132][133]

 
Depiction of Korean delegates in Peking in 1761, from Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute

In 1592 and again in 1597, the Japanese invaded Korea; the Korean military at the time was unprepared and untrained, due to two centuries of peace on the Korean Peninsula.[134] Toyotomi Hideyoshi intended to conquer China and India[135] through the Korean Peninsula, but was defeated by strong resistance from the Righteous Army, the naval superiority of Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his turtle ships, and assistance from Wanli Emperor of Ming China. However, Joseon experienced great destruction, including a tremendous loss of cultural sites such as temples and palaces to Japanese pillaging, and the Japanese brought back to Japan an estimated 100,000–200,000 noses cut from Korean victims.[136] Less than 30 years after the Japanese invasions, the Manchus took advantage of Joseon's war-weakened state and invaded in 1627 and 1637, and then went on to conquer the destabilised Ming dynasty.

After normalising relations with the new Qing dynasty, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo led a new renaissance of the Joseon dynasty during the 18th century.[137][138]

In the 19th century, the royal in-law families gained control of the government, leading to mass corruption and weakening of the state, with severe poverty and peasant rebellions spreading throughout the country. Furthermore, the Joseon government adopted a strict isolationist policy, earning the nickname "the hermit kingdom", but ultimately failed to protect itself against imperialism and was forced to open its borders, beginning an era leading into Japanese imperial rule.

Korean Empire

Main article: Korean Empire
 
The earliest surviving depiction of the Korean flag was printed in a US Navy book Flags of Maritime Nations in July 1889.

Beginning in 1871, Japan began to exert more influence in Korea, forcing it out of China's traditional sphere of influence. As a result of the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), the Qing dynasty had to give up such a position according to Article 1 of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which was concluded between China and Japan in 1895. That same year, Empress Myeongseong of Korea was assassinated by Japanese agents.[139]

In 1897, the Joseon dynasty proclaimed the Korean Empire (1897–1910). King Gojong became emperor. During this brief period, Korea had some success in modernising the military, economy, real property laws, education system, and various industries. Russia, Japan, France, and the United States all invested in the country and sought to influence it politically.

The Russians were pushed out of the fight for Korea following the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Korea became a protectorate of Japan shortly afterwards. In Manchuria on 26 October 1909, An Jung-geun assassinated the former Resident-General of Korea, Itō Hirobumi, for his role in trying to force Korea into occupation.

Japanese annexation and occupation of Korea

Main article: Korea under Japanese rule
See also: Japanese war crimes
 
The memorial tablet for the March 1st Movement in Pagoda Park, Seoul

In 1910, an already militarily occupied Korea was a forced party to the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty. The treaty was signed by Lee Wan-Yong, who was given the General Power of Attorney by the Emperor. However, the Emperor is said to have not actually ratified the treaty according to Yi Tae-jin.[140] There is a long dispute whether this treaty was legal or illegal due to its signing under duress, threat of force and bribes.

Korean resistance to the brutal Japanese occupation[141][142][143] was manifested in the nonviolent March 1st Movement of 1919, during which 7,000 demonstrators were killed by Japanese police and military.[144] The Korean liberation movement also spread to neighbouring Manchuria and Siberia.

Over five million Koreans were conscripted for labour beginning in 1939,[145] and tens of thousands of men were forced into Japan's military.[146] Nearly 400,000 Korean labourers died.[147] Approximately 200,000 girls and women,[148] mostly from China and Korea, were forced into sexual slavery for the Japanese military.[149] In 1993, Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono acknowledged the terrible injustices faced by these euphemistically named "comfort women".[150][151]

During the Japanese annexation, the Korean language was suppressed in an effort to eradicate Korean national identity. Koreans were forced to take Japanese surnames, known as Sōshi-kaimei.[152] Traditional Korean culture suffered heavy losses, as numerous Korean cultural artefacts were destroyed[153] or taken to Japan.[154] To this day, valuable Korean artefacts can often be found in Japanese museums or among private collections.[155] One investigation by the South Korean government identified 75,311 cultural assets that were taken from Korea, 34,369 in Japan and 17,803 in the United States. However, experts estimate that over 100,000 artefacts actually remain in Japan.[154][156] Japanese officials considered returning Korean cultural properties, but to date[154] this has not occurred.[156] Korea and Japan still dispute the ownership of the Dokdo islets, located east of the Korean Peninsula.[157]

There was significant emigration to the overseas territories of the Empire of Japan during the Japanese occupation period, including Korea.[158] By the end of World War II, there were over 850,000 Japanese settlers in Korea.[159] After World War II, most of these overseas Japanese repatriated to Japan.[160] Migrants who remained squatted in informal settlements.[161]

Division and conflict

Main article: Division of Korea
 
Flag of South Korea
 
Flag of North Korea
 
Satellite image of the Korean peninsula demonstratng the differences in light pollution between the two Koreas today

In 1945, with the surrender of Japan, the United Nations developed plans for a trusteeship administration, the Soviet Union administering the peninsula north of the 38th parallel and the United States administering the south. The politics of the Cold War resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate governments, North Korea and South Korea.

The aftermath of World War II left Korea partitioned along the 38th parallel on 2 September 1945, with the north under Soviet occupation and the south under US occupation supported by other allied states. Consequently, North Korea, a Soviet-style socialist republic was established in the north, and South Korea, a Western-style regime, was established in the south.

North Korea is a one-party state, now centred on Kim Il-sung's Juche ideology, with a centrally planned industrial economy. South Korea is a multi-party state with a capitalist market economy, alongside membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Group of Twenty. The two states have greatly diverged both culturally and economically since their partition, though they still share a common traditional culture and pre-Cold War history.

Since the 1960s, the South Korean economy has grown enormously and the economic structure was radically transformed. In 1957, South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana,[162] and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana's.[b]

According to R. J. Rummel, forced labour, executions, and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1948 to 1987;[164] others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone.[165] Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008.[166] In South Korea, as guerrilla activities expanded, the South Korean government used strong measures against peasants, such as forcefully moving their families from guerrilla areas. According to one estimate, these measures resulted in 36,000 people killed, 11,000 people wounded, and 432,000 people displaced.[167]

Korean War

 
Moon and Kim shaking hands over the demarcation line on 27 April 2018

The Korean War broke out when Soviet-backed North Korea invaded South Korea, though neither side gained much territory as a result. The Korean Peninsula remained divided, the Korean Demilitarized Zone being the de facto border between the two states.

In June 1950 North Korea invaded the South, using Soviet tanks and weaponry. During the Korean War (1950–53) more than 1.2 million people died and the three years of fighting throughout the nation effectively destroyed most cities.[168] The war ended with an armistice agreement at approximately the Military Demarcation Line, but the two governments are officially still at war.

North and South Korea

See also: History of North Korea, History of South Korea, Korean conflict, and Korean reunification

In 2018, the leaders of North Korea and South Korea officially signed the Panmunjom Declaration, announcing that they will work to end the conflict.

In November 2020, South Korea and China agreed to work together to mend South Korea's relationship with North Korea. During a meeting between President Moon and China's foreign minister, Wang Yi, Moon expressed his gratitude to China for its role in helping to foster peace in the Korean Peninsula. Moon was quoted telling Wang during their meeting that “[the South Korean] government will not stop efforts to put an end (formally) to war on the Korean Peninsula and achieve complete denuclearization and permanent peace together with the international community, including China.”[169]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Korea
See also: Geography of North Korea, Geography of South Korea, and Provinces of Korea
 
Satellite image of Korea
 
A neighbourhood in North Gyeongsang Province
 
A view of Mount Seorak
 
Daedongyeojido – this 1861 map of Korea represents the peak of pre-modern mapmaking in the region.
 
Jeju Island seashore

Korea consists of a peninsula and nearby islands located in East Asia. The peninsula extends southwards for about 1,100 km (680 mi) from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan to the east and the Yellow Sea (West Sea) to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the two bodies of water.[170][171] To the northwest, the Amnok River separates Korea from China and to the northeast, the Duman River separates it from China and Russia.[172] Notable islands include Jeju Island, Ulleung Island, Dokdo.

The southern and western parts of the peninsula have well-developed plains, while the eastern and northern parts are mountainous. The highest mountain in Korea is Mount Paektu (2,744 m), through which runs the border with China. The southern extension of Mount Paektu is a highland called Gaema Heights. This highland was mainly raised during the Cenozoic orogeny and partly covered by volcanic matter. To the south of Gaema Gowon, successive high mountains are located along the eastern coast of the peninsula. This mountain range is named Baekdudaegan. Some significant mountains include Mount Sobaek or Sobaeksan (1,439 m), Mount Kumgang (1,638 m), Mount Seorak (1,708 m), Mount Taebaek (1,567 m), and Mount Jiri (1,915 m). There are several lower, secondary mountain series whose direction is almost perpendicular to that of Baekdudaegan. They are developed along the tectonic line of Mesozoic orogeny and their directions are basically northwest.

Unlike most ancient mountains on the mainland, many important islands in Korea were formed by volcanic activity in the Cenozoic orogeny. Jeju Island, situated off the southern coast, is a large volcanic island whose main mountain, Mount Halla or Hallasan (1,950 m), is the highest in South Korea. Ulleung Island is a volcanic island in the Sea of Japan, the composition of which is more felsic than Jeju. The volcanic islands tend to be younger, the more westward.

Because the mountainous region is mostly on the eastern part of the peninsula, the main rivers tend to flow westwards. Two exceptions are the southward-flowing Nakdong River and Seomjin River. Important rivers running westward include the Amnok River, the Chongchon River, the Taedong River, the Han River, the Geum River, and the Yeongsan River. These rivers have vast flood plains and provide an ideal environment for wet-rice cultivation.

The southern and southwestern coastlines of the peninsula form a well-developed ria coastline, known as Dadohae-jin in Korean. This convoluted coastline provides mild seas, and the resulting calm environment allows for safe navigation, fishing, and seaweed farming. In addition to the complex coastline, the western coast of the Korean Peninsula has an extremely high tidal amplitude (at Incheon, around the middle of the western coast, the tide can get as high as 9 m). Vast tidal flats have been developing on the south and west coastlines.

Climate

Korea has a temperate climate with comparatively fewer typhoons than other countries in East Asia. Due to the peninsula's position, it has a unique climate influenced by Siberia in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east and the rest of Eurasia in the west. The peninsula has four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.[173]

Spring

As influence from Siberia weakens, temperatures begin to increase while the high pressure begins to move away. If the weather is abnormally dry, Siberia will have more influence on the peninsula leading to wintry weather such as snow.[174]

Summer

During June at the start of the summer, there tends to be a lot of rain due to the cold and wet air from the Sea of Okhotsk and the hot and humid air from the Pacific Ocean combining. When these fronts combine, it leads to a so-called rainy season with often cloudy days with rain, which is sometimes very heavy. The hot and humid winds from the south west blow causing an increasing amount of humidity and this leads to the fronts moving towards Manchuria in China and thus there is less rain and this is known as midsummer; temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) daily at this time of year.

Autumn

Usually, high pressure is heavily dominant during autumn leading to clear conditions. Furthermore, temperatures remain high but the humidity becomes relatively low.

Winter

The weather becomes increasingly dominated by Siberia during winter and the jet stream moves further south causing a drop in temperature. This season is relatively dry with some snow falling at times.

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of Korea

Animal life of the Korean Peninsula includes a considerable number of bird species and native freshwater fish. Native or endemic species of the Korean Peninsula include Korean hare, Korean water deer, Korean field mouse, Korean brown frog, Korean pine and Korean spruce. The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) with its forest and natural wetlands is a unique biodiversity spot, which harbours eighty-two endangered species. Korea once hosted many Siberian tigers, but as the number of people affected by the tigers increased, the tigers were killed in the Joseon Dynasty and the Siberian tigers in the South Korea became extinct during the Japanese colonial era period. It has been confirmed that Siberian tigers are only on the side of North Korea now.

There are also approximately 3,034 species of vascular plants throughout the peninsula.

Demographics

Main articles: Koreans, Demographics of South Korea, and Demographics of North Korea

The combined population of the Koreas is about 76 million (North Korea: 25 million, South Korea: 51 million). Korea is chiefly populated by a highly homogeneous ethnic group, the Koreans, who speak the Korean language.[175] The number of foreigners living in Korea has also steadily increased since the late 20th century, particularly in South Korea, where more than 1 million foreigners reside.[176] It was estimated in 2006 that only 26,700 of the old Chinese community now remain in South Korea.[177] However, in recent years, immigration from mainland China has increased; 624,994 persons of Chinese nationality have immigrated to South Korea, including 443,566 of ethnic Korean descent.[178] Small communities of ethnic Chinese and Japanese are also found in North Korea.[179]

Language

Main articles: Korean language and Korean Sign Language
 
Hunminjeongeum, afterwards called Hangul.

Korean is the official language of both North and South Korea, and (along with Mandarin) of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province, China. Worldwide, there are up to 80 million speakers of the Korean language. South Korea has around 50 million speakers while North Korea around 25 million. Other large groups of Korean speakers through Korean diaspora are found in China, the United States, Japan, former Soviet Union and elsewhere.

Modern Korean is written almost exclusively in the script of the Korean alphabet (known as Hangul in South Korea and Chosungul in China and North Korea), which was invented in the 15th century. Korean is sometimes written with the addition of some Chinese characters called Hanja; however, this is only occasionally seen nowadays.

Education

Main articles: Education in North Korea and Education in South Korea

The modern South Korean school system consists of six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, and three years in high school. Students are required to go to elementary and middle school, and do not have to pay for their education, except for a small fee called a "School Operation Support Fee" that differs from school to school. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranks South Korea's science education as the third best in the world and being significantly higher than the OECD average.[180]

South Korea ranks second on math and literature and first in problem solving.[citation needed] Although South Korean students often rank high on international comparative assessments, the education system is criticised for emphasising too much upon passive learning and memorisation. The South Korean education system is rather notably strict and structured as compared to its counterparts in most Western societies.

The North Korean education system consists primarily of universal and state funded schooling by the government. The national literacy rate for citizens 15 years of age and above is over 99 per cent.[181][182] Children go through one year of kindergarten, four years of primary education, six years of secondary education, and then on to universities. The most prestigious university in the DPRK is Kim Il-sung University. Other notable universities include Kim Chaek University of Technology, which focuses on computer science, Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies, which trains working level diplomats and trade officials, and Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, which trains teachers.

Science and technology

Main article: History of science and technology in Korea
See also: List of Korean inventions and discoveries
 
Cheomseongdae, the oldest surviving astronomical observatory in Asia

One of the best known artefacts of Korea's history of science and technology is the Cheomseongdae (첨성대, 瞻星臺), a 9.4-meter high astronomical observatory built in 634.

The earliest known surviving Korean example of woodblock printing is The Great Dharani Sutra.[183] It is believed to have been printed in Korea in 750–51, which if correct, would make it older than the Diamond Sutra.

 
Jikji, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris.

During the Goryeo Dynasty, metal movable type printing was invented by Choe Yun-ui in 1234.[184][5][185][186][8][3] This invention made printing easier, more efficient and also increased literacy, which observed by Chinese visitors was seen to be so important where it was considered to be shameful to not be able to read.[187] The Mongol Empire later adopted Korea's movable type printing and spread as far as Central Asia. There is conjecture as to whether or not Choe's invention had any influence on later printing inventions such as Gutenberg's Printing press.[188] When the Mongols invaded Europe they inadvertently introduced different kinds of Asian technology.[189]

During the Joseon period, the Turtle Ship was invented, which were covered by a wooden deck and iron with thorns,[190][191][192] as well as other weapons such as the bigyeokjincheolloe cannon (비격진천뢰, 飛擊震天雷) and the hwacha.

The Korean alphabet hangul was also invented during this time by King Sejong the Great.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Korea, Korean art, Korean pottery and porcelain, Korean martial arts, Korean dance, Korean bow, and Korean architecture
class=notpageimage|
Location of World Heritage Sites in Korea.[193][194]
Note: Seoul is home to three separate properties; Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty locate throughout the country, only one site is shown on map.
 
Traditional Korean dance (Jinju geommu)

In ancient Chinese texts, Korea is referred to as "Rivers and Mountains Embroidered on Silk" (금수강산, 錦繡江山) and "Eastern Nation of Decorum" (동방예의지국, 東方禮儀之國).[195] Individuals are regarded as one year old when they are born, as Koreans reckon the pregnancy period as one year of life for infants, and age increments increase on New Year's Day rather than on the anniversary of birthdays. Thus, one born immediately before New Year's Day may only be a few days old in western reckoning, but two years old in Korea. Accordingly, a Korean person's stated age (at least among fellow Koreans) will be one or two years more than their age according to western reckoning. However, western reckoning is sometimes applied with regard to the concept of legal age; for example, the legal age for purchasing alcohol or cigarettes in the Republic of Korea is 19, which is measured according to western reckoning.

Literature

Main article: Korean literature

Korean literature written before the end of the Joseon Dynasty is called "Classical" or "Traditional." Literature, written in Chinese characters (hanja), was established at the same time as the Chinese script arrived on the peninsula. Korean scholars were writing poetry in the classical Korean style as early as the 2nd century BCE, reflecting Korean thoughts and experiences of that time. Classical Korean literature has its roots in traditional folk beliefs and folk tales of the peninsula, strongly influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.

Modern literature is often linked with the development of hangul, which helped spread literacy from the aristocracy to the common people. Hangul, however, only reached a dominant position in Korean literature in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in a major growth in Korean literature. Sinsoseol, for instance, are novels written in hangul.

The Korean War led to the development of literature centered on the wounds and chaos of war. Much of the post-war literature in South Korea deals with the daily lives of ordinary people, and their struggles with national pain. The collapse of the traditional Korean value system is another common theme of the time.

Music

Main article: Music of Korea

Traditional Korean music includes combinations of the folk, vocal, religious and ritual music styles of the Korean people. Korean music has been practised since prehistoric times.[196] Korean music falls into two broad categories. The first, Hyangak, literally means The local music or Music native to Korea, a famous example of which is Sujechon, a piece of instrumental music often claimed to be at least 1,300 years old.[197] The second, yangak, represents a more Western style.

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Korea, Religion in South Korea, and Religion in North Korea
See also: Korean shamanism, Korean Confucianism, Korean Buddhism, Taoism in Korea, Christianity in Korea, and Islam in Korea
 
Korean Buddhist architecture
 
Amitabha and Eight Great Bodhisattvas, Goryeo scroll from the 1300s

Confucian tradition has dominated Korean thought, along with contributions by Buddhism, Taoism, and Korean Shamanism. Since the middle of the 20th century, however, Christianity has competed with Buddhism in South Korea, while religious practice has been suppressed in North Korea. Throughout Korean history and culture, regardless of separation; the influence of traditional beliefs of Korean Shamanism, Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism have remained an underlying religion of the Korean people as well as a vital aspect of their culture; all these traditions have coexisted peacefully for hundreds of years up to today despite strong Westernisation from Christian missionary conversions in the South[198][199][200] or the pressure from the Juche government in the North.[201][202]

According to 2005 statistics compiled by the South Korean government, about 46% of citizens profess to follow no particular religion. Christians account for 29.2% of the population (of which are Protestants 18.3% and Catholics 10.9%) and Buddhists 22.8%.[203] In North Korea, around 71.3% claim to be non-religious or atheists, 12.9% follow Cheondoism and 12.3% Korean Folk Religion, while Christians count for 2% of the population, and Buddhists as 1.5%.[204]

Islam in South Korea is practised by about 45,000 natives (about 0.09% of the population) in addition to some 100,000 foreign workers from Muslim countries.[205] While in North Korea it's estimated to be around 3000 Muslims, which is around 0,01% of the popultation.[206] The Ar-Rahman Mosque is the only mosque in DPRK, and it is located at the Iranian Embassy grounds in Pyongyyang.[207]

Cuisine

Main article: Korean cuisine
See also: Korean tea ceremony and Korean royal court cuisine
 
Tteokbokki, rice cakes with spicy gochujang sauce.

Koreans traditionally believe that the taste and quality of food depend on its spices and sauces, the essential ingredients to making a delicious meal. Therefore, soybean paste, soy sauce, gochujang or red pepper paste and kimchi are some of the most important staples in a Korean household.

Korean cuisine was greatly influenced by the geography and climate of the Korean Peninsula, which is known for its cold autumns and winters, therefore there are many fermented dishes and hot soups and stews.

Korean cuisine is probably best known for kimchi, a side dish which uses a distinctive fermentation process of preserving vegetables, most commonly cabbage. Kimchi is said to relieve the pores on the skin, thereby reducing wrinkles and providing nutrients to the skin naturally. It is also healthy, as it provides necessary vitamins and nutrients. Gochujang, a traditional Korean sauce made of red pepper is also commonly used, often as pepper (chilli) paste, earning the cuisine a reputation for spiciness.

 
Bulgogi and side dishes

Bulgogi (roasted marinated meat, usually beef), galbi (marinated grilled short ribs), and samgyeopsal (pork belly) are popular meat entrees. Fish is also a popular commodity, as it is the traditional meat that Koreans eat. Meals are usually accompanied by a soup or stew, such as galbitang (stewed ribs) or doenjang jjigae (fermented bean paste soup). The center of the table is filled with a shared collection of sidedishes called banchan.

Other popular dishes include bibimbap, which literally means "mixed rice" (rice mixed with meat, vegetables, and red pepper paste), and naengmyeon (cold noodles).[208][209]

Instant noodles, or ramyeon, is a popular snack food. Koreans also enjoy food from pojangmachas (street vendors), which serve tteokbokki, rice cake and fish cake with a spicy gochujang sauce; gimbap, made of steamed white rice wrapped in dried laver seaweed; fried squid; and glazed sweet potato. Soondae, a sausage made of cellophane noodles and pork blood, is widely eaten.

Additionally, some other common snacks include "Choco Pie", shrimp crackers, "bbeongtwigi" (puffed rice grains), and "nurungji" (slightly burnt rice). Nurungji can be eaten as it is or boiled with water to make a soup. Nurungji can also be eaten as a snack or a dessert.

Korea is unique among Asian countries in its use of metal chopsticks. Metal chopsticks have been discovered in archaeological sites belonging to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla.

Sports

Main articles: Sport in South Korea and Sport in North Korea

North Korea and South Korea usually compete as two separate nations in international events. There are, however, a few examples of them having competed as one entity, under the name Korea.

While association football remains one of the most popular sports in South Korea, the martial art of taekwondo is considered to be the national sport. Baseball and golf are also popular. The board game Go, known in Korea as baduk, has also been popular for over a millennium, first arriving from China in the 5th century CE; baduk is played both casually and competitively.

Martial arts

Taekwon-Do
Main article: Taekwondo

Taekwon-Do is Korea's most famous martial art and sport. It combines combat techniques, self-defence, sport and exercise. Taekwon-Do has become an official Olympic sport, starting as a demonstration event in 1988 (when South Korea hosted the Games in Seoul) and becoming an official medal event in 2000. The two major Taekwon-Do federations were founded in Korea. The two are the International Taekwon-Do Federation and the World Taekwondo Federation.

Hapkido
Main article: Hapkido

Hapkido is a modern Korean martial art with a grappling focus that employs joint locks, throws, kicks, punches and other striking attacks like attacks against pressure points. Hapkido emphasises circular motion, non-resisting movements and control of the opponent. Practitioners seek to gain advantage through footwork and body positioning to employ leverage, avoiding the pure use of strength against strength.

Ssireum
Main article: Ssireum

Ssireum is a traditional form of wrestling that has been practised in Korea for thousands of years, with evidence discovered from Goguryeo of Korea's Three Kingdoms Period (57 BCE to 688). Ssireum is the traditional national sport of Korea. During a match, opponents grip each other by sash belts wrapped around the waist and the thigh, attempting to throw their competitor to the sandy ground of the ring. The first opponent to touch the ground with any body part above the knee or to lose hold of their opponent loses the round.

Ssireum competitions are traditionally held twice a year, during the Dano Festival (the 5th day of the fifth lunar month) and Chuseok (the 15th day of the 8th lunar month). Competitions are also held throughout the year as a part of festivals and other events.

Taekkyon
Main article: Taekkyon

Taekkyon is a traditional martial art, considered the oldest form of fighting technique of Korea. Practiced for centuries and especially popular during the Joseon dynasty, two forms co-existed: one for practical use, the other for sport. This form was usually practised alongside Ssireum during festivals and competitions between villages. Nonetheless, Taekkyon almost disappeared during the Japanese Occupation and the Korean War.

Though lost in North Korea, Taekkyon has enjoyed a spectacular revival from the 1980s in South Korea. It is the only martial art in the world (with Ssireum) recognised as a National Treasure of South Korea and a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Comparison of the two countries of Korea

Indicator North Korea South Korea
Flag    
Emblem    
Capital Pyongyang Seoul
Official languages Korean
Official name for Korean alphabet (i.e., same script, different name) Chosŏn'gŭl Hangul
Government Juche single-party state
Family dictatorship		 Representative democracy
Presidential system
Leader General Secretary of the
Workers' Party of Korea		 President of South Korea
Formal declaration 9 September 1948 15 August 1948
Area 120,540 km2 100,210 km2
Population (2014/2013 est.) 24,851,627 50,219,669
GDP total (2011/2014 est.) $40 billion $1.755 trillion
GDP/capita (2011/2014 est.) $1,800 $34,777
Currency Korean People's won (sign: ₩, ISO: KPW) Korean Republic won (₩, KRW)
Calling code +850 +82
Internet TLD .kp .kr
Drives on the right
Active military personnel 1,106,000 639,000
Military expenditure (2010/2012) $10 billion $30 billion

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Kim Jong-un holds three concurrent positions: General Secretary of the Workers' Party, President of the State Affairs Commission and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.
  2. ^ $26,341 GDP for Korea, $1513 for Ghana.[163]

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Further reading

  • Chun, Tuk Chu. "Korea in the Pacific Community". Social Education 52 (March 1988), 182. EJ 368 177.
  • Cumings, Bruce. The Two Koreas. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1984.
  • Oberdorfer, Don (2001). The Two Koreas: a Contemporary History. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465051625. OCLC 47831650.
  • Focus on Asian Studies. Special Issue: "Korea: A Teacher's Guide". No. 1, Fall 1986.
  • Shin, Gi-Wook (1999), Robinson, Michael (ed.), Colonial modernity in Korea, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Asia Center, ISBN 978-0-674-14255-8.
  • Hart, Dennis. From Tradition to Consumption: Construction of a Capitalist Culture in South Korea. Seoul: Jimoondang, 2003.
  • Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
  • Joe, W.J. & Choe, H.A. Traditional Korea: A Cultural History, Seoul: Hollym, 1997.
  • Joungwon, A.K. Divided Korea: The Politics of Development, Harvard University Press, 1975.
  • Lee Ki-baik. A New History of Korea. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1984.
  • Lee Sang-sup. "The Arts and Literature of Korea". The Social Studies 79 (July–August 1988): 153–60. EJ 376 894.
  • Pratt, Keith L (2006). Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea. London: Reaktion. ISBN 9781861892737. OCLC 63137295.
  • Tae-Jin, Y. "The Illegality of the Forced Treaties Leading to Japan's Annexation of the Great Han Empire", In the Korean National Commission for UNESCO, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1996.
  • , UK: Glosters, archived from the original on 13 May 2008.
  • "How Does Korea Compare", OECD Health Data (PDF) (briefing note), Organisation For Economic Co-operation and Development, 2009.

External links

 
Look up Korea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Korea.

Coordinates: 38°19′N 127°14′E / 38.317°N 127.233°E / 38.317; 127.233

April 22, 2023
korea, peninsula, redirects, here, geographical, region, geography, other, uses, disambiguation, 한국, hanguk, 조선, joseon, peninsular, region, east, asia, since, 1945, been, divided, near, 38th, parallel, with, north, democratic, people, republic, comprising, no. Korean Peninsula redirects here For the geographical region see Geography of Korea For other uses see Korea disambiguation Korea Korean 한국 Hanguk or 조선 Joseon is a peninsular region in East Asia Since 1945 it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel with North Korea Democratic People s Republic of Korea comprising its northern half and South Korea Republic of Korea comprising its southern half Korea consists of the Korean Peninsula Jeju Island and several minor islands near the peninsula The peninsula is bordered by China Manchuria to the north and Russia to the northeast across the Amrok and Duman rivers It is separated from Japan to the southeast by the Korea Strait Korea한국 South Korean 조선 North Korean Korean Unification Flag top Flag of South Korea bottom left Flag of North Korea bottom right Anthem Arirang regional anthem Aegukga South Korea Aegukka North Korea Korea shown in dark greenCapitalSeoul South Korea Pyongyang North Korea Largest citySeoulOfficial languagesKoreanOfficial scriptHangulChosŏn gŭlDemonym s KoreanGovernmentIn dispute between South Korea and North Korea President of South KoreaYoon Suk yeol Supreme Leader of North KoreaKim Jong un a Prime Minister of South KoreaHan Duck soo Premier of North KoreaKim Tok hunLegislatureNational Assembly South Korea Supreme People s Assembly North Korea Establishment Gojoseon2333 BCE mythological Wiman Joseon194 BCE Three Kingdoms57 BCE Balhae and Silla Kingdoms668 Goryeo dynasty918 Joseon dynasty17 July 1392 Korean Empire12 October 1897 Japanese annexation of Korea22 August 1910 Korean Declaration of Independence1 March 1919 Establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea11 April 1919 Surrender of Japan and division of Korea2 September 1945 Establishment of the Republic of Korea15 August 1948 Establishment of the Democratic People s Republic of Korea9 September 1948 Korean War25 June 1950 27 July 1953 Both Koreas admitted to the UN17 September 1991 Panmunjom Declaration27 April 2018Area Total223 155 km2 86 161 sq mi 1 2 Population 2017 estimate77 000 000 Density349 06 km2 904 1 sq mi Time zoneUTC 09 Korea Standard Time and Pyongyang Time Driving siderightCalling code 82 South Korea 850 North Korea Internet TLD kr South Korea kp North Korea During the first half of the 1st millennium Korea was divided between three states Goguryeo Baekje and Silla together known as the Three Kingdoms of Korea In the second half of the 1st millennium Silla defeated and conquered Baekje and Goguryeo leading to the Unified Silla period Meanwhile Balhae formed in the north superseding former Goguryeo Unified Silla eventually collapsed into three separate states due to civil war ushering in the Later Three Kingdoms Toward the end of the 1st millennium Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo which defeated the two other states and unified the Korean Peninsula as a single sovereign state Around the same time Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo Goryeo also spelled as Koryŏ whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea was a highly cultured state that created the world s first metal movable type in 1234 3 4 5 6 7 8 However multiple incursions by the Mongol Empire during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation which eventually agreed to become a vassal state after decades of fighting Following military resistance under King Gongmin that ended Mongol political influence in Goryeo severe political strife followed and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong gye who established Joseon on 17 July 1392 The first 200 years of the Joseon era were marked by relative peace and during this time the Korean alphabet was created by Sejong the Great and Confucianism became increasingly influential in the kingdom Joseon s two centuries of peace were broken by foreign invasions and internal factional strife from 1592 to 1637 Most notable of these invasions is the Japanese invasions of Korea which marked the end of the Joseon dynasty s early period Several decades later Joseon was invaded by the Jurchens and the Manchus in 1627 and 1636 respectively leading to an increasingly harsh isolationist policy for which the country became known as the hermit kingdom in Western literature After the end of these invasions from Manchuria Joseon experienced a nearly 200 year period of peace and prosperity along with cultural and technological development What power the kingdom recovered during its isolation waned as the 18th century came to a close Faced with internal strife power struggles international pressure and rebellions at home the kingdom declined rapidly in the late 19th century During the later years of the dynasty Korea s isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the hermit kingdom By the mid 19th century with the country unwilling to modernize and under encroachment of European powers Joseon Korea was forced to sign unequal treaties with foreign powers After the assassination of Empress Myeongseong in 1895 the Donghak Peasant Revolution and the Gabo Reforms of 1894 to 1896 the Korean Empire 1897 1910 came into existence heralding a brief but rapid period of social reform and modernization However in 1905 the Korean Empire signed a protectorate treaty and in 1910 Japan annexed the Korean Empire Korea then became a Japanese colony from 1910 to 1945 Japan relinquished control over Korea after formally surrendering to the Allies on 2 September 1945 in the aftermath of World War II The Soviet Union and the United States had agreed to partition Korea along the 38th parallel with the Soviets occupying the north and the Americans occupying the south These circumstances became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers with two different ideologies exacerbated by their inability to agree on the terms of Korean independence The communist government in the north received backing from the Soviet Union in opposition to the pro Western government in the south leading to Korea s division into two sovereign states in 1948 North Korea and South Korea Tensions between the two resulted in North Korea invading South Korea and the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 With involvement by foreign troops the war ended in a stalemate in 1953 but without a formalised peace treaty This status contributes to the high tensions that continue to divide the peninsula and both states continue to claim to be the sole legitimate government of Korea A breakthrough in the peace process came on 27 April 2018 when North Korea and South Korea signed the Panmunjom Declaration on ending the conflict and reunifying Korea Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Prehistory 2 2 Gojoseon 2 3 Proto Three Kingdoms 2 4 Three Kingdoms 2 5 North South States Period 2 6 Goryeo dynasty 2 7 Joseon dynasty 2 8 Korean Empire 2 9 Japanese annexation and occupation of Korea 2 10 Division and conflict 2 11 Korean War 2 12 North and South Korea 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 1 1 Spring 3 1 2 Summer 3 1 3 Autumn 3 1 4 Winter 3 2 Biodiversity 4 Demographics 4 1 Language 5 Education 6 Science and technology 7 Culture 7 1 Literature 7 2 Music 7 3 Religion 7 4 Cuisine 7 5 Sports 7 5 1 Martial arts 7 5 1 1 Taekwon Do 7 5 1 2 Hapkido 7 5 1 3 Ssireum 7 5 1 4 Taekkyon 8 Comparison of the two countries of Korea 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11 1 Citations 11 2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External linksEtymologyMain article Names of Korea See also Korean romanization KoreaNorth Korean nameChosŏn gŭl조선Hancha朝鮮TranscriptionsRevised RomanizationJoseonMcCune ReischauerChosŏnSouth Korean nameHangul한국Hanja韓國TranscriptionsRevised RomanizationHan gukMcCune ReischauerHan guk Korea is the modern spelling of Corea a name attested in English as early as 1614 9 10 Korea was transliterated as Cauli in The Travels of Marco Polo 11 of the Chinese 高麗 MC Kawlej 12 mod Gaoli This was the Hanja for the Korean kingdom of Goryeo Korean 고려 MR Koryŏ which ruled most of the Korean peninsula during Marco Polo s time Korea s introduction to the West resulted from trade and contact with merchants from Arabic lands 13 with some records dating back as far as the 9th century 14 Goryeo s name was a continuation of Goguryeo Koguryŏ the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea which was officially known as Goryeo beginning in the 5th century 15 The original name was a combination of the adjective go high lofty with the name of a local Yemaek tribe whose original name is thought to have been either Guru 溝樓 walled city inferred from some toponyms in Chinese historical documents or Gauri 가우리 center With expanding British and American trade following the opening of Korea in the late 19th century the spelling Korea appeared and gradually grew in popularity 9 its use in transcribing East Asian languages avoids the issues caused by the separate hard and soft Cs existing in English vocabulary derived from the Romance languages The name Korea is now commonly used in English contexts by both North and South Korea In South Korea Korea as a whole is referred to as Hanguk 한국 haːnɡuk lit country of the Han The name references Samhan referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula 16 17 Although written in Hanja as 韓 幹 or 刊 this Han has no relation to the Chinese place names or peoples who used those characters but was a phonetic transcription OC Gar MC Han 12 or Gan of a native Korean word that seems to have had the meaning big or great particularly in reference to leaders It has been tentatively linked with the title khan used by the nomads of Manchuria and Central Asia In North Korea Korea as a whole is referred to as Joseon 조선 tɕosʰʌn lit land of the Morning Calm Joseon is the modern Korean pronunciation of the Hanja 朝鮮 which is also the basis of the word for Korea as a whole in Japan 朝鮮 Chōsen China 朝鲜 Chaoxiǎn and Vietnam Triều Tien Great Joseon was the name of the kingdom ruled by the Joseon dynasty from 1393 until their declaration of the short lived Great Korean Empire in 1897 King Taejo had named them for the earlier Gojoseon 고조선 who ruled northern Korea from its legendary prehistory until their conquest in 108 BCE by China s Han Empire The Go in Gojoseon is the Hanja 古 and simply means ancient or old it is a modern usage to distinguish the ancient Joseon from the later dynasty It is unclear whether Joseon was a transcription of a native Korean name OC T r awser MC Trjewsjen 12 or a partial translation into Chinese of the Korean capital Asadal 아사달 18 whose meaning has been reconstructed as Morning Land or Mountain HistoryMain article History of Korea For a chronological guide see Timeline of Korean history Prehistory Main article Prehistoric Korea The Korean Academy claimed ancient hominid fossils originating from about 100 000 BCE in the lava at a stone city site in Korea Fluorescent and high magnetic analyses indicate the volcanic fossils may be from as early as 300 000 BCE 19 The best preserved Korean pottery goes back to the paleolithic times around 10 000 BCE and the Neolithic period begins around 6000 BCE Beginning around 300 BC the Japonic speaking Yayoi people from the Korean Peninsula entered the Japanese islands and displaced or intermingled with the original Jōmon inhabitants 20 The linguistic homeland of Proto Koreans is located somewhere in Southern Siberia Manchuria such the Liao river area or the Amur region Proto Koreans arrived in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC replacing and assimilating Japonic speakers and likely causing the Yayoi migration 21 Gojoseon Main article Gojoseon According to Korean legend Dangun a descendant of Heaven established Gojoseon in 2333 BCE In 108 BCE the Han dynasty defeated Gojoseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades but the Lelang Commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries By 313 Goguryeo annexed all of the Chinese commanderies Proto Three Kingdoms Main article Proto Three Kingdoms of Korea This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Proto Three Kingdoms period sometimes called the Multiple States Period is the earlier part of what is commonly called the Three Kingdoms Period following the fall of Gojoseon but before Goguryeo Baekje and Silla fully developed into kingdoms This time period saw numerous states spring up from the former territories of Gojoseon which encompassed northern Korea and southern Manchuria With the fall of Gojoseon southern Korea entered the Samhan period Located in the southern part of Korea Samhan referred to the three confederacies of Mahan Jinhan and Byeonhan Mahan was the largest and consisted of 54 states Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of twelve states bringing a total of 78 states within the Samhan These three confederacies eventually developed into Baekje Silla and Gaya Three Kingdoms Main articles Three Kingdoms of Korea Baekje Goguryeo and Silla This section may contain excessive or inappropriate references to self published sources Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources where they are used inappropriately November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message 7th century Tang dynasty painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea Baekje Goguryeo and Silla The Three Kingdoms of Korea consisted of Goguryeo Silla and Baekje Silla and Baekje controlled the southern half of the Korean Peninsula maintaining the former Samhan territories while Goguryeo controlled the northern half of the Korean Peninsula Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula uniting Buyeo Okjeo Dongye and other states in the former Gojoseon territories 22 Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state 23 24 self published source it was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia 25 26 27 28 self published source reaching its zenith in the 5th century when its territories expanded to encompass most of Manchuria to the north parts of Inner Mongolia to the west 29 parts of Russia to the east 30 and the Seoul region to the south 31 Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto the Great and his son Jangsu 32 33 34 35 who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula 36 37 In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties 38 self published source most notably the Goguryeo Sui War in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men 39 40 41 42 43 In 642 the powerful general Yeon Gaesomun led a coup and gained complete control over Goguryeo In response Emperor Tang Taizong of China led a campaign against Goguryeo but was defeated and retreated 44 45 self published source After the death of Tang Taizong his son Emperor Tang Gaozong allied with the Korean kingdom of Silla and invaded Goguryeo again but was unable to overcome Goguryeo s stalwart defences and was defeated in 662 46 47 However Yeon Gaesomun died of a natural cause in 666 and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother with his eldest son defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla 48 49 The Tang Silla alliance finally conquered Goguryeo in 668 After the collapse of Goguryeo Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the Korean Peninsula Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula while Tang gained control over Goguryeo s northern territories However 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo a Goguryeo general by the name of Dae Joyeong founded the Korean Mohe state of Balhae and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories Seokguram Grotto from the Silla era a UNESCO World Heritage Site The southwestern Korean kingdom of Baekje was founded around modern day Seoul by a Goguryeo prince a son of the founder of Goguryeo 50 51 self published source 52 Baekje absorbed all of the Mahan states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula including the modern provinces of Gyeonggi Chungcheong and Jeolla as well as parts of Hwanghae and Gangwon to a centralised government during the expansion of its territory Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through maritime contacts with the Southern Dynasties Baekje was a great maritime power 53 its nautical skill which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan 54 55 Historic evidence suggests that Japanese culture art and language were influenced by the kingdom of Baekje and Korea itself 28 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 excessive citations Baekje also played an important role in transmitting advanced Chinese culture to the Japanese archipelago Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula most notably in the 4th century during the rule of Geunchogo when its influence extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin and Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago 67 however Baekje was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined citation needed The Three Kingdoms of Korea at the end of the 5th century Although later records claim that Silla was the oldest of the Three Kingdoms of Korea it is now believed to have been the last kingdom to develop By the 2nd century Silla existed as a large state in the southeast occupying and influencing its neighbouring city states In 562 Silla annexed the Gaya confederacy which was located between Baekje and Silla The Three Kingdoms of Korea often warred with each other and Silla was often dominated by Baekje and Goguryeo Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms and eventually Tang China to its great advantage 68 69 In 660 King Muyeol ordered his armies to attack Baekje General Kim Yu shin aided by Tang forces conquered Baekje after defeating General Gyebaek at the Battle of Hwangsanbeol In 661 Silla and Tang attacked Goguryeo but were repelled King Munmu son of Muyeol and nephew of General Kim Yu shin launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year North South States Period Main articles North South States Period Later Silla and Balhae Beginning in the 6th century Silla s power gradually extended across the Korean Peninsula Silla first annexed the adjacent Gaya confederacy in 562 By the 640s Silla formed an alliance with the Tang dynasty of China to conquer Baekje and later Goguryeo After conquering Baekje and Goguryeo Silla repulsed Tang China from the Korean peninsula in 676 Even though Silla unified most of the Korean Peninsula most of the Goguryeo territories to the north of the Korean Peninsula were ruled by Balhae Former Goguryeo general 70 71 or chief of Sumo Mohe 72 73 74 Dae Jo yeong led a group of Goguryeo and Mohe refugees to the Jilin and founded the kingdom of Balhae 30 years after the collapse of Goguryeo as the successor to Goguryeo At its height Balhae s territories extended from southern Manchuria down to the northern Korean peninsula Balhae was called the Prosperous Country in the East 75 Unified Silla and Balhae in the 8th century CE Later Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia 76 and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China Korea and Japan most notably during the time of Jang Bogo in addition Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River 77 78 79 80 Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country 81 and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju 82 was the fourth largest city in the world 83 84 85 86 Later Silla experienced a golden age of art and culture 87 88 89 90 as evidenced by the Hwangnyongsa Seokguram and Emille Bell Buddhism flourished during this time and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists 91 and contributed to Chinese Buddhism 92 including Woncheuk Wonhyo Uisang Musang 93 94 95 96 and Kim Gyo gak a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism 97 98 99 100 101 Later Silla fell apart in the late 9th century giving way to the tumultuous Later Three Kingdoms period 892 935 and Balhae was destroyed by the Khitans in 926 Goryeo unified the Later Three Kingdoms and received the last crown prince and much of the ruling class of Balhae thus bringing about a unification of the two successor nations of Goguryeo 102 Goryeo dynasty Main article Goryeo Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Silla as the ruling dynasty of Korea Goryeo s land was at first what is now South Korea and about 1 3 of North Korea but later on managed to recover most of the Korean peninsula Momentarily Goryeo advanced to parts of Jiandao while conquering the Jurchens but returned the territories due to the harsh climate and difficulties in defending them The name Goryeo 高麗 is a short form of Goguryeo 高句麗 and was first used during the time of King Jangsu Goryeo regarded itself as the successor of Goguryeo hence its name and efforts to recover the former territories of Goguryeo 103 104 105 106 Wang Geon the founder of Goryeo was of Goguryeo descent and traced his ancestry to a noble Goguryeo clan 107 He made Kaesong his hometown the capital During this period laws were codified and a civil service system was introduced Buddhism flourished and spread throughout the peninsula The development of celadon industries flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries The publication of the Tripitaka Koreana onto more than 80 000 wooden blocks and the invention of the world s first metal movable type in the 13th century attest to Goryeo s cultural achievements 3 4 5 6 7 8 Goryeo in 1374 Goryeo had to defend frequently against attacks by nomadic empires especially the Khitans and the Mongols Goryeo had a hostile relationship with the Khitans because the Khitan Empire had destroyed Balhae also a successor state of Goguryeo In 993 the Khitans who had established the Liao dynasty in 907 invaded Goryeo demanding that it make amity with them Goryeo sent the diplomat Seo Hui to negotiate who successfully persuaded the Khitans to let Goryeo expand to the banks of the Amnok Yalu River citing that in the past the land belonged to Goguryeo the predecessor of Goryeo 108 During the Goryeo Khitan War the Khitan Empire invaded Korea twice more in 1009 and 1018 but was defeated After defeating the Khitan Empire which was the most powerful empire of its time 109 110 Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century during which the Tripitaka Koreana was completed and there were great developments in printing and publishing promoting learning and dispersing knowledge on philosophy literature religion and science by 1100 there were 12 universities that produced famous scholars and scientists 111 112 Goryeo was invaded by the Mongols in seven major campaigns from the 1230s until the 1270s but was never conquered 113 Exhausted after decades of fighting Goryeo sent its crown prince to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to the Mongols Kublai Khan accepted and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince 113 and the dynastic line of Goryeo continued to survive under the overlordship of the Mongol Yuan dynasty as a semi autonomous vassal state and compulsory ally The two nations became intertwined for 80 years as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses 113 and the last empress of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean princess citation needed In the 1350s King Gongmin was free at last to reform the Goryeo government when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with which included the removal of pro Mongol aristocrats and military officials the question of land holding and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars During this tumultuous period Goryeo momentarily conquered Liaoyang in 1356 repulsed two large invasions by the Red Turbans in 1359 and 1360 and defeated the final attempt by the Yuan to dominate Goryeo when General Choe Yeong defeated a Mongol tumen in 1364 During the 1380s Goryeo turned its attention to the Wokou threat and used naval artillery created by Choe Museon to annihilate hundreds of pirate ships Joseon dynasty Main article Joseon Gyeongbokgung Palace Donggwoldo In 1392 the general Yi Seong gye overthrew the Goryeo dynasty after he staged a coup and defeated General Choe Yeong Yi Seong gye named his new dynasty Joseon and moved the capital from Kaesong to Hanseong formerly Hanyang modern day Seoul and built the Gyeongbokgung palace 114 In 1394 he adopted Confucianism as the country s official ideology resulting in much loss of power and wealth by the Buddhists The prevailing philosophy of the Joseon dynasty was Neo Confucianism which was epitomised by the seonbi class scholars who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity Joseon was a nominal tributary state of China but exercised full sovereignty 115 116 and maintained the highest position among China s tributary states 117 118 which also included countries such as the Ryukyu Kingdom Vietnam Burma Brunei Laos Thailand 119 120 121 and the Philippines among others 122 123 In addition Joseon received tribute from Jurchens and Japanese until the 17th century 124 125 126 and had a small enclave in the Ryukyu Kingdom that engaged in trade with Siam and Java 127 During the 15th and 16th centuries Joseon enjoyed many benevolent rulers who promoted education and science 128 Most notable among them was Sejong the Great r 1418 50 who personally created and promulgated Hangul the Korean alphabet 129 This golden age 128 saw great cultural and scientific advancements 130 including in printing meteorological observation astronomy calendar science ceramics military technology geography cartography medicine and agricultural technology some of which were unrivaled elsewhere 131 Joseon implemented a class system that consisted of yangban the noble class jungin the middle class yangin the common class and cheonin the lowest class which included occupations such as butchers tanners shamans entertainers and nobi the equivalent of slaves bondservants or serfs 132 133 Depiction of Korean delegates in Peking in 1761 from Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute In 1592 and again in 1597 the Japanese invaded Korea the Korean military at the time was unprepared and untrained due to two centuries of peace on the Korean Peninsula 134 Toyotomi Hideyoshi intended to conquer China and India 135 through the Korean Peninsula but was defeated by strong resistance from the Righteous Army the naval superiority of Admiral Yi Sun sin and his turtle ships and assistance from Wanli Emperor of Ming China However Joseon experienced great destruction including a tremendous loss of cultural sites such as temples and palaces to Japanese pillaging and the Japanese brought back to Japan an estimated 100 000 200 000 noses cut from Korean victims 136 Less than 30 years after the Japanese invasions the Manchus took advantage of Joseon s war weakened state and invaded in 1627 and 1637 and then went on to conquer the destabilised Ming dynasty After normalising relations with the new Qing dynasty Joseon experienced a nearly 200 year period of peace Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo led a new renaissance of the Joseon dynasty during the 18th century 137 138 In the 19th century the royal in law families gained control of the government leading to mass corruption and weakening of the state with severe poverty and peasant rebellions spreading throughout the country Furthermore the Joseon government adopted a strict isolationist policy earning the nickname the hermit kingdom but ultimately failed to protect itself against imperialism and was forced to open its borders beginning an era leading into Japanese imperial rule Korean Empire Main article Korean Empire The earliest surviving depiction of the Korean flag was printed in a US Navy book Flags of Maritime Nations in July 1889 Beginning in 1871 Japan began to exert more influence in Korea forcing it out of China s traditional sphere of influence As a result of the Sino Japanese War 1894 95 the Qing dynasty had to give up such a position according to Article 1 of the Treaty of Shimonoseki which was concluded between China and Japan in 1895 That same year Empress Myeongseong of Korea was assassinated by Japanese agents 139 In 1897 the Joseon dynasty proclaimed the Korean Empire 1897 1910 King Gojong became emperor During this brief period Korea had some success in modernising the military economy real property laws education system and various industries Russia Japan France and the United States all invested in the country and sought to influence it politically The Russians were pushed out of the fight for Korea following the conclusion of the Russo Japanese War 1904 1905 Korea became a protectorate of Japan shortly afterwards In Manchuria on 26 October 1909 An Jung geun assassinated the former Resident General of Korea Itō Hirobumi for his role in trying to force Korea into occupation Japanese annexation and occupation of Korea Main article Korea under Japanese rule See also Japanese war crimes The memorial tablet for the March 1st Movement in Pagoda Park Seoul In 1910 an already militarily occupied Korea was a forced party to the Japan Korea Annexation Treaty The treaty was signed by Lee Wan Yong who was given the General Power of Attorney by the Emperor However the Emperor is said to have not actually ratified the treaty according to Yi Tae jin 140 There is a long dispute whether this treaty was legal or illegal due to its signing under duress threat of force and bribes Korean resistance to the brutal Japanese occupation 141 142 143 was manifested in the nonviolent March 1st Movement of 1919 during which 7 000 demonstrators were killed by Japanese police and military 144 The Korean liberation movement also spread to neighbouring Manchuria and Siberia Over five million Koreans were conscripted for labour beginning in 1939 145 and tens of thousands of men were forced into Japan s military 146 Nearly 400 000 Korean labourers died 147 Approximately 200 000 girls and women 148 mostly from China and Korea were forced into sexual slavery for the Japanese military 149 In 1993 Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono acknowledged the terrible injustices faced by these euphemistically named comfort women 150 151 During the Japanese annexation the Korean language was suppressed in an effort to eradicate Korean national identity Koreans were forced to take Japanese surnames known as Sōshi kaimei 152 Traditional Korean culture suffered heavy losses as numerous Korean cultural artefacts were destroyed 153 or taken to Japan 154 To this day valuable Korean artefacts can often be found in Japanese museums or among private collections 155 One investigation by the South Korean government identified 75 311 cultural assets that were taken from Korea 34 369 in Japan and 17 803 in the United States However experts estimate that over 100 000 artefacts actually remain in Japan 154 156 Japanese officials considered returning Korean cultural properties but to date 154 this has not occurred 156 Korea and Japan still dispute the ownership of the Dokdo islets located east of the Korean Peninsula 157 There was significant emigration to the overseas territories of the Empire of Japan during the Japanese occupation period including Korea 158 By the end of World War II there were over 850 000 Japanese settlers in Korea 159 After World War II most of these overseas Japanese repatriated to Japan 160 Migrants who remained squatted in informal settlements 161 Division and conflict Main article Division of Korea Flag of South Korea Flag of North Korea Satellite image of the Korean peninsula demonstratng the differences in light pollution between the two Koreas today In 1945 with the surrender of Japan the United Nations developed plans for a trusteeship administration the Soviet Union administering the peninsula north of the 38th parallel and the United States administering the south The politics of the Cold War resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate governments North Korea and South Korea The aftermath of World War II left Korea partitioned along the 38th parallel on 2 September 1945 with the north under Soviet occupation and the south under US occupation supported by other allied states Consequently North Korea a Soviet style socialist republic was established in the north and South Korea a Western style regime was established in the south North Korea is a one party state now centred on Kim Il sung s Juche ideology with a centrally planned industrial economy South Korea is a multi party state with a capitalist market economy alongside membership in the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development and the Group of Twenty The two states have greatly diverged both culturally and economically since their partition though they still share a common traditional culture and pre Cold War history Since the 1960s the South Korean economy has grown enormously and the economic structure was radically transformed In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana 162 and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana s b According to R J Rummel forced labour executions and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1948 to 1987 164 others have estimated 400 000 deaths in concentration camps alone 165 Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240 000 to 420 000 people died as a result of the 1990s famine and that there were 600 000 to 850 000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008 166 In South Korea as guerrilla activities expanded the South Korean government used strong measures against peasants such as forcefully moving their families from guerrilla areas According to one estimate these measures resulted in 36 000 people killed 11 000 people wounded and 432 000 people displaced 167 Korean War Moon and Kim shaking hands over the demarcation line on 27 April 2018 The Korean War broke out when Soviet backed North Korea invaded South Korea though neither side gained much territory as a result The Korean Peninsula remained divided the Korean Demilitarized Zone being the de facto border between the two states In June 1950 North Korea invaded the South using Soviet tanks and weaponry During the Korean War 1950 53 more than 1 2 million people died and the three years of fighting throughout the nation effectively destroyed most cities 168 The war ended with an armistice agreement at approximately the Military Demarcation Line but the two governments are officially still at war North and South Korea See also History of North Korea History of South Korea Korean conflict and Korean reunification In 2018 the leaders of North Korea and South Korea officially signed the Panmunjom Declaration announcing that they will work to end the conflict In November 2020 South Korea and China agreed to work together to mend South Korea s relationship with North Korea During a meeting between President Moon and China s foreign minister Wang Yi Moon expressed his gratitude to China for its role in helping to foster peace in the Korean Peninsula Moon was quoted telling Wang during their meeting that the South Korean government will not stop efforts to put an end formally to war on the Korean Peninsula and achieve complete denuclearization and permanent peace together with the international community including China 169 GeographyMain article Geography of Korea See also Geography of North Korea Geography of South Korea and Provinces of Korea Satellite image of Korea A neighbourhood in North Gyeongsang Province A view of Mount Seorak Daedongyeojido this 1861 map of Korea represents the peak of pre modern mapmaking in the region Jeju Island seashore Korea consists of a peninsula and nearby islands located in East Asia The peninsula extends southwards for about 1 100 km 680 mi from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan to the east and the Yellow Sea West Sea to the west the Korea Strait connecting the two bodies of water 170 171 To the northwest the Amnok River separates Korea from China and to the northeast the Duman River separates it from China and Russia 172 Notable islands include Jeju Island Ulleung Island Dokdo The southern and western parts of the peninsula have well developed plains while the eastern and northern parts are mountainous The highest mountain in Korea is Mount Paektu 2 744 m through which runs the border with China The southern extension of Mount Paektu is a highland called Gaema Heights This highland was mainly raised during the Cenozoic orogeny and partly covered by volcanic matter To the south of Gaema Gowon successive high mountains are located along the eastern coast of the peninsula This mountain range is named Baekdudaegan Some significant mountains include Mount Sobaek or Sobaeksan 1 439 m Mount Kumgang 1 638 m Mount Seorak 1 708 m Mount Taebaek 1 567 m and Mount Jiri 1 915 m There are several lower secondary mountain series whose direction is almost perpendicular to that of Baekdudaegan They are developed along the tectonic line of Mesozoic orogeny and their directions are basically northwest Unlike most ancient mountains on the mainland many important islands in Korea were formed by volcanic activity in the Cenozoic orogeny Jeju Island situated off the southern coast is a large volcanic island whose main mountain Mount Halla or Hallasan 1 950 m is the highest in South Korea Ulleung Island is a volcanic island in the Sea of Japan the composition of which is more felsic than Jeju The volcanic islands tend to be younger the more westward Because the mountainous region is mostly on the eastern part of the peninsula the main rivers tend to flow westwards Two exceptions are the southward flowing Nakdong River and Seomjin River Important rivers running westward include the Amnok River the Chongchon River the Taedong River the Han River the Geum River and the Yeongsan River These rivers have vast flood plains and provide an ideal environment for wet rice cultivation The southern and southwestern coastlines of the peninsula form a well developed ria coastline known as Dadohae jin in Korean This convoluted coastline provides mild seas and the resulting calm environment allows for safe navigation fishing and seaweed farming In addition to the complex coastline the western coast of the Korean Peninsula has an extremely high tidal amplitude at Incheon around the middle of the western coast the tide can get as high as 9 m Vast tidal flats have been developing on the south and west coastlines Climate Korea has a temperate climate with comparatively fewer typhoons than other countries in East Asia Due to the peninsula s position it has a unique climate influenced by Siberia in the north the Pacific Ocean in the east and the rest of Eurasia in the west The peninsula has four distinct seasons spring summer autumn and winter 173 Spring As influence from Siberia weakens temperatures begin to increase while the high pressure begins to move away If the weather is abnormally dry Siberia will have more influence on the peninsula leading to wintry weather such as snow 174 Summer During June at the start of the summer there tends to be a lot of rain due to the cold and wet air from the Sea of Okhotsk and the hot and humid air from the Pacific Ocean combining When these fronts combine it leads to a so called rainy season with often cloudy days with rain which is sometimes very heavy The hot and humid winds from the south west blow causing an increasing amount of humidity and this leads to the fronts moving towards Manchuria in China and thus there is less rain and this is known as midsummer temperatures can exceed 30 C 86 F daily at this time of year Autumn Usually high pressure is heavily dominant during autumn leading to clear conditions Furthermore temperatures remain high but the humidity becomes relatively low Winter The weather becomes increasingly dominated by Siberia during winter and the jet stream moves further south causing a drop in temperature This season is relatively dry with some snow falling at times Biodiversity Main article Wildlife of Korea Animal life of the Korean Peninsula includes a considerable number of bird species and native freshwater fish Native or endemic species of the Korean Peninsula include Korean hare Korean water deer Korean field mouse Korean brown frog Korean pine and Korean spruce The Korean Demilitarized Zone DMZ with its forest and natural wetlands is a unique biodiversity spot which harbours eighty two endangered species Korea once hosted many Siberian tigers but as the number of people affected by the tigers increased the tigers were killed in the Joseon Dynasty and the Siberian tigers in the South Korea became extinct during the Japanese colonial era period It has been confirmed that Siberian tigers are only on the side of North Korea now There are also approximately 3 034 species of vascular plants throughout the peninsula DemographicsMain articles Koreans Demographics of South Korea and Demographics of North Korea The combined population of the Koreas is about 76 million North Korea 25 million South Korea 51 million Korea is chiefly populated by a highly homogeneous ethnic group the Koreans who speak the Korean language 175 The number of foreigners living in Korea has also steadily increased since the late 20th century particularly in South Korea where more than 1 million foreigners reside 176 It was estimated in 2006 that only 26 700 of the old Chinese community now remain in South Korea 177 However in recent years immigration from mainland China has increased 624 994 persons of Chinese nationality have immigrated to South Korea including 443 566 of ethnic Korean descent 178 Small communities of ethnic Chinese and Japanese are also found in North Korea 179 Language Main articles Korean language and Korean Sign Language This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Hunminjeongeum afterwards called Hangul Korean is the official language of both North and South Korea and along with Mandarin of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province China Worldwide there are up to 80 million speakers of the Korean language South Korea has around 50 million speakers while North Korea around 25 million Other large groups of Korean speakers through Korean diaspora are found in China the United States Japan former Soviet Union and elsewhere Modern Korean is written almost exclusively in the script of the Korean alphabet known as Hangul in South Korea and Chosungul in China and North Korea which was invented in the 15th century Korean is sometimes written with the addition of some Chinese characters called Hanja however this is only occasionally seen nowadays EducationMain articles Education in North Korea and Education in South Korea The modern South Korean school system consists of six years in elementary school three years in middle school and three years in high school Students are required to go to elementary and middle school and do not have to pay for their education except for a small fee called a School Operation Support Fee that differs from school to school The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD ranks South Korea s science education as the third best in the world and being significantly higher than the OECD average 180 South Korea ranks second on math and literature and first in problem solving citation needed Although South Korean students often rank high on international comparative assessments the education system is criticised for emphasising too much upon passive learning and memorisation The South Korean education system is rather notably strict and structured as compared to its counterparts in most Western societies The North Korean education system consists primarily of universal and state funded schooling by the government The national literacy rate for citizens 15 years of age and above is over 99 per cent 181 182 Children go through one year of kindergarten four years of primary education six years of secondary education and then on to universities The most prestigious university in the DPRK is Kim Il sung University Other notable universities include Kim Chaek University of Technology which focuses on computer science Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies which trains working level diplomats and trade officials and Kim Hyong Jik University of Education which trains teachers Science and technologyMain article History of science and technology in Korea See also List of Korean inventions and discoveries Cheomseongdae the oldest surviving astronomical observatory in Asia One of the best known artefacts of Korea s history of science and technology is the Cheomseongdae 첨성대 瞻星臺 a 9 4 meter high astronomical observatory built in 634 The earliest known surviving Korean example of woodblock printing is The Great Dharani Sutra 183 It is believed to have been printed in Korea in 750 51 which if correct would make it older than the Diamond Sutra Jikji Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters the earliest known book printed with movable metal type 1377 Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris During the Goryeo Dynasty metal movable type printing was invented by Choe Yun ui in 1234 184 5 185 186 8 3 This invention made printing easier more efficient and also increased literacy which observed by Chinese visitors was seen to be so important where it was considered to be shameful to not be able to read 187 The Mongol Empire later adopted Korea s movable type printing and spread as far as Central Asia There is conjecture as to whether or not Choe s invention had any influence on later printing inventions such as Gutenberg s Printing press 188 When the Mongols invaded Europe they inadvertently introduced different kinds of Asian technology 189 During the Joseon period the Turtle Ship was invented which were covered by a wooden deck and iron with thorns 190 191 192 as well as other weapons such as the bigyeokjincheolloe cannon 비격진천뢰 飛擊震天雷 and the hwacha The Korean alphabet hangul was also invented during this time by King Sejong the Great CultureMain articles Culture of Korea Korean art Korean pottery and porcelain Korean martial arts Korean dance Korean bow and Korean architecture Goguryeo tombs Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong Baekje Historic Areas Changdeok Palace Jongmyo Shrine Gyeongju Historic Areas Haeinsa Hahoe Yangdong Hwaseong Jeju Namhansanseong Royal Tombs of the Joseon Bulguksa and Seokguram Dolmen Sites Sansaclass notpageimage Location of World Heritage Sites in Korea 193 194 Note Seoul is home to three separate properties Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty locate throughout the country only one site is shown on map Traditional Korean dance Jinju geommu In ancient Chinese texts Korea is referred to as Rivers and Mountains Embroidered on Silk 금수강산 錦繡江山 and Eastern Nation of Decorum 동방예의지국 東方禮儀之國 195 Individuals are regarded as one year old when they are born as Koreans reckon the pregnancy period as one year of life for infants and age increments increase on New Year s Day rather than on the anniversary of birthdays Thus one born immediately before New Year s Day may only be a few days old in western reckoning but two years old in Korea Accordingly a Korean person s stated age at least among fellow Koreans will be one or two years more than their age according to western reckoning However western reckoning is sometimes applied with regard to the concept of legal age for example the legal age for purchasing alcohol or cigarettes in the Republic of Korea is 19 which is measured according to western reckoning Literature Main article Korean literature This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Korean literature written before the end of the Joseon Dynasty is called Classical or Traditional Literature written in Chinese characters hanja was established at the same time as the Chinese script arrived on the peninsula Korean scholars were writing poetry in the classical Korean style as early as the 2nd century BCE reflecting Korean thoughts and experiences of that time Classical Korean literature has its roots in traditional folk beliefs and folk tales of the peninsula strongly influenced by Confucianism Buddhism and Taoism Modern literature is often linked with the development of hangul which helped spread literacy from the aristocracy to the common people Hangul however only reached a dominant position in Korean literature in the second half of the 19th century resulting in a major growth in Korean literature Sinsoseol for instance are novels written in hangul The Korean War led to the development of literature centered on the wounds and chaos of war Much of the post war literature in South Korea deals with the daily lives of ordinary people and their struggles with national pain The collapse of the traditional Korean value system is another common theme of the time Music Main article Music of Korea Traditional Korean music includes combinations of the folk vocal religious and ritual music styles of the Korean people Korean music has been practised since prehistoric times 196 Korean music falls into two broad categories The first Hyangak literally means The local music or Music native to Korea a famous example of which is Sujechon a piece of instrumental music often claimed to be at least 1 300 years old 197 The second yangak represents a more Western style Religion Main articles Religion in Korea Religion in South Korea and Religion in North Korea See also Korean shamanism Korean Confucianism Korean Buddhism Taoism in Korea Christianity in Korea and Islam in Korea Korean Buddhist architecture Amitabha and Eight Great Bodhisattvas Goryeo scroll from the 1300s Confucian tradition has dominated Korean thought along with contributions by Buddhism Taoism and Korean Shamanism Since the middle of the 20th century however Christianity has competed with Buddhism in South Korea while religious practice has been suppressed in North Korea Throughout Korean history and culture regardless of separation the influence of traditional beliefs of Korean Shamanism Mahayana Buddhism Confucianism and Taoism have remained an underlying religion of the Korean people as well as a vital aspect of their culture all these traditions have coexisted peacefully for hundreds of years up to today despite strong Westernisation from Christian missionary conversions in the South 198 199 200 or the pressure from the Juche government in the North 201 202 According to 2005 statistics compiled by the South Korean government about 46 of citizens profess to follow no particular religion Christians account for 29 2 of the population of which are Protestants 18 3 and Catholics 10 9 and Buddhists 22 8 203 In North Korea around 71 3 claim to be non religious or atheists 12 9 follow Cheondoism and 12 3 Korean Folk Religion while Christians count for 2 of the population and Buddhists as 1 5 204 Islam in South Korea is practised by about 45 000 natives about 0 09 of the population in addition to some 100 000 foreign workers from Muslim countries 205 While in North Korea it s estimated to be around 3000 Muslims which is around 0 01 of the popultation 206 The Ar Rahman Mosque is the only mosque in DPRK and it is located at the Iranian Embassy grounds in Pyongyyang 207 Cuisine Main article Korean cuisine See also Korean tea ceremony and Korean royal court cuisine Tteokbokki rice cakes with spicy gochujang sauce Koreans traditionally believe that the taste and quality of food depend on its spices and sauces the essential ingredients to making a delicious meal Therefore soybean paste soy sauce gochujang or red pepper paste and kimchi are some of the most important staples in a Korean household Korean cuisine was greatly influenced by the geography and climate of the Korean Peninsula which is known for its cold autumns and winters therefore there are many fermented dishes and hot soups and stews Korean cuisine is probably best known for kimchi a side dish which uses a distinctive fermentation process of preserving vegetables most commonly cabbage Kimchi is said to relieve the pores on the skin thereby reducing wrinkles and providing nutrients to the skin naturally It is also healthy as it provides necessary vitamins and nutrients Gochujang a traditional Korean sauce made of red pepper is also commonly used often as pepper chilli paste earning the cuisine a reputation for spiciness Bulgogi and side dishes Bulgogi roasted marinated meat usually beef galbi marinated grilled short ribs and samgyeopsal pork belly are popular meat entrees Fish is also a popular commodity as it is the traditional meat that Koreans eat Meals are usually accompanied by a soup or stew such as galbitang stewed ribs or doenjang jjigae fermented bean paste soup The center of the table is filled with a shared collection of sidedishes called banchan Other popular dishes include bibimbap which literally means mixed rice rice mixed with meat vegetables and red pepper paste and naengmyeon cold noodles 208 209 Instant noodles or ramyeon is a popular snack food Koreans also enjoy food from pojangmachas street vendors which serve tteokbokki rice cake and fish cake with a spicy gochujang sauce gimbap made of steamed white rice wrapped in dried laver seaweed fried squid and glazed sweet potato Soondae a sausage made of cellophane noodles and pork blood is widely eaten Additionally some other common snacks include Choco Pie shrimp crackers bbeongtwigi puffed rice grains and nurungji slightly burnt rice Nurungji can be eaten as it is or boiled with water to make a soup Nurungji can also be eaten as a snack or a dessert Korea is unique among Asian countries in its use of metal chopsticks Metal chopsticks have been discovered in archaeological sites belonging to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo Baekje and Silla Sports Main articles Sport in South Korea and Sport in North Korea North Korea and South Korea usually compete as two separate nations in international events There are however a few examples of them having competed as one entity under the name Korea While association football remains one of the most popular sports in South Korea the martial art of taekwondo is considered to be the national sport Baseball and golf are also popular The board game Go known in Korea as baduk has also been popular for over a millennium first arriving from China in the 5th century CE baduk is played both casually and competitively Martial arts Taekwon Do Main article Taekwondo Taekwon Do is Korea s most famous martial art and sport It combines combat techniques self defence sport and exercise Taekwon Do has become an official Olympic sport starting as a demonstration event in 1988 when South Korea hosted the Games in Seoul and becoming an official medal event in 2000 The two major Taekwon Do federations were founded in Korea The two are the International Taekwon Do Federation and the World Taekwondo Federation Hapkido Main article Hapkido Hapkido is a modern Korean martial art with a grappling focus that employs joint locks throws kicks punches and other striking attacks like attacks against pressure points Hapkido emphasises circular motion non resisting movements and control of the opponent Practitioners seek to gain advantage through footwork and body positioning to employ leverage avoiding the pure use of strength against strength Ssireum Main article Ssireum Ssireum is a traditional form of wrestling that has been practised in Korea for thousands of years with evidence discovered from Goguryeo of Korea s Three Kingdoms Period 57 BCE to 688 Ssireum is the traditional national sport of Korea During a match opponents grip each other by sash belts wrapped around the waist and the thigh attempting to throw their competitor to the sandy ground of the ring The first opponent to touch the ground with any body part above the knee or to lose hold of their opponent loses the round Ssireum competitions are traditionally held twice a year during the Dano Festival the 5th day of the fifth lunar month and Chuseok the 15th day of the 8th lunar month Competitions are also held throughout the year as a part of festivals and other events Taekkyon Main article Taekkyon Taekkyon is a traditional martial art considered the oldest form of fighting technique of Korea Practiced for centuries and especially popular during the Joseon dynasty two forms co existed one for practical use the other for sport This form was usually practised alongside Ssireum during festivals and competitions between villages Nonetheless Taekkyon almost disappeared during the Japanese Occupation and the Korean War Though lost in North Korea Taekkyon has enjoyed a spectacular revival from the 1980s in South Korea It is the only martial art in the world with Ssireum recognised as a National Treasure of South Korea and a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Comparison of the two countries of KoreaIndicator North Korea South KoreaFlag Emblem Capital Pyongyang SeoulOfficial languages KoreanOfficial name for Korean alphabet i e same script different name Chosŏn gŭl HangulGovernment Juche single party stateFamily dictatorship Representative democracyPresidential systemLeader General Secretary of the Workers Party of Korea President of South KoreaFormal declaration 9 September 1948 15 August 1948Area 120 540 km2 100 210 km2Population 2014 2013 est 24 851 627 50 219 669GDP total 2011 2014 est 40 billion 1 755 trillionGDP capita 2011 2014 est 1 800 34 777Currency Korean People s won sign ISO KPW Korean Republic won KRW Calling code 850 82Internet TLD kp krDrives on the rightActive military personnel 1 106 000 639 000Military expenditure 2010 2012 10 billion 30 billionSee also Geography portal Asia portal North Korea portal South Korea portalInter Korean summits Korean name Korean natural farming Korean War List of Korean inventions and discoveries List of people of Korean descent National Treasures of North Korea National Treasures of South Korea North Korea South Korea relations Korean reunificationNotes Kim Jong un holds three concurrent positions General Secretary of the Workers Party President of the State Affairs Commission and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces 26 341 GDP for Korea 1513 for Ghana 163 ReferencesCitations Castello Cortes 1996 p 498 South Korea Castello Cortes 1996 p 413 North Korea a b c Korean Metal Movable Type World Treasures Beginnings Library of Congress 29 July 2010 Retrieved 19 December 2018 a b Korean Classics Library of Congress Asian Collections 2007 Illustrated Guide Library of Congress 2007 Retrieved 19 December 2018 a b c Gutenberg Bible British Library The British Library Board Retrieved 19 August 2016 a b Korea 1000 1400 A D Chronology Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art The Met s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved 19 August 2016 a b Movable type Oxford Reference Oxford University Press Retrieved 19 December 2018 a b c Ebrey Patricia Buckley Walthall Anne 1 January 2013 East Asia A Cultural Social and Political History Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1285528670 a b Korean Oxford English Dictionary Retrieved 20 December 2013 youtube on Korea Corea YouTube Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 Haw Stephen G 2006 Marco Polo s China A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan Routledge pp 4 5 ISBN 9781134275427 Retrieved 29 September 2017 a b c d Baxter William amp al Baxter Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine pp 43 58 amp 80 20 February 2011 Retrieved 20 December 2013 Till Geoffrey Bratton Patrick 2012 Sea Power and the Asia Pacific The Triumph of Neptune Routledge p 145 ISBN 9781136627248 Retrieved 29 September 2017 Seung Yong Yunn 1996 Religious culture in Korea Hollym p 99 ISBN 9781565910843 Retrieved 29 September 2017 디지털 삼국유사 사전 박물지 시범개발 문화콘텐츠닷컴 Korea Creative Content Agency Archived from the original on 19 November 2018 Retrieved 6 February 2017 이기환 30 August 2017 이기환의 흔적의 역사 국호논쟁의 전말 대한민국이냐 고려공화국이냐 경향신문 in Korean The Kyunghyang Shinmun Retrieved 2 July 2018 이덕일 이덕일 사랑 대 한민국 Chosun Ilbo in Korean Retrieved 2 July 2018 First attested in the 13th century Samguk Yusa as 阿斯達 MC Asjedat 12 The name is credited to the 6th century Book of Wei but doesn t appear in surviving passages Li Jie 21 August 2002 Some Discoveries of Fossils and Relics of Prehistoric Civilizations From Around the World Pureinsight Retrieved 3 November 2009 Vovin Alexander 2017 Origins of the Japanese Language Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780199384655 013 277 ISBN 978 0 19 938465 5 Janhunen Juha 2010 RReconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia Studia Orientalia 108 there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state in the southwest was predominantly Japonic speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized Korea Asian info Retrieved 3 November 2009 Yi Ki baek 1984 A New History of Korea Harvard University Press pp 23 24 ISBN 9780674615762 Retrieved 21 November 2016 Walker Hugh Dyson 2012 East Asia A New History AuthorHouse p 104 ISBN 9781477265161 self published source Roberts John Morris Westad Odd Arne 2013 The History of the World Oxford University Press p 443 ISBN 9780199936762 Retrieved 15 July 2016 Gardner Hall 27 November 2007 Averting Global War Regional Challenges Overextension and Options for American Strategy Palgrave Macmillan pp 158 159 ISBN 9780230608733 Retrieved 15 July 2016 Laet Sigfried J de 1994 History of Humanity From the seventh to the sixteenth century UNESCO p 1133 ISBN 9789231028137 Retrieved 10 October 2016 a b Walker Hugh Dyson 20 November 2012 East Asia A New History AuthorHouse pp 6 7 ISBN 9781477265178 Retrieved 18 November 2016 self published source Tudor Daniel 10 November 2012 Korea The Impossible Country The Impossible Country Tuttle Publishing ISBN 9781462910229 Retrieved 15 July 2016 Kotkin Stephen Wolff David 4 March 2015 Rediscovering Russia in Asia Siberia and the Russian Far East Siberia and the Russian Far East Routledge ISBN 9781317461296 Retrieved 15 July 2016 Kim Jinwung 2012 A History of Korea From Land of the Morning Calm to States in Conflict Bloomington Indiana Indiana University Press p 35 ISBN 978 0253000781 Retrieved 15 July 2016 Yi Hyŏn hŭi Pak Sŏng su Yun Nae hyŏn 2005 New history of Korea Jimoondang p 201 ISBN 9788988095850 He launched a military expedition to expand his territory opening the golden age of Goguryeo Hall John Whitney 1988 The Cambridge History of Japan Cambridge University Press p 362 ISBN 9780521223522 Retrieved 29 July 2016 Embree Ainslie Thomas 1988 Encyclopedia of Asian history Scribner p 324 ISBN 9780684188997 Retrieved 29 July 2016 Cohen Warren I 20 December 2000 East Asia at the Center Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World Columbia University Press p 50 ISBN 9780231502511 Retrieved 29 July 2016 Kim Jinwung 5 November 2012 A History of Korea From Land of the Morning Calm to States in Conflict Indiana University Press p 35 ISBN 978 0253000781 Retrieved 11 October 2016 Kings and Queens of Korea KBS World Radio Korea Communications Commission Archived from the original on 28 August 2016 Retrieved 26 August 2016 Walker Hugh Dyson 20 November 2012 East Asia A New History AuthorHouse p 161 ISBN 9781477265178 Retrieved 8 November 2016 self published source White Matthew 7 November 2011 Atrocities The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History W W Norton amp Company p 78 ISBN 9780393081923 Retrieved 8 November 2016 Grant Reg G 2011 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History Universe Pub p 104 ISBN 9780789322333 Retrieved 8 November 2016 Bedeski Robert 12 March 2007 Human Security and the Chinese State Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty Routledge p 90 ISBN 9781134125975 Retrieved 8 November 2016 Yi Ki baek 1984 A New History of Korea Harvard University Press p 47 ISBN 9780674615762 Retrieved 29 July 2016 Koguryŏ was the first to open hostilities with a bold assault across the Liao River against Liao hsi in 598 The Sui emperor Wen Ti launched a retaliatory attack on Koguryŏ but met with reverses and turned back in mid course Yang Ti the next Sui emperor proceeded in 612 to mount an invasion of unprecedented magnitude marshalling a huge force said to number over a million men And when his armies failed to take Liao tung Fortress modern Liao yang the anchor of Koguryŏ s first line of defense he had a nearly a third of his forces some 300 000 strong break off the battle there and strike directly at the Koguryŏ capital of P yŏngyang But the Sui army was lured into a trap by the famed Koguryŏ commander Ŭlchi Mundŏk and suffered a calamitous defeat at the Salsu Ch ŏngch ŏn River It is said that only 2 700 of the 300 000 Sui soldiers who had crossed the Yalu survived to find their way back and the Sui emperor now lifted the siege of Liao tung Fortress and withdrew his forces to China proper Yang Ti continued to send his armies against Koguryŏ but again without success and before long his war weakened empire crumbled Nahm Andrew C 2005 A Panorama of 5000 Years Korean History Second revised ed Seoul Hollym International Corporation p 18 ISBN 978 0930878689 China which had been split into many states since the early 3rd century was reunified by the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century Soon afterward Sui China mobilized its army and invaded Koguryŏ However the people of Koguryŏ were united and able to repel the Chinese invasion In 612 Sui troops invaded Korea again but Koguryŏ forces fought bravely and destroyed Sui troops everywhere General Ŭlchi Mundŏk of Koguryŏ completely wiped out some 300 000 Sui troops which came across the Yalu River in the battles near the Salsu River now Ch ŏngch ŏn River with his ingenious military tactics Only 2 700 Sui troops were able to flee from Korea The Sui dynasty which wasted so much energy and manpower in aggressive wars against Koguryŏ fell in 618 Tucker Spencer C 23 December 2009 A Global Chronology of Conflict From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East 6 volumes From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ABC CLIO p 406 ISBN 9781851096725 Walker Hugh Dyson 20 November 2012 East Asia A New History AuthorHouse p 161 ISBN 9781477265178 Retrieved 4 November 2016 self published source Ring Trudy Watson Noelle Schellinger Paul 12 November 2012 Asia and Oceania International Dictionary of Historic Places Routledge p 486 ISBN 9781136639791 Retrieved 16 July 2016 Injae Lee Miller Owen Jinhoon Park Hyun Hae Yi 15 December 2014 Korean History in Maps Cambridge University Press p 29 ISBN 9781107098466 Retrieved 17 July 2016 Yi Ki baek 1984 A New History of Korea Harvard University Press p 67 ISBN 9780674615762 Retrieved 2 August 2016 Kim Djun Kil 30 May 2014 The History of Korea 2nd Edition ABC CLIO p 49 ISBN 9781610695824 Retrieved 17 July 2016 Pratt Chairman Department of East Asian Studies Keith Pratt Keith Rutt Richard 16 December 2013 Korea A Historical and Cultural Dictionary Routledge p 135 ISBN 9781136793936 Retrieved 22 July 2016 Yu Chai Shin 2012 The New History of Korean Civilization iUniverse p 27 ISBN 9781462055593 Retrieved 22 July 2016 self published source Kim Jinwung 5 November 2012 A History of Korea From Land of the Morning Calm to States in Conflict Indiana University Press p 28 ISBN 978 0253000781 Retrieved 22 July 2016 Ebrey Patricia Buckley Walthall Anne Palais James B 2006 East Asia A Cultural Social and Political History Houghton Mifflin p 123 ISBN 9780618133840 Retrieved 12 September 2016 Kitagawa Joseph 5 September 2013 The Religious Traditions of Asia Religion History and Culture Routledge p 348 ISBN 9781136875908 Retrieved 29 July 2016 Ebrey Patricia Buckley Walthall Anne Palais James B 2013 East Asia A Cultural Social and Political History Volume I To 1800 Cengage Learning p 104 ISBN 978 1111808150 Retrieved 12 September 2016 Griffis William Elliot 1885 Corea Without and Within Chapters on Corean History Manners and Religion Presbyterian Board of Publication p 251 Retrieved 25 September 2016 Corea was not only the road by which the art of China reached Japan but it is the original home of many of the art ideas which the world believes to be purely Japanese Yayo Metropolitan Museum of Art Metallurgy was also introduced from the Asian mainland during this time Bronze and iron were used to make weapons armor tools and ritual implements such as bells dotaku Chon Ho Chon Kitora Tomb Originates in Koguryo Murals Choson Sinbo No 35 JP Korea NP Archived from the original on 26 February 2012 Yayoi eMuseum MNSU archived from the original on 26 February 2011 Japanese history Jomon Yayoi Kofun Japan guide 9 June 2002 Retrieved 21 May 2012 Asia Society The Collection in Context Asia society museum Archived from the original on 19 September 2009 Retrieved 21 May 2012 Pottery MSN Encarta Archived from the original on 29 October 2009 The pottery of the Yayoi culture c 300 BCE CE c 250 made by a Mongol people who came from Korea to Kyushu has been found throughout Japan Kanji Japan guide 25 November 2010 Retrieved 21 May 2012 Noma Seiroku 2003 The Arts of Japan Late Medieval to Modern Kodansha International ISBN 978 4 7700 2978 2 Retrieved 21 May 2012 Japanese Art and Its Korean Secret Kenyon 6 April 2003 Retrieved 21 May 2012 Japanese Royal Tomb Opened to Scholars for First Time National geographic 28 October 2010 Retrieved 21 May 2012 A Brief History of Korea Ewha Womans University Press 1 January 2005 pp 29 30 ISBN 9788973006199 Retrieved 21 November 2016 Kim Jinwung 2012 A History of Korea From Land of the Morning Calm to States in Conflict Indiana University Press pp 44 45 ISBN 978 0253000248 Retrieved 12 September 2016 Wells Kenneth M 3 July 2015 Korea Outline of a Civilisation BRILL pp 18 19 ISBN 9789004300057 Retrieved 12 September 2016 Old records of Silla 新羅古記 Silla gogi 高麗舊將祚榮 Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns 帝王韻紀 Jewang ungi 前麗舊將大祚榮 Solitary Cloud 孤雲集 Gounjib 渤海之源流也句驪未滅之時本爲疣贅部落靺羯之屬寔繁有徒是名栗末小蕃甞逐句驪 內徙其首領乞四羽及大祚榮等至武后臨朝之際自營州作孼而逃輒據荒丘始稱振國時有句驪遺燼勿吉雜流梟音則嘯聚白山鴟義則喧張黑姶與契丹濟惡旋於突厥通謀萬里耨苗累拒渡遼之轍十年食葚晚陳降漢之旗 Solitary Cloud 孤雲集 Gounjip 其酋長大祚榮 始受臣藩第五品大阿餐之秩 Comprehensive Institutions 通典 Tongdian 渤海夲栗末靺鞨至其酋祚榮立國自號震旦 先天中 玄宗王子始去靺鞨號專稱渤海 Injae Lee Miller Owen Jinhoon Park Hyun Hae Yi 15 December 2014 Korean History in Maps Cambridge University Press pp 64 65 ISBN 978 1107098466 Retrieved 24 February 2017 Kitagawa Joseph 5 September 2013 The Religious Traditions of Asia Religion History and Culture Routledge p 348 ISBN 978 1136875908 Gernet Jacques 31 May 1996 A History of Chinese Civilization Cambridge University Press p 291 ISBN 978 0521497817 Retrieved 21 July 2016 Korea held a dominant position in the north eastern seas Reischauer Edwin Oldfather 1955 Ennins Travels in Tang China John Wiley amp Sons Canada Limited pp 276 283 ISBN 978 0471070535 Retrieved 21 July 2016 From what Ennin tells us it seems that commerce between East China Korea and Japan was for the most part in the hands of men from Silla Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered but in Ennin s time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world Kim Djun Kil 30 May 2014 The History of Korea 2nd Edition ABC CLIO p 3 ISBN 978 1610695824 Seth Michael J 2006 A Concise History of Korea From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century Rowman amp Littlefield p 65 ISBN 978 0742540057 Retrieved 21 July 2016 MacGregor Neil 2011 A History of the World in 100 Objects Penguin UK ISBN 978 0141966830 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Chŏng Yang mo Smith Judith G Metropolitan Museum of Art New York N Y 1998 Arts of Korea Metropolitan Museum of Art p 230 ISBN 978 0870998508 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Adams Edward B 1989 The Legacy of Kyongju The Rotarian Vol 154 no 4 Rotary International p 28 ISSN 0035 838X Retrieved 19 December 2018 Ross Alan 17 January 2013 After Pusan Faber amp Faber ISBN 978 0571299355 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Mason 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Retrieved 29 July 2016 Leffman David Lewis Simon Atiyah Jeremy 2003 China Rough Guides p 519 ISBN 978 1843530190 Retrieved 29 July 2016 Leffman David 2 June 2014 The Rough Guide to China Penguin ISBN 978 0241010372 Retrieved 29 July 2016 DK Eyewitness Travel Guide China Penguin 21 June 2016 p 240 ISBN 978 1465455673 Retrieved 29 July 2016 Lee Ki Baik 1984 A New History of Korea Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 103 ISBN 978 0674615762 When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time much of its ruling class who were of Koguryŏ descent fled to Koryŏ Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye Successor of the Royal Wang on the Parhae crown prince Tae Kwang hyŏn Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom Rossabi Morris 20 May 1983 China Among Equals The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors 10th 14th Centuries University of California Press p 323 ISBN 9780520045620 Retrieved 1 August 2016 Yi Ki baek 1984 A New History of Korea Harvard University Press p 103 ISBN 9780674615762 Retrieved 20 October 2016 Kim Djun Kil 30 January 2005 The History of Korea ABC CLIO p 57 ISBN 9780313038532 Retrieved 20 October 2016 Grayson James H 5 November 2013 Korea A Religious History Routledge p 79 ISBN 9781136869259 Retrieved 20 October 2016 박 종기 24 August 2015 고려사의 재발견 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다 in Korean 휴머니스트 ISBN 9788958629023 Retrieved 27 October 2016 Kim Djun Kil 30 May 2014 The History of Korea 2nd Edition ABC CLIO p 66 ISBN 9781610695824 Retrieved 3 October 2016 Bulliet Richard Crossley Pamela Headrick Daniel Hirsch Steven Johnson Lyman 1 January 2014 The Earth and Its Peoples 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Korea in the Pacific Community Social Education 52 March 1988 182 EJ 368 177 Cumings Bruce The Two Koreas New York Foreign Policy Association 1984 Oberdorfer Don 2001 The Two Koreas a Contemporary History Basic Books ISBN 978 0465051625 OCLC 47831650 Focus on Asian Studies Special Issue Korea A Teacher s Guide No 1 Fall 1986 Shin Gi Wook 1999 Robinson Michael ed Colonial modernity in Korea Cambridge MA Harvard University Asia Center ISBN 978 0 674 14255 8 Hart Dennis From Tradition to Consumption Construction of a Capitalist Culture in South Korea Seoul Jimoondang 2003 Jager Sheila Miyoshi 2013 Brothers at War The Unending Conflict in Korea London Profile Books ISBN 978 1 84668 067 0 Joe W J amp Choe H A Traditional Korea A Cultural History Seoul Hollym 1997 Joungwon A K Divided Korea The Politics of Development Harvard University Press 1975 Lee Ki baik A New History of Korea Cambridge Harvard UP 1984 Lee Sang sup The Arts and Literature of Korea The Social Studies 79 July August 1988 153 60 EJ 376 894 Pratt Keith L 2006 Everlasting Flower A History of Korea London Reaktion ISBN 9781861892737 OCLC 63137295 Tae Jin Y The Illegality of the Forced Treaties Leading to Japan s Annexation of the Great Han Empire In the Korean National Commission for UNESCO Vol 36 No 4 1996 The Gloucestershire Regiment and The Battle of the Imjin River Korean War UK Glosters archived from the original on 13 May 2008 How Does Korea Compare OECD Health Data PDF briefing note Organisation For Economic Co operation and Development 2009 External links Look up Korea in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Korea Texts on Wikisource Korea Collier s New Encyclopedia 1921 Korea Encyclopedia Americana 1920 The Republic of Korea Korea at Curlie Coordinates 38 19 N 127 14 E 38 317 N 127 233 E 38 317 127 233 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Korea amp oldid 1147898733, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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