Wikipedia
Indo-European vocabulary
The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants.
Notes edit
The following conventions are used:
- Cognates are in general given in the oldest well-documented language of each family, although forms in modern languages are given for families in which the older stages of the languages are poorly documented or do not differ significantly from the modern languages. In addition, modern English forms are given for comparison purposes.
- Nouns are given in their nominative case, with the genitive case supplied in parentheses when its stem differs from that of the nominative. (For some languages, especially Sanskrit, the basic stem is given in place of the nominative.)
- Verbs are given in their "dictionary form". The exact form given depends on the specific language:
- For the Germanic languages and for Welsh, the infinitive is given.
- For Latin, the Baltic languages, and the Slavic languages, the first-person singular present indicative is given, with the infinitive supplied in parentheses.
- For Greek, Old Irish, Armenian and Albanian (modern), only the first-person singular present indicative is given.
- For Sanskrit, Avestan, Old Persian, Parthian, the third-person singular present indicative is given. Where useful Sanskrit root forms are provided using the symbol √.
- For Tocharian, the stem is given.
- For Hittite, either the third-person singular present indicative or the stem is given.
- In place of Latin, an Oscan or Umbrian cognate is occasionally given when no corresponding Latin cognate exists. Similarly, a cognate from another Anatolian language (e.g. Luvian, Lycian) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Hittite.
- For Tocharian, both the Tocharian A and Tocharian B cognates are given whenever possible.
- For the Celtic languages, both Old Irish and Welsh cognates are given when possible. For Welsh, normally the modern form is given, but occasionally the form from Old Welsh is supplied when it is known and displays important features lost in the modern form. A Middle Irish cognate is given when the Old Irish form is unknown, and Gaulish, Cornish and/or Breton (modern) cognates may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Welsh.
- For the Baltic languages, Lithuanian (modern) and Old Prussian cognates are given when possible. (Both Lithuanian and Old Prussian are included because Lithuanian often includes information missing in Old Prussian, e.g. due to lack of written accent marks in the latter.) Similarly to the Celtic situation, Old Lithuanian forms may occasionally be given in place of modern Lithuanian; Latvian (modern) may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Lithuanian.
- For the Slavic languages, Old Church Slavonic cognates are given when possible. Forms from modern Slavic languages or other Church Slavic dialects may occasionally be given in place of Old Church Slavonic.
- For English, a modern English cognate is given when it exists, along with the corresponding Old English form; otherwise, only an Old English form is given.
- For Gothic, a form in another Germanic language (Old Norse; Old High German; or Middle High German) is sometimes given in its place or in addition, when it reveals important features.
Kinship edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *méh₂tēr "mother"[a][1][2] | mother (< OE mōdor) | mōdar "mother" | māter "mother" ⇒ [note 1] | mḗtēr "mother" ⇒ [note 2] | mā́tṛ, mātṛ́ "mother" | Av mātar- "mother"; NPers mādar "mother"; Kurd mak "mother" | OCS mati, mater- "mother" | Lith móteris "woman", motina; OPrus muti "mother" | Gaul. mātīr "mother", | mayr "mother" | motër "sister" | A mācar, B mācer "mother" | |
| *ph₂tḗr "father" [3][4][5] | father (< OE fæder) | fadar "father" | pater "father" ⇒ [note 3] | patḗr "father" (> patriarch) | pitṛ́ "father"; Pitrs "spirits of the ancestors" (litt. "the fathers") | Av pitar- (nom. also pta, ta), OPers pita "father", NPers pedar | otets "father" Russian | OIr athair "father"; Welsh edrydd "paternal domain" | hayr "father" | atë "father" | A pācar, B pācer "father" | ||
| *bʰréh₂tēr "brother"[6][7][8] | brother (< OE brōþor) | brōþar "brother" | frāter "brother" ⇒ [note 4] | pʰrā́tēr "member of a phratry (brotherhood)" (> phratry) | bʰrā́tṛ "brother"; Rom phral "brother" (> pal)[9][10][c] | Av brātar-, OPers brātar-, NPers brādar-, Ossetian ärvád "brother, relative", NPers barādar, Kurd bira/birader | OCS bratrŭ "brother" | Lith brõlis, OPrus brati "brother" | Gaul Bratronos (pers. name);[11] OIr bráthair, W brawd (pl. brodyr) "brother" | ełbayr (gen. ełbawr) "brother" | A pracar, B procer "brother" | Lyd brafr(-sis) "brother"[12] | |
| *swésōr "sister"[13][14][8] | sister (< OE sweostor, influenced by ON systir) | swistar "sister" | soror "sister" ⇒ [note 5] | éor "cousin's daughter" | svásṛ "sister" | Av x̌vaŋhar- "sister"; NPers ḫwāhar "sister"; | OCS sestra "sister" | Lith sesuo, seser-, OPrus sestra "sister" | Gaul suiorebe "with two sisters" (dual)[15] | kʿoyr (kʿeṙ), nom.pl kʿor-kʿ "sister"[e] | vashë, vajzë "girl" (< *varjë < *vëharë < PAlb *swesarā) | A ṣar', B ṣer "sister" | |
| *somo-ph₂tōr "sibling, lit. same-father(ed)" [3][4][5] | ON samfeðra | homopátōr | OP hamapitar- | A ṣomapacar | |||||||||
| *dʰugh₂tḗr "daughter"[16][17][18][19] | daughter (< OE dohtor) | daúhtar "daughter" | Oscan futír "daughter" | θugátēr "daughter"; Myc tu-ka-te "daughter"[20][f] | dúhitṛ "daughter" | Av dugədar-, duɣδar-, NPers doḫtar "daughter" Kurd dot "daughter" | OCS dŭšti, dŭšter- "daughter" | Lith duktė, dukter-, OPrus dukti "daughter" | Gaulish duxtir "daughter"; Celtib TuaTer (duater) "daughter"[22][23][24] | dustr "daughter" | A ckācar, B tkācer "daughter" | HLuw túwatara "daughter";[25] ?Lyd datro "daughter"; CLuw/Hitt duttarii̯ata-;[g]Lyc kbatra "daughter"[h] | |
| *suHnús "son" [30][31][32][33] (See also *sewh₁-) | son (< OE sunu) | sunus "son" | huiós "son" | sūnú- "son" | Av hunuš "son" | OCS synŭ "son" | Lith sūnùs, OPrus suns "son" | ? Celtib EBURSUNOS "son of Eburos (?)"[i][j] ? Celt/Lus EQUEUNUBO (< *ekwei-sūnu-bʰos) "to the sons on the horse"[k] | ustr "son" | çun "boy/son" | A se, B soyä "son"[37] | ||
| *putló- "son" [32][38][39] | Osc puklo- "son" | paîs "son" | putrá- "son" | Av puθra "son" Kurd pis, put | |||||||||
| *(h₂)népōts "nephew, grandson" [40][41] | nephew; obsolete neve "nephew, male cousin, grandson" (< OE nefa) | OHG nevo "nephew" | nepōs (nepōtis) "grandson, nephew" ⇒ [note 6] | népodes "descendants" | nápāt- "grandson, descendant" | Av napāt-, naptar-, OPers napāt-, NPers naveh-, "grandson, descendant"; Kurd nevî "grandchild" | OCS netii "nephew" | OLith nepotis, OPrus neputs "grandson" | OIr nïa "sister's son", W nai "nephew" | nip "grandson, nephew" | |||
| *(h₂)néptih₂ "granddaughter, niece" | niece; obsolete nift "niece" (< OE nift) | OHG nift "niece" | neptis "granddaughter" | naptī́ "granddaughter" | OIr necht "niece" | ||||||||
| *deh₂iwḗr "husband's brother, brother-in-law" | OE tācor "husband's brother" | OHG zeihhor "husband's brother" | levir "husband's brother" | dāēr "husband's brother" | devṛ́, devará "husband's brother" | Past lewar "brother-in-law" | OCS děverĭ "brother-in-law" | Lith dieveris "husband's brother" | W daw(f) "brother-in-law" | taygr "husband's brother" | dhëndër, dhëndër "son-in-law" from PAlb *ĝāmtḗr- or *dzanra or *jantura-.All ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵem- (“to marry”). | ||
| *snusós "daughter-in-law" | OE snoru "daughter-in-law" | OHG snur "daughter-in-law" | nurus "daughter-in-law" | nuós "daughter-in-law" | snuṣā- "daughter-in-law" | Old Ir. *(s)nušáh Bactrian ασνωυο (asnōuo) NPers. sunoh / sunhār "daughter-in-law" | OCS snŭxa "daughter-in-law" | W gwaudd "daughter-in-law" | nu "daughter-in-law" | nuse "bride" | B santse "daughter-in-law"[l] | ||
| *wedʰ- "pledge, bind, secure, lead"[43] | wed (< OE weddian "to pledge, wed") | vadhū́ "bride" | OCS voditi "to lead" | ||||||||||
| *swéḱuros "father-in-law" | OE swēor "father-in-law" | swaihra "father-in-law" | socer "father-in-law" | hekurós "father-in-law" | śváśura "father-in-law" | Av xᵛasura "father-in-law" Kurdish xwesûr | OCS svekrŭ "father-in-law" | Lith šešuras "father-in-law" | vjehërr "father-in-law" | ||||
| *sweḱrúh₂ "mother-in-law" | OE sweger "mother-in-law" | swaihro "mother-in-law" | socrus "mother-in-law" | hekurá "mother-in-law" | śvaśrū́- "mother-in-law" | Past xwāše "mother-in-law" Kurdish xwesû | OCS svekry "mother-in-law" | Lith šešuras "father-in-law", OPrus swasri "mother-in-law" | W chwegr "mother-in-law" | skesur "mother-in-law" | vjehrrë "mother-in-law" | ||
| *h₂éwh₂os "maternal grandfather, maternal uncle" | awō "grandmother" | avus "grandfather"; avunculus "maternal uncle" ⇒ [note 7] | Rus uj, vuj "uncle" (obsolete); Ukr vuyko "maternal uncle"[44] | Lith avynas "maternal uncle", OPrus awis "uncle" | MW ewythr, MBre eontr, MCo eviter "maternal uncle" (< PCelt awon-tīr "uncle"); OIr aue "descendant, grandchild"[45] | OArm haw "grandfather" | B āwe "grandfather" | ḫuḫḫa-, Lyc χuga- "grandfather"; | |||||
| *yemH- "twin; to hold"[47][48] | ON Ymir | geminus "twin"; Remus "twin, Remus" | yáma- "twin; first man to die" | Av Yema | OIr emon, Gaul Iemurioi "twin?"[49] | ||||||||
| *h₁widʰéwh₂ "widow" < *h₁weydʰh₁- "to separate"[m][50] | widow (< OE widwe) | widuwō "widow" | vidua "widow" | ēḯtheos "widow" | vidhávā "widow" | viδauua "widow" | OCS vŭdova "widow" | OP widdewū "widow" | OI fedb "widow"; MW gweddw "widow, widower" | vejë "widow" |
People edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *mon- "human beings" | man (< OE "Mann") | manna "human beings" | Amazon < *n̥-mn̥-g(w)-iōn 'man-less, without husband' (debatable) | manuṣya "human being" | Av manuš "human" | OES/OCS mǫžĭ "man" | |||||||
| *dʰǵʰemṓn "person, human (litt. of the earth)" (See also *dʰeǵʰom-) | OE guma "person, man", brȳdguma "bridegroom"[n] | guma "man" | homō "person" ⇒ [note 8] | khthōn "the earth" (> autochthonous); khamai "on the ground" | kṣám, gen. gmás/jmás "ground, earth" | OCS zem(l)janinъ "earthling" | OLith žmuõ "person"; Lith žmoná "wife"; OPrus zmunents "human" | OIr duine, W dyn "person" < *dʰĝʰom-yo- | A śom "boy"; B śaumo "person" | ||||
| *h₂ner- "man, hero" | ON Njǫrðr (name of a God) | Ner-ō (personal name), neriōsus "strong" | anḗr (andros) "man" (> Andreas, Andrew) | nár- (nom. nā) "man, person" | Av nar- (nom. nā) "man, person",Past nar "male, brave" NPers nar-, Kurd nêr "male animal, masculine" | OCS naravŭ "character, custom"; | Lith nóras "wish, want", narsa; narsùs "brave;" OPrus nàrs "courage" | W nêr "lord, prince, leader; hero"; Celt narto "strength" | ayr (aṙn) "man, person" | njer "man, person" | |||
| *wiHrós "man" | werewolf (< OE wer "man") | waír "man" | vir "man" ⇒ [note 9] | hiérāx "a type of hawk" | vīrá- "man, hero" | Av vīra- "man, hero", Kurd mêr | Belar (Smolensk) вір "a rite of passage for young men into adulthood"; (Mogilev) віра "a feast or meal organized by a young man, after reaching adulthood, for his companions"[p] | Lith výras "man"; OPrus wirs "man, husband" | OIr fer, W gŵr "man" | burrë "man" | A wir "young" | ||
| *gʷḗn "woman, wife" | queen (< OE cwēn "queen, woman, wife") | qēns (qēnáis), qinō "woman, wife" | gunḗ[q] (gunaikos)[r] "woman, wife" < *gʷun-eh₂ (> gynecology); Boet baná "woman" | gnā (gnā́s-) "wife of a god", jánis, jánī "woman, wife" | Av gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-, Past jinə́i, njlə́i "girl" NPers zan "woman, wife" Kurd jin "woman, wife" | OCS žena "woman, wife" | OPrus gena "woman, wife" | Gaul bnanom "of the women" (g. pl.);[54] OIr ben (mná) "woman, wife" < *gʷén-eH₂ (*gʷn-eH₂-s), bé (neut.) "wife < *gʷén; W benyw "woman" | kin (knoǰ) "woman" | zonjë "lady, wife, woman" < *gʷen-yeH₂; Gheg grue, Tosk grua "wife" < *gʷn-ōn | A śäṁ (pl. śnu), B śana "woman, wife" | Hitt ku(w)an(a) "woman";[55] Luw wanatti "woman, wife"; Lyd kãna- "wife",[56] "woman"[57] | |
| *pótis "master, ruler, husband"[50] | -faþs "lord, leader" | potis "able, capable, possible" | pósis "husband" | páti "master, husband, ruler" | Av paiti, Parthian pet, OPers fáti "master, lord, husband, commander" | OCS gospodĭ "lord, master" | Lith pats "husband" | hay "husband, chief of family" | pata "in possession of something" | ||||
| *déms pótis "master of the house" | despótēs "lord, master, owner" (> despot) | dámpati "lord of the house; (dual) husband and wife" | |||||||||||
| *gʰóstis "guest, host, stranger"[58] | guest (< OE giest); host < Lat. hostis; hospital, hostel, hotel < Lat. hospes | gasts "guest" | hostis "stranger, guest"; hostīlis "hostile"; hospes, hospit- "host, guest, visitor" < hostipotis < PIE *gʰóstipotis (*gʰóstis + *pótis) | OCS gostĭ "guest"; gospodĭ "lord, master" < PIE *gʰóstipotis | |||||||||
| *weyḱ- "settlement, to enter, settle"[43] | -wick, -wich < Lat. vīcus | weihs "village, countryside" | vīcus "village, settlement" | oîkos "house, dwelling place"; oiko·nomía "management of household administration" (> economy) | viś "settlement, dwelling space" | OCS vĭsĭ "hamlet, village" | OLith viešė "settlement" | vis "land, country, place" | B īke "place,location" | ||||
| *wiḱpótis "master of the household; lord, clan chief" [59][60] | viśpáti | Lith viēšpats "lord" | |||||||||||
| *h₃rḗǵs "king, ruler"[61] | bishopric (< OE rīċe "king, dominion") | reiks, -ric (in personal names) "king" | rēx, rēg- "king" ⇒ [note 10] | archon "ruler, chief magistrate" | rāj-, rājan "king" (> maharaja, Raj (as in British Raj)) | Gaul *rīx "king" (In personal names. E.g., Vercingetorix, etc.) | |||||||
| *tewtéh₂ "community, people"[s][t][65][66] | OE þeod "people, nation" | Goth thiuda "folk"; ModGerm Deutsch < Proto-Germ *þeudō | Osc touto "community"; Umbr totam "tribe" | [u] | Lith tautà "people"; OPru tauto "country" | OIr tuath "tribe, people" (e.g., Tuatha Dé Danann "tribe of goddess Danu"); Celt Toutatis (Teutates) "name of a god" | ?Hitt tuzzi- "army"; ?Luw tuta "army" | ||||||
| *h₁lewdʰ- "people" | OE leode, lēod "a people, a group, nation", | OHG liut "people, population" | Proto-Italic *louðeros > Latin līber "free; name of a deity", Faliscan loiferto; Pael loufir "free man"; Ven louderos "child"; | eleútheros "free", Eleutherios "the liberator (epithet of Dionysus)" ; Myc e-re-u-te-ro/a "a free allowance", e-re-u-te-ro-se "to make free, remit"[68] | OCS ljudinŭ "free man"; Pol lud "people, folk" | Lith liaudis "people" |
Pronouns and particles edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *éǵh₂ "I" | I (< OE iċ) | ik "I" | egō "I" < *egoH₂ | egṓ, egṓn "I" | ahám "I" < *egH₂-om | Av azǝm, OPers adam, Parth. az "I" < *egH₂-om; Kurd ez "I (direct case)" | OCS azŭ "I" | Lith àš, OLith eš, OPrus as, Latv es "I" | es "I" | es "I" | u, unë "I" (-në possibly originally a suffix) | ñuk "I" | ūk "I" influenced by ammuk "me" |
| *h₁me "me (acc.)" | me (< OE mē, mec < *H₁me-ge) | mik "me (acc.)" | mē(d) "me (acc.)" | emé, me "me (acc.)" | mām "me (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m, mā "me (acc. encl.)" | Av mąm "me" Kurd mi "me" Past mā "I [oblique case]" | OCS mę "me (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m | Lith manè "me (acc.)" | OIr me-sse, mé, W mi "I" | is "me (acc.)" <? *H₁me-ge | mua, mue "me (acc.)" < *H₁mē-m | ammuk "me (acc., dat.)" < *H₁me-ge, -mu "me (acc. encl.)" | |
| *h₁meǵʰye "me (dat.)", *(h₁)moy "me (dat. encl.)" | me (< OE mē) | mis "me (dat.)" | mihi "me (dat.)" | moi "me (dat., gen. encl.)" | máhya(m) "me (dat.)", mḗ, me "me (dat. encl.)" | Av maibya "me (dat.)" (? not in Pokorny), me (Old Avestan moi) "me (dat. encl.)" | OCS mi (dat enc.) < *(H₁)moi | Lith man "for me", OPrus maiy "me (dat. encl.)" | OIr infix -m- "me"; W -'m infixed accusative first person singular pronoun "me" | inj "me (dat.)" | meje | ammuk "me (acc., dat.)" < *h₁me-ge, -mi "me (dat. encl.)" | |
| *h₁meme-, *h₁mene- "of me, mine"; *h₁mo-yo-, * h₁me-yo- "my" | my, mine (< OE mīn < *H₁mei-no-) | meins "my"; meina "of me" | meī "of me"; meus "my" < *H₁me-yo- | emeĩo "of me"; emós "my" | máma "of me"; ma/mā "my" < *H₁mo- | Av mana, OPers manā "of me"; Av ma (m/n), mā (f) "my", NPers az āne man-; Kurd a/ê min | OCS mene "to me", moj/a/e (m/f/n) "mine" | Lith mana(s), OPrus mais/maia "my" | W fyn "of me, my"; Breton ma "of me, my" | im "my" | im "my" (article i + em) | AB ñi "my" < Proto-Tocharian *mäñi | miš "my" < *H₁me-yo- |
| *túh₂ "you" (nom. sg.) | thou (< OE þū "you") | þu "you" | tū "you" | Doric tú (standard sú) | t(u)vám "you"; | Av tū "you" Past tə "you" | OCS ty "you" | Lith tù, OPr tu "you" | OIr tū, tu-ssu, tu-sso, W ti | du "you" | ti "you" | A tu, B t(u)we "you" | zik, zikka "you" < *tega < *te + *egō |
| *wéy "we"; *n̥smé, encl. *nos "us" | we (< OE wē), us (< OE ūs < PGerm *uns < *n̥s) | weis "we", uns "us" | nōs "we, us" | hēm- "we, us";[v] Aeol ámme "us" < *asme < *n̥sme | vay-ám "we" < *wei-óm, asmān "us" < *n̥sme + acc. -ān, encl. nas "us" < *nos | Av vaēm "we", ahma "us", encl. nǝ̄, nā̊, nō "us" | Bulg nìe "we", OCS gen. nasŭ "us" < *nōs-sōm | Lith mès "we"; OPr gen. nōuson "ours" < *nōs-sōm | OIr ni "we, us" <? *s-nēs, gen. ar n- < *n̥s-rō-m; W ni "we" < *nēs | na "we" < *nŏs, ne "us" < *nōs | A was, B wes "we" | wēs "we" < *wei-es, anzāš "us", encl. naš "us" | |
| *yū́ "you (nom. pl.)"; *uswé, *usmé,[69] encl. *wos "you (acc./dat. pl.)" | ye (< OE gē "you (nom. pl.)"), you (< OE ēow[w] "you (acc./dat. pl.)") | jūs "you (nom. pl.)", izwis[w] "you (acc./dat. pl.)" | vōs "you (nom./acc. pl.)" | hum- "you (pl.)"; Aeol úmme "you (acc. pl.)" < *usme | yūyám "you (nom. pl.)", yuṣmā́n "you (acc. pl.)" < y- + *usme + acc. -ān, encl. vas "you (obl. pl.)" | Av yūžǝm, yūš "you (nom. pl.)", yūšmat̃ "you (abl. pl.)", encl. vā̊ "you (obl. pl.)"; Kur Win | OCS vy "you (nom./acc. pl.)", vasŭ "yours (pl.)" | Lith jũs "you (nom. pl.)", jũsų "yours (pl.)"; OPr iouson "yours (pl.)" | OIr sī, sissi "you (nom. pl.)" < *sw-, uai-b "of you (pl.)" < *ō-swī, NIr far n- "your (pl.)"; W chwi "you (nom. pl.)" < *sw- | ju "you (nom. pl.)" < *u < *vos | A yas, B yes "you (nom. pl.)" | sumes < *usme | |
| *só "that" (demonstrative pronoun) | the (< OE se) | sa, þata "the", "that" | sī "if", tum "then" | ho, to "the" | sá "that, the" | Avestan ha "this" | OCS tŭ "this, that" | Lith tàs "that" | OIr so "this" | ayd "this" | tërë"whole" | ||
| *s(w)e- "oneself"; (reflexive pronoun) | self (< OE self, seolf) | swes (ref. gn. pn.), OHG sih (ref. pn.) | sē (ref. pn.) | hé (ref. pn.) | sva- (ref. pn.) | Avestan hva- (ref. pn.) Kurd xwe "itself, myself, etc." | Bulg sèbe "oneself", OCS svoji (ref. gn. pn.) | Lith sava(s), OPrus swajs "my own, myself" | OIr fein (self, himself); W hun(an) "self, myself, himself/herself etc" | iwr self, himself/herself | vetë | A ṣn-i, B ṣañ "(one's) own" | Lydian s'fa- (ref. pn.), Carian sfes (ref. pn.) |
| *kʷíd, kʷód "what" | what (< OE hwæt) | ƕa "what" | quid "what?", quod "what…, that…" | tí "what?", tì "what…" | kím "what" | NPers či, če "what" | Bulg kakvò "what", OCS čь-to "what?" | Lith kàd "that..."; OPrus kawids "which, what a" | OIr cid "what?" | *i (ēr) (< *hi), inčʿ (< *hi-nč’) "what?" | çfarë "what?" | kuit (?) "what", kuit-ki "whatever"; Luvian kuit "what?" | |
| *kʷís, kʷós, kʷéy/kʷóy "who" | who (< OE hwā < *kʷoi) | ƕas "who?" | quis "who?", quī "who..." | tís, Thess kís, CyprArc sís "who?", tìs "who…" | kás, kís "who?" | Av kō (ka-hyā, ča-hyā) "who?, which?", čiš "who" | Bulg kòj "who", OCS kъ-to (česo) "who?" | Lith kàs "who?"; OPrus kas "who" | OIr cia, W pwy "who" | о (oyr) "who?" "who?" | "A" kë "B" kush acc. "who?" | A kus, B kuse "who, which" | kuiš "who, which" |
| *-kʷe "and; any" | though (< OE þeah < *to-we-kʷe) | -(u)h "and", ƕaz-uh "whoever" | -que "and", quis-que "each one, whoever"; Venetic -ke "and"; South Picenian -p "and" | -te "and", tís te, hós-te "whoever" | -ca "and", káś-ca "whoever" | Av ča, OPers čā "and"; Av čiš-ca, OPers čiš-čiy "whoever" | Bulg če "but, and, because"; Old Czech a-če, ač "if" | OIr na-ch, MW nac "not" < "*and not";[x] Lepontic -pe "and" | o-kʿ "whoever" | Lydian -k "and"; Hitt kuis-ki, Lycian ti-ke "whoever" | |||
| *n̥- "not, un-" | un- (< OE un-) | un- "un-" | in- (archaic en-) "un-" | a-, an- "un-" | a-, an-, na- "un-" | Av, OPers a-, an- "un-", NPers nā- "un-" Kurd ni/ne/nek | OCS ne- "not" < *ne- | Lith ne- < *ne-, OPrus ni- "not" | OIr in-, ē-, an-, W an- "un-" | an- "un-" | nuk "not" | AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on- "un-" |
Numbers edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *sem- "one, together" | same (< ON samr); OE sam- "together"; [also German Language zusammen] | sama "same" | sem-el "once", sem-per "always", sim-plex "single, simple", sin-gulī "one each, single" | heĩs, hén, mía "one" < *sems, *sem, *smiH₂ | sam- "together", samá "same, equal, any" | Av hama-, OPers hama- "any, all" Past sam "even, fine" | OCS samŭ "self, alone, one" | Lith sam-, są- "with"; OPrus sa-, sen- "with, dividing" | OIr samlith "at the same time"; W hafal "equal" | mi "one" | gjithë “all” < PAlb *semdza | A sas, B ṣe "one" < *sems | |
| *(h₁)óynos, (h₁)óywos "one" | one (< OE ān) | ains "one" | ūnus (archaic oinos) | oĩnos "one (on a die)", oĩ(w)os "alone" | (ēka- < *oi-ko-; Mitanni-Aryan aika-vartana "one turn (around a track)")[70] | Av aēva-, OPers aiva-, (NPers yek- "one, only, alone") | OCS inŭ "one, another" | Lith víenas, OPrus ains "one" | OIr ōen, W un "one" | andr-ēn "right there", ast-ēn "right here" | ? Gheg tânë, Tosk tërë "all" < PIE *tod-oino-; ??? një "one" < *ňân < PIE *eni-oino-[y] | B -aiwenta "group" < "*unit" | ās "one" |
| *dwóh₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two" | two (< OE twā) | twái (fem. twōs, neut. twa) "two" | duo "two" | dúō "two" | dvā́(u) "two" | Av dva, fem. neut. baē "two"; NPers do "two"; Kurd diwa "two (fem.)" | OCS dŭva "two" | Lith dù, OPrus dwai "two" | OIr da, W dau (fem. dwy) "two" | erku "two" | dy "two" | A wu, B wi "two"(<PTC *tuwó) | dā-, ta-; HLuw tuwa/i- "two"; Lyc kbi- "two"; Mil tba "two"[z][72] |
| *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[73] neut. *tríH₂) "three" | three (< OE þrīe) | þreis "three" | trēs "three" | treĩs "three" | tráyas (fem. tisrás) "three" | Av θrayō, θrayas (fem. tisrō, neut. θri), OPers çi-, Parth hrē "three" | OCS trĭje "three" | Lith trỹs, OPrus tris, Latg treis "three" | OIr trí (fem. téoir), W tri (fem. tair, teir) "three" | erekʿ "three" | tre masc., tri fem. "three" | A tre, B trai "three" | tri- "three"; teriyas- (gen. pl.) |
| *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four" | four (< OE fēower) | fidwor "four" (In Germanic influenced by pénkʷe "five") | quattuor "four"[aa] | téssares "four" | masc. catvā́ras (acc. catúras), neut. catvā́ri, fem. cátasras "four" | Av masc. čaθwārō (acc. čaturąm), fem. čataŋrō "four"; NPers čahār "four"; Kurd çwar | OCS četyre "four" | Lith keturì, OPrus ketturei "four"[ab] | Gaul petuar[ios] "four"[54] OIr ceth(a)ir (fem. cethēoir, influenced by fem. tēoir "three") "four"; W pedwar (fem. pedair) "four" | čʿorkʿ, kʿaṙ (rare) "four | katër "four" | A śtwar, B śtwer "four" | (remodelled in Hittite and Luwian) Lyc Teteri |
| *pénkʷe "five" | five (< OE fīf) | fimf "five" | quīnque "five"[ac] | pénte "five" | páñca "five"; Mitanni-Aryan panza- "five"[70] | Av panča "five"; Kurd pênc/pênz | OCS pętĭ "five" | Lith penkì, OPrus penkei "five"[ad] | Gaul pinpe-, pompe "five"[54] | hing "five" | pesë "five" | A päñ, B piś "five" | Luw paⁿta "five" |
| *swéḱs "six" | six (< OE siex) | sáihs "six" | sex "six" | héx, dial. wéx "six" | ṣáṣ "six" | Av xšvaš "six" | OCS šestĭ "six" | Lith šešì, OPrus uššai "six" | Celtib sues "six";[54] | vecʿ "six" | gjashtë "six" | A ṣäk, B ṣkas "six" | |
| *septḿ̥ "seven" | seven (< OE seofon) | sibun "seven" | septem "seven" | heptá "seven" | saptá "seven"; Mitanni-Aryan šatta- "seven"[70] | Av hapta, NPers haft-, "seven" | OCS sedmĭ "seven" | Lith septynì, OPrus septinnei "seven" | OIr secht, W saith "seven" | eawtʿn "seven" | shtatë "seven" | A ṣpät, B ṣukt "seven" | sipta- "seven" |
| *h₁oḱtṓ(w) "eight" | eight (< OE eahta) | ahtáu "eight" | octō "eight" | oktṓ "eight" | aṣṭā́(u) "eight" | Av ašta "eight" | OCS osmĭ "eight"[ae] | Lith aštuonì, OPrus astonei, Latg ostoni "eight" | Gaul oxtu- "eight"[54] | utʿ "eight" | tetë "eight" < *H₁ok̂tō-t- | A okät, B okt "eight" | Lyc aitãta "eight"[76] |
| *(h₁)néwn̥ "nine" | nine (< OE nigon) | niun "nine" | novem "nine" | ennéa "nine" | náva "nine" | Av nava, NPers noh- "nine" | OCS devętĭ "nine" < *newn̥-ti- (Influenced by dékm̥t "ten") | Lith devynì (influenced by dékm̥t "ten"), OPrus newinei "nine" | OIr noí n-, W naw "nine" | inn "nine" | nëntë "nine" < *newn̥-ti- | AB ñu | Lyc nuñtãta "nine"[77] |
| *déḱm̥t "ten" | ten (< OE tien) | taíhun "ten" | decem "ten" | déka "ten" | dáśa "ten" | Av dasa, NPers dah- "ten" | OCS desętĭ "ten" | Lith dẽšimt, OPrus desimtan "ten" | Gaul decam- "ten";[54] | tasn "ten" | dhjetë "ten" < *dék̂m̥t-i- | A śäk, B śak "ten" | [ag] |
| *wídḱm̥ti(h₁) "twenty" < *dwi-dḱm̥t-i(h₁) "two tens" | (remodelled) | (remodelled) | vīgintī "twenty" | eíkosi "twenty" | viṁśatí "twenty", dviṁśatí "twenty" | Av vīsaiti, Ossetian insäi "twenty" | (remodelled) | Lith dvidešimt "twenty" | OIr fiche (fichet), OW uceint "twenty" | kʿsan "twenty" | zet "twenty" | A wiki, B ikäṃ "twenty" | |
| *ḱm̥tóm "hundred" < *dḱm̥tóm | hundred (< OE hund, hund-red) | hunda (pl.) "hundred" | centum "hundred" | he-katón "hundred" | śatám "hundred" | Av satǝm "hundred" | OCS sŭto "hundred" | Lith šim̃tas, OPrus simtan "hundred" | OIr cét, W can(t) "hundred" | qind "hundred" (possibly borrowed from Latin centum) | A känt, B kante "hundred" |
Body edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *krep- "body"[80][81] | (mid)riff (< OE hrif) | corpus, corporis "body" ⇒ [note 11] | kṛ́p "beautiful appearance, beauty" | kurm “torso” and krep | |||||||||
| *káput ~ *kapwéts "head"[82][83] | head (< OE hēafod); OE hafela, hafola "head" | caput, capitis "head" ⇒ [note 12] | [ah] | kapā́la "skull, cranium; bowl" | kapelë "hat" ; Latin caput | ||||||||
| *dáḱru, *h₂éḱru "tear" | tear (< OE tēar, tæhher) | tagr "tear" | lacrima "tear" (> lachrymose) | dákru "tear" | áśru "tear" | Av asrū- "tear"; Kurd hêsir "tear" | OPrus assara "tear", Lith ašara "tear | OIr dēr, W deigr "tear"; Cornish dagr "tear" | artawsr "tear" < *drak̂ur | A ākär "tear", B pl. akrūna "tears" | isḫaḫru "tear" | ||
| *dn̥ǵʰuh₂-, *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂ "tongue" | tongue (< OE tunge) | tuggō "tongue" | lingua "tongue" (archaic dingua) ⇒ [note 13] | jihvā́ "tongue" < *ĝiĝʰwā, juhū́ | Av hizvā < *ĝiĝʰwā, OPers hizān, Parth ezβān "tongue", NPers zabān; Kurd izman "tongue"[84] | OCS języ-kŭ "tongue" < *n̥ĝʰū-k- | OPrus inzuws "tongue", Lith liežuvis "tongue" | teng "tongue"; W tafod "tongue, language" | lezu "tongue" (influenced by lizem, "I lick") | gjuhë "tongue" | A käntu, B kantwo "tongue" (*kantwa < *tankwa) | ||
| *h₁ésh₂r̥, *h₁esh₂nés "blood" | archaic aser, sanguis "blood" (< possibly h₁sh₂-én- obl. stem + guen) (> sanguine, etc.) | éar "blood" | ásṛj, asnás "blood" | OP ahr̥ "blood" | Lat asins, Ltg asnis (gen. ašņa) "blood" | īsarnom “blood-colored, iron” | ariwn "blood" | A ysār "blood" | ēsḫar (esḫanas) "blood" | ||||
| ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin" | chin (< OE c̣inn) | kinnus "cheek" | gena "cheek" | génus (génuos) "chin, jaw"; gnátʰos, gnatʰmós "jaw" < *ĝnH₂dʰ- | hánu-ṣ "jaw" < *ĝʰenu-s, gaṇḍa "cheek" | Av zānu- "jaw-" < *ĝʰenu-s, OPers danūg < *danu-ka-, Parth zanax "chin, jaw"; NPers gune "cheek", chune "jaw"; Kurd gup "cheek" Past žā́ma "jaw" | OPrus żauna "jaw", Lith žándas "cheek", žiaunos "gills" | OIr gi(u)n "mouth"; W gên, pl. geneu "cheek, chin"; Old Cornish pl. genau < *genewes "cheeks, chins" | cn-awt "jaw, cheek" | A śanwe-m "jaw" | |||
| *ǵónu, ǵnéws "knee" | knee (< OE cnēo) | kniu "knee" | genū "knee" (> genuflect) | gónu (Hom gen. gounós < *gonwós) "knee", pró-kʰnu "with outstretched knee" < *pró-gʰnu | jā́nu- "knee", pra-jñus "bow-legged" | Av zānu- acc. žnūm, dat./abl. pl. žnubyō "knee", fra-šnu- "holding the knee forward"; Parth zānūk, NPers zānū "knee" | Rus zvenó "knee" | OI glún "knee" | cunr, nom pl. cungkʿ "knee" | gjuni "knee" < Post-PIE *ĝnu-n(o)- | A kanweṃ, B keni "two knees" | genu "knee" | |
| *ǵómbʰos "tooth, row of teeth" | comb (< OE camb) | OHG kamb "comb" | gómphos "bolt, nail"; gómphíos "molar tooth" | jámbha- "tooth, tusk; set of teeth (pl.)"; jámbhya- "molar teeth" | Pash žâma "jawbone"; Khot ysīmä "tooth"[85] | OCS zǫbŭ, Ukr zub, Pol ząb "tooth" | Latv zùobs "tooth"; Lith žam̃bas "sharp edge" | dhëmb "tooth, tusk" | A kam, B keme "tooth" | ||||
| *h₃dónts, *h₃dn̥t- "tooth" | tooth (< OE tōþ < *H₁dont-) | tunþus "tooth" < *H₁dn̥t- | dēns (dentis) "tooth" < *H₁dn̥t- (> dental) | odṓn (odóntos) "tooth" < Proto-Greek *edónt-, cf. Aeol. édontes "teeth" (> orthodontist, etc.) | dán, dántas "tooth" | Av dantan-, dātā "tooth"; NPers dandân "tooth"; Kurd diran, didan, dan "tooth" | Russ desná "gum" < *H₁dent-sn- | OPrus dants "tooth", Lith dantis "tooth" | OIr dēt "tooth", W dant "tooth" | atamn "tooth" | |||
| *h₂óst- "bone" | os (ossis) "bone" | ostéon "bone" (osteoporosis, etc.) | ásthi (asthnás) "bone" | Av ast-, asti- (gen. pl. astąm, instr. pl. azdbīš) "bone" NPers ostoxan "bone"; Kurd hestî, hestû "bone" | OCS kostĭ "bone" | OIr asil "limb", MIr asna "rib" <? *astonyo-; MW ass-en, asseu "rib", W asgwrn "bone" < *ost-ko- | os-kr "bone" | asht, ahstë "bone" | B āy, pl. āsta "bone" | ḫastāi- "bone" | |||
| *H₂ous- "ear" | ear (< OE ēare) | áusō "ear" | auris "ear" | oũs "ear" | ūṣa "cavity of the ear" | Av uši "both ears"; NPers hoš "ear" | OCS ucho (ušese) "ear" | OPrus auss "ear", Lith ausis "ear" | OIr āu, ō "ear" | unkn, nom pl. akanǰkʿ "ear" | vesh "ear" < *ōus, *ōs- | ||
| *h₃ókʷs "eye" | eye (< OE ēage) | áugō "eye" | oculus "eye" < *ōkʷelo-s ⇒ [note 14] | ósse "both eyes"; ómma "eye" < *óp-mn̥; ökkon[86] "eye" | ákṣi (akṣṇás) "eye" | Av aši "both eyes" | OCS oko "eye" | OPrus aks "eye", Lith akis "eye" | OIr enech, W enep "face" | akn, nom pl. ačʿkʿ "eye" | sy "eye" | A ak, B ek "eye" | |
| *h₁óh₃(e)s "mouth" | Scot ure (< OE ōr, ōra) | Nor óss "river mouth" | ōs, ōris "mouth" (> oral) | Ved ā́s "mouth, face" | Av āh "mouth" | OCS usta "mouth" | Lith úostas "mouth of a river, harbor" | OIr á "mouth" | aiš, gen. iššāš "mouth" | ||||
| *ḱerd- "heart"; *ḱred-dʰē- "to believe" (See also ḱréd·dʰh₁eti) | heart (< OE heorte) | haírtō "heart" | cor (cordis) "heart"; crēdō "I believe" < *krezdō- < *ḱred-dʰē- ⇒ [note 15] | kardíā, Homeric kradíē, Cypriot korízdā "heart" < *ḱr̥d(y)ā; poetic kẽr (kẽros) "heart" < *ḱḗr (> cardiac, cardiology. etc.) | hṛd "heart" < post-PIE *ǵʰr̥d; hṛdaya, hārdi "heart"; | Av zǝrǝd "heart" , Pashto zṛə "heart" < post-PIE *ǵʰr̥d; | OCS sŭrdĭce "heart", serda "medium, core" | OPrus siran "heart" (acc.), seyr "heart", serds "core", Lith širdis "heart", šerdis "core" | OIr cride "heart"; W craidd "center"; Gaul crid "heart"[87] | sirt "heart" | A kri "will", B pl. käryāñ "hearts" | Hitt karz (kardias) "heart"; Luw zarza "heart"[88] | |
| *h₃nebʰ- "navel, hub"; *h₃nóbʰōl "navel"[89][90] | navel (< OE nafola); nave (< OE nafu) | umbilīcus "navel"; umbō "elbow" | omphalós "navel; umbilical cord" | nā́bhi "navel, belly button; center"; nábhya "nave, center part of a wheel" | NPers nāf "navel", nāv- "deep" Past nom, naw "navel" | ||||||||
| *kréwh₂- "gore, blood (blood outside the body)"[91] | raw "uncooked food" (< OE hræw "corpse, carrion") | ON hrár "raw" | cruor "thick blood, gore"; crūdus "raw, bloody", crūdēlis "cruel, rude" ⇒ [note 16] | kréas "flesh, meat"; kréa "raw flesh" | krávis- "raw flesh"; kravyá "raw flesh, carrion", krūrá "bloody, raw" | Av xrūra, xrūma "bloody"; vi-xrūmant- "bloodless"; xrvi.dru "of the bloody mace [of Aeshma]" YAv xrvišyant "grim, bloodthirsty"[92] | OCS kry "blood"; Rus krovǐ "blood" | OPrus crauyo, krawian; Lith kraũjas "blood"; Latv kreve "coagulated blood,[93] bloody scab"[94][95] | OIr crúaid, MIr crū "blood" | ||||
| *néh₂s "nose" | nose (< OE nosu) | ON nǫs "nose" | nāsus, nāris "nose" (> nasal) | nas- "nose" | Av nāh-, nā̊ŋhan-, OPers acc. sg. nāham "nose" | OCS nosŭ "nose" | OPrus nasi "nose", Lith nosis "nose" | ||||||
| *pṓds, *ped- "foot" (See also *ped-) | foot (< OE fōt) | fōtus "foot" | pēs (pedis) "foot" (> pedal, etc.) | poús (podós) "foot" ⇒ [note 17] | pā́d- (padás) "foot" | Av pad-, OPers pād, Parth pāδ "foot" NPers pa "foot"; Kurd pê Past px̌a "foot | OCS pěšǐ "on foot" | OPrus pida "foot", Lith pėda "foot" | OIr īs "below" < PIE loc. pl. *pēd-su; W is(od) "below, under; lower (than)" | otn "foot", otkʿ "feet" | poshtë "below" | A pe "foot", B paiyye "foot" | pata-, CLuw pāta-, Lyc pedi- "foot" |
| *tpḗrsneh₂ "heel, upper thigh" [96][97][98] | OE fiersn "heel, calx" | fairzna "heel" | perna "gammon"; Spa pierna "leg" | ptérnē "heel, hoof; footstep" | pā́rṣṇi "heel; rear of the army; kick" | paršna- "loins" | |||||||
| arm | armus | harmós | īrmá- | OCS ramo "shoulder" | |||||||||
| *h₃nṓgʰs "nail (finger or toe)" [103][104][105] | nail (< OE næġel) | nagls "nail" | unguis "fingernail, toenail; claw; hoof"; ungula "hoof, claw; an aromatic spice" | ónux "claw, nail, hoof; a kind of aromatic substance; onyx (the gem)" | nakhá "nail"; áṅghri "foot; foot of a seat; tree root" | Npers nâxon "nail" | OCS noga "foot, leg"; nogŭtĭ "nail" | Lith nãgas "fingernail,talon" | Irsh ionga "nail" | ełung "nail" | nyell "nail" | A maku, B mekwa "nail" | ša-an-ku-wa- "nail" |
| *yḗkʷr̥, yekʷnés "liver" | jecur (jecinoris) "liver" | hẽpar (hḗpatos) "liver" | yákr̥t (yaknás) "liver" | Av yākarǝ, NPers ǰigar, Pashto iná "liver" | Serbian jetra "liver", Serbian and Macedonian ikra "fish roe" | OPrus jakna, Lat aknas "liver", Lith jeknos[106] | W (i)afu "liver"; MIr i(u)chair (i(u)chrach) "fish roe" | leard "liver" | A ykär, B yakär* "liver"[107] | Luwian ikkwar/n- "liver"[ai] | |||
| *ǵʰésr̥ ~ *ǵʰsrés "hand" | hir "hand" (rare, anatomical) | kheír "hand" (> chiropractor, surgery (chirurgy), enchiridion, etc.) | hás-ta "hand" | Av zas-ta "hand", NPers dast "hand" | jeṙ "hand, arm" | dorë "hand" | A tsar, B ṣar "hand" | keššar "hand",[109] Luwian īssaris "hand" | |||||
| *méh₂r̥ ~ *mh₂én- ~ *mh₂ntéh₂ "hand, the pointing one" [110][111][112] | mound (< OE mund "hand, hand of protection, protector) | Ger vormund "legal guardian" | manus, manūs "hand" ⇒ [note 18] | márē "hand" | |||||||||
| *bʰeh₂ǵʰús "arm"[113] | bough (< OE bōg) | pêkhus "forearm" | bāhú "arm" | NPers bāzū "arm" | |||||||||
| *h₃bʰrúHs "eyebrow"[114] | brow, Scot broo (< OE brū) | ophrū́s "eyebrow" | bhrū́ "eyebrow" | NPers abrū "eyebrow" | OCS bry "eyebrow" | ||||||||
| *péth₂r̥ "wing, feather" [115][116][112][117] (See also *peth₂-) | feather (< OE feþer) | penna < *petna "wing; feather; quill pen" (> pen) | pterón "feather, wing; winged creature" | pát·tra- "wing, pinion, feather; leaf, petal (as the plumage of a tree)" | Karšiptar (Karšift) "black-winged" | trnum "to fly" |
Animals edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *éḱwos "horse", "fast animal" | OE eoh "horse" | aíƕa- "horse"[aj] | equus "horse" | híppos "horse"; Myc i-qo "horse" ( < *ïkkʷos)[118] | áśva- "horse"; Mitanni-Aryan aššu- "horse" | Av aspa-, OPers asa- "horse"; Ossetian yäfs "horse" < *yéḱwos; NPers asp "horse"; Kurd hesp "horse" | OCS jastrębъ "hawk" (literally "a fast bird") | OPrus aswīnan "mare's milk", Lith ašva "mare | OIr ech; MW ebawl "horse" < PBryth *ep-ālos | ēš "donkey" | A yuk, B yakwe "horse" | Luwian ásùwa "horse"; Lycian esbe "horse" | |
| *gʷṓws "cattle"[i][119] | cow (< OE cū) | Old Saxon kō, OHG chuo "cow" | bōs (bovis) "cattle";[ak] Umbrian acc. bum "cow" | boũs, Dor bõs (bo(w)ós) "cattle, cow" | gáus (gṓs)[i] "cow" | Av gāuš (gāuš)[i] "cow"; NPers gāv "cow"; Kurd ga "cow" Past ğwā "cow" | Croatian gòvedo "cattle" < PSlav *govędo; OCS gu-mǐno "threshing floor" | Latvian gùovs "cow" | OIr bó (bóu/báu)[al] "cow"; Boand[am] < Proto-Celtic *bowo-windā "white cow (or) cow-finder" [an] > Boyne[ao][120] OW buch "cow" < *boukkā, bu-gail "cowherd" < *gʷou-kʷolyos | kov "cow" | ka "ox" | A ko "cow", B keu "cow" | HierLuv wawa-, Lycian wawa-, uwa- "cow";[121] |
| *péḱu "livestock"[123][124] | fee; fief; feud (< OE feoh "livestock, property, money"); | faihu "property, possessions, wealth, riches, money" | pecū "cattle, domestic animals"; pecūnia "money" ⇒ [note 19] | páśu, paśú "livestock" | OLith pekus "cattle" | asr "wool" | |||||||
| *h₂éwis "bird" [125][126][127][128] (See also *h₂ōwyó·m) | avis "bird" (> aviary, aviation, etc.); auceps "bird-catcher; fowler; eavesdropper"; LL avicellus, aucellus "little bird" > Fre oiseau; avispex, later, auspex "augur (from watching the flight of birds)" ⇒ [note 20] | āetós "eagle; omen"; oiōnós "large bird, bird of prey; omen; bird used in augury"; oiōnoskópos "augur (from the flight of birds)"; oiōnistḗrion "place for watching bird flight; omen" | ví "bird" | Av vīš "bird" | hav "chicken" | ||||||||
| *h₂ówis "sheep " | ewe (< OE ēow "sheep", ēowu "ewe") | awistr "sheepfold"; OHG ouwi, ou "sheep" | ovis "sheep" | ó(w)is "sheep" | ávi- "sheep" | Wakhi yobc "ewe" < PIran *āvi-či- | Bulg ovèn "ram", OCS ovĭ-ca "ewe" | OPrus awwins "ram", Lith avis "female sheep" avinas "ram" | OIr ōi "sheep"; W ewig "deer" | hov-iw "shepherd" | B eye "sheep", ā(u)w "ewe" | Luvian hāwa/i-, Lycian χawa- "sheep" | |
| *h₂ŕ̥tḱos "bear"[129] | ursus "bear" | árktos "bear" | ŕ̥kṣa- "bear" | YAv arša, Ossetian ars "bear"; NPers xers "bear"; Kurd hirç "bear" | Lith irštva "bear den" | MIr art, W arth "bear" | arǰ "bear" | arí "bear" | ḫartaqqas (name of a beast of prey) | ||||
| *ḱwon- "hound, dog"[130] | hound (< OE hund "dog") | hunds "dog" | canis "dog" | kúōn (kunós) "dog"; Myc ku-na-ke-ta-i, Att/Ion kunegétes "huntsman" (litt. "those who guide dogs")[131] | śvan(śunas) "dog" | Av spā (acc. spānǝm, pl. gen. sū̆nam); MPers sak; Kurd kuçik, se, sey; Wakhi šač "dog" Past spay "dog" | Bulg kùt͡ʃe "dog", OCS suka "bitch (female dog)" | OPrus sunnis "dog", Lith šuo, šunis (acc pl.) "dog", Latv suns "dog", Ltg suņs "dog" | OIr cú (con), W ci "dog" Cú Chulainn litt. "hound of Chulainn" Cunobeline < Com. Britt. *Cunobelinos "strong (?) as a dog" | šun "dog" | possibly qen (disputed, possible Latin loan) | AB ku "dog" (acc. A koṃ, B kweṃ) | Hittite kuwaš (nom.), kunaš (gen.); HierLuv suwanni "dog";[132] Pal kuwan- "dog";[133] Lyd kan- "dog" |
| *múh₂s "mouse" | mouse, Scot moose (< OE mūs) | ON mús "mouse" | mūs "mouse" | mũs "mouse" | mū́ṣ- "mouse" | OPers muš "mouse" (? not in Pokorny; Pokorny has NPers mūš "mouse"); Kurd mişk "mouse" | OCS myšĭ "mouse" | mukn "mouse" | mi "mouse" | ||||
| *uksḗn "ox, bull"[134][135] | ox (< OE oxa) | auhsa "ox" | ukṣán "bull, ox" | uxšan "bull" | MW ych; MidIr oss "stag, cow"; MBret ouhen | B okso "draft-ox" | |||||||
| *táwros "bull" | ON þjórr | taurus, Osc taurom (acc.) | taûros | stawra- "bull" | OSl turŭ | Lith taüras; OPr tauris "bison" | Gaul tarvos (taruos) "bull"; OIr tarb | tuar "cattle" | tarok | ||||
| *suHs- "pig" | sow (< OE sū) | ON sýr "sow" | sūs "pig" | hũs, sũs "pig" | sū-kara- "pig"; Hindi sūvar "pig" | Av hū (gen. sg.) "pig" , NPers xuk "pig" | Bulg svinjà "swine, sow" | Latvian suvẽns, sivẽns "piglet" | OIr socc sáil "sea pig"; W hwch "sow, swine" | khos "pig" | thi "pig" | B suwo "pig" | še-hu-u "pig" |
| *wl̥kʷos "wolf" | wolf (< OE wulf) | wulfs (wulfis) "wolf" | lupus "wolf" | lúkos "wolf" | vŕ̥ka- "wolf" | Av vǝhrka- "wolf"; NPers gorg "wolf"; Kurd gur "wolf" | Bulg vɤ̞lk "wolf", OCS vlĭkŭ "wolf" | OPrus wilks "wolf", Lith vilkas "wolf" | OIr olc (uilc) "evil" | aghves "fox" | ujk < OAlb ulk "wolf" | B walkwe "wolf" | ulippana "wolf" |
| *wl(o)p- "fox" | vulpes "fox" | alṓpēx "fox" | lopāśá "fox, jackal" | Av urupis "dog", raopi- "fox, jackal"; Kurd rovî, rûvî "fox" | Lith lãpė "fox"; Latv lapsa "fox" | Bre louarn "fox" (< PCel *loɸernos) | ałuēs "fox" | Tosk dhelpër, Gheg dhelpen "fox" (< *dzelpina < *welpina)[136] | ulipzas (ú-li-ip-za-aš) "wolf";[137] Luwian ú-li-ip-ni-eš (nom. sg.), wa-li-ip-ni (dat.-loc. sg.) "fox"[137] | ||||
| *ǵʰh₂éns "goose" | goose (< OE gōs), gander (< OE ganra) | OHG gans "goose" | (h)ānser "goose" | kʰḗn, Doric khā́n "goose"; Myc ka-no, ka-si (dat. pl.) "goose"[138] | haṁsá-"goose" | Av zāō "goose" (? not in Pokorny); Sogdian z’γ "kind of bird" , NPers ɣaz "goose" | Bulg gɤ̞ska "goose", OCS gǫsǐ "goose" | OPrus zansi "goose", Lith žąsis "goose" | OIr gēiss "swan" W gwydd "goose" | gatë "heron" | B kents- "bird (goose?)"[139][140] | ||
| *h₂énh₂t(i)s "duck" | Scot ennet "duck" (< OE ened) | OHG enita "duck" | ānas "duck" | nessa, netta "duck" | ātí- "waterfowl" | Ossetic acc "Wild duck" , NPers ordak "duck" , NPers ɣu "swan" | Russ. utka "duck" | OPrus ants "duck", Lith antis "duck" | W hwyad(en) "duck" | baht "duck" | rosë "duck" | ||
| *h₁élh₁ēn "deer" | élaphos "deer"; Hom ellós "young of the deer" | Past osə́i "deer" | OSl jeleni "deer"; Russ oleni "red deer" | Lith élnis "red deer"; Lith élnė "hind" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx "hind, cow-elk" | NWel elain "hind" < *H₁elH₁ēniHx "hind, cow-elk" | ełn "hind" | B yal, ylem "gazelle"[142] B ylaṃśke "young gazelle"[143] | aliya(n)- "red deer"[144] | |||||
| *h₁eǵʰis "hedgehog" | OE igil "hedgehog" (< Proto-Germanic *igilaz) | ON ígull "sea-urchin" | MycGr e-ki-no;[145] ekhînos "hedgehog" | Oss wyzyn "hedgehog" | OSl jezĭ "hedgehog"; Rus ež "hedgehog" | Lith ežȳs "hedgehog"[aq] | ozni "hedgehog" | esh, eshk "porcupine, hedgehog" | |||||
| *bʰébʰrus "beaver" | beaver (< OE beofer) | OHG bibar "beaver"; OIc biorr "beaver" | fīber "beaver" | babʰrú "mongoose" | Av baβra- "beaver" | Ukr bober "beaver";[146] Rus bobr "beaver" | Lith bebrùs "beaver"; Pruss bebrus "beaver" | Gaul bebru- ; OIr Bibar | |||||
| *h₃érō "eagle"[147] | erne "a sea eagle" < OE earn "eagle" | ara "eagle"; OHG arn "eagle" | (Avernus "entrance to the underworld" (< AncGrk áornos "birdless"))[ar] | órnis "bird"; Myc o-ni-ti-ja-pi "decorated with birds(?)" | OSl orǐlŭ "eagle"; Rus orël "eagle" | Lith ăras, ĕras, erẽlis "eagle"; Latv ērglis, OPrus arelie "eagle" | MBret erer, MW eryr, MIr irar "eagle" (< *eriro) | OArm oror "gull", MArm urur "kite" | orr "eagle, falcon" (rare) | Hitt ḫaran- "eagle"; CLuw ḫarrani(a/i) "a type of (oracular) bird"; Pala [ḫa-]a-ra-na-aš "eagle"[46] | |||
| *h₂éngʷʰis; *h₁ógʷʰis "snake", "serpent", "eel" | OHG unc "snake"; engiring "maggot" (diminutive of angar "large larva") | anguis "snake, serpent, dragon"; Anguilla "eel" | ópʰis "serpent, snake"; énkhelus "eel"[as] | áhi "snake, serpent; name of Vrtra" | Av aži "snake", Persian yağnij "grass snake" (archaic); Azhi Dahāka[at] | OEstSl užĭ "snake", Rus už "grass snake"; Pol węgorz "eel" | OPrus angis "snake", angurgis "eel"; Lith angis "viper", ungurys "eel"; Latv odze, odzs (dialectal) "viper, adder"; | OArm awj "snake", iž, iwž "viper" | B auk "snake" | Illuyanka "mythical snake foe" | |||
| *h₂eyǵ- "goat"[152] | aíx "goat" | eḍa "a kind of sheep" | ayts "goat" | ||||||||||
| *h₂ōwyóm (a vṛddhi-derivative of *h₂éwis) "egg" [153][154][127][155] | ey (obsolete) "egg" (< OE ǣġ) (> Cockney "cock-egg"); egg (< ON egg) | ōvum "egg" (> ovum, ovary, oval, ovoid, ovulate, etc.) | ōión "egg, seed" | Past hagə́i "egg" | |||||||||
| *h₂egʷnós "lamb"[156] | yean "to give birth to" (< OE ēanian) | agnus "lamb" | amnós "lamb" | OCS agnę "lamb" | |||||||||
| lax | Russ losos "salmon" | Lith lašiša "salmon" | B laks "fish, salmon" |
Food and farming edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ǵr̥h₂-nó- "grain"[160][161][162] (See also *gʰreh₁-) | corn (< OE corn "grain") | kaúrn "corn" | grānum "grain" ⇒ [note 22] | jīrṇá-, jūrṇá- "old, worn out, decayed" | OCS zrŭno "grain" | OPrus zirni "grain", Lith žirnis "pea", girna "millstone" | OIr grān, W grawn "grain" | cʿorean "wheat, grain, corn" | grurëTosk grun, gruni Gheg "grain" | ||||
| *gʰreh₁- "to grow" [163][164][160][165] (See also *ǵr̥h₂-nó-) | grow (< OE grōwan); green (< OE grēne); grey, gray (< OE grǣġ); grass (< OE græs); groom (young boy, servant) (< ME grome) | grōdjan "to green, grow; plant" | grāmen "grass, turf; herb"; rāvus "gray, tawny"; herba "grass; weed; herb"; Fre gourmet (< ME grome) "gourmet" (similarly gourmand) | gráō "I gnaw, eat"; gástris "gourmand, voracious eater"; gastḗr < grastér "belly, stomach; appetite" (> gastro-, gastronomy, etc.); krástis "greenfodder"; grásos "smell of a goat"; gángraina "ulcer" (> gangrene) | grásati "(s/he) eats, swallows, devours"; grasta- "swallowed, devoured"; grāsa- "swallowing, mouthful; food, nourishment" | Kurd gewre, gir "big", gewre bûn "to grow, to get big", giran "heavy", girîng "important, major, essential" Past grān "expensive, hard" | OCS grěnŭ "green" | ||||||
| *h₂éǵros "field" | acre (< OE æcer "field") | akrs "field" | ager (agrī) "field" ⇒ [note 23] | agrós "field" | ájra-"meadow" | art "soil" | arë "field" | ||||||
| *h₂erh₃- "to plow" | OE erian "to plow" | arjan "to plow" | arō (arāre) "to plow", arātrum "plow" | aróō "I plow" < *H₂erH₃-oH₂, árotron "plow", aroura "arable land" | hala- "plow" | OCS orjǫ (orati) "to plow", ralo < *ar(ə)dhlom "plow" | OPrus artun "to plow", Lith arti "to plow" | MIr airim "I plow", W arddu "to plow" < *arj-; MIr arathar, W aradr "plow" < *arətrom < *H₂erH₃-trom | ara-wr "plow" | arë "arable land" *H₂r̥H₃-uer- | AB āre "plow" | ||
| *h₂melǵ- "to milk" | milk (< OE meolc, mioluc) | miluks (miluks) "milk" | mulgeō (mulgēre) "to milk" ⇒ [note 24] | amélgō "I milk" | mā́ršti, mā́rjati, mr̥játi "(he) wipes, cleans" | Av marǝzaiti, mǝrǝzaiti "(he) grazes (barely touches)" | Russ. CS mŭlzu (mlěsti) "to milk", Pol mleko "milk" | OPrus milztun "to milk", Lith melžti "to milk" | W blith "milk, dairy produce; full of milk", MIr bligim "I milk" < *mligim, melg "milk" | miel, mil "I milk" | A malke B malk-wer "milk" | ||
| *melh₂- "to grind"[166][167] | meal (< OE melu); malm (< OE mealm) | malan "to grind" | molō (molere) "I grind"; mola "millstone; mill; ground meal, flour" ⇒ [note 25]; immolō "I immolate, sacrifice (lit. sprinkling flour on animals to be sacrificed)" ⇒ [note 26]; malleus "hammer, mallet" ⇒ [note 27]; milium "millet" | múllō "I grind"; malthakós, malakós "soft, tender; gentle; mild"; melínē "millet" | mr̥ṇāti, mr̥nati "(he) grinds" | Av mrāta- "tanned soft" | OCS meljǫ (mlětĭ) "to grind"; mlatŭ "hammer"; molĭ "moth"; mělŭ "chalk; fine ground substance" | OPrus maltun "to grind", Lith malti "to grind" | OIr melim "I grind"; W malu "grind" | mał "sieve" mał-em "I grind, crush" | mjell "flour" | A malywët "you press"; B melye "they trample" | mallai "grinds" |
| *kwh₂et- "to ferment, become sour" [168][169] [170][171] | OE hwaþerian "to roar, foam, surge" | ƕaÞō "froth, foam, scum" | cāseus "cheese" (> cheese) | kváthate "it boils" | OCS kvasŭ "leaven; sour drink" > Kvass | ||||||||
| ON ostr "cheese"; ysta "to curdle" | iūs | ?zōmós | yūṣa- | Russ uxá "Ukha" | |||||||||
| *bʰrewh₁- "to boil; to brew" [176][177] | brew | ferveō | Borvo "Gaulish deity of healing springs" | ||||||||||
| *gʷréh₂wō "quern, millstone"[179][124] | quern (< OE cwerne) | *qairnus | grā́van "stone, rock, stone for pressing out the Soma juice" | OCS žrĭny "millstone" | Bret breo, breou, W breuan "quern"[180] | ||||||||
| *mélit, *melnés "honey" | mildew (< OE mele-dēaw "honeydew") | miliþ "honey" | mel (mellis) "honey" (> mellifluous) | méli (mélit-) "honey"; Att mélitta "bee"; Myc me-ri, me-ri-to "honey"[181] | milinda "honey-bee" | OIr mil, W mêl "honey" | mełr "honey" | mjal, mjaltë "honey" | milit "honey"; CLuw ma-al-li "honey";[182] Pala malit- "honey" | ||||
| *médʰu "honey", "mead" | mead (< OE medu) | midus "mead" | mēdus "a type of mead"[183] | métʰu "wine" | mádʰu "sweet drink, honey" | Proto-Iranian mádu "honey, wine" | OCS medŭ "honey"; Bulg med "honey" | OPrus meddu "honey", Lith medus "honey", midus "a honey beverage";[184] Ltg mads "honey" | OIr mid "mead"; W medd "mead" | B mit "honey"[185] | CLuw maddu- "wine" (originally "sweet drink") | ||
| *tuh₂rós "cheese"[156] | butter (< Gk. boútūros "cow cheese") | tūrós "cheese" | |||||||||||
| *séh₂ls "salt"[186][187] | salt (< OE sealt) | salt "salt" | sāl (salis) "salt" ⇒ [note 30] | háls (halós) "salt" | sal-ilá- "salty" | OCS solǐ "salt"; OCS sladŭkŭ "sweet"; Russ sólod "malt" | OPrus sals "salt", saldus "sweet | OIr salann, W halen "salt" | ał "salt" | ngjel-bëtë, ngjel-mëtë "salty", njel-m "to be salty" | A sāle, B salyiye "salt" | ||
| *seh₁- "to sow (seed)", *séh₁mn̥ "seed" | sow (< OE sāwan), seed (< OE sēd "that which is sown") | saian "to sow"; OHG sāmo "seed" | serō (serere) "to sow" < *si-sH₁-oH₂, sēmen "seed" ⇒ [note 31] | sasá- "corn, herb, grass", sasyá- "corn, grain, fruit, crop of corn", sī́ra- "Saatpflug" (seed plow?) | OCS sějǫ (sějati) "to sow", sěmę "seeds" | OPrus situn "to sow", simen "seed", Lith sėti "to sow", sekla "seed", semenis "linseed" | OIr sīl, W hil "seed" < *seH₁-lo- | sermn "seed" | isḫūwāi "(he) sows" | ||||
| *yugóm "yoke" (See also *yewg-) | yoke (< OE ġeoc) | juk "yoke" | iugum "yoke" | zugón "yoke" | yugá·m "yoke" | Av yaoj-, yuj- "to harness" Past yə́wa "plough" | OCS igo "yoke" | OPrus jugtun "yoke", Lith jungas "yoke" | W iau "yoke" | luc "yoke" | A yokäm "door" | yugan "yoke" | |
| *yéwos "cereal, grain; spelt, barley"[188][189] | Epic zeiā́ "einkorn wheat"; Cretan deaí "barley" | yáva "grain, cereal; barley" | Av yauua- "cereal"; Pers jow "barley, grain"; Oss jäv "corn, grain" | Rus ovín "barn, granary";[au] Pol jewnia, jownia (dialectal) "granary" | Lith jãvas "a type of cereal"; javaĩ (pl.) "cereals"; Latv javs, java "infused (with fermentation)" | Ir eorna "barley" | B yap "dressed barley" | e(u)wa(n) "cereal (a kind of barley)" | |||||
| *mḗms "meat"[191][124] | mimz "flesh" | membrum "limb, member" < mēms-rom “flesh” ⇒ [note 32] | mā́ṃs, māmsá- "meat" | OCS męso "meat" | mis "meat" | mish“meat” | |||||||
| *h₂ébōl "apple"[123][124] | apple (< OE appel) | apel | (Osc Abella "town name") | OCS ablŭ·ko "apple" | Lith obuolys "apple", OPr wobalne "apple"; Latv ābols "apple (fruit)", ābele "apple tree" | Gaul Aballo "place name"; OIr aball, W afall, OBr aball(en) "apple tree" |
Bodily functions and states edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₂enh₁- "to breathe" | OE ōþian "breathe hard" < PGerm *anþōjanã | *uz-anan "to expire", ON anda "to breathe" | anima "breath" | ánemos "wind"; Anemoi "(deified) winds" | ániti "(he) breathes" | Av ā̊ntya, parā̊ntya (gen.) "breathing in and out"; Kurd henase "breath"; henas dan "to breath" | OCS vonja "smell" < *h₂en-yeh₂[192] | OIr anāl "breath" < *h₂enh₁-tlo- ; W anadl "breath" | hołm "wind", anjn "person" | Gheg âj Tosk ēnj "I swell" | AB āñm- "spirit", B añiye "breath", B anāsk- "breathe in" | ||
| *swep- "to sleep", *swépnos "dream (n.)" | archaic sweven "dream, vision" (< OE swefn); NoEng sweb "to swoon" (< OE swebban "to put to sleep, lull") | ON sofa "sleep (v.)"; Svafnir[193] "Sleep-Bringer (a name of Odin)" | somnus "sleep (n.)"; sōpiō[194] (v.) "make asleep" | húpnos "sleep (n.)" | svápna- "sleep, dream (n.)" | Av xᵛafna- "sleep (n.)" NPers xwãb- "sleep"; Kurd xew "sleep" Past xob "dream, sleeping" | OCS sŭpati[194] "sleep (v.)", sŭnŭ "sleep (n.), dream (n.)" | OPrus supnas "dream", Lith sapnas "dream" | OIr sūan, W hun "sleep (n.)" | kʿnem "I sleep", kʿun "sleep (n.)" | gjumë "sleep (n.)" | TA ṣpäṃ, TB ṣpane "sleep (n.), dream (n.)" | sup-, suppariya- "to sleep" |
| dormiō | darthánō | drā́yati | OCS drěmati "to doze, drowse, slumber" | ||||||||||
| *bʰewdʰ- "to be awake, be aware"[199] | bid (< OE bēodan); bede (< OE bēden); bode (< OE bodian) | anabiudan | punthánomai "I learn" | bódhati "(s/he) is awake"; bodháyati "(s/he) awakens, arouses"; buddhá- "awake" | Past póha "understand" | OCS bljusti "to watch"; buditi "to wake (someone) up"; bŭždrĭ "alert, cheerful"; | Lith budėti "to stay awake" | ||||||
| *sweyd- "sweat" | sweat (< OE swǣtan "to sweat") | ON sveiti | sūdor "sweat (n.)" | (e)ĩdos "sweat (n.)" | svḗda- "sweat (n.)" | Av xᵛaēda- "sweat (n.)"; Kurd xwê, xoy "sweat" Past xoẓ̌ "sweet" | Latvian sviêdri (pl.) "sweat (n.)" | W chwys "sweat (n.)" < *swidso- | kʿirtn "sweat (n.)" | dirsë, djersë "sweat (n.)" < *swí-drōxty- | B syā-lñe "sweating" < *swid-yé- | ||
| *h₁ed- "to eat" | eat (< OE etan) | itan "to eat" | edō (ēsse) "to eat", ēst "(he) eats" | édō "I eat", Homeric athematic infinitive édmenai "to eat" | ádmi "I eat", átti "(he) eats" | Av subj. aδāiti "(he) should eat" | OCS jamĭ "I eat" < *H₁ēd-mi, jastŭ "(he) eats" | OPrus istun "to eat", ėsti, OLith ėdmi "I eat" | OIr ci-ni estar "although he doesn't eat"; W ys "eats" < *H₁ed-ti | utem "I eat" < *ōd- | ha "to eat" | ēdmi "I eat" | |
| *peh₃- "to drink" | potable (< OF potable) | bibō (bibere) "to drink", pōtus "drink (n.)"; pō·culo- < pō·clo- < *pō·tlo- "beaker" [av] (Compare Skt pā·tra-) | pī́nō, pépomai "I drink" | pā́ti, píbati "(he) drinks"; pā·tra- "cup, vessel" [av] | Av vispo-pitay- "alltränkend" giving water/drinks to all | OCS pijǫ (piti) "to drink", Proto-Slavic pȋvo "drink, beer, beverage" | OPrus putun "to drink", puja "a party", Lith puota "party" | OIr ibid "drinks" < *pibeti; W yfwn "we drink" | əmpem "I drink" | pī "I drink" | pāsi "he swallows" | ||
| *ǵews- "to test, to taste" | choose (< OE ċēosan) | Goth kiusan "to prove, to test", kausjan "taste"; OHG kiosan "choose" | gustus "taste" | geúomai "taste" | juşate, joşati "enjoys" | Av zaoś- "be pleased" | OCS (vŭ)kušati "to offer a meal, to give for tasting" | OIr do-goa "choose" | zgjedh "choose" desha "I loved"; dashje "liking, taste, preference" (< PAlb *dāusnja) | kukuš(-zi) "taste" | |||
| *ǵenh₁- "to beget, give birth, produce" [200][201][202][203][204] | kin (< OE cynn "kind, sort, family, generation") (> kindred); kind (< OE (ġe)cynd "generation, nature, race, kind"); king (< OE cyning); OE cennan "produce" | -kunds "born"; knoþs "race, people"; OHG kind "child"; Ger könig, Dut koning "king" (< PGmc *kuningaz = *kunją "kin" + *-ingaz "from, belonging to") (> OCS kŭnędzĭ "prince"; Lith kùnigas "priest"; Fin, Est kuningas "king" (esp. in chess)) | (g)nāscor "I am born, begotten; grow, spring forth"; gignō "I beget, bear, bring forth, engender" ⇒ [note 34]; (g)natus "born, arisen, made" ⇒ [note 35]; nāscēns "being born, arising; emerging" ⇒ [note 36]; nātīvus "created; imparted by birth" ⇒ [note 37]; nātīvitās "birth" ⇒ [note 38]; nātūra "nature, quality, essence" ⇒ [note 39]; nātiō "birth; race, class; nation, folk" ⇒ [note 40]; nātālis "relating to birth, natal" ⇒ [note 41]; genus (generis) "birth, origin; kind; species; (grammar) gender" ⇒ [note 42]; gēns (gentis) "tribe; folk, family; Roman clan" ⇒ [note 43]; ingēns "huge, vast; extraordinary"; genitus "begotten, engendered" ⇒ [note 44]; genius "inborn trait, innate character; talent, wits" (> genius); ingenuus "natural, indigenous; freeborn" ⇒ [note 45]; ingenium "innate quality, nature, disposition; natural capacity; talent" ⇒ [note 46]; indigenus = indu (inside) + genus "native, indigenous" (> indigenous); genimen "product, fruit; progeny"; germen (germinis) "shoot, sprout; germ, origin, seed; fetus" ⇒ [note 47]; genitor "begetter, father, sire"; genetrīx "begetter, mother"; naevus "birthmark, mole" (> Lat Gnaeus); genitālis "relation to birth, generation; productive" ⇒ [note 48] | geínomai "I am born; I beget"; gígnomai "I come into being; become"; gonḗ "offspring; seed" (> gonad); geneā́ "birth; race, descent; generation; offspring" (> genealogy, etc.); gnōtós "kinsman"; génos "offspring, descendant, family; nation, gender"; génna, génnā "descent, lineage; origin, offspring"; génesis "origin, source, manner of birth" ⇒ [note 49]; gónos "fruit, product; race, descent; begetting; seed"; genétēs, genétōr "begetter, ancestor; father" | jánati "(she) gives birth"; jáyate "is born; becomes"; já-, -ja- "born; born of, begotten from", e.g., dvi·já- "twice-born"; jantú "child, offspring; creature"; jñāt́í "kinsman, relative"; jananī "mother, birth-giver"; jána- "people, person, race"; jánana- "begetting, birth"; jánas "race, class, genus"; jánman, janmá- "birth, life"; jániman "generation, birth, origin"; janitṛ́ "begetter, father, parent"; jánitrī "begetter, mother"; janátā "people, folk, generation"; jātí "birth, form of existence fixed at birth, position assigned by birth, rank, lineage, caste" | Av zīzǝnti, zīzanǝnti "they give birth"; Kurd zayîn "to give birth" Past zeẓ̌edə́l "to be born" | OCS zętĭ "son-in-law" | OPrus gamintun "to give birth", gimdyti "to give birth" | OIr -gainethar "who is born" < *ĝn̥-ye-tro;[192] W geni "to be born" | cnanim "I am born, bear" | dhëndër, dhândër "son-in-law, bridegroom" < *ĝenH̥₁-tr-[ax] | AB kän- "to come to pass (of a wish), be realized" | |
| *sewh₁- or *sewh₃- "to bear, beget, give birth" [30][31][32][33][205] (See also *suHnú-) | sū́te "(she) begets"; sūtá- "born, brought forth"; sūtí "birth, production" | Av hunāhi “give birth, beget” | OIr suth "produce, offspring; milk" | šunnai "fills" | |||||||||
| *h₂ewg-, h₂weg- "to grow, increase"[206] | eke (< OE ēacian "to increase"); wax (of the moon) (< OE weaxan "to grow") | aukan, auknan "to increase (intr.)", wahsjan "to grow" < orig. caus. *h₂wog-s-éy-onom | augeō (augēre) "to increase (tr.)" ⇒ [note 50]; auctor "grower - promoter, producer, author etc" ⇒ [note 51]; augmentum "growth, increase" ⇒ [note 52]; augur < augos "aggrandizement" ⇒ [note 53]; augustus "majestic, venerable" ⇒ [note 54]; auxilium "help, aid; remedy" ⇒ [note 55] | a(w)éksō "I increase (intr.)", aúksō, auksánō "I increase (tr.)" | úkṣati "(he) becomes stronger", vakṣáyati "(he) causes to grow"; ójas, ōjmán "strength, vitality, power";[207] ugrá- "immense, strong, hard"; | Av uxšyeiti "(he) grows", vaxšaiti "(he) causes to grow" | OCS jugъ "south" (the direction to where the Sun rises) | OPrus augtwei "to grow", Lith augti " to grow" | OIr fēr, W gwêr "fat" < *weg- | ačem "I grow, become big" | A oksiṣ "(he) grows"; A okṣu, В aukṣu "grown" | ||
| *weǵ- "fresh, strong; lively, awake"[208] | wake (< OE wacian); watch (< OE wæċċan) | gawaknan "wake up, arouse" | vegeō (vegēre) "be alert, awake, smart"; vigor "id"; vigil "awake, watching" | vā́ja- "strength, energy, vigour, spirit"; vájra- "hard; mace; thunderbolt; diamond"; vājáyati "(s/he) impels" | Serbian language svež / свеж "fresh" | ||||||||
| *gʷih₃wo- "alive", *gʷih₃woteh₂ "life" | quick (< OE cwicu "alive") | qius "alive" | vīvus "alive"; vīta "life" | bíos, bíotos "life", zoo "animal" | jīvá-, jīvaka- "alive", jīvita·m, jīvā́tus, jīvathas "life" | Av gayō, acc. ǰyātum "life"; Gayōmart "living mortal"; -ǰyāiti- "life-"; Av ǰva-, OPers ǰīva- "alive", NPers ǰavān- "alive"; Kurd jiyan, jîn "life" Past žwənd "life" | OCS živŭ "alive", žitĭ, životŭ "life"; Živa "alive, living (Polabian deity)" | OPrus giws "alive", giwata "life", Lith gyvas "alive", gyvatė "snake" | Gaul biuo-, bio-,[209][ay] OIr biu, beo, W byw "alive"; OIr bethu (bethad), W bywyd "life" < Proto-Celtic *bivo-tūts | keam "I live" < *gʷi-yā-ye-mi[192] | B śai- "to live" < *gweiH₃-ō | ḫuišu̯ant- "living; alive"[210][211][212][213] | |
| *ǵerh₂- "to grow old, mature" [214][162] [202][215][216] (See also *ǵr̥h₂-nó-, *gʰreh₁-) | churl (< OE ċeorl, ċiorl "free man") | Karl (< PGmc "free man") (> Slav korlǐ "king")[az] | gérōn, gérontos "old; elder" (> geronto-); graûs "old woman"; geraiós "old"; géras "gift of honor"; gerarós "honorable, majestic, respectable"; Graîa Graia > Graikós > Graeco-, Greek | járati, jī́ryati "grows old; wears out; is consumed, digested"; jīrṇá- "old, worn out; digested"; járan(t)- "old, infirm; decayed"; jarā́, jarás, jariman "old age" | OCS zĭrěti "to ripen" | grua “woman, wife” < PAlb *grāwā | |||||||
| *mer- "to die" | murder (< OE morþor < *mr̥-tro-m) | maúrþr "murder" | morior (morī) "to die" < *mr̥-yōr, mortalis "mortal" | brotós (< *mrotós), mortós "mortal" | marati, máratē, mriyátē "(he) dies", mṛtá- "dead", márta-, mortal | Av merə- "to die", miryeite "dies"; OPers martiya- "man (someone who dies)", NPers mordan- "to die"; Kurd mirin "to die" Past mrəl "to die" | OCS mĭrǫ, mrěti "to die" | Lith miŕštu (miŕti) "to die", merdėti "to die slowly" | OIr marb, W marw "dead" < *mr̥-wós | meṙanim "I die", mard "human" | mert "died" | ||
| *kl̥H- "bald, naked" [217][218] [219][220] | calvus "bald, hairless" > Calvin; calva "skull, scalp" | kulvá- "bald" | Serbian language ćelav / ћелав "bald" | ||||||||||
| *kʷeh₂s- "to cough"[221][222] | whoost "cough" (< OE hwōstan) | German Hust "cough" | Kurd kuxin "to cough", kuxik "cough" | OCS kašĭljati "to cough" | Lith kosėti "to cough" | koll "cough" | kollë "cough" | ||||||
| *perd- "fart"[223][224] | fart (< OE feortan) | pérdomai | párdate "(s/he) farts" | Russian perdétь "to fart" | Lith perdžia "he farts" | bert "fart" | pordhë "fart" |
Mental functions and states edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ḱlew(s)- "to hear" | listen (< OE hlystan), loud (< OE hlūd) | hliuma "hearing, ears (in pl.)" | clueō (cluēre) "to be named" | ékluon "I heard" | śr̥ṇóti "(he) hears" < *ḱl̥-ne-w-; śrúti "that which is heard" | Av surunaoiti "(he) hears" < *k̂lu-n- | OCS slyšati "to hear"; slušati "to listen" | OPrus klausytun "to hear", Lith klausyti "to listen" | OIr ro-clui-nethar "hears"; W clywed "to hear"; Gaul cluiou "I hear"[225] | lsem "I hear" | Old Tosk kluaj (standard quaj) "to call, to name" < *ḱlu(H)-eh₁- | A klyoṣ-, B klyauṣ- "to hear" | |
| *h₂ew- or *h₃ew- | OE ēawis "obvious" | audiō | aḯō | āvís | OCS aviti "to show, appear" | Lith ovytis | |||||||
| *weyd- "to see, find; to know" | wit (OE wit "intelligence", witan "to know" < PIE perfect tense) | witan "to know" | videō (vidēre) "to see" | é(w)ide "he saw"; perf. oĩda "I know (lit. I have seen)" | vindáti "(he) finds", ávidat "found"; vetti, vēdate, vidáti "(he) knows"; perf. véda "I know" | Av vī̆δaiti, vī̆nasti "(he) finds" | OCS viždǫ (viděti) "to see" | OPrus widatun "to see"; Lith veidas "face" | W gweld "to see" | gtanem "I find" | |||
| *woyd- "to know" | Av perf. vaēδa "I know", vīdarǝ "they know" | OCS věmĭ (věděti) "to know" | OPrus waistun "to know", Lith vaistas "medicine", vaidila "pagan priest" | OIr find, W gwn "(I) know" | gitem "I know" | B ūwe "learned" < PToch *wäwen- < *wid-wo- | |||||||
| *ǵénH₃-, *ǵnéH₃-sḱ-, *ǵn̥-né-h₃- "to recognize, know" | can (< OE cann "I know, he knows"), know (< OE cnāwan < *ǵnēH₃-yo-nom), Scot ken "to know" (< OE cennan "to cause to know" < PGerm *kann-jan) | kunnan "to know" < *ǵn̥-n-h₃-onom, kann "I know" | (g)nōscō ((g)nōscere) "to recognize", nōvī "I know" | gignṓskō (aorist égnōn) "I recognize" | jānā́mi "I know" < *janā́mi < *ǵn̥-nh₃-mi | Av zanā-ṯ, zanąn < *ǵn̥-ne-h₃-ti; OPers a-dānā (impf.) "he knew" < *ǵn̥-ne-h₃-mi, xšnāsātiy (subj.) "he should know"; Kurd zanîn "to know" | OCS znajǫ (znati) "to know" < *ǵneh₃-yoh₂ | OPrus zinatun "to recognize, know", Lith žinoti "to know"[229][230] | OIr itar-gninim, asa-gninaim "I am wise"; W adnabod "(I) know" | čanačʿem, aorist caneay "I recognize" | njoh "I know" < *ǵnēh₃-sḱoh₂ | A knā-, e.g. knānmaṃ "knowing" < *ǵneH₃-, kñas-äṣt "you have become acquainted" < *ǵnēH₃-s- | |
| *n̥- + *ǵneh₃-tos "not" + "to know" | uncouth (< OE uncūþ "unknown, strange") | unkunþs "unknown" | ignōtus, ignōrāntem "unknown, ignorant" | agnṓs (agnõtos) "unknown" < *n̥- + *ǵnéH₃-ts | ajñāta- "unknown" | OPrus nezinatun "not to know", Lith nežinoti " not to know" | OIr ingnad "foreign" | an-can-awtʿ "ignorant, unknown" | A ā-knats, B a-knātsa "ignorant" | ||||
| *lewbʰ- "to love; desire, covet, want; admire, praise"[231][232] | love (< OE lufu); lief "dear, beloved" (< OE lēof); lofe "praise, exalt; offer" (< OE lofian, lof) | lubō "love" | libet "it is pleasing, agreeable" | lúbhyati "(s/he) desires greatly; longs for, covets; is perplexed"; lobháyati "(s/he) causes to desire, attract, allure; confound, bewilder"; lobhá "perplexity, confusion; impatience, eager desire, longing; covetousness"; lobhin "greedy, desirous of, longing after; covetous" | OCS ljubiti "to love"; ljubŭ "sweet, pleasant"; ljuby "love"; Russ ljubímyj "favorite" | lyp "beg" | |||||||
| *men- "to think"[233][234] | mind (< OE (ġe)mynd "memory" < *mn̥t-ís); OE munan "to think"; minion | munan "to think"; muns (pl. muneis) "thought" < *mn̥-is; gamunds (gamundáis) "remembrance" < *ko(m)-mn̥t-ís | meminī "I remember" ⇒ [note 58]; reminīscor "I recollect, remember" ⇒ [note 59] mēns (mentis) "mind" < *mn̥t-is; memor "mindful, remembering" ⇒ [note 60] commentus "devised, contrived; invented"; moneō "I remind, warn"; mōnstrum "a divine omen; portent" ⇒ [note 61]; Minerva | mémona "I think of"; maínomai "I go mad"; mimnḗskō "I remind, recall"; mnáomai "I am mindful, remember; woo, court"; autómatos "self-willed, unbidden; self-moving, automatic"; ménos "mind; desire; anger"; Méntōr "mentor"; manthánō "I learn; know, understand; notices"; máthēma "something that is learned, lesson; learning, knowledge" ⇒ [note 62]; Promētheús] | mányate "(he) thinks"; mántra- "thought, the instrument of thought";[235] mánas "mind"; máti "thought intention; opinion, notion; perception, judgement"; mantṛ́ "thinker, adviser"; medhā́ "wisdom, intelligence" (See mazdā); mantrín "minister, councilor, counselor" > mandarin | Av mainyeite "(he) thinks"; mazdā "wisdom, intelligence"; OPers mainyāhay "I think", NPers Došman- "Someone who has a bad mind"; Kurd mejî "brain, mind" | OCS mĭněti "to mean"; pamętĭ "memory"; myslĭ "thought" | OPrus mintun "to guess", minisna "memory", mints "riddle", mentitun "to lie", Lith mintis " thought", minti "to guess", minėti "to mention" | OIr do-moiniur "I believe, I mean" | mendoj "I think" | A mnu "thought"; B mañu "demand (n.)" | memmāi "says" | |
| *(s)mer- | mammer "to hesitate; to mumble, stammer from hesitation" | memor | mérmeros | smárati | mariti(< SE "to care about something/someone") | ||||||||
| think | tongeō | ||||||||||||
| *mers- | mar | mṛ́ṣyate | Lith miršti "to forget, lose, become oblivious" | mërzi "boredom" mërzit "bother, annoy" | |||||||||
| *sekʷ- "to see, to say" | see (< OE sēon); say (< OE sec̣gan < PGerm *sag(w)jan < *sokʷéyonom) | saíƕan "to see"; OHG sagen "say" < *sokʷē- | īnseque "declare!" | énnepe "tell!" | śacate "(he) says" | OCS sočiti "to announce" | Lith sakyti "to say", sekti "to tell a story, to follow" | OIr insce "I talk"; OIr rosc "eye" < *pro-skʷo-; OW hepp "(he) said" | sheh "(he) sees" | A ṣotre, B ṣotri "sign" | sakuwāi- "to see" | ||
| ME torhte "bright, shining, radiant" | dérkomai | dṛś- | Oir : dearc ~tha).Look, behold; regard, consider. | ndrri, ndrritje "bright, enlightened" | |||||||||
| *(s)péḱ- | spy | -spex | skopéō | spáś | Lith spoksoti "to keep looking" | shpik "invent" shpikje "invention, creation" | |||||||
| tékmar | kā́śate | Av cašman "eye" | OCS kazati "to show; say, testify" | Lith kušlas "having poor eyesight" | |||||||||
| *wekʷ- "to say" | OE wōma "noise" < *wōkʷ-mō(n) | OHG giwahanen "mention" < PGerm *gawahnjan (denom. built on *wokʷ-no-) | vocō (vocāre) "to call", vōx (vōcis) "voice" | eĩpon (aor.) "spoke" < *e-we-ikʷ-om < *e-we-ukʷ-om, (w)épos "word" | vákti, vívakti "(he) says", vāk "voice", vácas- "word" | Av vač- "speak, say", vāxš "voice", vačah "word", NPers vāk- "voice"; Kurd vaj "voice", bivaj- "to say" | OCS vikǫti "to call, to scream" | OPrus enwackēmai "we call" | OIr foccul "word", W gwaethl "fight" < * wokʷ-tlo-m | gočem "I call" | A wak, B wek "voice" | ḫuek-, ḫuk- to swear to" | |
| *bʰeh₂- "to speak, say"[254] | ban (< PGmc *bannaną "to proclaim, order, summon") | fāma "fame"; fās "divine law; will of god, destiny"; for (fārī) "I speak, talk, say"; fātus "word, saying; oracle, prophecy; fate"; fateor (fatērī, fassus sum) "I confess, admit, acknowledge"; fābula "discourse, narrative; tale, fable"; Sp hablar, Pt falar "to speak" | phōnḗ "voice"; phḗmē "prophetic voice; rumor; reputation"; phēmí "I speak, say"; prophḗtēs "one who speaks for a god: proclaimer, prophet"; phásis "utterance, statement, expression" | bhā́ṣā "speech, language"; bhā́ṣati "(s/he) speaks" | bajka "fable";[bc] OCS balii "physician, (healer, enchanter)" | ||||||||
| *preḱ-, *pr̥-sḱ- < *pr̥ḱ-sḱ- "to ask" | Scot frain "to ask" (< OE freġnan) | fraíhnan "to ask"; OHG forscōn "to ask, to research" | precor (precārī) "to pray", poscō (poscere) "to demand, ask" | pr̥ccháti "(he) asks" | Av pǝrǝsaiti "(he) asks, desires" < *pr̥-sḱ-; OPers aor.? aparsam "(he) asked"; Kurd pirs "question" Past pox̌tə́l "to ask" | OCS prositi "to pray" | OPrus prasitun "to ask", Lith prašyti "to ask" | OIr imm-chom-arc "mutual questions, greetings"; NIr arco, W archaf "I ask" | harcʿanem "I ask" | pyet "ask" porosit "recommend, order" (an article or a meal) | A prak-, B prek- "to ask" | ||
| *kelh₁-, (s)kel-dʰ- "to call, cry, summon"[255][256] | haul (< OE halian); scold (< ON skald) | calō "I call, announce solemnly; call out"; concilium "a council, meeting" ⇒ [note 74]; classis "the armed forces; fleet; group or class" > class; kalendae "the Calends" > calendar; clāmō "I cry out, clamor, shout, yell" ⇒ [note 75]; clārus "clear, bright; renouwned, famous; loud, distinct" ⇒ [note 76] | kaléō "I call, hail; summon, invite" | klándati, krándati "(s/he) laments weeps; cries; sounds"; uṣaḥkala-, uṣakala- "rooster, lit, dawn-call" | Kurd kalîn "to moan, to whine, to mourn", dikale "he/she mourns" | OCS klakolŭ "bell"; Russ skulítʹ "to whine, whisper" | Lith kalbėti "to speak" | Gheg kaj "weep, cry" | |||||
| *bʰeyh₂- "to fear, be afraid"[257] | bive, bever "to shake, tremble" (< OE bifian) | foedus "foul, filthy, unseemly; vile" | bháyate "(s/he) is afraid"; bhī, bhīti, bhayá- "fear" | OCS bojati "to fear, be afraid" | Lith baimė "fear" | ||||||||
| *h₁néh₃mn̥ or *h₁nómn̥ "name" | name (< OE nama) | namō (acc. pl. namna) "name" | nōmen "name" | ónoma "name" | nā́ma(n)(instrumental sg. nā́mnā) "name" | Av nāma "name"; NPers nām- "name"; Kurd nav "name" Past num "name" | OCS imę "name" < Proto-Slavic *inmen < *n̥men | OPrus emnes, emmens "name" < *enmen- | OIr ainmm n-, OW anu "name"; Gaul anuan < anman "name"[258] | anun "name" | Gheg emën, Tosk emër "name" < *enmen- | A ñem, B ñom "name" | lāman- "name" |
General conditions and states edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *(s)teyg- "to be sharp; to sting" [259][260] [261][262] | stick (< OE sticca); stitch (< OE stiċe); thistle (< OE þistel) | īnstīgō "I stimulate, incite, rouse" > instigate; stylus (later spelled stylus [bd]) "pointed instrument, spike" ⇒ [note 77] | stizō "I tattoo; mark"; stíxis "marking; spot, mark"; stígma "mark, tattoo; spot, stain" | téjate "become sharp; energize"; téjas "sharp ede of a knife; light, brilliance, glow; splendor; fiery power"; tīkṣṇá "sharp; hot, fiery, pungent; acute, keen"; tigmá "sharp, pointed; pungent, scorching, acrid" | Per tez "sharp" | ||||||||
| tābēs | tîphos | tāmara | OCS tajati "melt" |
Natural features edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₂ster- "star" (See also: *h₂eHs-) | star (< OE steorra) | staírnō "star" | stēlla "star" | astḗr "star"[be] | stṛ inst. pl. stŕ̥bhis, nom. pl. tāra-, fem. nom. sg. tarā "star" | Av acc. stā̆rǝm (ablauting)[bf] "star"; Kurd stêr "star" | MIr ser, W seren, Breton sterenn "star"; Celtic Sirona (< *Tsirona) "astral", "stellar" | astł "star"; Astłik "deity of love, fertility and skylight" | pl. A śreñ, B ściriñ "stars" | ḫasterza "star" | |||
| *dyḗws, déywos[ii] "sky, day, god" | Tues-day (< OE Tīwes-dæġ lit. "day of Tīw"[bg]) | tiws "god", ON Týr "Tīw" (the war god) | Iuppiter (Iovis), Old Latin Diū-piter (Diovis) "Jupiter"; diēs "day", deus, dīvus "god"[bh] | Zdeús (Di(w)ós)[iii] "Zeus" | d(i)yāús (divás, dyōs)[iii] "heaven", dēvás "god", devī́ "goddess" | Av daēva- "demon"; Kurd dêw "giant" | (OCS dĭnĭ (dĭne) "day" < *din-is), Ukr. dyvo and Russ. divo "miracle" | OPrus deina "day", deiws "god", Lith diena "day", dievas "god" | OIr dīe, W dydd "day"; OIr dia (dē), OW duiu- "God" | tiw (tuənǰean) "day" | din “dawn” <PAlb *deina “day” zot “god” <PIE *dyew + *átta | Šiuš "Hittite sky- or sun-god"[266][bi] | |
| *seh₂wol-, *sh₂un- "sun" | sun (< OE sunne) | sauil, sunnō "sun" | sōl "sun" | Homeric hēélios "sun" < *sāwélios;[bj] Helios "deity of the sun" | súvar (súra-) "sun, light, heavens", sūra-, sūrya "sun" | Av hvarǝ (hūrō) "sun, light, heavens", Hvare-khshaeta "deity of the radiant sun" | OCS slĭnŭce "sun" < *sulnika-, Russ. po-solon' "sunwise" | OPrus sauli "sun", sawaiti "week", Lith saulė "sun" | OIr sūil "eye"; W haul "sun" | ylli "star" < *sūlo- or *sūli- | A swañceṃ; B swañco, swañciye "sunbeam" (< Common Tocharian *su̯āntœ)[267] | DUTU-li-ya "Sun goddess" | |
| *meh₁ns- "moon, month" | moon (< OE mōna), month (< OE mōnaþ) | mēna "moon", mēnoþs "month" | mēnsis "month" | Att mḗn, Ion meis, Dor mḗs "month", mḗnē "moon" | mā́s "moon"; mā́sa "month" | Av mā̊ (mā̊ŋhō) "moon"; NPers māh "moon, month"; Kurd meh "month", mang "moon" | OCS měsęcĭ "moon, month" < *mēs-n̥-ko- | OPrus miniks "moon", mins "month", Lith mėnulis "moon", mėnesis "month" | OIr mī (mīs) "month" < *mēns;; W mis "month" | amis "month" | muai "month" | A mañ B meñe "month"; A mañ ñkät B meṃ "moon" | |
| *dʰeǵʰom- "earth" (See also *dʰǵʰemon-) | humus "earth" ⇒ [note 78] | kʰtʰṓn (kʰtʰonós) "earth", kʰamaí "on the earth"[bk] | kṣā́s (acc. kṣā́m, gen. jmá-) "earth" | Av zā̊ (acc. ząm, gen. zǝmō) "earth"; Kurd zevî "farmland"; NPers zamin "ground, soil", zamindar "land owner" | OCS zemĭ, zemlja "earth"; Russ Chernozem "black soil" | OPrus zemê "earth", semmai "on the earth" (adverb); Lith žemė " earth" | OIr dū "place"; Welsh dyn "man" | dhe "earth" | A tkaṃ (tkanis), B keṃ "earth" | tēkan (tagnās) "earth" | |||
| hammer | ákmōn | áśman | Asman "sky" | OCS kamy, gen. kamene "stone" | Lith akmuõ, gen. akmeñs "stone" | ||||||||
| lapis | lépas | ||||||||||||
| *wódr̥ (udéns) pl. *wédōr (udnés) "water" | water (< OE wæter) | watō (watins) "water" | Umbrian utur "water", Latin unda "wave" | húdōr (húdatos) "water"; Hydra (litt.) "water-animal" | udaká- (loc. udán(i), pl. udá), udra "water"; samudra "ocean" (litt. "gathering of waters") | Av aoδa- "spring", vaiδi- "stream" | OCS voda "water", Russ. vedro "bucket"; Russ vódka "little water" | OPrus undan "water", Lith vanduo gen. vandens "water" | OIr u(i)sce "water" < *udeskyo-; Eng. Whisky < uisce beatha "water of life" | get "river" | ujë "water" | A wär, B war "water" | wātar (wetenas) "water" |
| *dóru, *drew- "wood, tree" | tree (< OE trēo) | triu "tree, wood" | dóru, drûs "tree, wood" | dā́ru, drṓs, drú- "tree, wood" | Av dāru- "tree, wood"; Kurd dar "tree, wood" | OCS drěvo "tree" | OPrus drawê "hole in a tree, hollow tree", Lith drevė "hole in a tree", derva "tar" | OIr daur "oak", W derwen "oak" | tram "firm" | dru "tree, wood" | AB or "wood" | taru "tree" | |
| *h₂weh₁n̥to- "wind", *h₂weh₁- "to blow" | wind (< OE wind); OE wāwan "to blow" | winds "wind"; waian "to blow" | ventus "wind" | áenta (acc.) "wind", áēsi "(he) blows" | vā́ta- (vānt-)[275] "wind", vāti "(he) blows", Vāyu "lord of winds"; nir·vāṇa- "blow-out, extinction"[276] | Av vātō "wind", vāiti "(he) blows", Vayu-Vata "a pair of deities: Vayu/Wind and Vata/Air"; Kurd ba, wa, va "wind", hewa "air, weather" | OCS vějǫ (vějetŭ) "to blow" | OPrus witra "wind"; Lith vėjas "wind", vėtra "heavy wind", Vėjopatis "god of winds" | W gwynt "wind" | vetëtin“it thunders” | A want, B yente "wind" | ḫūwanz[277] "wind" | |
| *sneygʷʰ- "to snow" | snow (< OE snāw < *snóygʷʰos, snīwan "to snow" < *snéygʷʰonom) | snáiws "snow" | nix (nivis) "snow", ninguō (ninguere) "to snow" | nípʰa (acc.) "snow", neípʰei "it snows" | sneha- "snow" | Av snaēža- "to snow"; Shughni žǝnij "snow" < *snaiga- | OCS sněgŭ "snow" | OPrus snaigs "snow", Lith sniegas "snow", snigti "to snow" | OIr snecht(a)e, W nyf "snow"; OIr snigid "it rains" | ||||
| *h₁n̥gʷnís "fire" < *h₁engʷ- "to burn";[278] *h₁óngʷl̥ "charcoal" | ignis "fire" | agní "fire"; áṅgāra "charcoal" | OCS ognĭ "fire"; ǫglĭ "coal" | Lith ugnis "fire", anglis "coal" Lv uguns "fire" | e enjte “Thursday” <PAlb *agni “fire” | ||||||||
| *péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés "bonfire"[bl] | fire (< OE fȳr < *fuïr[bl]) | fōn (funins)[bl] "fire"; OHG fuïr[bl] (two syllables) < *puwéri | Umbrian pir "fire" < *pūr, acc. purom-e "into the fire" < *pur- | pũr (purós) "fire" | pāru (pēru) "sun, fire" | NPers fer "oven, furnace" | Czech pýř "glowing ash", Pol perzyna "embers", Slovak pyr, UpSb pyr "ashes"[279] | OPrus pannu "fire" | hur "fire" | A por, B puwar, puwār, pwār "fire" | paḫḫur "fire" | ||
| *dʰuh₂mós "smoke" < *dʰewh₂- "to smoke"[280] | fūmus "smoke" | thūmós "soul, life, breath; desire, temper" | dhūmá- "smoke; mist, fog" | Kurd du, dukêl | OCS dymŭ "smoke" | tym “smoke” <PAlb ātuma | |||||||
| *h₂eHs- "to become dry; burn, glow; hearth; ashes" | ash (< OE æsce); | azgō "ash; cinder" | āreō "I am dry; dried up, withered"; āridus "dry, parched, withered, arid" > arid; āra "altar; sanctuary, refuge"; assus "roasted, baked; dried"; Osc aasa "altar" | ázō "I dry"; ásbolos "soot" | ā́sa- "ashes, dust" | A/B ās- "to dry out; to dry up" | ḫašš- "ash; dust"; ḫašša- "hearth"; Lyc χaha-(di-) "altar" | ||||||
| cinis, cineris | κόνις | kaṇa- | |||||||||||
| *gʷʰerm- "warm" | ?warm (< OE wearm); OE ġierwan "to prepare, cook" < PGerm *garwjan | ?warmjan "to warm" | formus "warm" | tʰermós "warm" | gʰarmá- "heat" | Av garǝma- "hot, heat"; OPers Garma-pada-, name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, orig. (?) "entrance of the heat"; Kurd germ "hot, warm" | Russ. žar "heat", goret' "to burn" < *gʷʰer | OPrus garmê "heat, glowing", Lith žarijos "cinders", žėrėti "to glow" | OIr gorn "fire" < *gʷʰor-nos | ǰerm "warm" | Gheg zjarm "fire, heat" ngroh “ I warm” ziej “I boil, cook” <PAlb *džernja | A śärme "heat (of summer)" | |
| foveō | téphrā | dáhati | OCS žešti (žeg-) "to burn"; | Lith dė̃gis "burn scar" | ndez “to light” djeg "burn" | ||||||||
| *h₁ews- "to burn";[288][289] | ember (< OE ǣmyrġe) | ūrō "I burn, consume, inflame"; ustus "burnt, inflamed"; bustum < amb-bustum "a burial mound, tomb"; combūrō "I burn up, cremate, scald" > combust; ūrna "urn, water jar" (lit. a vessel of burnt clay) | heúō "I singe" | óṣati "(s/he) burns, burns down; punishes"; uṣṭá "burnt"; uṣṇá "warm, hot" | |||||||||
| *gel- "to be cold, to freeze" | cold (< OE ceald) | kalds "cold (of the weather)" | gelus "ice", gelidus "icy" | gelandros | śarada "autumn" | MBulg goloti "ice" | Lith gelmenis, gelumà "great cold" | ||||||
| *temH- "(to be) dark" *témHos "darkness" | OHG demar "twilight" | tenebrae "darkness" (< *temebrai < *temasro) | támas "darkness, gloom", támisrā "dark night" | Av taΘra "darkness", təmah | OCS tĭmĭnŭ "darkness", tĭma', Rus temnotá "darkness" | Lith tamsa "dark, darkness", tiḿsras "a darker shade of red"; Latv tumšs, timšs "dark", tùmsa "darkness"[290] | OIr temel "darkness" (< PCel *temeslos); OW timuil "dark, darkness" | B tamãsse "dark" | |||||
| *nébʰos "cloud; mist"[182] | OE nifol "dark [misty]" | ON Niflheimr "home of mists" | nebula "fog, cloud" | népʰos "cloud"; nepʰélē "mass of clouds; name of a nymph" | nábʰas "mist; sky, cloud"; nábʰāsa "celestial, heavenly; appearing in the sky" | nabah- "heavens" (litt. "nimbuses, clouds")[291] | OCS nebo "heaven, sky"; Pol niebo "sky"; Cz nebesa "skies"; Rus Небеса "heaven" | Lith debesis "cloud" | OIr nem "sky"; OBret nem, MBret neff "sky" | avull “steam” <PAlb *abula | nēpiš- "sky, heaven"; CLuw tappaš- "heaven"; HierLuw tipas- "heaven" | ||
| polluō | lûma | lluce"mud" ; lutum Latin | |||||||||||
| *sámh₂dʰos | sand | sabulō, sabulum | psámathos | ||||||||||
| *srew-, *srew-mo, *sru-to "to flow, stream" (in river names)[bn] | stream (< OE strēam) | ON straumr "a stream" | rheûma "flow" | srutá- "flow", srava "a flow of, a waterfall" (< *srówos) | YAv θraotah- "stream" (< OIA srótas-); OPer rautaʰ- "river" | OCS struja "stream", o-strovŭ "island";[bo] Rus strumenı "brook"; Pol strumień "brook, river" | Lith sraumuõ "brook, stream"; Latv strāva "current"; Lith sraujà, Latv strauja "stream";[296] Lith sraũtas "flow, torrent" | OIr sruaimm, Ir sruth "stream, river"; MW ffrwd "brook, stream"; OBret frut "stream" | OArm aṙu "brook; canal" (< srutis-) | rrymë "stream, current; flow (of water)" | |||
| *dʰenh₂- "to set in motion, to flow";[297] *déh₂nu "river goddess" | fōns < PItal *ðonts "spring, fountain; fresh water; source" | dhánvati "it runs, flows, causes to run or flow";[298] dhána- "competition, contest; prize"; dā́nu "fluid, drop, dew" | Dnieper < OOss dānu apara "the far river"[299] | Danube < PCelt *Dānowyos | |||||||||
| dale | thólos | OCS dolŭ "valley; depression" | |||||||||||
| *móri "lake?, sea?"[bp] | OE mere "lake" | marei "sea" | mare "sea" | OCS morje "sea" | Lith mãrės "sea" | OIr muir "sea"; Gaul Morini "those from the sea (name of a tribe)" |
Directions edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *per- "through, across, beyond" | far (< OE feorr) | faírra "far"; faír- "around; (intensifier)" | per "through" | perí, pér "around" | pári "forward" | Av pairi; OPers pariy "forward"; Kurd ber "in front of, before" | OCS prě- "forward" | OPrus pro-, pra- "trough, across", Latvian pāri "across", Lith per "across", pra- "to start and finish doing something", pro- "through" | OIr ir-, W er "forward" | heṙu "far" | për, pej, pe "forward" | parā, Lycian pri "forth" | |
| *upér(i) "over, above" | over (< OE ofer) | ufar "over, above, beyond" | super "over" (influenced by sub "under") | hupér "over" | upári "over, above, beyond" | Av 'upairi, OPers "over, above, beyond" | OCS po "upon, at" | OPrus uppin "cloud", | OIr for, W gor, gwar "over, on" | ver "up" | epër "over, above" | ||
| *h₂ents "forehead", *h₂entí, *h₂entá "in front of" | and (< OE and) | and "along, throughout, towards, in, on, among"; OHG enti "previously" < PGerm *andiaz | ante "in front of" | antí "instead of" | anti "opposite to it" | Kurd enî "front, forehead" | Lith añt "on" antai "there" | OIr étan "forehead" < *antono- | ənd "instead of" | ende “yet, still” edhe “and” from older ênde | A ānt, B ānte "surface, forehead" | ḫānz, ḫanti "in front" | |
| *h₁én "in" | in (< OE in) | in "in, into, towards" | in "in" | en "in" | án-īka- "face" < ?*h₁eni-Hkʷ | Av ainika "face" < ?*h₁eni-Hkʷ | OCS on-, vŭn-, vŭ "in" | OPrus en "in", Lith į "in" | OIr in- "in"; W yn "in" | i "in" | në “in” | AB y-, yn-, B in- "in" | an-dan "inside" |
| *h₂epó "away" | of, off (< OE of) | af "from, of, by" (ab-u "from ...?") | ab "away" | apó "from" | ápa "away" | Av apa, OPers apa "away" | OCS ot, "from, apart of" | Lith apačià "bottom" < *apotyā | prapë "back" < *per-apë pa “without” | āpa "behind, back" (or ? < *epi) | |||
| *deḱs- "the right (side)" | Gothic taihswa "right side" | dexter | dexiós; Myc de-ki-si-wo | dákṣina "right, south" | Av dašina "right, south"; MPer dašn "right hand, right side" | OCS desnŭ "right (side)" | Lith dẽšinas | Gaul Dexsiva (Dexsiua) | djathtë “right” <PAlb *detsa | ||||
| *marǵ-, *merǵ- "edge; boundary, border" [302][303][304] | mark (< OE mearc); march (< OF markōn) | margō (marginis) "border, edge" > margin | maryā "limit, mark, boundary"; mārga- "way, road, path" | ||||||||||
| *bʰudʰmḗn "bottom"[305] | butt (< OE bytt); bottom, botham (< OE bodan, botm) | fundus "bottom, ground, foundation; farm, estate" | puthmḗn "bottom (cup, jar, sea)" | budhná "bottom, ground, base, depth" | Gaul bona "base, bottom, village" (found in several placenames: Bonna > Bonn; Windo-bona "white village" > Vienna; Bononia > Boulogne(-sur-Mer))[306] | buzë “lip, edge” <PAlb *budza bythë "bottom" |
Basic adjectives edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *bʰerǵʰ- | borough, borough, Brough, bur-, burg, burgh, bury, -bury | baurgs, OHG burg "fortress, citadel"; OHG Burgunt (a female personal name)[311] | fortis "strong, powerful; firm" ⇒ | bṛhát, bṛhánt- "tall, elevated";[311] | Av barəzah‑ "height", Harā Bərəzaitī "a mythical mountain" (litt. "High Watchpost") | OCS brěgŭ "hill, slope; bank, shore" | MIr brí, MW bre, MBre bre, Gaul -briga "elevation, hill"; Gaul Brigantes (ethnonym); Celt Brigantia (name of a goddess),[311] Ir Brigid (goddess) < PCelt *Brigantī "The High One" | barjr "high" | A pärk- "to elevate"; B pärkare "long" | parkuš "tall" | |||
| *weh₁-, *weh₁ros "true" [314][315][316] | OE wǣr "true" | Ger wahr Dut waar "true" | vērus "true" (> very,[bq] verify, verity, etc.) | OCS věra "faith, belief" | OIr. fír "true" | urtë “quiet” <PAlb *wara | |||||||
| *medʰyo- "mid, middle" | mid, middle (< OE mid, middel) | midjis "middle" | medius "middle" | més(s)os "middle" | mádʰya- "middle" | Av maiδya- "middle" | OCS meždu "between", Russ. meža "boundary" | OPrus meddin "forest" (between villages), Lith medis, Latv mežs "tree" | OIr mid- "middle" < *medʰu-; MW mei- "middle" < *medʰyo- | mēǰ "middle" | mes, mjet "in between, middle" | ||
| *meǵ- "big" | much (< OE myc̣el "big, many") | mikils "big" | magnus "big" | mégas "big" | máha-, mahā́nt- "big" | Av mazant- "big" | OPrus mazs "smaller", Lith mažas "small" | OIr mochtae, MIr mag-, maige "big" | mec "big" | madh "big" | A mak, B makā "much" | mekkis "big" | |
| *dlongʰos, *dl̥h₁gʰós "long";[317] | long (< OE long, lang); | langs "long" | longus "long" | dolikhós "long, protracted"; | dīrghá- "long" | Av darəga "long" | OCS dlĭgŭ "long"; | Lith ilgas "long" | gjatë "long" | talugai- "long" | |||
| *gʷerH₂- "heavy" | kaúrus "heavy" | grāvis "heavy" | barús "heavy" | gurú- "heavy" | Av gouru- "heavy-", NPers girān "heavy" < *grāna- (influenced by *frāna "full") | OCS gromada "big size, huge", gruz "a load, something heavy", | OPrus garrin "tree", Lith geras "good" | MIr bair "heavy (?)", W bryw "strong" | zor "brute force; great effort" | A kra-marts "heavy (?)", B krā-mär "burden" < *gʷroH₂-mVr- | |||
| *h₁le(n)gʷʰ-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ro-, *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-u-[br] "light (in weight)" | light (< OE lēoht) | leihts "light" < *h₁lengʷʰ-tos; OHG lungar "fast" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | levis "light" < *h₁legʷʰ-us | elakʷʰús "small" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-us, elapʰrós "light, quick" < *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ros | lagʰú-, ragʰú- "quick, light, small" | Av ragu-, fem. rǝvī "fast", superl. rǝnjišta- "fastest" | OCS lŭgŭkŭ "light" | OPrus langus "light", langsta "window", lankewingis "flexible", linktwei "to bend", Lith lengvas "light", lankstus "flexible", langas "window", lenkti "to bend" | OIr laigiu, laugu, MW llei "smaller" | lanǰ "breast" | lehtë "light-weight" | B lankutse "light" | |
| *h₂élyos, *h₂ényos "other"; *h₂énteros "second" | else (< OE elles); other (< OE ōþer) | aljis, anþar "other" | alius "other" | állos "other" | anyá-, ántara- "other"; aryas, Aryan, "else" | Av anya-, ainya-, OPers aniya- "other"; Av airiia, Aryan, "friend", "faithful", airiio "elsehow"; Ossetian ändär "other"; East Iranian hal-ci "whoever" | Old Sorbian wutory "other" < PSlav *ǫtorŭ | OPrus antars "second", Lith antras "second" | OIr aile, W ail "other"; Gaul allos "other, second"[318] | ayl "other" | lloj “sort, type” | A ālya-kə, B alye-kə "another" | Lydian aλa- "other" |
| *néwo- "new" | new (< OE nīwe) | niujis "new" | novus "new" | né(w)os "new" | náva- "new" | Av nava- "new" | OCS novŭ "new" | OPrus nawas "new", Lith naujas "new" | OIr nūë, W newydd "new" | nor "new" < *nowero- | A ñu, B ñune "new" | newa- "new" | |
| *h₂yuHn̥- "young" | young (< OE ġeong < *h₂yuHn̥ḱós) | juggs "young" | juvenis "young", iuvencus "young"/"bullock" | yúvan- (yū́nas) "young" | Av yvan-, yavan- (yūnō) "youth, young man" | OCS junŭ "young" | Lith jaunas "young" | OIr ōac "young", W ieuanc "young" < *H₂yuHn̥k̂ós | |||||
| *sen- "old" | sineigs "old (person)" | senex "old" | hénos "former, from a former period" | sánas "old" | Av hana- "old" | OCS sedyi "grey-headed" | OPrus sentwei "to get old", Lith senas "old" | OIr sen "old", Old Welsh hen "old" | hin "old" | ||||
| *nogʷ- "naked" | naked (< OE nacod "naked") | naqaþs "naked" | nudus "naked" | gumnós "naked" | nagnás "naked" | NPers loxt "naked" | OCS nagŭ "naked" | OPrus nags "naked", Lith nuogas "naked" | OIr nocht "naked"; W noeth "naked, bare" | nekumant- "naked, bare" | |||
| *bʰosós "bare, barefoot"[319] | bare (< OE bær) | OCS bosŭ "barefooted, unshod" | Lith basas "barefooted" | ||||||||||
| *n̥mr̥tós "immortal"[320] | ámbrotos "immortal, divine" | amṛ́ta- "immortal" | |||||||||||
| *h₂eḱ- "sharp"[321] | edge (< OE eċġ) | aceō (acēre) "I am sour"; acidus "sour"; acētum "vinegar"; acus "needle, pin"; astus "craft, guile", astūtus "shrewd, astute" | akmé "point, edge"; oxús "sharp, pointed; quick; clever" | Persian āčār "pickle, marinade" | OCS ostĭnŭ "sharp point" | Lith akstinas "pointy and sharp item" | teh “blade” from eh “sharpen” | ||||||
| *bel- "strong"[322] | dēbilis[bs] "feeble, weak" | βελτίων "better" | bála- "force, strength, power" | Russ bolʹšój "big, large, great" |
Light and color edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *lewk- "light, brightness" | light (< OE lēoht) | liuhaþ (liuhadis) "light" | lūceō (lūcēre) "to shine", lūx "light" | leukós "bright, shining, white"; Leuce "white (poplar); name of a nymph"; Leucothea "bright goddess" | rócate "(he) shines", roká- "light", loka- "world, place" | Av raočant- "shining", raočah "light"; OPers raučah "light"; Kurd roj "sun, light, day", ron "light" | OCS luča "ray, flash" < *loukyā | OPrus lauk "bright", lauksna "star", laukas "field", Lith laukas "outside, field" | OIr luchair "shine"; W llachar "bright", llug "shimmer" | loys "light" | AB lyuk/luk- "to shine" | luk(k)- "to shine" | |
| *bʰel- "to shine"[323] | balefire (< OE bǣlfȳr) | ON bál "fire" | fulgeō "I flash, glitter"; flagrō "I burn, blaze"; flamma "flame, fire" | phlégō "I scorch, kindle"; Phlegyas "fiery"; Phlegethon "flaming"; phlégma "flame, inflammation"; phalós "white" | bhrája- "fire, shining"; bhāla- "splendor" | OCS bělŭ "white" | Lith baltas, Latv balts "fair, white" | balë “white spot” | |||||
| *h₂erǵ- "shining, bright" *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm "white metal (silver)"[324] | argentum "silver (metal)"; Fal arcentelom "a small silver coin" | Myc a-ku-ro,[325] árguros "silver"; argós "white, bright";[bt] Argiope "silver face" | Skt rajatá- "silver; silver-coloured"; árjuna- "white, clear, silvery"[327] | Av ərəzatəm "silver" | Celtib arkato[bezom] "silver [mine]"; Ir Airget[lám] "silver[-hand] (title of Nuada)"; OIr argat, OW argant "silver" | arcat‘ "silver" | A ārkyant "silver"; A ārki-, B ārkwi "white" | ḫarkiš "white, bright" | |||||
| white | ƕeits | śvetá- | OCS světŭ "light, world"; | Lith šviesà "light"; | |||||||||
| kṛṣṇa- | NPers kersne "dirt, dirty" | sorrë “crow” <PAlb *tšārnā | |||||||||||
| *h₁rewdʰ-, *h₁rowdʰ-os, *h₁rudʰ-rós[br] "red" | red (< OE rēad < *h₁rowdʰ-os) | rauþs (raudis) "red" < *h₁rowdʰ-os | ruber "red" < *h₁rudʰ-rós; Umb rufru "red" | Myc e-ru-ta-ra, e-ru-to-ro;[335] erutʰrós "red" < *h₁rudʰ-rós; Erytheia "name of a nymph" (litt. "the red one"); | rudʰirá- "red" < *H₁rudʰ-rós mixed with *H₁rudʰ-i-; rṓhita- "red"; lōhá- "reddish" < *H₁roudʰ-os | Av raoiδita- "red" | OCS rudŭ "red"; Czech rudá "red";[bu] Pol rudy "red-haired"[337] | Lith raũdonas "red", rudas "brown" | OIr rúad, W rhudd "red", rhwd "rust";[338] Gaul Roud- (in personal names)[339] | pruth "redhead" (< PAlb *apa-ruđa) | A rtär, B ratre "red" < *h₁rudʰ-rós | ||
| *gʰel-, ǵʰelh₃- "green, yellow"[340] | gold; yellow (< OE geolu); yolk (< OE ġeoloca) | gulþ "gold" | helvus "honey-yellow"; gilvus "pale yellow (of horses)"[341][bv] | kʰlōrós "pale green";[bw] Chloe "blooming; epithet of Demeter" | híraņya- "gold"; hári- "yellow" | Av zaranyam "gold"; zári "yellow"; Zarinaia < Saka *Zarinayā "the golden one [name of a queen]" | OCS zelenĭ "green"; Rus zóloto "gold"; Pol złoty "gold"; żółty "yellow" | Latv zèlts "gold"; Lith geltas "yellow"; žel̃vas "golden"; žalias "green" | MWel gell "yellow" | ? diell “sun” <PAlb *delwa | |||
| hue | hiwi | śyāvá- | Av siiāuua "dark" (cf. Siyâvash < Siiāuuaršan "the one with black stallions")[348] | Pol siwy "grey" | Lith šývas "light grey" | ||||||||
| *bʰer-, bʰerH- | ON bjǫrn | phrū́nē | babhrú | Lith bė́ras "reddish brown" |
Positive qualities edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₁wésus "good, excellent" [352][353] [354][355] | iusiza "better"; (Germanic names, e.g., Wisigoth- "the Visigoths") | vásu "excellent, good; beneficient; goods, property" | Av vohū "good" | OCS veselŭ "merry, joyful, happy" | Gaul Vesu- (in personal names: Vesuavus, Segovesus, Bellovesus) | Luw wāsu- "good"; Pal wašu "well"[356] | |||||||
| *h₁su- "good" [357][358] [354][359] | eu- "good, well" (when used prefixally), e.g., eúphoros "well-bearing" (> "euphoria"); eukháristos "good grace"; euángelos "bringing good news" | su- "good" (used prefixally), e.g., suprabhātam "good morning" (See also bhā́s); supraśna- "inquiry as to welfare, lit. good question" | Av hu "good" | OCS sŭ- "good" (used prefixally), e.g., sŭ-čęstĭnŭ "happy, lit. good part"; sŭdravĭje "health", Russ zdoróv'je; sŭrěsti "to meet, encounter" | |||||||||
| *h₁sónts "being, existing, real, true" [360][361] [354][362] (See also *H₁es-) | sooth (< OE sōþ "truth"); soothe (< OE sōþian "to prove the validity of, to confirm as true"); soothsayer (originally "truth-teller") (< PGmc sanþaz + sagjaną "truth + say"); sin (implying "truly guilty") (< OE synn); OE sōþlīċe "truly, really", later "amen" | sunjis "true, truthful, correct" | sōns "guilty, criminal" (compare sin); insōns "innocent"; [bx] sonticus "dangerous, serious, critical" | sát "being, essence, reality" (also used in compounds, e.g., sad·guru); sattvá- "essence, existence, spirit; creature"; satyá- "true,real, genuine; sincere, honest, valid"; satī́ "good, virtuous, faithful wife" (> suttee) | senë/send”thing” gjë “thing” < all from PAlb *sana | ||||||||
| sweet | suāvis | hēdús | svādú |
Construction, fabrication edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₂éyos "copper, bronze"[135] | ore (< OE ār) | aes "copper, bronze, brass; money, fee" | áyas "metal, iron" | ||||||||||
| *dʰwer- "door, doorway, gate" | door (< OE dor, duru) | daúr, daúrō "door" | forēs (pl.) "door" | tʰurā "door" | dvā́r, dvā́ras (pl.) "door" | Av dvarǝm (acc.) "gate, court"; OPers duvarayā "at the gate" NPers dar "door" | OCS dvĭri "door" | OPrus dwarris "gate, goal",dwars "estate", Lith durys "door", dvaras "estate", vartai "gate", Latg durovys "door", vuorti "gate" | OIr dorus "door" < Proto-Celtic *dworestu-, W dôr "door" < *dʰureH₂ | duṙn "door" | derë "door" | B twere "doors" | an-durza "within" |
| h₂(e)nh₂t- "doorpost"[366] | antae "anteroom" | ā́tā "doorpost" | |||||||||||
| *dem- "to build (up), put together" [367][368][369] | timber (< OE timber "building material"); teem (< OE temian "to fit"); toft (< OE toft) | démō "to build, construct, make" | |||||||||||
| *domo-, *domu- "house", "home" | timrjan "to build, erect" | domus (domūs) "house" | dómos "house" | dámas "house" | Av dąm, dąmi "in the house"; dǝmā̆na-, nmāna- "house" < *dm-ā̆na- | OCS domŭ "house" | OPrus dimstis "porch", Lith dimstis "entryway" Lith namas "house" | MIr dom-liacc "house of stones" | tun "house" | dhomë "room" | ?A tem-, B tam- "be born" | ||
| *gʰerdʰ-, *gʰordʰ-os- "enclosure, fence" | yard (< OE ġeard "enclosure"); garden (< AngNor gardin < Frank *gardo) | gards "yard, court"; ON garðr "fence, enclosed space" | hortus "garden" | kʰórtos "feeding place for animals" | gṛhá "house" | Av gərəδa "daeva cave" | OCS gradŭ "fortification; city" | Latv gãrds; Lith gar̃das "fold, pen" | OIr gort "standing crop", W garth "cliff; enclosure" | OArm gerdastan "the body of servants and captives; estate" (either a borrowing from Iranian or inherited) | gardh "fence, enclosure, barricade" | ||
| *kʷekʷlo- "wheel" (See also *kʷel-) | wheel (< OE hwēol, hweogol < PGerm *hweg(w)ulaz < *kʷekʷlós) | ON hjōl, hvēl "wheel" < PGerm *hweh(w)ulaz < *kʷékʷlos | kúklos "circle", (pl.) "wheels" | cakrá- "wheel" | Av čaxra- "wheel" | OCS kolo "wheel" | OPrus kellin "wheel", Lith kaklas "neck" | W cylch "circle" | A kukäl, B kokale "wagon" | kugullas "donut"[370] | |||
| *Hreth₂- "wheel", "wagon" | OHG Rad "wheel" | rota "wheel", "wagon" | rátha "chariot, car" | Av raθa "wagon", "chariot" | Lith rãtai "wagon" (pl.), rãtas "wheel" (sg.) | OIr roth "wheel", "circle" | rreth "ring, hoop, tyre (for carriages)" (< *Hróth₂ikos) | ||||||
| *néh₂us "vessel, boat" | OE nōwend "shipmaster, sailor" | ON naust "boathouse"; OIc nōr "ship" | nāvis "ship" | naûs "ship"; | naú, nāva "ship" | Pers nâv "boat, ship" (archaic) | OIr nó, nau "boat" | OArm naw "ship, boat" | |||||
| *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ "wool" | wool (< OE wull) | wulla "wool" | lāna "wool" | lênos "wool, fleece (pl.)", Dor lânos | ū́rṇā "wool, woolen thread" | Av varənā "wool" | OCS vlĭna "wool", OESlav vŭlna "wool" | Latv vil̃na, Lith vìlna "wool", OPrus wilna "skirt (made of wool)" | OIr olann, MBret gloan, glan, OW gulan "wool" | OArm gełmn "fleece, wool" | ḫulanaš "wool" | ||
| *s(y)uH- "to sew" | sew (< OE sēowan) | siujan "to sew" | suō (suere) "to sew"; sūtūra "thread, suture"[372] | humḗn "sinew" | sī́vyati "(he) sews", syūtá- "sewn"; sū́tra- "thread, string"[373] | OCS šijǫ (šiti) "to sew" | OPrus šutun "to sew", Lith siūti "to sew", Latg šyut "to sew" | sum(m)anza(n), šuel (?), šuil (?) "thread" | |||||
| *teks- "to fashion, construct" | OE þeox "spear" | OHG dehsa, dehsala "hatchet" | texō (texere) "to weave" | téktōn "carpenter", tíktō "I give birth" | takṣati, tā́ṣṭi "(he) fashions" | Av tašaiti "(he) cuts out, manufactures"; OPers us-tašanā "stairway" < "*construction"; MPers tāšīδan "to do carpentry" | OCS tešǫ (tesati) "to hew", | OPrus tesatun "to hew", Lith tašyti "to hew" | OIr tāl "axe" < *tōkslo- | teshë “cloth, robe” | takkeszi "puts together" | ||
| *webʰ- "to weave" | weave (< OE wefan), web (<P.Gmc. *wabjan) | OHG weban "to weave"; ON vefa | hupʰaínō "I weave" | ubʰnā́ti "ties together"; ūṛna-vābhi- "spider" (litt. "wool-weaver") | Av ubdaēna- "made of cloth"; NPers bāfad "(he) weaves" | viti "weave" | Lith vyti "to twist" | W gwau "knit, weave" | venj "I weave" < *webʰnyō | A wpantär (them. pres.),[374][375] B wāp- "to weave" | wēpta- "wove"[376] | ||
| *werǵ- "to work" | work (< OE weorc, wyrc̣an) | waúrkjan "to work" | urgeō (urgēre) "to push, drive" | (w)érgon "work", érdō, hrézdō "I work" < *wérĝ-yoH₂, *wréĝ-yoH₂ | varcas "activity" (? not in Pokorny) | Av varəza- "work, activity", vərəzyeiti "(he) works"; NPers varz, barz "field work, husbandry" | vrǔšiti "to act, to do" | OPrus wargs "bad, evil, malicious, vicious", wargtwei "to torment oneself, to suffer", Lith vargas "the state of going through bad/unlucky events" | MW gwreith "deed" < *wreĝ-tu- | gorc "work " | rregj "to clean" | A wärk-, B wārk- "to shear" | |
| *wes- "to clothe, wear clothes" | wear (< OE werian) | wasjan "to clothe" | vestis "clothing" | héstai "gets dressed" | váste "(s/he) gets dressed"; vástra- "clothing" | Av vaste, vaŋhaiti "(he) gets dressed" | OPrus westi "corset" | W gwisg "clothing" | z-genum "I put on (clothes)" < *wes-nu- | vesh "dress" veshje "clothing" | B wastsi, wästsi "clothing" | wassezzi "(he) clothes" |
Self-motion, rest edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *h₁es- "to be", *h₁es-ti "is", *h₁és-mi "am" Cf. Indo-European copula (See also *h₁sónts) | is (< OE is), am | ist "is" | sum (esse) "I am (to be)"; est "it is" | estí "is,"; Dorian Greek entí "(they) are" <- *h₁s-enti | ásti "is"; ásmi "am" | Av asti "is"; Persian ast "is" | OCS jestŭ "is" | OPrus ast "is", ēst "almost", Lith esti "is" | OIr is "is"; Old Welsh hint "(they) are" <- *h₁s-enti | em "I am" | është "is" | B ste "is" | ēszi "is" |
| *bʰuh₂- "to become" Cf. Indo-European copula | be (< OE bēon); OE būan "to dwell" | bauan "to dwell" | fuī "I was" | pʰúomai "I become", épʰū "became" | bʰávati "become, is", ábʰūt "became, was" | Av bavaiti, OPers bavatiy "(he) becomes" | OCS byti "to become, be" | OPrus butwei "to be", Lith būti "to be" | Gaul biiete "be! (imperative)";[377][by] OIr buith "being", W bod "to be" | busanim "sprout up" | buj, bûj "I dwell, stay overnight" < *bunjō | ||
| *sed-, *si-sd- "to sit" | sit (< OE sittan < *sed-yo-nom) | sitan "to sit" | sedeō (sedēre) "to sit", sīdō "I sit down" < *si-sd-oH₂ | hézdomai "I sit" < *sed-yo-, hizdō "I set" < *si-sd-oH₂ | sátsi "(he) sits", aor. ásadat "sat"; sī́dati "(he) sits" < *si-sd-eti; Upaniṣad lit. "sit-down-beside" < upa: 'by, beside', ni: 'down', sad: 'sit' | Av ni-šaŋhasti "(he) sits down", opt. hazdyā-t "(he) should sit", hiδaiti "(he) sits" < *si-sd-eti; OPers caus. niya-šād-ayam "I set" | OCS sěždǫ (sěděti) "to sit" | OPrus sistwei "to sit down", Lith sedėti "to be sitting", sėstis "to sit down" | OIr sa(i)did "sits"; Br hezañ "to stop" | nstim "I sit" (< *ni-zdyō), hecanim (< *sed-s-an-yō) "I sit on, I ride" | shëtis "to walk" | ||
| *legʰ- "to lie down" | lie (< OE lic̣gan) | ligan "to lie down" | lectus "bed" | lékʰomai "I lie down" | laṅghate "(he) leans, lies down" | NPers ley "lie down" | OCS ležǫ (ležati) "to lie down" | OPrus laztwei "to lie down" | OIr laigid "lies down" | lagje "city quarter" | A läk- "to lie", B lyśalyñe "(act of) lying down" | lagari "(he) lies down" | |
| *ḱey- "to lie down; settle, bed, cozy, familiar" [378][379] [380][381][382] | home (< OE hām "village, home" < *k̂oi-mos); hewe "domestic, servant" (< OE hīwa "family member") | háims (háimáis) "village, town" < *k̂oi-mis; heiwafrauja "marriage" | cīvis "city dweller, citizen" < *k̂ei-wis ⇒ [note 87]; cūnae "cradle; nest"; Cūnīna (Roman goddess who protects infants in the cradle) cieō; "I put in motion; act, move, stir; rouse" ⇒ [note 88] | keîmai "I lie (idle, sick, dead, etc.)"; kíō "I go" (Homeric); kīnéō "I move, set in motion, remove; inflect (grammar); meddle; stir on" (> kinetic, cinema, etc.); koítē "bed, place of rest; lair; lodging"; koitā́zō "I put to bed, cause to rest" | śētē (older śáyē) "(he) lies", śērē "they lie"; śayú "orphan"; śéva- "dear, precious"; śivá- "favorable, happy, fortunate; auspicious" (later applied to the god Rudra, first as Śiva-rudra, then simply Śiva; also spelled Shiva) | Av saēte "(he) lies", sōire "they lie" | OCS sěmija "family"; sěmĭ "household member" | OPrus seimi "family", kaims "village", Lith šeima "family", kaimas "village"; sieva "wife" | OIr cóim, cóem, OW cum "dear" | sirem "I love" < *k̂eiro- | komb “nation, people” | kitta, kittari "lies"; Luwian ziyari "lies" | |
| *tḱey- "to settle, live; cultivate" [383][384] [385][386][387] | sinō "I let, permit, allow; set down"; situs "permitted, allowed; laid, set down; placed" ⇒ [note 89]; dēsinō "I leave off, cease, desist" (> desinence); pōnō < po + sinō "I place, put, lay; set up" ⇒ [note 90] | ktízō "I found, build, establish; populate; produce"; eüktímenos "well-built, nice place"; ktísis "a founding, settling; creature"; ktílos "tame, docile, obidient"; ktísma "colony, foundation" | kṣéti "(s/he) abides, stays, dwells; remains"; kṣití "abode, habitation, dwelling; the earth" | ||||||||||
| *steh₂- "to stand (i.e. be standing)" | stand (< OE standan) | standan "to stand"; OHG stān, stēn "to stand" | stō (stāre) "to stand", sistō (sistere) "to cause to stand" | Doric hístāmi "I stand" | sthā- / tíṣṭhati "(he) stands" | Av hištaiti "(he) stands"; OPers impf. a-ištata "(he) stood" | OCS stajǫ (stati) "to stand up" | OPrus stalitwei "to stand", Lith stovėti "to stand" | OIr tair-(ṡ)issiur "I stand"; W sefyll "to stand" | stanam "I build; gain" | mbështet, pshtet "I support" | B stäm- "to stand", ste "is", "stare" "(they) are" | istanta- "to stay, delay" |
| *h₁ey- "to go" | yede (< OE ēode "went") | iddja "went" | eō (īre) "to go" | eĩmi "I (will) go" | éti "(he) goes", yánti "(they) go" | Av aēiti "(he) goes", yeinti "(they) go"; OPers aitiy "goes" | OCS jiditi "to move away, to arrive", jidene "coming" | OPrus eitwei "to go", Lith eiti "to walk" | W wyf "I am"; OIr ethaid "goes" < *it-āt- | iǰanem (aorist ēǰ) "I climb down" < *i-gh- | iki "to leave; flee" *H₁(e)i-K- | A yā "he went", B yatsi "to go" < *yā- | īt "go!" |
| *gʷem- "to come"[388] | come (< OE cuman) | qiman "to come"; OSax cuman [an liudi] "to come (to people) [to be born]" | veniō (venīre) "to come"[bz] | baínō "I go" | gámati "(he) goes", aor. ágan, gan "(he) went" | Av ǰamaiti "goes"; OAv inj. uz-ǰǝ̄n "(he) goes", pl. gǝmǝn "they go" | OPrus gimtwei "to be born", Lith gimti "to be born", Latv dzimt "to bear (a son)" | ekn (< *h₁e-gʷem-t) "(he) came" | A käm-, kum-, B käm-, kam-, śem "to come" | Luw zammantis "newborn child" (?) | |||
| *Hyewdʰ- "to move swiftly, to move upright, to rise (as if to fight)"[389][390] | iubeō "I authorize, legitimate; bid, command, order"; iussus "order, command, decree, ordinance" | euthús "straight, direct"; eîthar "at once, immediately, forthwith"; husmī́nē "battle, conflict, combat" | yúdhyate "to fight, battle; wage war"; yodháyati "to engage in battle; to overcome in war, to be a match for; to lead to war, to cause to fight"; yuddhá- "battle, fight, war"; yoddhṛ "fighter, warrior, soldier"; yudhmá- "hero, warrior" | OCS oiminŭ "warrior"; Pol judzić "to incite, instigate" | Lith judėti "to move" | ||||||||
| *peth₂- "to spread out; fly (spread wings)" [115][116][391][392] (See also *péth₂r̥) | fathom (< OE fæþm) | petō "I ask, beg, request; aim; attack, thrust at"; pateō "I am open; accessible, attainable; increase, extend" (> patent); pandō "I spread, open out, extend; unfold, expand" (> expand); passus < *pat-s-tus "spread out; step, pace" (> pass); impetus "attack, assault; rapid motion"; petulāns "impudent, wanton; petulant" > petulant; patera "broad flat dish, saucer"; propitius "favorable, well-disposed" (> propitious) | pétomai "I fly; rush, dart; make haste"; pī́ptō "I fall, throw self down"; petánnūmi "I spread out, open"; ptôma "fall; misfortune, calamity; ruin" (> symptom); ptôsis "falling; (grammar) case, inflection"; ptōtikós "capable of inflexion"; pétalon "leaf (plant, flower or tree)" > petal | pátati "(s/he) flies; descends, falls"; pātáyati "(s/he) causes to fly, throws; causes to fall; pours, spills" | |||||||||
| *ped- "to walk, step; stumble, fall" [393][394][98][395] (See also *pōds) | fetter (< OE feter); OE fæt "step; stride; pace, gait | impediō "I hinder, impede, obstruct" (> impede); expediō "I unfetter; remove impediments; prepare" (> expedite); pecco < *ped-co "I sin, transgress; offend" ⇒ [note 91]; pedica "fetter, shackle; snare"; pessum < *ped·tum "to the lowest part; to the bottom; in ruin"; pessimus "worst, lowest" (> pessimism); peior "worse" (> pejorative); oppidum "town" (step > ground > town) | pédon "ground, earth"; pedíon "open country, plain, field; female genitals"; pēdón "oar blade, oar"; pēdálion "steering paddle"; pezós < *peďďós "on foot, walking; on land, infantry"; pódion "base" ⇒ [note 92] | pádyate "(s/he) moves, goes; falls"; pādáyati "(s/he) causes to fall, drops"; pada- "step, stride, pace; footstep, vestige; plot of ground; a fourth" | padati, pasti "to fall"; pěšĭ "on foot, pedestrian"; padežĭ "fall; downfall, disaster"; pod "ground, floor" | ||||||||
| *sekʷ- "to follow" | OE sec̣g "follower, companion, man" | ON seggr "hero" | sequor (sequī) "to follow" ⇒ [note 93] | hépomai "I follow" | sácate "(he) follows" | Av hačaitē, hačaiti "(he) follows" | šagati "to walk, stride, step"; Russ šag "step" | OPrus sektwei "to shallow [To breathe lightly]", Lith sekti "to follow" | OIr sechithir "follows" | shoh “ I see” | |||
| *steygʰ- "to go, climb, march" [396][397] [261][398] | stair (< OE stǣġer); sty (< OE stīgan); stile (< OE stiġel, stigol) | Ger steigen "to ascend, climb, rise" | vestīgō "I follow a track, search" (> investigate); vestīgium "footprint, track; trace, mark; sole of foot" (> "vestige") | stíkhos "a row (of soldiers); a line of poetry" > Russ stix "verse, a line of poetry; poem (plu)"; stoîkhos "row, course, file"; stoikheîon "one of a row, one of a series; element" > stoichio- (> stoichiometry, etc.); stókhos "pillar of brick; target" | stighnóti "(s/he) steps, steps up, mounts" | OCS stignǫti "to attain; reach"; stĭza "path" | ? Shteg “path” | ||||||
| *wert- "to turn, rotate" [399][400] [401][402] | -ward (< OE -weard "facing, turned toward"); worth (obsolete meaning "to become", compare German werden) (< OE weorþ); weird (< OE wyrd, wurd "fate, destiny"); OE weorþung "an evaluation, appreciation" | Ger werden "to become, to get; to turn; to be, happen"; Wurst "sausage, wurst" (< PGmc "something twisted") | vertō "I turn, revolve; turn around, reverse, retreat" ⇒ [note 94]; vertex, vortex "whirlpool"; vertīgō "giddiness"; prōsus, prorsus < proversus "forwards, towards" > prose;[ca] re- < PIE *wret-, metathesis of *wert- "re-" (> re- (again, repetition, etc.)) | vartate "(it) turns, rotates; moves, advances; occurs"; vartana- "a turning; conduct, behavior, intercourse"; vartayáti "(it) turns" (transitive, causative); vártman "track; way, course, path" | OCS vrĭtěti "to turn"; vrotiti "to return"; vrěteno "spindle"; vrota "gate, door"; vratŭ "turn, rotor, wheel"; vrěmę < *vertmen "hour; time" (Compare Skt vártman) | Lith versti "to turn" | rris “to grow, to increase” | ||||||
| *bʰegʷ- "to run, flee"[403] | phobéō "I put to flight, terrify, alarm; threaten"; phóbos "fear, terror; fright, panic; flight, retreat" | bhājáyati "(s/he) causes to flee" | Kurd bazdan "to run, to escape" | OCS běgati, běžati "to flee, run, escape"; | Lith bėgti "to run" | ||||||||
| *bʰewg- "to flee"[404] | fugiō "I flee"; fuga "flight, escape" | pheúgō "I flee"; phugḗ "flight, escape" | Lith baugus "scary", baugštus "scared easily" |
Object motion edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *bʰer- "to carry" | bear (< OE beran); burden, burthen (< OE byrþen) | baíran "to carry" | ferō (ferre) "to carry"; lucifer "light-bearing, light-bringing" | pʰerō "I carry"; khristóphoros "Christ-bearing" | bʰarati "(he) carries" | Av baraiti "(he) carries"; OPers barantiy "they carry"; NPers bordan "to carry"; Kurd birin "to carry, to take" | OCS berǫ (bĭrati) "to carry" | Lith berti "to pour non liquid" | OIr biru "I carry"; W beru "to flow" | berem "I carry" | bie "I carry"; barrë "load, burden" | ||
| *weǵʰ- "to convey" | weigh (< OE wegan "carry"); way (< OE weġ); wain "wagon" (< OE wæġn)[cb] | ga-wigan "to move, shake" | vehō (vehere) "to convey" | Pamphylian wekʰétō "he should bring"; Cypriot éwekse "brought there" | váhati "(he) drives"; vahana- (< vah) "divine mount or vehicle of Hindu deities" (lit. "a carrying") | Av vazaiti "(he) leads, carries" | OCS vezǫ (vesti) "to drive" | OPrus weztun "to ride", Lith vežti "to drive" | OIr fēn, W gwain (type of wagon) < *weǵʰ-no-; W arwain "to lead" | vjedh "I steal" | Hier Luw wa-zi/a- "drive" | ||
| *yew-, *yewg- "to join, yoke, tie together" [405][406] (See also yugóm) | ON eykr draft animal; ON eyki vehicle, cart | iungō "I yoke, join" ⇒ [note 95]; iūxtā "nearly; near, close to"; coniunx, coniux "spouse, partner (husband or wife)" | zeúgnūmi "I yoke, saddle; join, link together"; zeûgma "band, bond, that which is used for joining; bridge of boats"; zeûgos "pair, two things, persons or animals seen as a pair" | yunákti "(s/he) yokes, harnesses, joins"; yóga- "yoking, act of joining; yoke, team, vehicle; employment, use, performance; remedy, cure; means, device, way, manner, method; trick, fraud; undertaking; connection, relation; fitness, suitability; application, concentration, union, yoga";[407] yóktra- "fastening or tying instrument; rope, thong, halter"; yugmá- "pair, couple; Gemini (zodiac sign); junction, confluence"; yújya- "union, alliance"; yugya- "a vehicle, chariot; draft animal"; yuj (root noun) "a yoke-fellow, companion, associate; pair, couple; the Aśvins" | Lith jungiu "I join" | ||||||||
| *h₂eǵ- "to lead, drive" | ON aka "to drive" | agō (agere) "to drive, do" | ágō "I lead" | ájati "(he) drives" | Av azaiti "(he) drives"; Kurd ajotin "to drive" | ehati "to drive" | OIr ad-aig "compels"; OW agit, hegit "goes" | acem "I lead" | A ak-, B āk- "go, lead" | ||||
| *h₂eḱs- "axis, axle" < *h₂eǵ-[135][408] | OE eax | axis "axle" | ákṣa- "axle" | Russian osь "axis, axle" | Lith ašis "axle" | ashkë “wood splinter <PAlb a(k)škā “axis” | |||||||
| *dʰeh₁-, dʰh₁- "to place, put" | do (< OE dōn) | deds "deed" | faciō (facere) "to do" < *dʰh₁-k-yoh₂; con-ditus "built" (orig. "put together"), ab-ditus "removed" (orig. "put away") < Proto-Italic *-θatos < *dʰh₁-tos | títʰēmi "I put" < *dʰí-dʰeh₁-mi | dádʰāti "(he) puts" < *dʰé-dʰeh₁-ti | Av daδāiti "(he) puts"; OPers impf. adadā "(he) established" | OCS děti "to lay" | OPrus ditun "to put", Lith dėti "to put" | Gaulish dede "he put (pt.)"; W dodi "to place, to put";OIr -tarti "he gives" < Proto-Celtic *to-ro-ad-dīt < *-dʰeh₁-t | dnel "to put"; ed "he put (past)" | dhatë "place, location" < *dʰh₁-teh₂ | A tā-, täs-, tas-, B tes- "to lay" < *dʰeh₁-s- | dāi "puts" |
| *stel- "to put, place, locate; be set, firm" [409][410][261][411] | stall (< OE steall); stell (non-standard) "to place, set up" (< OE stellan) | Ger stellen "to put, place, position" | locus < *stlocus "place, spot, location" ⇒ [note 96]; stultus, stolidus "foolish, stupid"; stolō "shoot, branch" > stolon (botany); stolus < AG stólos "navigation; fleet equipment" | stéllō "I send; make ready, prepare; summon"; stólos "expedition; army, fleet"; apóstolos "one sent forth; messenger, envoy" > apostle; epistolḗ < epistéllō "message, letter; commission; will" ⇒ [note 97]; stḗlē "block of stone, buttress; boundary post" > stele, stela | sthala- "place, ground, location" | OCS stĭlati "to spread" | Lith stalas "table" | shtjell “loosen, I wind up” | |||||
| *deH₃-, dʰH̥₃- "to give" | dō (dare) "to give"; dator "giver, donor"; dōnum "gift" | dídōmi "I give" | dádāti "(he) gives"; dātṛ "giver, donor"; dānam "gift, giving" | Av dadāiti "(he) gives"; OPers impv. dadātuv "let him give"; NPers dãdan "to give" | OCS damĭ "I will give" | OPrus datun "to give", Lith duoti "to give" | OIr dān, W dawn "gift" | tam "I give" | dhashë "I gave" < *dH̥₃-sm̥ | dāi "takes" | |||
| *kap- "to grab"[412][413] | have (< OE habban), heave (< OE hebban); haven "hæfen" | haban "to have", hafjan "to lift" | capiō (capere) "to take" | káptō "I snatch, swallow"; kaûkos "cup" > Lat caucus | kapaṭī "two handfuls" | NPers časpīdan, čapsīdan, cafsīdan "to grasp, seize" | Ukrainian khapaty "to grab" | OPrus kaps "grave", Lith kapas "grave", kapt "expression to indicate grabbing. | OIr cacht "female slave", W caeth "slave, captive" < *kap-tos "taken" | kap "I grasp, grab", kam "I have" | |||
| *gʰabʰ- "to seize, take" | give (< OE ġiefan) | giban "to give" | habeō (habēre) "to have" | gábʰastis "forearm, hand" | OPers grab "to seize"; Kurd girtin "to take, to seize" | Russ. xvatát "to snatch, suffice" | OPrus gabtun "to catch", Lith gebėti "to have the ability" | OIr gaibid "takes"; W gafael "to take hold, to grip" | |||||
| *gʷʰen- "to strike, kill" | bane (< OE bana "murderer") | banja "blow, wound, ulcer" | dē-fendō (dēfendere) "to ward off, defend", of-fendō (offendere) "to bump, offend" | tʰeínō "I kill" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂, épepʰnon "I killed" < redup. + *gʷʰn-om | hánti "(he) strikes, kills" < *gʷʰen-ti, gʰnánti "they strike, kill"; vṛtra·han "Vṛtra-killer, a name of Indra" | Av ǰainti "(he) strikes, kills", ni-γne (mid.) "I strike down"; OPers impf. ajanam "I struck down" | OCS ženǫ (gŭnati) "drive (animals to pasture)", žĭnjǫ (žęti) "reap" | OPrus gintun "to defend", Lith ginti " to defend", ganyti "to drive animals to pasture" | OIr gonim "I wound, kill"; W gwanu "to stab" | ǰnem "I strike" < *gʷʰen-oH₂, ǰnǰem "I destroy" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ | gjanj "I hunt" < *gʷʰen-yoH₂ | B käsk- "to scatter to destruction" < *gʷʰn̥-sk- | kuēnzi "kills" < *gʷʰen-ti |
| *bʰeyd- "to split, cleave"[414] | bit (< OE bite);bite (< OE bitan); bait (< ON beita) | 'findō "I split"; fissus < fid·tus "split"; fissiō "splitting, fission" | bhid-, bhinátti "(s/he) splits, breaks"; bhedati "(s/he) splits"; bhinná < bhid·ná "split, cloven" | ||||||||||
| *der- "to tear, crack; split, separate"[415] | tear (< OE teran); turd (< OE tord) | *taurþs "destruction, a teardown" | dérō "to skin, flay"; dérma "skin, hide" | dṛṇā́ti "(s/he) tears, rends, rips; splits open, bursts" | OCS dĭrati "to tear, flay" | Lith dirti "to skin" | djerr “I destroy <PIE *dr̥-néH-ti | ||||||
| *bʰreg- "to break"[416] | break (< OE brecan); breech, breeches (< OE brēċ) | frango "I break, shatter"; frāctus "broken"; fragilis "breakable" | |||||||||||
| *sek- "to cut off, sever"[417][418][cc] | saw (tool) (< OE sagu); sax "slate hammer" (< OE seax); seax (directly borrowed from OE seax); zax (< OE seax) | secō, sectum "I cut, cut off; cleave; castrate; wound; hurt" ⇒ [note 98]; segmen, segmentum "piece; a cutting, cut; slice; segment"; signum "sign, mark, signal; seal, signet; emblem, etc"; sexus "division; sex; gender"; saxum "stone, rock" > Saxon | OCS sěšti "to cut, to mow" Pol siekać "to cut" | shat/shatë “mattock, hoe” <PIE *sēk-teh₂- | |||||||||
| *(s)ker- "to cut"[419][420] (See also: *sek-) | shear (< OE scieran); share (< OE sċearu); shard, sherd (< OE sċeard ); shred (< OE sċrēad); scrap (< ON skrapa); scrape (< ON skrapa); short (< OE sċort); screen < PGmc *skirmiz "fur, hide" > Yid shirem "umbrella"; Italian schermo "screen"; Russ šírma "screen, shield"; shirt (< OE sċyrte); skirt (< ON skyrta); scar (< PGmc *skardaz "gap, cut"); score (< OE scoru) | curtus "short; broken"; corium "skin, hide, leather"; carō, carnis "flesh, meat, pulp" ⇒ [note 99]; cēna "dinner, supper ('portion')"; cortex "bark of a tree, cork" > cork; scortum "a skin, hide; harlot"; scrotum; scrautum "a quiver made of hide"; scrūta "rubbish, broken trash" > Lat scrūtor "I search, examine thoroughly" ⇒ [note 100]; scrūpus "a rough sharp stone; anxiety, uneasiness"; scrūpulus "a small sharp or pointed stone; anxiety, uneasiness, doubt" ⇒ [note 101] | keírō "I shear, shave, cut hair; ravage; destroy; cut short, lessen"; kormós "trunk of a tree; log of timber"; kérma "fragment; coin; cash" | kartati, kṛṇátti, kṛntáte "(s/he) cuts"; cárman "skin; hide, pelt"; kṛtí "knife, dagger" | OCS skora "bast, skin"; kora "bark"; OCS xrabrŭ "brave" | Lith skersti "to cut (especially animal's neck)" | shqerr “to tear, scratch” <PAlb *skera | ||||||
| *skey- *skeyd- "to split, dissect, divide"[421][422] (See also: *sek-, *(s)ker-) | shed (< OE sċēadan); sheath, sheathe (< OE sċēaþ); shide "a piece of wood, firewood" (< OE sċīd); shite, shit (< OE sċītan) | sciō "I can, know, understand, have knowledge" > science; scindō, scissus "I cut, tear, rend; tear off; destroy" | skhízō "I split, cleave" > schizophrenia; skhísma "split, divided; division" > schism; skhísis "cleaving, parting, division; vulva" | chítti "split, division"; √chid-, chinatti "(s/he) splits, cuts off, divides"[423] | OCS cěditi "to strain, filter"; čistiti "to clean, purify"; štedrŭ "generous"; štitŭ "shield" | Lith skiesti "to dilute", skaidyti "to divide into pieces" | shqisë “sense” | ||||||
| *h₃er- "to move, to stir; to rise, spring; quarrel, fight"[424][425] | orior "I rise, get up"; oriēns "rising" > orient; origo "act, event or process of coming into existence; source" > origin | órnūmi "I set upon, awaken, raise, excite, stir up"; oûros "fair wind"; éris "strife, quarrel; rivalry" | ṛṇoti "to attack, rise"; ṛtí "quarrel, strife; attack" | OCS ratĭ "war, battle" | |||||||||
| *h₃reyH- "to move, set in motion; flow, stream (of water); pour, rain; churn"[424][425] | ride (< OE rīdan); raid (< OE rād); run (< OE iernan); -rith "small stream (found in surnames and placenames)"(< OE rīþ) | rīvus "stream" > rival (lit. "using the same stream as another"), derive; irrīto "to irritate" | riṇā́ti "to make flow, release"; rītí "motion, course; current; custom, rite"; rétas "flow, gush, current, stream; seed, sperm" | OCS rinǫti "to push, shove" | Gau rēda "chariot"; Gau rēnos "river, waterway" > Lat Rhēnus > Rhine | re “clouds” <PAlb *rina | |||||||
| *selǵ- "to let go, send, release" [426][427] [428][429] | sulk (< OE āsolcen < āseolcan "to be slow; weak, slothful") | sṛjáti "(it) lets go, discharges, emits"; sarjáyati "causes to let loose, creates"; sṛṣṭá- "let go, discharged, abandoned"; sṛ́ṣṭi "letting go, emission; production, procreation; creation, creation of the world"; sárga- "pouring, rush"; sṛká- "arrow, spear" | |||||||||||
| *kʷel-, kʷelh₁- "to turn" [430][431] [432][433][434] (See also *kʷekʷlo-) | halse "neck, throat" (< OE heals) | colō "I till, cultivate (land); inhabit"; cultus "tilled, cultivated" ⇒ [note 102]; colōnus "farmer; colonist, inhabitant"; -cola "inhabitant; tiller, cultivator; worshipper"; colōnia "colony, settlement; possession" ⇒ [note 103]; column "distaff; spun thread"; collum "neck , throat (one that turns)" ⇒ [note 104]; inquilīnus "sojourner, tenant, lodger"[cd] | pélō "in motion, go; become"; pólos "pivot, hinge; axis, pole star" > pole; pálin "back, backwards; again, once more" ⇒ [note 105]; télos "completion, maturity; fulfilment; result, product" > teleology, etc.; Aristotélēs "excellent perfection"; teléō "bring about, complete, fulfill; perform, accomplish"; têle "far off, far away" ⇒ [note 106]; pálai "long ago"; palaiós "old, aged; ancient" > paleolithic, etc. | cárati "it moves, walks, stirs; travels"; caraṇa-, calana- "motion; action; behavior, conduct" | OCS kologŭ "Yule (lit. turn)"; kolovrotŭ "circulation, whirlpool; wheel and axle"; Bul kolovóz "rut, wheel track"; koláč "a type of (round) bread" | sjell “to turn, to bring” <PAlb *tšela | |||||||
| *welH-, *wel- "to turn, to wind, roll" [435][436] [401][437][438] | wallow (< OE wielwan); well (up) (gush) (< OE wellan, willan); well (water source, where the water 'wells up') (< OE wielle); wall (to boil, spring) (< OE weallan); wall (rampart) (< Lat vallum "wall, rampart"); walk (< OE wealcan); wale (< OE walu "ridge, bank") | walwjan "to roll"; Ger Walz (< walzen "to dance") "the waltz"; Welle "wave" | volvō "I roll, tumble" ⇒ [note 107] volūmen "roll, scroll, book; turn; fold" > volume; vallis "valley; hollow" ⇒ [note 108]; vallum "wall, rampart"; intervallum "space between walls" > interval; volūcra "a worm, caterpillar"; valgus "knock-kneed, unstraight"; valva "folding door" > valve; vulva "womb" | eilúō "I wrap, enfold; crawl"; hélix "anything twisted" ⇒ [note 109]; hólmos "round, smooth stone; cylindrical bow, dial" | valati, valate "(it) turns, turns to; moves to; covers"; úlba- "cover, envelope; womb, vulva"; valayá- "coil"; ūrmí "wave" | OCS vlĭna "wave"; vlŭnenije "undulation, swell; turmoil, agitation"; Russ valítʹ "to knock down, kill; cut, fell"; val "roller, billow; rampart; shaft" | Lith vilnìs "wave" | OldArm geł "snake, dragon" | |||||
| *weyp- or *weyb- "to shake, tremble, agitate; sway, swing; turn, wind" [439][440] [401][441][442] | wipe (< OE wīpian); whip (< OE wippen); weave ("to wander") (< ON veifa "wave, flag"); OE wifer "arrow, missile; sword"; swivel (< OE swifan + el); waive < waif ("ownerless, homeless") (< ON veif);[ce] gimp (< OF wimpil "head scarf"); gimlet (< AF wimble "drill")> | biwaibjan "to wind around, wrap"; faurwaipjan "to bind, muzzle" | vibrō "I shake, agitate; tremble; glimmer" > veer, vibrate, etc. | vip-, vépate "it trembles, shakes, shivers, vibrates, quivers"; viprá- "excited, stirred; inspired" | Lith viẽpti "to make a face, gape"; vaipī́tis "to grimace, bend"; vī́burti "to swing, turn around" | ||||||||
| *leykʷ-, *li-ne-kʷ- "to leave behind" | OE lēon "to lend" | leiƕan "to lend" | linquō (linquere) "to leave behind" | leípō, limpánō "I leave behind" | riṇákti "(he) leaves behind", 3rd. pl. riñcanti "they leave behind" | Av -irinaxti "(he) frees"; NPers rēxtan "to pour out" | OBulg otŭ-lěkŭ "something left over", lišiti "to rob" < *leikʷ-s-, Ukr lyshyty "to leave behind"[443] | OPrus palaistun "to leave behind", Lith likti "to stay" | OIr lēicid "(he) leaves behind, releases" | lkʿanem "I leave behind" | Alb Lej leave | ||
| *Hrewk- "to dig, till (soil)"; *HrewH- "to dig, to root"[444][445] (See also *Hrew-, *Hrewp-) | rock (as in 'to move, sway') (< OE roccian); rag (< ON rǫggr) | runcō "I weed, clear of weeds, weed out"; ruō "I dig out"; rutrum "shovel" | luñcati "(s/he) plucks, pulls out, tears off; peels" | OCS ryti "to dig"; OCS rylo "spade, snouts" | |||||||||
| *Hrewp- "to break, tear up"[444][445] (See also *Hrew-, *Hrewk-) | reave, reeve, reve, bereave (< OE (be)rēofan) | rumpō "I break, burst, tear, rend; split" > rout, ruption, abrupt, etc. | rópa- "disturbing, confusing; fissure"; lopa- "breaking, injury, destruction" | ||||||||||
| *h₁reh₁- "to row"[135][446] | rudder (< OE rōþor) | rēmus "oar" | erétēs "(in the plural) oars" | áritra- "propelling, driving" |
Time edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nu | num, nunc (num + -ce) | nûn, nun, nu | nú | Nūn | OCS nyně "now"; | Lith nū, nù "now"; | nu | nu "now, and" | |||||
| *dʰǵʰyés "yesterday" | yesterday (< OE ġeostra) | gistra- "tomorrow (?)" | heri "yesterday" | kʰtʰés "yesterday" | hyás "yesterday" < *ǵʰyés | Av zyō, OPers diya(ka) "yesterday" | OIr in-dē, W ddoe "yesterday" | dje "yesterday" | |||||
| *nokʷts (nekʷts) "night" | night (< OE neaht, niht < *nokʷtis) | nahts (nahts) "night" < *nokʷts | nox (noctis) "night" | núks (núktos) "night" | nák (instr. pl. náktīs) "night" | Proto-Iranian *náxts, Kurd nixte "rainy, cloudy (lack of sunlight)" | OCS noštĭ "night" | OPrus nakts "night", Lith naktis "night" | OIr i-nnocht, OW henoid "on this night" | natë "night" | A n[a]ktim "nightly", B nekciye "in the evening" | nekuz (gen. sg.) "of evening", nekuzzi "it becomes dark" | |
| *wek(ʷ)speros "evening" | vesper "evening" | hésperos "of the evening; western"[cf] | OCS večerŭ "evening"; Rus Zorya Vechernyaya "deity of the evening star" | Latv vakars, Lith vãkaras "evening"; Vakarine "goddess of the evening star" | OIr ucher "evening" | OArm gišer "night; darkness" | |||||||
| *h₂éwsōs "dawn", *h₂ews-tero- "east", *h₂ewso- "gold" | eastern (< OE ēasterne) | ON austr "east" | aurōra "dawn" (< *ausōsa, by rhot), aurum "gold" | Doric āṓs "dawn"; Aeolic aúōs, ā́wōs "dawn" | uṣās (uṣásas), acc. uṣā́sam "dawn" | Av ušā̊ (ušaŋhō), acc. ušā̊ŋhǝm "dawn" | OCS (j)utro "morning" | OPrus austra "dawn", auss "gold"; Lith aušra "dawn", auksas "gold"; Latv ausma, ausmina "dawn" | OIr fāir "sunrise", W gwawr "dawn" < *wōsri- | ?os-ki "gold" | ?A wäs "gold" | ||
| *ken- "to arise, begin" [451][452] [453][454] | begin (< OE beginnan) | duginnan "to begin" | recēns "new, fresh, young" > recent | kainós "new, recent; fresh, unused; unusual" > Cenozoic | kanyā̀, kaníyā "maiden, virgin; daughter"; kanī́na- "young, youthful" | OCS načęti "to begin"; konŭ "beginning, end"; konĭcĭ "end"; zakonŭ "law"; štenę "young animal" | |||||||
| *ǵʰyem-, ǵʰeym- "winter" | ON gói "winter month" | hiems "winter" | kʰeĩma "winter" | híma- "winter", hemantá- "in winter" | Av zyā̊ (acc. zyąm, gen. zimō) "winter" | OCS zima "winter" | OPrus zeima "winter", Lith žiema "winter" | Gaul Giamonios "winter month";[cg][54][455] OIr gam "winter", gem-adaig "winter night"; OW gaem "winter" | jmeṙ "winter", jiwn "snow" | Gheg dimën, Tosk dimër(ë) "winter" | ? A śärme "winter"; ? B śimpriye "winter".[ch] | gimmanza "winter", gimi "in winter" | |
| *semh₂- "summer" | summer (< Old English sumor) | OHG sumar, OIc sumar "summer" | sámā "season; year" | Av ham- "summer"; Pers hâmin "summer"; Khot-Saka hamāñarva "summer season" | Gaul Samon(ios) "summer month"; | OArm am "year", amaṙn "summer" | A şme "summer"; B ṣmāye "summer" (adj.), ywārś-ṣmañe "midsummer"[458] | ||||||
| *wés-r̥, wes-n-és "spring" | ON vár "spring" | vēr "spring" | (w)éar "spring" | vasan-tá- "spring" | Av vaŋri "in spring"; OPers θūra-vāhara- | OCS vesna "spring" | OPrus wassara "spring", Lith vasara "summer", pavasaris "spring", vėsu "cool" | OIr errach "spring"< *ferrach < *wesr-āko-; OW guiannuin "in spring" < *wes-n̥t-eino- | garun "spring"< *wesr- | ||||
| *wet- "year", *per-ut- "last year" | wether "castrated male sheep" (< OE weþer), | OHG widar "male sheep", MHG vert "last year" <- *per-ut-, ON fjorð "last year" <- *per-ut- | vetus (veteris) "old" | (w)étos "year", pérusi "last year" | vatsá-, vatsará- "year", par-út "last year" | Sogdian wtšnyy (read wat(u)šanē) "old" | OCS vetŭchŭ "old" | OLith vẽtušas "old" | MIr feis, Cornish guis "sow" < *wet-si- | heru "last year" < *peruti | vit (pl. vjet) "year" | witt- "year" | |
| *h₂et- "to go, year"[459] | annus < atnus "year" | átati "(it) goes, walks, wanders"; hā́yana- "yearly" | |||||||||||
| *yeh₁r- "year" | year (< OE ġēar) | jēr "year" | hōrnus "this year's" < *hōyōr- | hōra "time, year" < *yoH₁r- | Av yārə "year" | Russ. CH jara "spring" | OLith Jórė "spring festival" | W iâr "hen", MIr eir-īn "fowl" | |||||
| *h₂óyu "long time, lifetime" | age (< Lat. aetat-), | aiws | aevum aeternum, aeternitas "lifetime" | āyus "life, age" (as in the word āyur·veda, "knowledge of (long) life") | Gaul aiu- "eternity, longevity"[460] |
Ideas and rituals edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ǵʰew- "to pour, libate, invoke"[320] | god (< OE god < PIE. ǵʰutós "invoked, libated") | fundō "I pour" | hotrá "libation"; hotṛ "priest, offerer of libations"; juhóti "to worship, sacrifice, present an oblation"; hóma "oblation, a Vedic ritual" | gumoj “I pour” | |||||||||
| *h₁yaǵ- "to sacrifice, worship"[320] | ieientō "to eat breakfast" | hágios "devoted to the gods, holy, pious" | yájati "(s/he) worships"; yajña "worship, devotion, prayer"; yájus "religious reverence, worship, sacrifice"; | ||||||||||
| *ḱréddʰh₁eti "to believe" < *ḱred- “heart” + *dʰh₁eti "place"[320] (See also *k̂erd-) | creed, credo < Lat crēdō | crēdō "I believe, I trust in, I confide in" | śraddhā́ "faith, trust, confidence, loyalty", śrad-dadʰāti "(he) trusts, believes" | Av zrazdā- "to believe" < *srazdā[ci] | Old Irish cretim, W credaf "I believe" | ||||||||
| *gʷerH- "to praise, express approval; to elevate" [461][462][463] | grātus "pleasing"; grātia "grace, thankfulness"; grātuītus "freely given, free" | járate "(s/he) praises, invokes"; gṛṇā́ti "(s/he) calls, invokes, mentions with praise, extols"; gūrtá- "agreeable, pleasing, lovely; approved, welcome"; gūrtí "approval, praise; benediction" | OCS žrĭti "to sacrifice"; žrĭtva "sacrifice, offering"; žrĭcĭ "priest" | OIr bard, W bardd "bard" | grah “ to incite, to roar” | ||||||||
| *h₁wegʷʰ- "to promise, vow; praise"[464][465] | voveō, vōtum "I vow, promise; dedicate, devote; wish for" | eúkhomai "I pray, vow, wish for; profess"; eûkhos "prayer, object of prayer; boast; vow" | óhate "(s/he) says"; ukthá "saying; sentence, verse; eulogy" | Av uxδa "word" | |||||||||
| *ḱwen-, *ḱwen-tos "holy"[320][310] | Av spəṇta "holy"[466] | OCS svętŭ "holy" | Lith šveñtas "holy" | ||||||||||
| *seh₂k- "holy"[467][468] | sanciō "I render, appoint as sacred; devote, consecrate, dedicate"; sānctus "sacred, made inviolable; venerable, blessed, saintly"; sacer "sacred, holy, dedicated, consecrated; devoted" |
Unclassified edit
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *gʰedʰ- "to unite, join, suit"[469] | good (< OE gōd); gather (< OE gaderian); together (< OE togædere) | godǔ "suitable time, holiday, feast, right time, time, term, year"; [cj] OCS godina "hour; time"; godĭnŭ "suitable" | |||||||||||
| *bʰed- "to improve, make better"[470] | better (< OE betera); batten (< ON batna "to grow better, improve, recover"); boot[ck] (< OE bōt "help, relief, advantage, remedy") | bhadrá- "blessed, auspicious, fortunate, prosperous, happy; good, gracious, friendly, kind; excellent, fair, lovely, pleasant, dear" | betë “good, right” | ||||||||||
| *h₂el- "to grow, nourish"[471] | old (< OE eald, ald); alderman (< OE ealdorman) | aljan "to cause to grow fat, fatten" | *oleō (*olēre) "I grow"; alō (alere) "I foster, I nourish; I raise"; alimentum "food, nourishment; obligation to one's parents"; alumnus "nourished, fostered"; alimōnia "food, nourishment"; altus "high, tall"; indolēs "innate, inborn; talent"; adolescēns "growing up"; adultus "grown-up, matured" | ||||||||||
| *h₃erdʰ- "to increase, grow; upright, high"[472][473] | arbor (< OLat arbōs < PIta *arðōs) "tree (high plant)"; arduus "lofty, high, steep, elevated; arduous" | orthós "straight, upright, erect; straight forward" | ūrdhvá "rising, raised, erected; upright, high, above"; ṛ́ddhi "growth, increase; prosperity; elevation" | ||||||||||
| *bʰeh₂g- "to divide, distribute, allot"[474] | baksheesh (< Pers baxšidan "to give, grant, bestow") | éphagon "I ate, devoured (took my share)" > -phagy, (o)esophagus | bhakṣá- "food, drink, delight"; bhájati "to distribute, divide, allot, chooe, serve" | ||||||||||
| *deh₂- *deh₂y- "to share, divide"[475][476] | time (< OE tīma); tide (< OE tīd) | daíomai "I divide, share; host (a feast)"; dêmos "district, country, land; the common people; free citizens, sovereign people; deme"; daís "feast, banquet"; daitrós "one who carves and portions out meat at table"; daímōn "god, goddess; departed soul; demon" | dītí "brightness, time"; dā́ti, dyáti "(s/he) cuts, clips, mows, separates, divides"; dātrá- "allotted share" | ditë “day” | |||||||||
| *deh₂p- "to sacrifice, lose"[475][476] | tap "hit lightly" (< OE tappen); tip "touch quietly, bump quietly" (< OE tippen) | daps "a sacrificial or solemn feast, religious banquet; meal"; damnum < dapnum "damage, injury; (financial) loss; fine" | dáptō "I eat, devour; consume, corrode"; dapánē "cost, expenditure; extravagance" | dāpayati "(s/he) divides" | |||||||||
| *delh₁- "to split, divide"[477][478] | tell, teller (< OE tellen); tale (< OE talu); talk (< OE tealcian) | dolō "I hew, chop into shape; fashion, devise"; doleō "I hurt, suffer; I grieve for, lament"; dolor "pain, ache, hurt; anguish, grief, sorrow" | dalati "it bursts"; dālayati "(s/he) splits, cracks"; dala- "deal, portion, piece, half"; | OCS delěti, odolěti "to overcome, defeat"; Russ dólja "share, fate" | |||||||||
| *dʰayl- "part, watershed" | deal (< OE dǣl); dole (< OE dāl) | OCS děliti "to divide"; OCS dělŭ "part" | |||||||||||
| *bʰeh₂- "to shine, glow"[479] | faveō "I favor"; favor "id"; faustus "favorable, fortunate"; fautor "patron, protector, promoter" | phaínō "I shine, appear, bring to light" | bhā́s "light"; bhānú "light, ray, sun" | ||||||||||
| *bʰewg- "to enjoy, benefit"[480] | fungor "I perform, execute, discharge; finish, complete, end" > fungible, defunct; fūnctiō "performance, execution (of a task)" > function | bhuj-, bhunákti "(s/he) enjoys; consumes, eats, drinks; uses, utilizes" | |||||||||||
| *bʰruHg- "to make use of, have enjoyment of"[481] | brook (< OE brūcan) "(old meaning) to use, enjoy"; Ger brauchen "to need, require" | fruor "I enjoy, derive pleasure from"; frūctus "enjoyment, delight, satisfaction; produce, product, fruit; profit, yield, outcome" ⇒ [note 110]; frūmentum "corn, grain"; frūx, frūgēs "fruits of the earth, produce" > frugal | |||||||||||
| *deyḱ- "to point out";[482] | toe (< OE tā); token (< OE tācn); teach (< OE tǣċan) | dīcō "I say, utter; mention, talk"; digitus "finger, toe, digit" | díkē "custom, manner, fashion; law, order, right; judgement, justice"; δεῖγμᾰ "specimen, sample; pattern" | diśáti "(s/he) points out, shows;teaches, informs; orders, commands, bids"; deśá- "point, region, spot, part; province, country" | |||||||||
| *h₂eyḱ- "to own, obtain, come in possession of"; *h₂eh₂óyḱe- "to possess, own"[483][484] | own (< OE āgen); owe (< OE āgan); OE āga "owner"; ought, aught (< OE ǣht) | √īś, īṣṭe "(s/he) owns, possesses, is master of; rules"; īśá- "owning"; īśāná-, īśvara- "owner, master; ruler; epithets of the god Śiva" | |||||||||||
| *seǵʰ- "to hold, overpower"[485][486] | OE siġe "victory" < PGmc segaz (In personal names, e.g., Sigmund, Siegfried, etc.) | sigis "victory"; sigislaun "prize, spoils" | sevērus "severe, serious, strict, stern, stringent, austere, harsh, grave" | ékhō "I have, possess; hold, am able" ⇒ [note 111]; ískhō "I hold back, restrain; stay; hold fast, maintain"; iskhū́s "strength, power, might"; héxis "possession, act of having; a certain state, condition" ⇒ [note 112]; skhêma "form, shape, figure; appearance, show; bearing, look, air; stateliness, dignity; fashion, manner; character, persona; state, nature; species, kind; dance; sketch, outline, plan, scheme" ⇒ [note 113]; okhurós "firm, lasting, stout"; skholḗ "leisure, free time; rest; philosophy; place where lectures are given" ⇒ [note 114]; Héktōr lit. "conqueror"; skhétlios "able to hold out, steadfast, unflinching" | sáhate "(s/he) overcomes, vanquishes, conquers, prevails; is able, capable; bears, endures"; sáhas "strength, power, force"; sā́ḍhṛ[cl] "conqueror" | Gaul Sego- (in personal and tribal names) "victory"[487] | |||||||
| *h₃erbʰ- "to change status, ownership"; *h₃órbʰos "servant, worker, slave; orphan"[488][489] | erf "heritage, inheritance" (< OE erfe); | Ger arbeit "work", Erbe heir | orbus "orphaned, parentless" | orphanós "orphan; childless; bereft" | árbha- "orphan; child; small" | OCS rabŭ "servant, slave" (< *ārbǔ);[490] Czech orbota "hard work, slavery" > robot; Pol robić "to make, to do" | |||||||
| *Hrew- "to tear out, dig out, open, acquire"[444][445] (See also *Hrewp-, *Hrewk-) | rudis "rough, raw, uncultivated; unrefined, unskilled" ⇒ [note 115] | róman "hair, body hair" | OCS runo "fleece" |
Derivatives edit
- ^ maternal, maternity, matron, matrimony, matrix, matriculate, material, matter, madeira, alma mater, etc.
- ^ Dēmḗtēr Demeter;
mētrópolis "metropolis, lit., mother-city" - ^ paternal, paternity, patron, patronize, pattern, patrimony, patriot, expatriate, patrician, perpetrate, compadre, etc.
- ^ fraternal, fraternity, fraternize, friar,[b] confrere
- ^ sorority
- ^ nepotism
- ^ avuncular
- ^ human, , humanity, ad hominem, etc
- ^ virile, virtue, triumvir(ate), etc.[o]
- ^ regal, regalia, regicide, royal, etc.
- ^ corps, corpse, corporal, corporation, incorporate, etc.
- ^ cap, cape, chapeau, capital, chapter, capitulate, decapitate, per capita, kaput, etc.
- ^ language, lingo etc.
- ^ ocular, binoculars, etc.
- ^ core, cordial, record, accord, discord, concord, accordion, misericordia, courage, etc.
- ^ cruel, crude
- ^ tripod, podium, etc.
- ^ manual, manufacture, manuscript, manipulate, manifest, maintain, manage, manumission, emancipate, mandate, demand, commend, countermand, mandatory, masturbate etc.
- ^ pecunious, impecunious
- ^ a b auspices, auspicious
- ^ lox
- ^ grain, granary, granule, granite, pomegranate, etc.
- ^ agrarian, agriculture, pilgrim, peregrinate, etc.
- ^ promulgate, emulsion, etc.
- ^ molar (tooth)
- ^ immolate
- ^ maul, mallet, malleable
- ^ Spanish 'zumo' via Arabic
- ^ fervent, fervor, fervid, effervescence
- ^ saline, salsa, sauce, salad, sausage (salchicha, saucisse), salami, salary
- ^ semen, seminar, seminary, seminal, disseminate, inseminate, season, sative, etc.
indo, european, vocabulary, following, table, many, most, fundamental, proto, indo, european, language, words, roots, with, their, cognates, major, families, descendants, contents, notes, kinship, people, pronouns, particles, numbers, body, animals, food, farm. The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto Indo European language PIE words and roots with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants Contents 1 Notes 2 Kinship 3 People 4 Pronouns and particles 5 Numbers 6 Body 7 Animals 8 Food and farming 9 Bodily functions and states 10 Mental functions and states 11 General conditions and states 12 Natural features 13 Directions 14 Basic adjectives 15 Light and color 16 Positive qualities 17 Construction fabrication 18 Self motion rest 19 Object motion 20 Time 21 Ideas and rituals 22 Unclassified 23 Derivatives 24 Footnotes 25 Tabular notes 26 References 27 Bibliography 28 Further reading 29 External linksNotes editThe following conventions are used Cognates are in general given in the oldest well documented language of each family although forms in modern languages are given for families in which the older stages of the languages are poorly documented or do not differ significantly from the modern languages In addition modern English forms are given for comparison purposes Nouns are given in their nominative case with the genitive case supplied in parentheses when its stem differs from that of the nominative For some languages especially Sanskrit the basic stem is given in place of the nominative Verbs are given in their dictionary form The exact form given depends on the specific language For the Germanic languages and for Welsh the infinitive is given For Latin the Baltic languages and the Slavic languages the first person singular present indicative is given with the infinitive supplied in parentheses For Greek Old Irish Armenian and Albanian modern only the first person singular present indicative is given For Sanskrit Avestan Old Persian Parthian the third person singular present indicative is given Where useful Sanskrit root forms are provided using the symbol For Tocharian the stem is given For Hittite either the third person singular present indicative or the stem is given In place of Latin an Oscan or Umbrian cognate is occasionally given when no corresponding Latin cognate exists Similarly a cognate from another Anatolian language e g Luvian Lycian may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Hittite For Tocharian both the Tocharian A and Tocharian B cognates are given whenever possible For the Celtic languages both Old Irish and Welsh cognates are given when possible For Welsh normally the modern form is given but occasionally the form from Old Welsh is supplied when it is known and displays important features lost in the modern form A Middle Irish cognate is given when the Old Irish form is unknown and Gaulish Cornish and or Breton modern cognates may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Welsh For the Baltic languages Lithuanian modern and Old Prussian cognates are given when possible Both Lithuanian and Old Prussian are included because Lithuanian often includes information missing in Old Prussian e g due to lack of written accent marks in the latter Similarly to the Celtic situation Old Lithuanian forms may occasionally be given in place of modern Lithuanian Latvian modern may occasionally be given in place of or in addition to Lithuanian For the Slavic languages Old Church Slavonic cognates are given when possible Forms from modern Slavic languages or other Church Slavic dialects may occasionally be given in place of Old Church Slavonic For English a modern English cognate is given when it exists along with the corresponding Old English form otherwise only an Old English form is given For Gothic a form in another Germanic language Old Norse Old High German or Middle High German is sometimes given in its place or in addition when it reveals important features Kinship editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite meh ter mother a 1 2 mother lt OE mōdor mōdar mother mater mother note 1 mḗter mother note 2 ma tṛ matṛ mother Av matar mother NPers madar mother Kurd mak mother OCS mati mater mother Lith moteris woman motina OPrus muti mother Gaul matir mother OIr mathir mother W modryb auntie mayr mother moter sister A macar B macer mother ph tḗr father 3 4 5 father lt OE faeder fadar father pater father note 3 patḗr father gt patriarch pitṛ father Pitrs spirits of the ancestors litt the fathers Av pitar nom also pta ta OPers pita father NPers pedar otets father Russian OIr athair father Welsh edrydd paternal domain hayr father ate father A pacar B pacer father bʰreh ter brother 6 7 8 brother lt OE brōthor brōthar brother frater brother note 4 pʰra ter member of a phratry brotherhood gt phratry bʰra tṛ brother Rom phral brother gt pal 9 10 c Av bratar OPers bratar NPers bradar Ossetian arvad brother relative NPers baradar Kurd bira birader OCS bratrŭ brother Lith brolis OPrus brati brother Gaul Bratronos pers name 11 OIr brathair W brawd pl brodyr brother elbayr gen elbawr brother A pracar B procer brother Lyd brafr sis brother 12 swesōr sister 13 14 8 sister lt OE sweostor influenced by ON systir swistar sister soror sister note 5 eor cousin s daughter svasṛ sister Av x vaŋhar sister NPers ḫwahar sister Kurd xwisk sister d OCS sestra sister Lith sesuo seser OPrus sestra sister Gaul suiorebe with two sisters dual 15 OIr siur W chwaer sister kʿoyr kʿeṙ nom pl kʿor kʿ sister e vashe vajze girl lt varje lt vehare lt PAlb swesara A ṣar Bṣer sister somo ph tōr sibling lit same father ed 3 4 5 ON samfedra homopatōr OP hamapitar A ṣomapacar dʰugh tḗr daughter 16 17 18 19 daughter lt OE dohtor dauhtar daughter Oscan futir daughter 8ugater daughter Myc tu ka te daughter 20 f duhitṛ daughter Av dugedar duɣdar NPers doḫtar daughter Kurd dot daughter OCS dŭsti dŭster daughter Lith dukte dukter OPrus dukti daughter Gaulish duxtir daughter Celtib TuaTer duater daughter 22 23 24 dustr daughter A ckacar B tkacer daughter HLuw tuwatara daughter 25 Lyd datro daughter CLuw Hitt duttarii ata g Lyc kbatra daughter h suHnus son 30 31 32 33 See also sewh son lt OE sunu sunus son huios son sunu son Av hunus son OCS synŭ son Lith sunus OPrus suns son Celtib EBURSUNOS son of Eburos i j Celt Lus EQUEUNUBO lt ekwei sunu bʰos to the sons on the horse k ustr son cun boy son A se B soya son 37 putlo son 32 38 39 Osc puklo son pais son putra son Av pu8ra son Kurd pis put h nepōts nephew grandson 40 41 nephew obsolete neve nephew male cousin grandson lt OE nefa OHG nevo nephew nepōs nepōtis grandson nephew note 6 nepodes descendants napat grandson descendant Av napat naptar OPers napat NPers naveh grandson descendant Kurd nevi grandchild OCS netii nephew OLith nepotis OPrus neputs grandson OIr nia sister s son W nai nephew nip grandson nephew h neptih granddaughter niece niece obsolete nift niece lt OE nift OHG nift niece neptis granddaughter napti granddaughter OIr necht niece deh iwḗr husband s brother brother in law OE tacor husband s brother OHG zeihhor husband s brother levir husband s brother daer husband s brother devṛ devara husband s brother Past lewar brother in law OCS deverĭ brother in law Lith dieveris husband s brother W daw f brother in law taygr husband s brother dhender dhender son in law from PAlb ĝamtḗr or dzanra or jantura All ultimately from Proto Indo European ǵem to marry snusos daughter in law OE snoru daughter in law OHG snur daughter in law nurus daughter in law nuos daughter in law snuṣa daughter in law Old Ir s nusah Bactrian asnwyo asnōuo NPers sunoh sunhar daughter in law OCS snŭxa daughter in law W gwaudd daughter in law nu daughter in law nuse bride B santse daughter in law l wedʰ pledge bind secure lead 43 wed lt OE weddian to pledge wed vadhu bride OCS voditi to lead sweḱuros father in law OE sweor father in law swaihra father in law socer father in law hekuros father in law svasura father in law Av xᵛasura father in law Kurdish xwesur OCS svekrŭ father in law Lith sesuras father in law vjeherr father in law sweḱruh mother in law OE sweger mother in law swaihro mother in law socrus mother in law hekura mother in law svasru mother in law Past xwase mother in law Kurdish xwesu OCS svekry mother in law Lith sesuras father in law OPrus swasri mother in law W chwegr mother in law skesur mother in law vjehrre mother in law h ewh os maternal grandfather maternal uncle awō grandmother avus grandfather avunculus maternal uncle note 7 Rus uj vuj uncle obsolete Ukr vuyko maternal uncle 44 Lith avynas maternal uncle OPrus awis uncle MW ewythr MBre eontr MCo eviter maternal uncle lt PCelt awon tir uncle OIr aue descendant grandchild 45 OArm haw grandfather B awe grandfather ḫuḫḫa Lyc xuga grandfather CLuw ḫu u ḫa ti grandfather abl ins 46 yemH twin to hold 47 48 ON Ymir geminus twin Remus twin Remus yama twin first man to die Av Yema OIr emon Gaul Iemurioi twin 49 h widʰewh widow lt h weydʰh to separate m 50 widow lt OE widwe widuwō widow vidua widow eḯtheos widow vidhava widow vidauua widow OCS vŭdova widow OP widdewu widow OI fedb widow MW gweddw widow widower veje widow People editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite mon human beings man lt OE Mann manna human beings Amazon lt n mn g w iōn man less without husband debatable manuṣya human being Av manus human OES OCS mǫzĭ man dʰǵʰemṓn person human litt of the earth See also dʰeǵʰom OE guma person man brȳdguma bridegroom n guma man homō person note 8 khthōn the earth gt autochthonous khamai on the ground kṣam gen gmas jmas ground earth OCS zem l janin earthling OLith zmuo person Lith zmona wife OPrus zmunents human OIr duine W dyn person lt dʰĝʰom yo A som boy B saumo person h ner man hero ON Njǫrdr name of a God Ner ō personal name neriōsus strong anḗr andros man gt Andreas Andrew nar nom na man person Av nar nom na man person Past nar male brave NPers nar Kurd ner male animal masculine OCS naravŭ character custom Lith noras wish want narsa narsus brave OPrus nars courage W ner lord prince leader hero Celt narto strength ayr aṙn man person njer man person wiHros man werewolf lt OE wer man wair man vir man note 9 hierax a type of hawk vira man hero Av vira man hero Kurd mer Belar Smolensk vir a rite of passage for young men into adulthood Mogilev vira a feast or meal organized by a young man after reaching adulthood for his companions p Lith vyras man OPrus wirs man husband OIr fer W gŵr man burre man A wir young gʷḗn woman wife queen lt OE cwen queen woman wife qens qenais qinō woman wife gunḗ q gunaikos r woman wife lt gʷun eh gt gynecology Boet bana woman gna gna s wife of a god janis jani woman wife Av gǝna gna ǰaini Past jine i njle i girl NPers zan woman wife Kurd jin woman wife OCS zena woman wife OPrus gena woman wife Gaul bnanom of the women g pl 54 OIr ben mna woman wife lt gʷen eH gʷn eH s be neut wife lt gʷen W benyw woman kin knoǰ woman zonje lady wife woman lt gʷen yeH Gheg grue Tosk grua wife lt gʷn ōn A saṁ pl snu B sana woman wife Hitt ku w an a woman 55 Luw wanatti woman wife Lyd kana wife 56 woman 57 potis master ruler husband 50 faths lord leader potis able capable possible posis husband pati master husband ruler Av paiti Parthian pet OPers fati master lord husband commander OCS gospodĭ lord master Lith pats husband hay husband chief of family pata in possession of something dems potis master of the house despotes lord master owner gt despot dampati lord of the house dual husband and wife gʰostis guest host stranger 58 guest lt OE giest host lt Lat hostis hospital hostel hotel lt Lat hospes gasts guest hostis stranger guest hostilis hostile hospes hospit host guest visitor lt hostipotis lt PIE gʰostipotis gʰostis potis OCS gostĭ guest gospodĭ lord master lt PIE gʰostipotis weyḱ settlement to enter settle 43 wick wich lt Lat vicus weihs village countryside vicus village settlement oikos house dwelling place oiko nomia management of household administration gt economy vis settlement dwelling space OCS vĭsĭ hamlet village OLith viese settlement vis land country place B ike place location wiḱpotis master of the household lord clan chief 59 60 vispati chief of a tribe or settlement lord Lith viespats lord h rḗǵs king ruler 61 bishopric lt OE riċe king dominion reiks ric in personal names king rex reg king note 10 archon ruler chief magistrate raj rajan king gt maharaja Raj as in British Raj Gaul rix king In personal names E g Vercingetorix etc tewteh community people s t 65 66 OE theod people nation Goth thiuda folk ModGerm Deutsch lt Proto Germ theudō Osc touto community Umbr totam tribe u Lith tauta people OPru tauto country OIr tuath tribe people e g Tuatha De Danann tribe of goddess Danu Celt Toutatis Teutates name of a god Hitt tuzzi army Luw tuta army h lewdʰ people OE leode leod a people a group nation OHG liut people population Proto Italic louderos gt Latin liber free name of a deity Faliscan loiferto Pael loufir free man Ven louderos child eleutheros free Eleutherios the liberator epithet of Dionysus Myc e re u te ro a a free allowance e re u te ro se to make free remit 68 OCS ljudinŭ free man Pol lud people folk Lith liaudis people Pronouns and particles editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite eǵh I I lt OE iċ ik I egō I lt egoH egṓ egṓn I aham I lt egH om Av azǝm OPers adam Parth az I lt egH om Kurd ez I direct case OCS azŭ I Lith as OLith es OPrus as Latv es I es I es I u une I ne possibly originally a suffix nuk I uk I influenced by ammuk me h me me acc me lt OE me mec lt H me ge mik me acc me d me acc eme me me acc mam me acc lt H me m ma me acc encl Av mam me Kurd mi me Past ma I oblique case OCS me me acc lt H me m Lith mane me acc OIr me sse me W mi I is me acc lt H me ge mua mue me acc lt H me m ammuk me acc dat lt H me ge mu me acc encl h meǵʰye me dat h moy me dat encl me lt OE me mis me dat mihi me dat moi me dat gen encl mahya m me dat mḗ me me dat encl Av maibya me dat not in Pokorny me Old Avestan moi me dat encl OCS mi dat enc lt H moi Lith man for me OPrus maiy me dat encl OIr infix m me W m infixed accusative first person singular pronoun me inj me dat meje ammuk me acc dat lt h me ge mi me dat encl h meme h mene of me mine h mo yo h me yo my my mine lt OE min lt H mei no meins my meina of me mei of me meus my lt H me yo emeĩo of me emos my mama of me ma ma my lt H mo Av mana OPers mana of me Av ma m n ma f my NPers az ane man Kurd a e min OCS mene to me moj a e m f n mine Lith mana s OPrus mais maia my W fyn of me my Breton ma of me my im my im my article i em AB ni my lt Proto Tocharian mani mis my lt H me yo tuh you nom sg thou lt OE thu you thu you tu you Doric tu standard su t u vam you Av tu you NPers to you Kurd tu tiPast te you OCS ty you Lith tu OPr tu you OIr tu tu ssu tu sso W ti du you ti you A tu B t u we you zik zikka you lt tega lt te egō wey we n sme encl nos us we lt OE we us lt OE us lt PGerm uns lt n s weis we uns us nōs we us hem we us v Aeol amme us lt asme lt n sme vay am we lt wei om asman us lt n sme acc an encl nas us lt nos Av vaem we ahma us encl nǝ na nō us Bulg nie we OCS gen nasŭ us lt nōs sōm Lith mes we OPr gen nōuson ours lt nōs sōm OIr ni we us lt s nes gen ar n lt n s rō m W ni we lt nes na we lt nŏs ne us lt nōs A was B wes we wes we lt wei es anzas us encl nas us yu you nom pl uswe usme 69 encl wos you acc dat pl ye lt OE ge you nom pl you lt OE eow w you acc dat pl jus you nom pl izwis w you acc dat pl vōs you nom acc pl hum you pl Aeol umme you acc pl lt usme yuyam you nom pl yuṣma n you acc pl lt y usme acc an encl vas you obl pl Av yuzǝm yus you nom pl yusmat you abl pl encl va you obl pl Kur Win OCS vy you nom acc pl vasŭ yours pl Lith jũs you nom pl jũsu yours pl OPr iouson yours pl OIr si sissi you nom pl lt sw uai b of you pl lt ō swi NIr far n your pl W chwi you nom pl lt sw ju you nom pl lt u lt vos A yas B yes you nom pl sumes lt usme so that demonstrative pronoun the lt OE se sa thata the that si if tum then ho to the sa that the Avestan ha this OCS tŭ this that Lith tas that OIr so this ayd this tere whole s w e oneself reflexive pronoun self lt OE self seolf swes ref gn pn OHG sih ref pn se ref pn he ref pn sva ref pn Avestan hva ref pn Kurd xwe itself myself etc Bulg sebe oneself OCS svoji ref gn pn Lith sava s OPrus swajs my own myself OIr fein self himself W hun an self myself himself herself etc iwr self himself herself vete A ṣn i B ṣan one s own Lydian s fa ref pn Carian sfes ref pn kʷid kʷod what what lt OE hwaet ƕa what quid what quod what that ti what ti what kim what NPers ci ce what Bulg kakvo what OCS c to what Lith kad that OPrus kawids which what a OIr cid what i er lt hi incʿ lt hi nc what cfare what kuit what kuit ki whatever Luvian kuit what kʷis kʷos kʷey kʷoy who who lt OE hwa lt kʷoi ƕas who quis who qui who tis Thess kis CyprArc sis who tis who kas kis who Av kō ka hya ca hya who which cis who Bulg koj who OCS k to ceso who Lith kas who OPrus kas who OIr cia W pwy who o oyr who who A ke B kush acc who A kus B kuse who which kuis who which kʷe and any though lt OE theah lt to we kʷe u h and ƕaz uh whoever que and quis que each one whoever Venetic ke and South Picenian p and te and tis te hos te whoever ca and kas ca whoever Av ca OPers ca and Av cis ca OPers cis ciy whoever Bulg ce but and because Old Czech a ce ac if OIr na ch MW nac not lt and not x Lepontic pe and o kʿ whoever Lydian k and Hitt kuis ki Lycian ti ke whoever n not un un lt OE un un un in archaic en un a an un a an na un Av OPers a an un NPers na un Kurd ni ne nek OCS ne not lt ne Lith ne lt ne OPrus ni not OIr in e an W an un an un nuk not AB a n am e n em on un Numbers editSee also Proto Indo European numerals and List of numbers in various languages PIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite sem one together same lt ON samr OE sam together also German Language zusammen sama same sem el once sem per always sim plex single simple sin guli one each single heĩs hen mia one lt sems sem smiH sam together sama same equal any Av hama OPers hama any all Past sam even fine OCS samŭ self alone one Lith sam sa with OPrus sa sen with dividing OIr samlith at the same time W hafal equal mi one gjithe all lt PAlb semdza A sas B ṣe one lt sems h oynos h oywos one one lt OE an ains one unus archaic oinos oĩnos one on a die oĩ w os alone eka lt oi ko Mitanni Aryan aika vartana one turn around a track 70 Av aeva OPers aiva NPers yek one only alone OCS inŭ one another Lith vienas OPrus ains one OIr ōen W un one andr en right there ast en right here Gheg tane Tosk tere all lt PIE tod oino nje one lt nan lt PIE eni oino y B aiwenta group lt unit as one dwoh neut dwoy H two two lt OE twa twai fem twōs neut twa two duo two duō two dva u two Av dva fem neut bae two NPers do two Kurd diwa two fem OCS dŭva two Lith du OPrus dwai two OIr da W dau fem dwy two erku two dy two A wu B wi two lt PTC tuwo da ta HLuw tuwa i two Lyc kbi two Mil tba two z 72 treyes fem tisres 73 neut triH three three lt OE thrie threis three tres three treĩs three trayas fem tisras three Av 8rayō 8rayas fem tisrō neut 8ri OPers ci Parth hre three OCS trĭje three Lith trỹs OPrus tris Latg treis three OIr tri fem teoir W tri fem tair teir three erekʿ three tre masc tri fem three A tre B trai three tri three teriyas gen pl kʷetwores fem kʷetesres neut kʷetwṓr four four lt OE feower fidwor four In Germanic influenced by penkʷe five quattuor four aa tessares four masc catva ras acc caturas neut catva ri fem catasras four Av masc ca8warō acc caturam fem cataŋrō four NPers cahar four Kurd cwar OCS cetyre four Lith keturi OPrus ketturei four ab Gaul petuar ios four 54 OIr ceth a ir fem cetheoir influenced by fem teoir three four W pedwar fem pedair four cʿorkʿ kʿaṙ rare four kater four A stwar B stwer four remodelled in Hittite and Luwian Lyc Teteri penkʷe five five lt OE fif fimf five quinque five ac pente five panca five Mitanni Aryan panza five 70 Av panca five Kurd penc penz OCS petĭ five Lith penki OPrus penkei five ad Gaul pinpe pompe five 54 OIr coic W pum p five hing five pese five A pan B pis five Luw paⁿta five sweḱs six six lt OE siex saihs six sex six hex dial wex six ṣaṣ six Av xsvas six OCS sestĭ six Lith sesi OPrus ussai six Celtib sues six 54 Gaul suexos sixth OIr se W chwe ch six vecʿ six gjashte six A ṣak B ṣkas six septḿ seven seven lt OE seofon sibun seven septem seven hepta seven sapta seven Mitanni Aryan satta seven 70 Av hapta NPers haft seven OCS sedmĭ seven Lith septyni OPrus septinnei seven OIr secht W saith seven eawtʿn seven shtate seven A ṣpat B ṣukt seven sipta seven h oḱtṓ w eight eight lt OE eahta ahtau eight octō eight oktṓ eight aṣṭa u eight Av asta eight OCS osmĭ eight ae Lith astuoni OPrus astonei Latg ostoni eight Gaul oxtu eight 54 OIr ocht n eight af W wyth eight utʿ eight tete eight lt H ok tō t A okat B okt eight Lyc aitata eight 76 h newn nine nine lt OE nigon niun nine novem nine ennea nine nava nine Av nava NPers noh nine OCS devetĭ nine lt newn ti Influenced by dekm t ten Lith devyni influenced by dekm t ten OPrus newinei nine OIr noi n W naw nine inn nine nente nine lt newn ti AB nu Lyc nuntata nine 77 deḱm t ten ten lt OE tien taihun ten decem ten deka ten dasa ten Av dasa NPers dah ten OCS desetĭ ten Lith dẽsimt OPrus desimtan ten Gaul decam ten 54 Celtib tekam ten 78 OIr deich W deg deng ten tasn ten dhjete ten lt dek m t i A sak B sak ten ag widḱm ti h twenty lt dwi dḱm t i h two tens remodelled remodelled viginti twenty eikosi twenty viṁsati twenty dviṁsati twenty Av visaiti Ossetian insai twenty remodelled Lith dvidesimt twenty OIr fiche fichet OW uceint twenty kʿsan twenty zet twenty A wiki B ikaṃ twenty ḱm tom hundred lt dḱm tom hundred lt OE hund hund red hunda pl hundred centum hundred he katon hundred satam hundred Av satǝm hundred OCS sŭto hundred Lith sim tas OPrus simtan hundred OIr cet W can t hundred qind hundred possibly borrowed from Latin centum A kant B kante hundred Body editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite krep body 80 81 mid riff lt OE hrif corpus corporis body note 11 kṛ p beautiful appearance beauty kurm torso and krep kaput kapwets head 82 83 head lt OE heafod OE hafela hafola head caput capitis head note 12 ah kapa la skull cranium bowl kapele hat Latin caput daḱru h eḱru tear tear lt OE tear taehher tagr tear lacrima tear gt lachrymose dakru tear asru tear Av asru tear Kurd hesir tear OPrus assara tear Lith asara tear OIr der W deigr tear Cornish dagr tear artawsr tear lt drak ur A akar tear B pl akruna tears isḫaḫru tear dn ǵʰuh dn ǵʰweh tongue tongue lt OE tunge tuggō tongue lingua tongue archaic dingua note 13 jihva tongue lt ĝiĝʰwa juhu Av hizva lt ĝiĝʰwa OPers hizan Parth ezban tongue NPers zaban Kurd izman tongue 84 OCS jezy kŭ tongue lt n ĝʰu k OPrus inzuws tongue Lith liezuvis tongue teng tongue W tafod tongue language lezu tongue influenced by lizem I lick gjuhe tongue A kantu B kantwo tongue kantwa lt tankwa h esh r h esh nes blood archaic aser sanguis blood lt possibly h sh en obl stem guen gt sanguine etc ear blood asṛj asnas blood OP ahr blood Lat asins Ltg asnis gen asna blood isarnom blood colored iron ariwn blood A ysar blood esḫar esḫanas blood ĝ o nH dʰos jaw cheek chin chin lt OE c inn kinnus cheek gena cheek genus genuos chin jaw gnatʰos gnatʰmos jaw lt ĝnH dʰ hanu ṣ jaw lt ĝʰenu s gaṇḍa cheek Av zanu jaw lt ĝʰenu s OPers danug lt danu ka Parth zanax chin jaw NPers gune cheek chune jaw Kurd gup cheek Past za ma jaw OPrus zauna jaw Lith zandas cheek ziaunos gills OIr gi u n mouth W gen pl geneu cheek chin Old Cornish pl genau lt genewes cheeks chins cn awt jaw cheek A sanwe m jaw ǵonu ǵnews knee knee lt OE cneo kniu knee genu knee gt genuflect gonu Hom gen gounos lt gonwos knee pro kʰnu with outstretched knee lt pro gʰnu ja nu knee pra jnus bow legged Av zanu acc znum dat abl pl znubyō knee fra snu holding the knee forward Parth zanuk NPers zanu knee Rus zveno knee OI glun knee cunr nom pl cungkʿ knee gjuni knee lt Post PIE ĝnu n o A kanweṃ B keni two knees genu knee ǵombʰos tooth row of teeth comb lt OE camb OHG kamb comb gomphos bolt nail gomphios molar tooth jambha tooth tusk set of teeth pl jambhya molar teeth Pash zama jawbone Khot ysima tooth 85 OCS zǫbŭ Ukr zub Pol zab tooth Latv zuobs tooth Lith zam bas sharp edge dhemb tooth tusk A kam B keme tooth h donts h dn t tooth tooth lt OE tōth lt H dont tunthus tooth lt H dn t dens dentis tooth lt H dn t gt dental odṓn odontos tooth lt Proto Greek edont cf Aeol edontes teeth gt orthodontist etc dan dantas tooth Av dantan data tooth NPers dandan tooth Kurd diran didan dan tooth Russ desna gum lt H dent sn OPrus dants tooth Lith dantis tooth OIr det tooth W dant tooth atamn tooth h ost bone os ossis bone osteon bone osteoporosis etc asthi asthnas bone Av ast asti gen pl astam instr pl azdbis bone NPers ostoxan bone Kurd hesti hestu bone OCS kostĭ bone OIr asil limb MIr asna rib lt astonyo MW ass en asseu rib W asgwrn bone lt ost ko os kr bone asht ahste bone B ay pl asta bone ḫastai bone H ous ear ear lt OE eare ausō ear auris ear oũs ear uṣa cavity of the ear Av usi both ears NPers hos ear OCS ucho usese ear OPrus auss ear Lith ausis ear OIr au ō ear unkn nom pl akanǰkʿ ear vesh ear lt ōus ōs h okʷs eye eye lt OE eage augō eye oculus eye lt ōkʷelo s note 14 osse both eyes omma eye lt op mn okkon 86 eye akṣi akṣṇas eye Av asi both eyes OCS oko eye OPrus aks eye Lith akis eye OIr enech W enep face akn nom pl acʿkʿ eye sy eye A ak B ek eye h oh e s mouth Scot ure lt OE ōr ōra Nor oss river mouth ōs ōris mouth gt oral Ved a s mouth face Av ah mouth OCS usta mouth Lith uostas mouth of a river harbor OIr a mouth ais gen issas mouth ḱerd heart ḱred dʰe to believe See also ḱred dʰh eti heart lt OE heorte hairtō heart cor cordis heart credō I believe lt krezdō lt ḱred dʰe note 15 kardia Homeric kradie Cypriot korizda heart lt ḱr d y a poetic kẽr kẽros heart lt ḱḗr gt cardiac cardiology etc hṛd heart lt post PIE ǵʰr d hṛdaya hardi heart Av zǝrǝd heart Pashto zṛe heart lt post PIE ǵʰr d OCS sŭrdĭce heart serda medium core OPrus siran heart acc seyr heart serds core Lith sirdis heart serdis core OIr cride heart W craidd center Gaul crid heart 87 sirt heart A kri will B pl karyan hearts Hitt karz kardias heart Luw zarza heart 88 h nebʰ navel hub h nobʰōl navel 89 90 navel lt OE nafola nave lt OE nafu umbilicus navel umbō elbow omphalos navel umbilical cord na bhi navel belly button center nabhya nave center part of a wheel NPers naf navel nav deep Past nom naw navel krewh gore blood blood outside the body 91 raw uncooked food lt OE hraew corpse carrion ON hrar raw cruor thick blood gore crudus raw bloody crudelis cruel rude note 16 kreas flesh meat krea raw flesh kravis raw flesh kravya raw flesh carrion krura bloody raw Av xrura xruma bloody vi xrumant bloodless xrvi dru of the bloody mace of Aeshma YAv xrvisyant grim bloodthirsty 92 OCS kry blood Rus krovǐ blood OPrus crauyo krawian Lith kraũjas blood Latv kreve coagulated blood 93 bloody scab 94 95 OIr cruaid MIr cru blood neh s nose nose lt OE nosu ON nǫs nose nasus naris nose gt nasal nas nose Av nah na ŋhan OPers acc sg naham nose OCS nosŭ nose OPrus nasi nose Lith nosis nose pṓds ped foot See also ped foot lt OE fōt fōtus foot pes pedis foot gt pedal etc pous podos foot note 17 pa d padas foot Av pad OPers pad Parth pad foot NPers pa foot Kurd pe Past px a foot OCS pesǐ on foot OPrus pida foot Lith peda foot OIr is below lt PIE loc pl ped su W is od below under lower than otn foot otkʿ feet poshte below A pe foot B paiyye foot pata CLuw pata Lyc pedi foot tpḗrsneh heel upper thigh 96 97 98 OE fiersn heel calx fairzna heel perna gammon Spa pierna leg pterne heel hoof footstep pa rṣṇi heel rear of the army kick parsna loins h e rmos arm forequarter 99 100 101 102 arm lt OE earm armus shoulder forequarter harmos joint anatomy link bolt irma arm forequarter of an animal OCS ramo shoulder h nṓgʰs nail finger or toe 103 104 105 nail lt OE naeġel nagls nail unguis fingernail toenail claw hoof ungula hoof claw an aromatic spice onux claw nail hoof a kind of aromatic substance onyx the gem nakha nail aṅghri foot foot of a seat tree root Npers naxon nail OCS noga foot leg nogŭtĭ nail Lith nagas fingernail talon Irsh ionga nail elung nail nyell nail A maku B mekwa nail sa an ku wa nail yḗkʷr yekʷnes liver jecur jecinoris liver hẽpar hḗpatos liver yakr t yaknas liver Av yakarǝ NPers ǰigar Pashto ina liver Serbian jetra liver Serbian and Macedonian ikra fish roe OPrus jakna Lat aknas liver Lith jeknos 106 W i afu liver MIr i u chair i u chrach fish roe leard liver A ykar B yakar liver 107 Luwian ikkwar n liver ai ǵʰesr ǵʰsres hand hir hand rare anatomical kheir hand gt chiropractor surgery chirurgy enchiridion etc has ta hand Av zas ta hand NPers dast hand jeṙ hand arm dore hand A tsar B ṣar hand kessar hand 109 Luwian issaris hand meh r mh en mh nteh hand the pointing one 110 111 112 mound lt OE mund hand hand of protection protector Ger vormund legal guardian manus manus hand note 18 mare hand bʰeh ǵʰus arm 113 bough lt OE bōg pekhus forearm bahu arm NPers bazu arm h bʰruHs eyebrow 114 brow Scot broo lt OE bru ophru s eyebrow bhru eyebrow NPers abru eyebrow OCS bry eyebrow peth r wing feather 115 116 112 117 See also peth feather lt OE fether penna lt petna wing feather quill pen gt pen pteron feather wing winged creature pat tra wing pinion feather leaf petal as the plumage of a tree Karsiptar Karsift black winged trnum to fly Animals editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite eḱwos horse fast animal OE eoh horse aiƕa horse aj equus horse hippos horse Myc i qo horse lt ikkʷos 118 asva horse Mitanni Aryan assu horse Av aspa OPers asa horse Ossetian yafs horse lt yeḱwos NPers asp horse Kurd hesp horse OCS jastreb hawk literally a fast bird OPrus aswinan mare s milk Lith asva mare OIr ech MW ebawl horse lt PBryth ep alos es donkey A yuk B yakwe horse Luwian asuwa horse Lycian esbe horse gʷṓws cattle i 119 cow lt OE cu Old Saxon kō OHG chuo cow bōs bovis cattle ak Umbrian acc bum cow boũs Dor bos bo w os cattle cow gaus gṓs i cow Av gaus gaus i cow NPers gav cow Kurd ga cow Past gwa cow Croatian govedo cattle lt PSlav govedo OCS gu mǐno threshing floor Latvian guovs cow OIr bo bou bau al cow Boand am lt Proto Celtic bowo winda white cow or cow finder an gt Boyne ao 120 OW buch cow lt boukka bu gail cowherd lt gʷou kʷolyos kov cow ka ox A ko cow B keu cow HierLuv wawa Lycian wawa uwa cow 121 Pal kuwa w bull ap peḱu livestock 123 124 fee fief feud lt OE feoh livestock property money faihu property possessions wealth riches money pecu cattle domestic animals pecunia money note 19 pasu pasu livestock OLith pekus cattle asr wool h ewis bird 125 126 127 128 See also h ōwyo m avis bird gt aviary aviation etc auceps bird catcher fowler eavesdropper LL avicellus aucellus little bird gt Fre oiseau avispex later auspex augur from watching the flight of birds note 20 aetos eagle omen oiōnos large bird bird of prey omen bird used in augury oiōnoskopos augur from the flight of birds oiōnistḗrion place for watching bird flight omen vi bird Av vis bird hav chicken h owis sheep ewe lt OE eow sheep eowu ewe awistr sheepfold OHG ouwi ou sheep ovis sheep o w is sheep avi sheep Wakhi yobc ewe lt PIran avi ci Bulg oven ram OCS ovĭ ca ewe OPrus awwins ram Lith avis female sheep avinas ram OIr ōi sheep W ewig deer hov iw shepherd B eye sheep a u w ewe Luvian hawa i Lycian xawa sheep h ŕ tḱos bear 129 ursus bear arktos bear ŕ kṣa bear YAv arsa Ossetian ars bear NPers xers bear Kurd hirc bear Lith irstva bear den MIr art W arth bear arǰ bear ari bear ḫartaqqas name of a beast of prey ḱwon hound dog 130 hound lt OE hund dog hunds dog canis dog kuōn kunos dog Myc ku na ke ta i Att Ion kunegetes huntsman litt those who guide dogs 131 svan sunas dog Av spa acc spanǝm pl gen su nam MPers sak Kurd kucik se sey Wakhi sac dog Past spay dog Bulg kut ʃe dog OCS suka bitch female dog OPrus sunnis dog Lith suo sunis acc pl dog Latv suns dog Ltg suns dog OIr cu con W ci dog Cu Chulainn litt hound of Chulainn Cunobeline lt Com Britt Cunobelinos strong as a dog sun dog possibly qen disputed possible Latin loan AB ku dog acc A koṃ B kweṃ Hittite kuwas nom kunas gen HierLuv suwanni dog 132 Pal kuwan dog 133 Lyd kan dog muh s mouse mouse Scot moose lt OE mus ON mus mouse mus mouse mũs mouse mu ṣ mouse OPers mus mouse not in Pokorny Pokorny has NPers mus mouse Kurd misk mouse OCS mysĭ mouse mukn mouse mi mouse uksḗn ox bull 134 135 ox lt OE oxa auhsa ox ukṣan bull ox uxsan bull MW ych MidIr oss stag cow MBret ouhen B okso draft ox tawros bull ON thjorr taurus Osc taurom acc tauros stawra bull OSl turŭ Lith tauras OPr tauris bison Gaul tarvos taruos bull OIr tarb tuar cattle tarok suHs pig sow lt OE su ON syr sow sus pig hũs sũs pig su kara pig Hindi suvar pig Av hu gen sg pig NPers xuk pig Bulg svinja swine sow Latvian suvẽns sivẽns piglet OIr socc sail sea pig W hwch sow swine khos pig thi pig B suwo pig se hu u pig wl kʷos wolf wolf lt OE wulf wulfs wulfis wolf lupus wolf lukos wolf vŕ ka wolf Av vǝhrka wolf NPers gorg wolf Kurd gur wolf Bulg vɤ lk wolf OCS vlĭkŭ wolf OPrus wilks wolf Lith vilkas wolf OIr olc uilc evil aghves fox ujk lt OAlb ulk wolf B walkwe wolf ulippana wolf wl o p fox vulpes fox alṓpex fox lopasa fox jackal Av urupis dog raopi fox jackal Kurd rovi ruvi fox Lith lape fox Latv lapsa fox Bre louarn fox lt PCel loɸernos alues fox Tosk dhelper Gheg dhelpen fox lt dzelpina lt welpina 136 ulipzas u li ip za as wolf 137 Luwian u li ip ni es nom sg wa li ip ni dat loc sg fox 137 ǵʰh ens goose goose lt OE gōs gander lt OE ganra OHG gans goose h anser goose kʰḗn Doric kha n goose Myc ka no ka si dat pl goose 138 haṁsa goose Av zaō goose not in Pokorny Sogdian z g kind of bird NPers ɣaz goose Bulg gɤ ska goose OCS gǫsǐ goose OPrus zansi goose Lith zasis goose OIr geiss swan W gwydd goose gate heron B kents bird goose 139 140 h enh t i s duck Scot ennet duck lt OE ened OHG enita duck anas duck nessa netta duck ati waterfowl Ossetic acc Wild duck NPers ordak duck NPers ɣu swan Russ utka duck OPrus ants duck Lith antis duck W hwyad en duck baht duck rose duck h elh en deer elaphos deer Hom ellos young of the deer Past ose i deer OSl jeleni deer Russ oleni red deer Lith elnis red deer Lith elne hind lt H elH eniHx hind cow elk NWel elain hind lt H elH eniHx hind cow elk OIr elit doe 141 eln hind B yal ylem gazelle 142 B ylaṃske young gazelle 143 aliya n red deer 144 h eǵʰis hedgehog OE igil hedgehog lt Proto Germanic igilaz ON igull sea urchin MycGr e ki no 145 ekhinos hedgehog Oss wyzyn hedgehog OSl jezĭ hedgehog Rus ez hedgehog Lith ezȳs hedgehog aq ozni hedgehog esh eshk porcupine hedgehog bʰebʰrus beaver See also bʰer bʰerH beaver lt OE beofer OHG bibar beaver OIc biorr beaver fiber beaver babʰru mongoose Av babra beaver Ukr bober beaver 146 Rus bobr beaver Lith bebrus beaver Pruss bebrus beaver Gaul bebru OIr Bibar h erō eagle 147 erne a sea eagle lt OE earn eagle ara eagle OHG arn eagle Avernus entrance to the underworld lt AncGrk aornos birdless ar ornis bird Myc o ni ti ja pi decorated with birds OSl orǐlŭ eagle Rus orel eagle Lith ăras ĕras erẽlis eagle Latv erglis OPrus arelie eagle MBret erer MW eryr MIr irar eagle lt eriro OArm oror gull MArm urur kite orr eagle falcon rare Hitt ḫaran eagle CLuw ḫarrani a i a type of oracular bird Pala ḫa a ra na as eagle 46 h engʷʰis h ogʷʰis snake serpent eel OHG unc snake engiring maggot diminutive of angar large larva anguis snake serpent dragon Anguilla eel opʰis serpent snake enkhelus eel as ahi snake serpent name of Vrtra Av azi snake Persian yagnij grass snake archaic Azhi Dahaka at OEstSl uzĭ snake Rus uz grass snake Pol wegorz eel OPrus angis snake angurgis eel Lith angis viper ungurys eel Latv odze odzs dialectal viper adder OArm awj snake iz iwz viper B auk snake Illuyanka mythical snake foe h eyǵ goat 152 aix goat eḍa a kind of sheep ayts goat h ōwyom a vṛddhi derivative of h ewis egg 153 154 127 155 ey obsolete egg lt OE ǣġ gt Cockney cock egg egg lt ON egg ōvum egg gt ovum ovary oval ovoid ovulate etc ōion egg seed Past hage i egg h egʷnos lamb 156 yean to give birth to lt OE eanian agnus lamb amnos lamb OCS agne lamb laḱ laḱs to be spotted salmon trout 157 158 159 lax lt OE leax salmon Yiddish laks salmon note 21 Russ losos salmon Lith lasisa salmon B laks fish salmon Food and farming editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite ǵr h no grain 160 161 162 See also gʰreh corn lt OE corn grain kaurn corn granum grain note 22 jirṇa jurṇa old worn out decayed OCS zrŭno grain OPrus zirni grain Lith zirnis pea girna millstone OIr gran W grawn grain cʿorean wheat grain corn grureTosk grun gruni Gheg grain gʰreh to grow 163 164 160 165 See also ǵr h no grow lt OE grōwan green lt OE grene grey gray lt OE grǣġ grass lt OE graes groom young boy servant lt ME grome grōdjan to green grow plant gramen grass turf herb ravus gray tawny herba grass weed herb Fre gourmet lt ME grome gourmet similarly gourmand graō I gnaw eat gastris gourmand voracious eater gastḗr lt graster belly stomach appetite gt gastro gastronomy etc krastis greenfodder grasos smell of a goat gangraina ulcer gt gangrene grasati s he eats swallows devours grasta swallowed devoured grasa swallowing mouthful food nourishment Kurd gewre gir big gewre bun to grow to get big giran heavy giring important major essential Past gran expensive hard OCS grenŭ green h eǵros field acre lt OE aecer field akrs field ager agri field note 23 agros field ajra meadow art soil are field h erh to plow OE erian to plow arjan to plow arō arare to plow aratrum plow aroō I plow lt H erH oH arotron plow aroura arable land hala plow OCS orjǫ orati to plow ralo lt ar e dhlom plow OPrus artun to plow Lith arti to plow MIr airim I plow W arddu to plow lt arj MIr arathar W aradr plow lt aretrom lt H erH trom ara wr plow are arable land H r H uer AB are plow h melǵ to milk milk lt OE meolc mioluc miluks miluks milk mulgeō mulgere to milk note 24 amelgō I milk ma rsti ma rjati mr jati he wipes cleans Av marǝzaiti mǝrǝzaiti he grazes barely touches Russ CS mŭlzu mlesti to milk Pol mleko milk OPrus milztun to milk Lith melzti to milk W blith milk dairy produce full of milk MIr bligim I milk lt mligim melg milk miel mil I milk A malke B malk wer milk melh to grind 166 167 meal lt OE melu malm lt OE mealm malan to grind molō molere I grind mola millstone mill ground meal flour note 25 immolō I immolate sacrifice lit sprinkling flour on animals to be sacrificed note 26 malleus hammer mallet note 27 milium millet mullō I grind malthakos malakos soft tender gentle mild meline millet mr ṇati mr nati he grinds Av mrata tanned soft OCS meljǫ mletĭ to grind mlatŭ hammer molĭ moth melŭ chalk fine ground substance OPrus maltun to grind Lith malti to grind OIr melim I grind W malu grind mal sieve mal em I grind crush mjell flour A malywet you press B melye they trample mallai grinds kwh et to ferment become sour 168 169 170 171 OE hwatherian to roar foam surge ƕaTHō froth foam scum caseus cheese gt cheese kvathate it boils OCS kvasŭ leaven sour drink gt Kvass yew to blend mix knead 172 173 174 175 ON ostr cheese ysta to curdle ius gravy broth soup sauce juice gt juice zōmos soup sauce grease note 28 yuṣa soup broth water in which pulses are boiled Russ uxa Ukha bʰrewh to boil to brew 176 177 brew lt OE breowan burn lt OE biernan beornan bread lt OE bread broth lt OE broth ferveō I burn I m hot note 29 fermentum fermentation leavening ferment anger buran lt SE bura to raise bubbles to make fuss 178 Borvo Gaulish deity of healing springs gʷreh wō quern millstone 179 124 quern lt OE cwerne qairnus gra van stone rock stone for pressing out the Soma juice OCS zrĭny millstone Bret breo breou W breuan quern 180 melit melnes honey mildew lt OE mele deaw honeydew milith honey mel mellis honey gt mellifluous meli melit honey Att melitta bee Myc me ri me ri to honey 181 milinda honey bee OIr mil W mel honey melr honey mjal mjalte honey milit honey CLuw ma al li honey 182 Pala malit honey medʰu honey mead mead lt OE medu midus mead medus a type of mead 183 metʰu wine madʰu sweet drink honey Proto Iranian madu honey wine OCS medŭ honey Bulg med honey OPrus meddu honey Lith medus honey midus a honey beverage 184 Ltg mads honey OIr mid mead W medd mead B mit honey 185 CLuw maddu wine originally sweet drink tuh ros cheese 156 butter lt Gk bouturos cow cheese turos cheese seh ls salt 186 187 salt lt OE sealt salt salt sal salis salt note 30 hals halos salt sal ila salty OCS solǐ salt OCS sladŭkŭ sweet Russ solod malt OPrus sals salt saldus sweet OIr salann W halen salt al salt ngjel bete ngjel mete salty njel m to be salty A sale B salyiye salt seh to sow seed seh mn seed sow lt OE sawan seed lt OE sed that which is sown saian to sow OHG samo seed serō serere to sow lt si sH oH semen seed note 31 sasa corn herb grass sasya corn grain fruit crop of corn si ra Saatpflug seed plow OCS sejǫ sejati to sow seme seeds OPrus situn to sow simen seed Lith seti to sow sekla seed semenis linseed OIr sil W hil seed lt seH lo sermn seed isḫuwai he sows yugom yoke See also yewg yoke lt OE ġeoc juk yoke iugum yoke zugon yoke yuga m yoke Av yaoj yuj to harness Past ye wa plough OCS igo yoke OPrus jugtun yoke Lith jungas yoke W iau yoke luc yoke A yokam door yugan yoke yewos cereal grain spelt barley 188 189 Epic zeia einkorn wheat Cretan deai barley yava grain cereal barley Av yauua cereal Pers jow barley grain Oss jav corn grain Rus ovin barn granary au Pol jewnia jownia dialectal granary Lith javas a type of cereal javaĩ pl cereals Latv javs java infused with fermentation Ir eorna barley B yap dressed barley e u wa n cereal a kind of barley mḗms meat 191 124 mimz flesh membrum limb member lt mems rom flesh note 32 ma ṃs mamsa meat OCS meso meat mis meat mish meat h ebōl apple 123 124 apple lt OE appel apel Osc Abella town name OCS ablŭ ko apple Lith obuolys apple OPr wobalne apple Latv abols apple fruit abele apple tree Gaul Aballo place name OIr aball W afall OBr aball en apple tree Bodily functions and states editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite h enh to breathe OE ōthian breathe hard lt PGerm anthōjana uz anan to expire ON anda to breathe anima breath anemos wind Anemoi deified winds aniti he breathes Av a ntya para ntya gen breathing in and out Kurd henase breath henas dan to breath OCS vonja smell lt h en yeh 192 OIr anal breath lt h enh tlo W anadl breath holm wind anjn person Gheg aj Tosk enj I swell AB anm spirit B aniye breath B anask breathe in swep to sleep swepnos dream n archaic sweven dream vision lt OE swefn NoEng sweb to swoon lt OE swebban to put to sleep lull ON sofa sleep v Svafnir 193 Sleep Bringer a name of Odin somnus sleep n sōpiō 194 v make asleep hupnos sleep n svapna sleep dream n Av xᵛafna sleep n NPers xwab sleep Kurd xew sleep Past xob dream sleeping OCS sŭpati 194 sleep v sŭnŭ sleep n dream n OPrus supnas dream Lith sapnas dream OIr suan W hun sleep n kʿnem I sleep kʿun sleep n gjume sleep n TA ṣpaṃ TB ṣpane sleep n dream n sup suppariya to sleep der drem to sleep 195 196 197 198 dormiō I sleep note 33 darthanō I sleep epic dra yati s he sleeps nidra sleep slumber sleepiness sloth OCS dremati to doze drowse slumber bʰewdʰ to be awake be aware 199 bid lt OE beodan bede lt OE beden bode lt OE bodian anabiudan punthanomai I learn bodhati s he is awake bodhayati s he awakens arouses buddha awake Past poha understand OCS bljusti to watch buditi to wake someone up bŭzdrĭ alert cheerful Lith budeti to stay awake sweyd sweat sweat lt OE swǣtan to sweat ON sveiti sudor sweat n e ĩdos sweat n svḗda sweat n Av xᵛaeda sweat n Kurd xwe xoy sweat Past xoẓ sweet Latvian sviedri pl sweat n W chwys sweat n lt swidso kʿirtn sweat n dirse djerse sweat n lt swi drōxty B sya lne sweating lt swid ye h ed to eat eat lt OE etan itan to eat edō esse to eat est he eats edō I eat Homeric athematic infinitive edmenai to eat admi I eat atti he eats Av subj adaiti he should eat OCS jamĭ I eat lt H ed mi jastŭ he eats OPrus istun to eat esti OLith edmi I eat OIr ci ni estar although he doesn t eat W ys eats lt H ed ti utem I eat lt ōd ha to eat edmi I eat peh to drink potable lt OF potable imbibe lt Lat bibere to drink via OF imbiber bibō bibere to drink pōtus drink n pō culo lt pō clo lt pō tlo beaker av Compare Skt pa tra pi nō pepomai I drink pa ti pibati he drinks pa tra cup vessel av Av vispo pitay alltrankend giving water drinks to all OCS pijǫ piti to drink Proto Slavic pȋvo drink beer beverage OPrus putun to drink puja a party Lith puota party OIr ibid drinks lt pibeti W yfwn we drink empem I drink pi I drink pasi he swallows ǵews to test to taste choose lt OE ċeosan Goth kiusan to prove to test kausjan taste OHG kiosan choose gustus taste geuomai taste jusate josati enjoys Av zaos be pleased OCS vŭ kusati to offer a meal to give for tasting OIr do goa choose zgjedh choose desha I loved dashje liking taste preference lt PAlb dausnja kukus zi taste ǵenh to beget give birth produce 200 201 202 203 204 kin lt OE cynn kind sort family generation gt kindred kind lt OE ġe cynd generation nature race kind king lt OE cyning OE cennan produce kunds born knoths race people OHG kind child Ger konig Dut koning king lt PGmc kuningaz kunja kin ingaz from belonging to gt OCS kŭnedzĭ prince Lith kunigas priest Fin Est kuningas king esp in chess g nascor I am born begotten grow spring forth gignō I beget bear bring forth engender note 34 g natus born arisen made note 35 nascens being born arising emerging note 36 nativus created imparted by birth note 37 nativitas birth note 38 natura nature quality essence note 39 natiō birth race class nation folk note 40 natalis relating to birth natal note 41 genus generis birth origin kind species grammar gender note 42 gens gentis tribe folk family Roman clan note 43 ingens huge vast extraordinary genitus begotten engendered note 44 genius inborn trait innate character talent wits gt genius ingenuus natural indigenous freeborn note 45 ingenium innate quality nature disposition natural capacity talent note 46 indigenus indu inside genus native indigenous gt indigenous genimen product fruit progeny germen germinis shoot sprout germ origin seed fetus note 47 genitor begetter father sire genetrix begetter mother naevus birthmark mole gt Lat Gnaeus genitalis relation to birth generation productive note 48 geinomai I am born I beget gignomai I come into being become gonḗ offspring seed gt gonad genea birth race descent generation offspring gt genealogy etc gnōtos kinsman genos offspring descendant family nation gender genna genna descent lineage origin offspring genesis origin source manner of birth note 49 gonos fruit product race descent begetting seed genetes genetōr begetter ancestor father janati she gives birth jayate is born becomes ja ja born born of begotten from e g dvi ja twice born jantu child offspring creature jnat i kinsman relative janani mother birth giver jana people person race janana begetting birth janas race class genus janman janma birth life janiman generation birth origin janitṛ begetter father parent janitri begetter mother janata people folk generation jati birth form of existence fixed at birth position assigned by birth rank lineage caste Av zizǝnti zizanǝnti they give birth Kurd zayin to give birth Past zeẓ ede l to be born OCS zetĭ son in law OPrus gamintun to give birth gimdyti to give birth OIr gainethar who is born lt ĝn ye tro 192 W geni to be born cnanim I am born bear dhender dhander son in law bridegroom lt ĝenH tr ax AB kan to come to pass of a wish be realized sewh or sewh to bear beget give birth 30 31 32 33 205 See also suHnu su te she begets suta born brought forth suti birth production Av hunahi give birth beget OIr suth produce offspring milk sunnai fills h ewg h weg to grow increase 206 eke lt OE eacian to increase wax of the moon lt OE weaxan to grow aukan auknan to increase intr wahsjan to grow lt orig caus h wog s ey onom augeō augere to increase tr note 50 auctor grower promoter producer author etc note 51 augmentum growth increase note 52 augur lt augos aggrandizement note 53 augustus majestic venerable note 54 auxilium help aid remedy note 55 a w eksō I increase intr auksō auksanō I increase tr ukṣati he becomes stronger vakṣayati he causes to grow ojas ōjman strength vitality power 207 ugra immense strong hard Av uxsyeiti he grows vaxsaiti he causes to grow OCS jug south the direction to where the Sun rises OPrus augtwei to grow Lith augti to grow OIr fer W gwer fat lt weg acem I grow become big A oksiṣ he grows A okṣu V aukṣu grown weǵ fresh strong lively awake 208 wake lt OE wacian watch lt OE waeċċan gawaknan wake up arouse vegeō vegere be alert awake smart vigor id vigil awake watching va ja strength energy vigour spirit vajra hard mace thunderbolt diamond vajayati s he impels Serbian language svez svezh fresh gʷih wo alive gʷih woteh life quick lt OE cwicu alive qius alive vivus alive vita life bios biotos life zoo animal jiva jivaka alive jivita m jiva tus jivathas life Av gayō acc ǰyatum life Gayōmart living mortal ǰyaiti life Av ǰva OPers ǰiva alive NPers ǰavan alive Kurd jiyan jin life Past zwend life OCS zivŭ alive zitĭ zivotŭ life Ziva alive living Polabian deity OPrus giws alive giwata life Lith gyvas alive gyvate snake Gaul biuo bio 209 ay OIr biu beo W byw alive OIr bethu bethad W bywyd life lt Proto Celtic bivo tuts keam I live lt gʷi ya ye mi 192 B sai to live lt gweiH ō ḫuisu ant living alive 210 211 212 213 ǵerh to grow old mature 214 162 202 215 216 See also ǵr h no gʰreh churl lt OE ċeorl ċiorl free man Karl lt PGmc free man gt Slav korlǐ king az gerōn gerontos old elder gt geronto graus old woman geraios old geras gift of honor geraros honorable majestic respectable Graia Graia gt Graikos gt Graeco Greek jarati ji ryati grows old wears out is consumed digested jirṇa old worn out digested jaran t old infirm decayed jara jaras jariman old age OCS zĭreti to ripen grua woman wife lt PAlb grawa mer to die murder lt OE morthor lt mr tro m maurthr murder morior mori to die lt mr yōr mortalis mortal brotos lt mrotos mortos mortal marati marate mriyate he dies mṛta dead marta mortal Av mere to die miryeite dies OPers martiya man someone who dies NPers mordan to die Kurd mirin to die Past mrel to die OCS mĭrǫ mreti to die Lith miŕstu miŕti to die merdeti to die slowly OIr marb W marw dead lt mr wos meṙanim I die mard human mert died kl H bald naked 217 218 219 220 calvus bald hairless gt Calvin calva skull scalp kulva bald Serbian language celav ћelav bald kʷeh s to cough 221 222 whoost cough lt OE hwōstan German Hust cough Kurd kuxin to cough kuxik cough OCS kasĭljati to cough Lith koseti to cough koll cough kolle cough perd fart 223 224 fart lt OE feortan perdomai pardate s he farts Russian perdet to fart Lith perdzia he farts bert fart pordhe fart Mental functions and states editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite ḱlew s to hear listen lt OE hlystan loud lt OE hlud hliuma hearing ears in pl clueō cluere to be named ekluon I heard sr ṇoti he hears lt ḱl ne w sruti that which is heard Av surunaoiti he hears lt k lu n OCS slysati to hear slusati to listen OPrus klausytun to hear Lith klausyti to listen OIr ro clui nethar hears W clywed to hear Gaul cluiou I hear 225 lsem I hear Old Tosk kluaj standard quaj to call to name lt ḱlu H eh A klyoṣ B klyauṣ to hear h ew or h ew to see perceive be aware of 226 227 197 228 OE eawis obvious audiō I hear listen to pay attention to note 56 aḯō I perceive hear see obey aisthanomai I perceive feel apprehend notice note 57 avis evidently manifestly before the eyes openly OCS aviti to show appear Lith ovytis to appear ovyje in reality weyd to see find to know wit OE wit intelligence witan to know lt PIE perfect tense witan to know videō videre to see e w ide he saw perf oĩda I know lit I have seen vindati he finds avidat found vetti vedate vidati he knows perf veda I know Av vi daiti vi nasti he finds OCS vizdǫ videti to see OPrus widatun to see Lith veidas face W gweld to see gtanem I find woyd to know Av perf vaeda I know vidarǝ they know OCS vemĭ vedeti to know OPrus waistun to know Lith vaistas medicine vaidila pagan priest OIr find W gwn I know gitem I know B uwe learned lt PToch wawen lt wid wo ǵenH ǵneH sḱ ǵn ne h to recognize know can lt OE cann I know he knows know lt OE cnawan lt ǵneH yo nom Scot ken to know lt OE cennan to cause to know lt PGerm kann jan kunnan to know lt ǵn n h onom kann I know g nōscō g nōscere to recognize nōvi I know gignṓskō aorist egnōn I recognize jana mi I know lt jana mi lt ǵn nh mi Av zana ṯ zanan lt ǵn ne h ti OPers a dana impf he knew lt ǵn ne h mi xsnasatiy subj he should know Kurd zanin to know OCS znajǫ znati to know lt ǵneh yoh OPrus zinatun to recognize know Lith zinoti to know 229 230 OIr itar gninim asa gninaim I am wise W adnabod I know canacʿem aorist caneay I recognize njoh I know lt ǵneh sḱoh A kna e g knanmaṃ knowing lt ǵneH knas aṣt you have become acquainted lt ǵneH s n ǵneh tos not to know uncouth lt OE uncuth unknown strange unkunths unknown ignōtus ignōrantem unknown ignorant agnṓs agnotos unknown lt n ǵneH ts ajnata unknown OPrus nezinatun not to know Lith nezinoti not to know OIr ingnad foreign an can awtʿ ignorant unknown A a knats B a knatsa ignorant lewbʰ to love desire covet want admire praise 231 232 love lt OE lufu lief dear beloved lt OE leof lofe praise exalt offer lt OE lofian lof lubō love libet it is pleasing agreeable lubhyati s he desires greatly longs for covets is perplexed lobhayati s he causes to desire attract allure confound bewilder lobha perplexity confusion impatience eager desire longing covetousness lobhin greedy desirous of longing after covetous OCS ljubiti to love ljubŭ sweet pleasant ljuby love Russ ljubimyj favorite lyp beg men to think 233 234 mind lt OE ġe mynd memory lt mn t is OE munan to think minion munan to think muns pl muneis thought lt mn is gamunds gamundais remembrance lt ko m mn t is memini I remember note 58 reminiscor I recollect remember note 59 mens mentis mind lt mn t is memor mindful remembering note 60 commentus devised contrived invented moneō I remind warn mōnstrum a divine omen portent note 61 Minerva memona I think of mainomai I go mad mimnḗskō I remind recall mnaomai I am mindful remember woo court automatos self willed unbidden self moving automatic menos mind desire anger Mentōr mentor manthanō I learn know understand notices mathema something that is learned lesson learning knowledge note 62 Prometheus manyate he thinks mantra thought the instrument of thought 235 manas mind mati thought intention opinion notion perception judgement mantṛ thinker adviser medha wisdom intelligence See mazda mantrin minister councilor counselor gt mandarin Av mainyeite he thinks mazda wisdom intelligence OPers mainyahay I think NPers Dosman Someone who has a bad mind Kurd meji brain mind OCS mĭneti to mean pametĭ memory myslĭ thought OPrus mintun to guess minisna memory mints riddle mentitun to lie Lith mintis thought minti to guess mineti to mention OIr do moiniur I believe I mean mendoj I think A mnu thought B manu demand n memmai says s mer to remember care for be concerned fall into thinking 236 237 197 238 mammer to hesitate to mumble stammer from hesitation lt OE mamrian mamorian to think through deliberate plan out mimmer to dote dream lt OE mymerian to keep in mind mourn lt OE murnan OE mimor mindful memor mindful remembering ba note 63 mora delay any duration of time note 64 mermeros baneful mischievous captious fastidious merimna care thought anxious mind martus marturos witness note 65 smarati s he remembers recollects mariti lt SE to care about something someone teng to think 239 240 197 think lt OE thenċan thenċean thank lt OE thanc thought thanks tongeō I know mers to bother annoy neglect disturb forget ignore 241 242 197 243 mar lt OE mierran mṛ ṣyate s he forgets neglects disregards Lith mirsti to forget lose become oblivious merzi boredom merzit bother annoy sekʷ to see to say see lt OE seon say lt OE sec gan lt PGerm sag w jan lt sokʷeyonom saiƕan to see OHG sagen say lt sokʷe inseque declare ennepe tell sacate he says OCS sociti to announce Lith sakyti to say sekti to tell a story to follow OIr insce I talk OIr rosc eye lt pro skʷo OW hepp he said sheh he sees A ṣotre B ṣotri sign sakuwai to see derḱ to see 244 245 246 247 ME torhte bright shining radiant derkomai to see see clearly watch dergma look glance sight dṛs see bb note 66 darsayati to cause to see to show dṛṣṭa seen visible apparent noticed Oir dearc tha Look behold regard consider ndrri ndrritje bright enlightened s peḱ to watch be looking at keep looking at 248 249 246 250 spy lt Fk spehōn to spy spex watcher gt avispex auspex bird watcher note 20 speciō I observe watch look at note 67 species seeing view look sight appearance point of view kind sort type note 68 specimen mark token example pattern model spectus look appearance aspect spectrum appearance image apparition spectre note 69 speculum looking glass mirror note 70 skopeō I look behold inspect note 71 skopos watcher proterctor guardian note 72 skeptomai I look at examine consider think skepsis viewing observation doubt note 73 spas spy watcher messenger pasyati s he sees looks beholds spaṣṭa clear visible obvious evident intelligible Lith spoksoti to keep looking shpik invent shpikje invention creation kʷeḱ to see to show to seem 251 252 246 253 tekmar goal end token ka sate it is visible appears shines caks caṣṭe to see look appear inform cakṣu eye cakṣman seer Av casman eye OCS kazati to show say testify Lith kuslas having poor eyesight wekʷ to say OE wōma noise lt wōkʷ mō n OHG giwahanen mention lt PGerm gawahnjan denom built on wokʷ no vocō vocare to call vōx vōcis voice eĩpon aor spoke lt e we ikʷ om lt e we ukʷ om w epos word vakti vivakti he says vak voice vacas word Av vac speak say vaxs voice vacah word NPers vak voice Kurd vaj voice bivaj to say OCS vikǫti to call to scream OPrus enwackemai we call OIr foccul word W gwaethl fight lt wokʷ tlo m gocem I call A wak B wek voice ḫuek ḫuk to swear to bʰeh to speak say 254 ban lt PGmc bannana to proclaim order summon fama fame fas divine law will of god destiny for fari I speak talk say fatus word saying oracle prophecy fate fateor fateri fassus sum I confess admit acknowledge fabula discourse narrative tale fable Sp hablar Pt falar to speak phōnḗ voice phḗme prophetic voice rumor reputation phemi I speak say prophḗtes one who speaks for a god proclaimer prophet phasis utterance statement expression bha ṣa speech language bha ṣati s he speaks bajka fable bc OCS balii physician healer enchanter preḱ pr sḱ lt pr ḱ sḱ to ask Scot frain to ask lt OE freġnan fraihnan to ask OHG forscōn to ask to research precor precari to pray poscō poscere to demand ask pr cchati he asks Av pǝrǝsaiti he asks desires lt pr sḱ OPers aor aparsam he asked Kurd pirs question Past pox te l to ask OCS prositi to pray OPrus prasitun to ask Lith prasyti to ask OIr imm chom arc mutual questions greetings NIr arco W archaf I ask harcʿanem I ask pyet ask porosit recommend order an article or a meal A prak B prek to ask kelh s kel dʰ to call cry summon 255 256 haul lt OE halian scold lt ON skald calō I call announce solemnly call out concilium a council meeting note 74 classis the armed forces fleet group or class gt class kalendae the Calends gt calendar clamō I cry out clamor shout yell note 75 clarus clear bright renouwned famous loud distinct note 76 kaleō I call hail summon invite klandati krandati s he laments weeps cries sounds uṣaḥkala uṣakala rooster lit dawn call Kurd kalin to moan to whine to mourn dikale he she mourns OCS klakolŭ bell Russ skulitʹ to whine whisper Lith kalbeti to speak Gheg kaj weep cry bʰeyh to fear be afraid 257 bive bever to shake tremble lt OE bifian foedus foul filthy unseemly vile bhayate s he is afraid bhi bhiti bhaya fear OCS bojati to fear be afraid Lith baime fear h neh mn or h nomn name name lt OE nama namō acc pl namna name nōmen name onoma name na ma n instrumental sg na mna name Av nama name NPers nam name Kurd nav name Past num name OCS ime name lt Proto Slavic inmen lt n men OPrus emnes emmens name lt enmen OIr ainmm n OW anu name Gaul anuan lt anman name 258 anun name Gheg emen Tosk emer name lt enmen A nem B nom name laman name General conditions and states editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite s teyg to be sharp to sting 259 260 261 262 stick lt OE sticca stitch lt OE stiċe thistle lt OE thistel instigō I stimulate incite rouse gt instigate stylus later spelled stylus bd pointed instrument spike note 77 stizō I tattoo mark stixis marking spot mark stigma mark tattoo spot stain tejate become sharp energize tejas sharp ede of a knife light brilliance glow splendor fiery power tikṣṇa sharp hot fiery pungent acute keen tigma sharp pointed pungent scorching acrid Per tez sharp teh to melt thaw flow 263 264 265 thaw lt OE thawian thone damp moist wet lt OE than tabes decay foulness fluid from a wound tabeō I melt rot tabum gore viscous fluid tiphos pond swamp tḗkō melt tamara water toyam water tos tosate drip distill trickle tuṣara rain mist tickle drizzle wet OCS tajati melt Natural features editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite h ster star See also h eHs star lt OE steorra stairnō star stella star astḗr star be stṛ inst pl stŕ bhis nom pl tara fem nom sg tara star Av acc sta rǝm ablauting bf star Kurd ster star MIr ser W seren Breton sterenn star Celtic Sirona lt Tsirona astral stellar astl star Astlik deity of love fertility and skylight pl A sren B scirin stars ḫasterza star dyḗws deywos ii sky day god Tues day lt OE Tiwes daeġ lit day of Tiw bg tiws god ON Tyr Tiw the war god Iuppiter Iovis Old Latin Diu piter Diovis Jupiter dies day deus divus god bh Zdeus Di w os iii Zeus d i yaus divas dyōs iii heaven devas god devi goddess Av daeva demon Kurd dew giant OCS dĭnĭ dĭne day lt din is Ukr dyvo and Russ divo miracle OPrus deina day deiws god Lith diena day dievas god OIr die W dydd day OIr dia de OW duiu God tiw tuenǰean day din dawn lt PAlb deina day zot god lt PIE dyew atta Sius Hittite sky or sun god 266 bi seh wol sh un sun sun lt OE sunne sauil sunnō sun sōl sun Homeric heelios sun lt sawelios bj Helios deity of the sun suvar sura sun light heavens sura surya sun Av hvarǝ hurō sun light heavens Hvare khshaeta deity of the radiant sun OCS slĭnŭce sun lt sulnika Russ po solon sunwise OPrus sauli sun sawaiti week Lith saule sun OIr suil eye W haul sun ylli star lt sulo or suli A swanceṃ B swanco swanciye sunbeam lt Common Tocharian su antœ 267 DUTU li ya Sun goddess meh ns moon month moon lt OE mōna month lt OE mōnath mena moon menoths month mensis month Att mḗn Ion meis Dor mḗs month mḗne moon ma s moon ma sa month Av ma ma ŋhō moon NPers mah moon month Kurd meh month mang moon OCS mesecĭ moon month lt mes n ko OPrus miniks moon mins month Lith menulis moon menesis month OIr mi mis month lt mens W mis month amis month muai month A man B mene month A man nkat B meṃ moon dʰeǵʰom earth See also dʰǵʰemon humus earth note 78 kʰtʰṓn kʰtʰonos earth kʰamai on the earth bk kṣa s acc kṣa m gen jma earth Av za acc zam gen zǝmō earth Kurd zevi farmland NPers zamin ground soil zamindar land owner OCS zemĭ zemlja earth Russ Chernozem black soil OPrus zeme earth semmai on the earth adverb Lith zeme earth OIr du place Welsh dyn man dhe earth A tkaṃ tkanis B keṃ earth tekan tagnas earth h eḱmō stone 268 269 270 271 hammer lt OE hamer akmōn anvil asman stone asmara stony Asman sky OCS kamy gen kamene stone Lith akmuo gen akmens stone lep stone 272 273 274 lapis stone lepas crag bare rock wodr udens pl wedōr udnes water water lt OE waeter watō watins water Umbrian utur water Latin unda wave hudōr hudatos water Hydra litt water animal udaka loc udan i pl uda udra water samudra ocean litt gathering of waters Av aoda spring vaidi stream OCS voda water Russ vedro bucket Russ vodka little water OPrus undan water Lith vanduo gen vandens water OIr u i sce water lt udeskyo Eng Whisky lt uisce beatha water of life get river uje water A war B war water watar wetenas water doru drew wood tree tree lt OE treo triu tree wood doru drus tree wood da ru drṓs dru tree wood Av daru tree wood Kurd dar tree wood OCS drevo tree OPrus drawe hole in a tree hollow tree Lith dreve hole in a tree derva tar OIr daur oak W derwen oak tram firm dru tree wood AB or wood taru tree h weh n to wind h weh to blow wind lt OE wind OE wawan to blow winds wind waian to blow ventus wind aenta acc wind aesi he blows va ta vant 275 wind vati he blows Vayu lord of winds nir vaṇa blow out extinction 276 Av vatō wind vaiti he blows Vayu Vata a pair of deities Vayu Wind and Vata Air Kurd ba wa va wind hewa air weather OCS vejǫ vejetŭ to blow OPrus witra wind Lith vejas wind vetra heavy wind Vejopatis god of winds W gwynt wind vetetin it thunders A want B yente wind ḫuwanz 277 wind sneygʷʰ to snow snow lt OE snaw lt snoygʷʰos sniwan to snow lt sneygʷʰonom snaiws snow nix nivis snow ninguō ninguere to snow nipʰa acc snow neipʰei it snows sneha snow Av snaeza to snow Shughni zǝnij snow lt snaiga OCS snegŭ snow OPrus snaigs snow Lith sniegas snow snigti to snow OIr snecht a e W nyf snow OIr snigid it rains h n gʷnis fire lt h engʷ to burn 278 h ongʷl charcoal ignis fire agni fire aṅgara charcoal OCS ognĭ fire ǫglĭ coal Lith ugnis fire anglis coal Lv uguns fire e enjte Thursday lt PAlb agni fire peh wr ph unes bonfire bl fire lt OE fȳr lt fuir bl fōn funins bl fire OHG fuir bl two syllables lt puweri Umbrian pir fire lt pur acc purom e into the fire lt pur pũr puros fire paru peru sun fire NPers fer oven furnace Czech pyr glowing ash Pol perzyna embers Slovak pyr UpSb pyr ashes 279 OPrus pannu fire hur fire A por B puwar puwar pwar fire paḫḫur fire dʰuh mos smoke lt dʰewh to smoke 280 fumus smoke thumos soul life breath desire temper dhuma smoke mist fog Kurd du dukel OCS dymŭ smoke tym smoke lt PAlb atuma h eHs to become dry burn glow hearth ashes 281 282 265 See also h ster ash lt OE aesce azgō ash cinder areō I am dry dried up withered aridus dry parched withered arid gt arid ara altar sanctuary refuge assus roasted baked dried Osc aasa altar azō I dry asbolos soot a sa ashes dust A B as to dry out to dry up ḫass ash dust ḫassa hearth Lyc xaha di altar ken to rub scrape off ashes dust 283 284 265 cinis cineris ashes note 79 konis ash dust kaṇa particle small grain of dust rice corn atom gʷʰerm warm warm lt OE wearm OE ġierwan to prepare cook lt PGerm garwjan warmjan to warm formus warm tʰermos warm gʰarma heat Av garǝma hot heat OPers Garma pada name of the fourth month corresponding to June July orig entrance of the heat Kurd germ hot warm Russ zar heat goret to burn lt gʷʰer OPrus garme heat glowing Lith zarijos cinders zereti to glow OIr gorn fire lt gʷʰor nos ǰerm warm Gheg zjarm fire heat ngroh I warm ziej I boil cook lt PAlb dzernja A sarme heat of summer dʰegʷʰ to burn warm hot 285 286 265 287 foveō I warm keep warm nurture foster fōmentum a warm application lotion note 80 fōmes kindling tinder febris fever note 81 februum februarius expiatory offerings means of purification note 82 bm tephra ashes dahati it burns dagdha burned burnt OCS zesti zeg to burn zigŭ burn mark brand Lith de gis burn scar ndez to light djeg burn h ews to burn 288 289 ember lt OE ǣmyrġe urō I burn consume inflame ustus burnt inflamed bustum lt amb bustum a burial mound tomb comburō I burn up cremate scald gt combust urna urn water jar lit a vessel of burnt clay heuō I singe oṣati s he burns burns down punishes uṣṭa burnt uṣṇa warm hot gel to be cold to freeze cold lt OE ceald kalds cold of the weather gelus ice gelidus icy gelandros sarada autumn MBulg goloti ice Lith gelmenis geluma great cold temH to be dark temHos darkness OHG demar twilight tenebrae darkness lt temebrai lt temasro tamas darkness gloom tamisra dark night Av ta8ra darkness temah OCS tĭmĭnŭ darkness tĭma Rus temnota darkness Lith tamsa dark darkness tiḿsras a darker shade of red Latv tumss timss dark tumsa darkness 290 OIr temel darkness lt PCel temeslos OW timuil dark darkness B tamasse dark nebʰos cloud mist 182 OE nifol dark misty ON Niflheimr home of mists nebula fog cloud nepʰos cloud nepʰele mass of clouds name of a nymph nabʰas mist sky cloud nabʰasa celestial heavenly appearing in the sky nabah heavens litt nimbuses clouds 291 OCS nebo heaven sky Pol niebo sky Cz nebesa skies Rus Nebesa heaven Lith debesis cloud OIr nem sky OBret nem MBret neff sky avull steam lt PAlb abula nepis sky heaven CLuw tappas heaven HierLuw tipas heaven lew dirt mud 292 293 274 polluō I soil defile foul note 83 luma dirt filth smut disgrace lluce mud lutum Latin samh dʰos sand 274 sand lt OE sand sabulō sabulum sand gravel psamathos sand grains of sand srew srew mo sru to to flow stream in river names bn stream lt OE stream ON straumr a stream rheuma flow sruta flow srava a flow of a waterfall lt srowos YAv 8raotah stream lt OIA srotas OPer rautaʰ river OCS struja stream o strovŭ island bo Rus strumeni brook Pol strumien brook river Lith sraumuo brook stream Latv strava current Lith srauja Latv strauja stream 296 Lith sraũtas flow torrent OIr sruaimm Ir sruth stream river MW ffrwd brook stream OBret frut stream OArm aṙu brook canal lt srutis rryme stream current flow of water dʰenh to set in motion to flow 297 deh nu river goddess fōns lt PItal donts spring fountain fresh water source dhanvati it runs flows causes to run or flow 298 dhana competition contest prize da nu fluid drop dew Dnieper lt OOss danu apara the far river 299 Danube lt PCelt Danowyos dʰol valley vault curve hollow 300 301 270 dale lt OE dael tholos vault OCS dolŭ valley depression mori lake sea bp OE mere lake marei sea mare sea OCS morje sea Lith mares sea OIr muir sea Gaul Morini those from the sea name of a tribe Directions editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite per through across beyond far lt OE feorr fairra far fair around intensifier per through peri per around pari forward Av pairi OPers pariy forward Kurd ber in front of before OCS pre forward OPrus pro pra trough across Latvian pari across Lith per across pra to start and finish doing something pro through OIr ir W er forward heṙu far per pej pe forward para Lycian pri forth uper i over above over lt OE ofer ufar over above beyond super over influenced by sub under huper over upari over above beyond Av upairi OPers over above beyond OCS po upon at OPrus uppin cloud OIr for W gor gwar over on ver up eper over above h ents forehead h enti h enta in front of and lt OE and and along throughout towards in on among OHG enti previously lt PGerm andiaz ante in front of anti instead of anti opposite to it Kurd eni front forehead Lith ant on antai there OIr etan forehead lt antono end instead of ende yet still edhe and from older ende A ant B ante surface forehead ḫanz ḫanti in front h en in in lt OE in in in into towards in in en in an ika face lt h eni Hkʷ Av ainika face lt h eni Hkʷ OCS on vŭn vŭ in OPrus en in Lith į in OIr in in W yn in i in ne in AB y yn B in in an dan inside h epo away of off lt OE of af from of by ab u from ab away apo from apa away Av apa OPers apa away OCS ot from apart of Lith apacia bottom lt apotya prape back lt per ape pa without apa behind back or lt epi deḱs the right side Gothic taihswa right side dexter dexios Myc de ki si wo dakṣina right south Av dasina right south MPer dasn right hand right side OCS desnŭ right side Lith dẽsinas Gaul Dexsiva Dexsiua djathte right lt PAlb detsa marǵ merǵ edge boundary border 302 303 304 mark lt OE mearc march lt OF markōn margō marginis border edge gt margin marya limit mark boundary marga way road path bʰudʰmḗn bottom 305 butt lt OE bytt bottom botham lt OE bodan botm fundus bottom ground foundation farm estate puthmḗn bottom cup jar sea budhna bottom ground base depth Gaul bona base bottom village found in several placenames Bonna gt Bonn Windo bona white village gt Vienna Bononia gt Boulogne sur Mer 306 buze lip edge lt PAlb budza bythe bottom Basic adjectives editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite bʰerǵʰ great tall hill elevation bʰerǵʰonts high mighty 307 308 270 309 310 borough borough Brough bur burg burgh bury bury lt OE burg burh city town fortification barrow lt OE beorg baurgs OHG burg fortress citadel OHG Burgunt a female personal name 311 fortis strong powerful firm note 84 LL Burgundia Burgundy Fr Bourgogne bṛhat bṛhant tall elevated 311 brahman lit growth expansion development gt outpouring of the heart gt prayer sacred word mantra brahman worshiper 312 313 barhayati to invigorate Av barezah height Hara Berezaiti a mythical mountain litt High Watchpost OCS bregŭ hill slope bank shore MIr bri MW bre MBre bre Gaul briga elevation hill Gaul Brigantes ethnonym Celt Brigantia name of a goddess 311 Ir Brigid goddess lt PCelt Briganti The High One barjr high A park to elevate B parkare long parkus tall weh weh ros true 314 315 316 OE wǣr true Ger wahr Dut waar true verus true gt very bq verify verity etc OCS vera faith belief OIr fir true urte quiet lt PAlb wara medʰyo mid middle mid middle lt OE mid middel midjis middle medius middle mes s os middle madʰya middle Av maidya middle OCS mezdu between Russ meza boundary OPrus meddin forest between villages Lith medis Latv mezs tree OIr mid middle lt medʰu MW mei middle lt medʰyo meǰ middle mes mjet in between middle meǵ big much lt OE myc el big many mikils big magnus big megas big maha maha nt big Av mazant big OPrus mazs smaller Lith mazas small OIr mochtae MIr mag maige big mec big madh big A mak B maka much mekkis big dlongʰos dl h gʰos long 317 long lt OE long lang langs long longus long dolikhos long protracted dirgha long Av darega long OCS dlĭgŭ long Lith ilgas long gjate long talugai long gʷerH heavy kaurus heavy gravis heavy barus heavy guru heavy Av gouru heavy NPers giran heavy lt grana influenced by frana full OCS gromada big size huge gruz a load something heavy OPrus garrin tree Lith geras good MIr bair heavy W bryw strong zor brute force great effort A kra marts heavy B kra mar burden lt gʷroH mVr h le n gʷʰ h ln gʷʰ ro h ln gʷʰ u br light in weight light lt OE leoht leihts light lt h lengʷʰ tos OHG lungar fast lt h ln gʷʰ ros levis light lt h legʷʰ us elakʷʰus small lt h ln gʷʰ us elapʰros light quick lt h ln gʷʰ ros lagʰu ragʰu quick light small Av ragu fem rǝvi fast superl rǝnjista fastest OCS lŭgŭkŭ light OPrus langus light langsta window lankewingis flexible linktwei to bend Lith lengvas light lankstus flexible langas window lenkti to bend OIr laigiu laugu MW llei smaller lanǰ breast lehte light weight B lankutse light h elyos h enyos other h enteros second else lt OE elles other lt OE ōther aljis anthar other alius other allos other anya antara other aryas Aryan else Av anya ainya OPers aniya other Av airiia Aryan friend faithful airiio elsehow Ossetian andar other East Iranian hal ci whoever Old Sorbian wutory other lt PSlav ǫtorŭ OPrus antars second Lith antras second OIr aile W ail other Gaul allos other second 318 ayl other lloj sort type A alya ke B alye ke another Lydian ala other newo new new lt OE niwe niujis new novus new ne w os new nava new Av nava new OCS novŭ new OPrus nawas new Lith naujas new OIr nue W newydd new nor new lt nowero A nu B nune new newa new h yuHn young young lt OE ġeong lt h yuHn ḱos juggs young juvenis young iuvencus young bullock yuvan yu nas young Av yvan yavan yunō youth young man OCS junŭ young Lith jaunas young OIr ōac young W ieuanc young lt H yuHn k os sen old sineigs old person senex old henos former from a former period sanas old Av hana old OCS sedyi grey headed OPrus sentwei to get old Lith senas old OIr sen old Old Welsh hen old hin old nogʷ naked naked lt OE nacod naked naqaths naked nudus naked gumnos naked nagnas naked NPers loxt naked OCS nagŭ naked OPrus nags naked Lith nuogas naked OIr nocht naked W noeth naked bare nekumant naked bare bʰosos bare barefoot 319 bare lt OE baer OCS bosŭ barefooted unshod Lith basas barefooted n mr tos immortal 320 ambrotos immortal divine amṛ ta immortal h eḱ sharp 321 edge lt OE eċġ aceō acere I am sour acidus sour acetum vinegar acus needle pin astus craft guile astutus shrewd astute akme point edge oxus sharp pointed quick clever Persian acar pickle marinade OCS ostĭnŭ sharp point Lith akstinas pointy and sharp item teh blade from eh sharpen bel strong 322 debilis bs feeble weak beltiwn better bala force strength power Russ bolʹsoj big large great Light and color editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite lewk light brightness light lt OE leoht liuhath liuhadis light luceō lucere to shine lux light leukos bright shining white Leuce white poplar name of a nymph Leucothea bright goddess rocate he shines roka light loka world place Av raocant shining raocah light OPers raucah light Kurd roj sun light day ron light OCS luca ray flash lt loukya OPrus lauk bright lauksna star laukas field Lith laukas outside field OIr luchair shine W llachar bright llug shimmer loys light AB lyuk luk to shine luk k to shine bʰel to shine 323 balefire lt OE bǣlfȳr ON bal fire fulgeō I flash glitter flagrō I burn blaze flamma flame fire phlegō I scorch kindle Phlegyas fiery Phlegethon flaming phlegma flame inflammation phalos white bhraja fire shining bhala splendor OCS belŭ white Lith baltas Latv balts fair white bale white spot h erǵ shining bright h r ǵn tom white metal silver 324 argentum silver metal Fal arcentelom a small silver coin Myc a ku ro 325 arguros silver argos white bright bt Argiope silver face Skt rajata silver silver coloured arjuna white clear silvery 327 Av erezatem silver Celtib arkato bezom silver mine Ir Airget lam silver hand title of Nuada OIr argat OW argant silver arcat silver A arkyant silver A arki B arkwi white ḫarkis white bright ḱweyt to shine white 328 329 330 331 white lt OE hwit ƕeits white sveta white bright svindate to shine asvitan to become bright Av spaeta white bright NPers sefid white OCS svetŭ light world svetiti to shine illuminate svĭteti to get bright svesta candle cvetŭ bright color bloom flower Lith sviesa light sviẽsti to shine kr snos black dark dusky 332 333 330 334 kṛṣṇa black dark dark blue gt Kṛṣṇa NPers kersne dirt dirty OCS crŭnŭ black note 85 Lith kir snas black of a horse OPrus kirsnan black sorre crow lt PAlb tsarna h rewdʰ h rowdʰ os h rudʰ ros br red red lt OE read lt h rowdʰ os rauths raudis red lt h rowdʰ os ruber red lt h rudʰ ros Umb rufru red Myc e ru ta ra e ru to ro 335 erutʰros red lt h rudʰ ros Erytheia name of a nymph litt the red one rudʰira red lt H rudʰ ros mixed with H rudʰ i rṓhita red lōha reddish lt H roudʰ os Av raoidita red OCS rudŭ red Czech ruda red bu Pol rudy red haired 337 Lith raũdonas red rudas brown OIr ruad W rhudd red rhwd rust 338 Gaul Roud in personal names 339 pruth redhead lt PAlb apa ruđa A rtar B ratre red lt h rudʰ ros gʰel ǵʰelh green yellow 340 gold yellow lt OE geolu yolk lt OE ġeoloca gulth gold helvus honey yellow gilvus pale yellow of horses 341 bv kʰlōros pale green bw Chloe blooming epithet of Demeter hiranya gold hari yellow Av zaranyam gold zari yellow Zarinaia lt Saka Zarinaya the golden one name of a queen OCS zelenĭ green Rus zoloto gold Pol zloty gold zolty yellow Latv zelts gold Lith geltas yellow zel vas golden zalias green MWel gell yellow diell sun lt PAlb delwa ḱey grey dark shade 345 346 330 347 hue lt OE hiew appearance form hue color hiwi form show appearance syava dark deep brown syama dark black blue brown grey note 86 Av siiauua dark cf Siyavash lt Siiauuarsan the one with black stallions 348 Pol siwy grey Lith syvas light grey bʰer bʰerH brown 349 350 330 351 See also bʰebʰrus bear animal lt OE bera brown lt OE brun ON bjǫrn bear animal phru ne toad babhru deep brown reddish brown tawny Lith be ras reddish brown Positive qualities editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite h wesus good excellent 352 353 354 355 iusiza better Germanic names e g Wisigoth the Visigoths vasu excellent good beneficient goods property Av vohu good OCS veselŭ merry joyful happy Gaul Vesu in personal names Vesuavus Segovesus Bellovesus Luw wasu good Pal wasu well 356 h su good 357 358 354 359 eu good well when used prefixally e g euphoros well bearing gt euphoria eukharistos good grace euangelos bringing good news su good used prefixally e g suprabhatam good morning See also bha s suprasna inquiry as to welfare lit good question Av hu good OCS sŭ good used prefixally e g sŭ cestĭnŭ happy lit good part sŭdravĭje health Russ zdorov je sŭresti to meet encounter h sonts being existing real true 360 361 354 362 See also H es sooth lt OE sōth truth soothe lt OE sōthian to prove the validity of to confirm as true soothsayer originally truth teller lt PGmc santhaz sagjana truth say sin implying truly guilty lt OE synn OE sōthliċe truly really later amen sunjis true truthful correct sōns guilty criminal compare sin insōns innocent bx sonticus dangerous serious critical sat being essence reality also used in compounds e g sad guru sattva essence existence spirit creature satya true real genuine sincere honest valid sati good virtuous faithful wife gt suttee sene send thing gje thing lt all from PAlb sana sweh d sweh dus sweet 363 364 365 sweet lt OE swete suavis sweet pleasant delicious hedus sweet svadu delicious tasty sweet Construction fabrication editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite h eyos copper bronze 135 ore lt OE ar aes copper bronze brass money fee ayas metal iron dʰwer door doorway gate door lt OE dor duru daur daurō door fores pl door tʰura door dva r dva ras pl door Av dvarǝm acc gate court OPers duvaraya at the gate NPers dar door OCS dvĭri door OPrus dwarris gate goal dwars estate Lith durys door dvaras estate vartai gate Latg durovys door vuorti gate OIr dorus door lt Proto Celtic dworestu W dor door lt dʰureH duṙn door dere door B twere doors an durza within h e nh t doorpost 366 antae anteroom a ta doorpost dem to build up put together 367 368 369 timber lt OE timber building material teem lt OE temian to fit toft lt OE toft demō to build construct make domo domu house home timrjan to build erect domus domus house domos house damas house Av dam dami in the house dǝma na nmana house lt dm a na OCS domŭ house OPrus dimstis porch Lith dimstis entryway Lith namas house MIr dom liacc house of stones tun house dhome room A tem B tam be born gʰerdʰ gʰordʰ os enclosure fence yard lt OE ġeard enclosure garden lt AngNor gardin lt Frank gardo gards yard court ON gardr fence enclosed space hortus garden kʰortos feeding place for animals gṛha house Av gereda daeva cave OCS gradŭ fortification city Latv gards Lith gar das fold pen OIr gort standing crop W garth cliff enclosure OArm gerdastan the body of servants and captives estate either a borrowing from Iranian or inherited gardh fence enclosure barricade kʷekʷlo wheel See also kʷel wheel lt OE hweol hweogol lt PGerm hweg w ulaz lt kʷekʷlos ON hjōl hvel wheel lt PGerm hweh w ulaz lt kʷekʷlos kuklos circle pl wheels cakra wheel Av caxra wheel OCS kolo wheel OPrus kellin wheel Lith kaklas neck W cylch circle A kukal B kokale wagon kugullas donut 370 Hreth wheel wagon OHG Rad wheel rota wheel wagon ratha chariot car Av ra8a wagon chariot Lith ratai wagon pl ratas wheel sg OIr roth wheel circle rreth ring hoop tyre for carriages lt Hroth ikos neh us vessel boat OE nōwend shipmaster sailor ON naust boathouse OIc nōr ship navis ship naus ship Myc na u do mo shipbuilders 371 nau nava ship Pers nav boat ship archaic OIr no nau boat OArm naw ship boat h wĺ h neh wool wool lt OE wull wulla wool lana wool lenos wool fleece pl Dor lanos u rṇa wool woolen thread Av varena wool OCS vlĭna wool OESlav vŭlna wool Latv vil na Lith vilna wool OPrus wilna skirt made of wool OIr olann MBret gloan glan OW gulan wool OArm gelmn fleece wool ḫulanas wool s y uH to sew sew lt OE seowan siujan to sew suō suere to sew sutura thread suture 372 humḗn sinew si vyati he sews syuta sewn su tra thread string 373 OCS sijǫ siti to sew OPrus sutun to sew Lith siuti to sew Latg syut to sew sum m anza n suel suil thread teks to fashion construct OE theox spear OHG dehsa dehsala hatchet texō texere to weave tektōn carpenter tiktō I give birth takṣati ta ṣṭi he fashions Av tasaiti he cuts out manufactures OPers us tasana stairway lt construction MPers tasidan to do carpentry OCS tesǫ tesati to hew OPrus tesatun to hew Lith tasyti to hew OIr tal axe lt tōkslo teshe cloth robe takkeszi puts together webʰ to weave weave lt OE wefan web lt P Gmc wabjan OHG weban to weave ON vefa hupʰainō I weave ubʰna ti ties together uṛna vabhi spider litt wool weaver Av ubdaena made of cloth NPers bafad he weaves viti weave Lith vyti to twist W gwau knit weave venj I weave lt webʰnyō A wpantar them pres 374 375 B wap to weave wepta wove 376 werǵ to work work lt OE weorc wyrc an waurkjan to work urgeō urgere to push drive w ergon work erdō hrezdō I work lt werĝ yoH wreĝ yoH varcas activity not in Pokorny Av vareza work activity verezyeiti he works NPers varz barz field work husbandry vrǔsiti to act to do OPrus wargs bad evil malicious vicious wargtwei to torment oneself to suffer Lith vargas the state of going through bad unlucky events MW gwreith deed lt wreĝ tu gorc work rregj to clean A wark B wark to shear wes to clothe wear clothes wear lt OE werian wasjan to clothe vestis clothing hestai gets dressed vaste s he gets dressed vastra clothing Av vaste vaŋhaiti he gets dressed OPrus westi corset W gwisg clothing z genum I put on clothes lt wes nu vesh dress veshje clothing B wastsi wastsi clothing wassezzi he clothes Self motion rest editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite h es to be h es ti is h es mi am Cf Indo European copula See also h sonts is lt OE is am ist is sum esse I am to be est it is esti is Dorian Greek enti they are lt h s enti asti is asmi am Av asti is Persian ast is OCS jestŭ is OPrus ast is est almost Lith esti is OIr is is Old Welsh hint they are lt h s enti em I am eshte is B ste is eszi is bʰuh to become Cf Indo European copula be lt OE beon OE buan to dwell bauan to dwell fui I was pʰuomai I become epʰu became bʰavati become is abʰut became was Av bavaiti OPers bavatiy he becomes OCS byti to become be OPrus butwei to be Lith buti to be Gaul biiete be imperative 377 by OIr buith being W bod to be busanim sprout up buj buj I dwell stay overnight lt bunjō sed si sd to sit sit lt OE sittan lt sed yo nom sitan to sit sedeō sedere to sit sidō I sit down lt si sd oH hezdomai I sit lt sed yo hizdō I set lt si sd oH satsi he sits aor asadat sat si dati he sits lt si sd eti Upaniṣad lit sit down beside lt upa by beside ni down sad sit Av ni saŋhasti he sits down opt hazdya t he should sit hidaiti he sits lt si sd eti OPers caus niya sad ayam I set OCS sezdǫ sedeti to sit OPrus sistwei to sit down Lith sedeti to be sitting sestis to sit down OIr sa i did sits Br hezan to stop nstim I sit lt ni zdyō hecanim lt sed s an yō I sit on I ride shetis to walk legʰ to lie down lie lt OE lic gan ligan to lie down lectus bed lekʰomai I lie down laṅghate he leans lies down NPers ley lie down OCS lezǫ lezati to lie down OPrus laztwei to lie down OIr laigid lies down lagje city quarter A lak to lie B lysalyne act of lying down lagari he lies down ḱey to lie down settle bed cozy familiar 378 379 380 381 382 home lt OE ham village home lt k oi mos hewe domestic servant lt OE hiwa family member haims haimais village town lt k oi mis heiwafrauja marriage civis city dweller citizen lt k ei wis note 87 cunae cradle nest Cunina Roman goddess who protects infants in the cradle cieō I put in motion act move stir rouse note 88 keimai I lie idle sick dead etc kiō I go Homeric kineō I move set in motion remove inflect grammar meddle stir on gt kinetic cinema etc koite bed place of rest lair lodging koita zō I put to bed cause to rest sete older saye he lies sere they lie sayu orphan seva dear precious siva favorable happy fortunate auspicious later applied to the god Rudra first as Siva rudra then simply Siva also spelled Shiva Av saete he lies sōire they lie OCS semija family semĭ household member OPrus seimi family kaims village Lith seima family kaimas village sieva wife OIr coim coem OW cum dear sirem I love lt k eiro komb nation people kitta kittari lies Luwian ziyari lies tḱey to settle live cultivate 383 384 385 386 387 sinō I let permit allow set down situs permitted allowed laid set down placed note 89 desinō I leave off cease desist gt desinence pōnō lt po sinō I place put lay set up note 90 ktizō I found build establish populate produce euktimenos well built nice place ktisis a founding settling creature ktilos tame docile obidient ktisma colony foundation kṣeti s he abides stays dwells remains kṣiti abode habitation dwelling the earth steh to stand i e be standing stand lt OE standan standan to stand OHG stan sten to stand stō stare to stand sistō sistere to cause to stand Doric histami I stand stha tiṣṭhati he stands Av histaiti he stands OPers impf a istata he stood OCS stajǫ stati to stand up OPrus stalitwei to stand Lith stoveti to stand OIr tair ṡ issiur I stand W sefyll to stand stanam I build gain mbeshtet pshtet I support B stam to stand ste is stare they are istanta to stay delay h ey to go yede lt OE eode went iddja went eō ire to go eĩmi I will go eti he goes yanti they go Av aeiti he goes yeinti they go OPers aitiy goes OCS jiditi to move away to arrive jidene coming OPrus eitwei to go Lith eiti to walk W wyf I am OIr ethaid goes lt it at iǰanem aorist eǰ I climb down lt i gh iki to leave flee H e i K A ya he went B yatsi to go lt ya it go gʷem to come 388 come lt OE cuman qiman to come OSax cuman an liudi to come to people to be born veniō venire to come bz bainō I go gamati he goes aor agan gan he went Av ǰamaiti goes OAv inj uz ǰǝ n he goes pl gǝmǝn they go OPrus gimtwei to be born Lith gimti to be born Latv dzimt to bear a son ekn lt h e gʷem t he came A kam kum B kam kam sem to come Luw zammantis newborn child Hyewdʰ to move swiftly to move upright to rise as if to fight 389 390 iubeō I authorize legitimate bid command order iussus order command decree ordinance euthus straight direct eithar at once immediately forthwith husmi ne battle conflict combat yudhyate to fight battle wage war yodhayati to engage in battle to overcome in war to be a match for to lead to war to cause to fight yuddha battle fight war yoddhṛ fighter warrior soldier yudhma hero warrior OCS oiminŭ warrior Pol judzic to incite instigate Lith judeti to move peth to spread out fly spread wings 115 116 391 392 See also peth r fathom lt OE faethm petō I ask beg request aim attack thrust at pateō I am open accessible attainable increase extend gt patent pandō I spread open out extend unfold expand gt expand passus lt pat s tus spread out step pace gt pass impetus attack assault rapid motion petulans impudent wanton petulant gt petulant patera broad flat dish saucer propitius favorable well disposed gt propitious petomai I fly rush dart make haste pi ptō I fall throw self down petannumi I spread out open ptoma fall misfortune calamity ruin gt symptom ptosis falling grammar case inflection ptōtikos capable of inflexion petalon leaf plant flower or tree gt petal patati s he flies descends falls patayati s he causes to fly throws causes to fall pours spills ped to walk step stumble fall 393 394 98 395 See also pōds fetter lt OE feter OE faet step stride pace gait impediō I hinder impede obstruct gt impede expediō I unfetter remove impediments prepare gt expedite pecco lt ped co I sin transgress offend note 91 pedica fetter shackle snare pessum lt ped tum to the lowest part to the bottom in ruin pessimus worst lowest gt pessimism peior worse gt pejorative oppidum town step gt ground gt town pedon ground earth pedion open country plain field female genitals pedon oar blade oar pedalion steering paddle pezos lt peddos on foot walking on land infantry podion base note 92 padyate s he moves goes falls padayati s he causes to fall drops pada step stride pace footstep vestige plot of ground a fourth padati pasti to fall pesĭ on foot pedestrian padezĭ fall downfall disaster pod ground floor sekʷ to follow OE sec g follower companion man ON seggr hero sequor sequi to follow note 93 hepomai I follow sacate he follows Av hacaite hacaiti he follows sagati to walk stride step Russ sag step OPrus sektwei to shallow To breathe lightly Lith sekti to follow OIr sechithir follows shoh I see steygʰ to go climb march 396 397 261 398 stair lt OE stǣġer sty lt OE stigan stile lt OE stiġel stigol Ger steigen to ascend climb rise vestigō I follow a track search gt investigate vestigium footprint track trace mark sole of foot gt vestige stikhos a row of soldiers a line of poetry gt Russ stix verse a line of poetry poem plu stoikhos row course file stoikheion one of a row one of a series element gt stoichio gt stoichiometry etc stokhos pillar of brick target stighnoti s he steps steps up mounts OCS stignǫti to attain reach stĭza path Shteg path wert to turn rotate 399 400 401 402 ward lt OE weard facing turned toward worth obsolete meaning to become compare German werden lt OE weorth weird lt OE wyrd wurd fate destiny OE weorthung an evaluation appreciation Ger werden to become to get to turn to be happen Wurst sausage wurst lt PGmc something twisted vertō I turn revolve turn around reverse retreat note 94 vertex vortex whirlpool vertigō giddiness prōsus prorsus lt proversus forwards towards gt prose ca re lt PIE wret metathesis of wert re gt re again repetition etc vartate it turns rotates moves advances occurs vartana a turning conduct behavior intercourse vartayati it turns transitive causative vartman track way course path OCS vrĭteti to turn vrotiti to return vreteno spindle vrota gate door vratŭ turn rotor wheel vreme lt vertmen hour time Compare Skt vartman Lith versti to turn rris to grow to increase bʰegʷ to run flee 403 phobeō I put to flight terrify alarm threaten phobos fear terror fright panic flight retreat bhajayati s he causes to flee Kurd bazdan to run to escape OCS begati bezati to flee run escape Lith begti to run bʰewg to flee 404 fugiō I flee fuga flight escape pheugō I flee phugḗ flight escape Lith baugus scary baugstus scared easily Object motion editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite bʰer to carry bear lt OE beran burden burthen lt OE byrthen bairan to carry ferō ferre to carry lucifer light bearing light bringing pʰerō I carry khristophoros Christ bearing bʰarati he carries Av baraiti he carries OPers barantiy they carry NPers bordan to carry Kurd birin to carry to take OCS berǫ bĭrati to carry Lith berti to pour non liquid OIr biru I carry W beru to flow berem I carry bie I carry barre load burden weǵʰ to convey weigh lt OE wegan carry way lt OE weġ wain wagon lt OE waeġn cb ga wigan to move shake vehō vehere to convey Pamphylian wekʰetō he should bring Cypriot ewekse brought there vahati he drives vahana lt vah divine mount or vehicle of Hindu deities lit a carrying Av vazaiti he leads carries OCS vezǫ vesti to drive OPrus weztun to ride Lith vezti to drive OIr fen W gwain type of wagon lt weǵʰ no W arwain to lead vjedh I steal Hier Luw wa zi a drive yew yewg to join yoke tie together 405 406 See also yugom ON eykr draft animal ON eyki vehicle cart iungō I yoke join note 95 iuxta nearly near close to coniunx coniux spouse partner husband or wife zeugnumi I yoke saddle join link together zeugma band bond that which is used for joining bridge of boats zeugos pair two things persons or animals seen as a pair yunakti s he yokes harnesses joins yoga yoking act of joining yoke team vehicle employment use performance remedy cure means device way manner method trick fraud undertaking connection relation fitness suitability application concentration union yoga 407 yoktra fastening or tying instrument rope thong halter yugma pair couple Gemini zodiac sign junction confluence yujya union alliance yugya a vehicle chariot draft animal yuj root noun a yoke fellow companion associate pair couple the Asvins Lith jungiu I join h eǵ to lead drive ON aka to drive agō agere to drive do agō I lead ajati he drives Av azaiti he drives Kurd ajotin to drive ehati to drive OIr ad aig compels OW agit hegit goes acem I lead A ak B ak go lead h eḱs axis axle lt h eǵ 135 408 OE eax axis axle akṣa axle Russian os axis axle Lith asis axle ashke wood splinter lt PAlb a k ska axis dʰeh dʰh to place put do lt OE dōn deds deed faciō facere to do lt dʰh k yoh con ditus built orig put together ab ditus removed orig put away lt Proto Italic 8atos lt dʰh tos titʰemi I put lt dʰi dʰeh mi dadʰati he puts lt dʰe dʰeh ti Av dadaiti he puts OPers impf adada he established OCS deti to lay OPrus ditun to put Lith deti to put Gaulish dede he put pt W dodi to place to put OIr tarti he gives lt Proto Celtic to ro ad dit lt dʰeh t dnel to put ed he put past dhate place location lt dʰh teh A ta tas tas B tes to lay lt dʰeh s dai puts stel to put place locate be set firm 409 410 261 411 stall lt OE steall stell non standard to place set up lt OE stellan Ger stellen to put place position locus lt stlocus place spot location note 96 stultus stolidus foolish stupid stolō shoot branch gt stolon botany stolus lt AG stolos navigation fleet equipment stellō I send make ready prepare summon stolos expedition army fleet apostolos one sent forth messenger envoy gt apostle epistolḗ lt epistellō message letter commission will note 97 stḗle block of stone buttress boundary post gt stele stela sthala place ground location OCS stĭlati to spread Lith stalas table shtjell loosen I wind up deH dʰH to give dō dare to give dator giver donor dōnum gift didōmi I give dadati he gives datṛ giver donor danam gift giving Av dadaiti he gives OPers impv dadatuv let him give NPers dadan to give OCS damĭ I will give OPrus datun to give Lith duoti to give OIr dan W dawn gift tam I give dhashe I gave lt dH sm dai takes kap to grab 412 413 have lt OE habban heave lt OE hebban haven haefen haban to have hafjan to lift capiō capere to take kaptō I snatch swallow kaukos cup gt Lat caucus kapaṭi two handfuls NPers caspidan capsidan cafsidan to grasp seize Ukrainian khapaty to grab OPrus kaps grave Lith kapas grave kapt expression to indicate grabbing OIr cacht female slave W caeth slave captive lt kap tos taken kap I grasp grab kam I have gʰabʰ to seize take give lt OE ġiefan giban to give habeō habere to have gabʰastis forearm hand OPers grab to seize Kurd girtin to take to seize Russ xvatat to snatch suffice OPrus gabtun to catch Lith gebeti to have the ability OIr gaibid takes W gafael to take hold to grip gʷʰen to strike kill bane lt OE bana murderer banja blow wound ulcer de fendō defendere to ward off defend of fendō offendere to bump offend tʰeinō I kill lt gʷʰen yoH epepʰnon I killed lt redup gʷʰn om hanti he strikes kills lt gʷʰen ti gʰnanti they strike kill vṛtra han Vṛtra killer a name of Indra Av ǰainti he strikes kills ni gne mid I strike down OPers impf ajanam I struck down OCS zenǫ gŭnati drive animals to pasture zĭnjǫ zeti reap OPrus gintun to defend Lith ginti to defend ganyti to drive animals to pasture OIr gonim I wound kill W gwanu to stab ǰnem I strike lt gʷʰen oH ǰnǰem I destroy lt gʷʰen yoH gjanj I hunt lt gʷʰen yoH B kask to scatter to destruction lt gʷʰn sk kuenzi kills lt gʷʰen ti bʰeyd to split cleave 414 bit lt OE bite bite lt OE bitan bait lt ON beita findō I split fissus lt fid tus split fissiō splitting fission bhid bhinatti s he splits breaks bhedati s he splits bhinna lt bhid na split cloven der to tear crack split separate 415 tear lt OE teran turd lt OE tord taurths destruction a teardown derō to skin flay derma skin hide dṛṇa ti s he tears rends rips splits open bursts OCS dĭrati to tear flay Lith dirti to skin djerr I destroy lt PIE dr neH ti bʰreg to break 416 break lt OE brecan breech breeches lt OE breċ frango I break shatter fractus broken fragilis breakable sek to cut off sever 417 418 cc saw tool lt OE sagu sax slate hammer lt OE seax seax directly borrowed from OE seax zax lt OE seax secō sectum I cut cut off cleave castrate wound hurt note 98 segmen segmentum piece a cutting cut slice segment signum sign mark signal seal signet emblem etc sexus division sex gender saxum stone rock gt Saxon OCS sesti to cut to mow Pol siekac to cut shat shate mattock hoe lt PIE sek teh s ker to cut 419 420 See also sek shear lt OE scieran share lt OE sċearu shard sherd lt OE sċeard shred lt OE sċread scrap lt ON skrapa scrape lt ON skrapa short lt OE sċort screen lt PGmc skirmiz fur hide gt Yid shirem umbrella Italian schermo screen Russ sirma screen shield shirt lt OE sċyrte skirt lt ON skyrta scar lt PGmc skardaz gap cut score lt OE scoru curtus short broken corium skin hide leather carō carnis flesh meat pulp note 99 cena dinner supper portion cortex bark of a tree cork gt cork scortum a skin hide harlot scrotum scrautum a quiver made of hide scruta rubbish broken trash gt Lat scrutor I search examine thoroughly note 100 scrupus a rough sharp stone anxiety uneasiness scrupulus a small sharp or pointed stone anxiety uneasiness doubt note 101 keirō I shear shave cut hair ravage destroy cut short lessen kormos trunk of a tree log of timber kerma fragment coin cash kartati kṛṇatti kṛntate s he cuts carman skin hide pelt kṛti knife dagger OCS skora bast skin kora bark OCS xrabrŭ brave Lith skersti to cut especially animal s neck shqerr to tear scratch lt PAlb skera skey skeyd to split dissect divide 421 422 See also sek s ker shed lt OE sċeadan sheath sheathe lt OE sċeath shide a piece of wood firewood lt OE sċid shite shit lt OE sċitan sciō I can know understand have knowledge gt science scindō scissus I cut tear rend tear off destroy skhizō I split cleave gt schizophrenia skhisma split divided division gt schism skhisis cleaving parting division vulva chitti split division chid chinatti s he splits cuts off divides 423 OCS cediti to strain filter cistiti to clean purify stedrŭ generous stitŭ shield Lith skiesti to dilute skaidyti to divide into pieces shqise sense h er to move to stir to rise spring quarrel fight 424 425 orior I rise get up oriens rising gt orient origo act event or process of coming into existence source gt origin ornumi I set upon awaken raise excite stir up ouros fair wind eris strife quarrel rivalry ṛṇoti to attack rise ṛti quarrel strife attack OCS ratĭ war battle h reyH to move set in motion flow stream of water pour rain churn 424 425 ride lt OE ridan raid lt OE rad run lt OE iernan rith small stream found in surnames and placenames lt OE rith rivus stream gt rival lit using the same stream as another derive irrito to irritate riṇa ti to make flow release riti motion course current custom rite retas flow gush current stream seed sperm OCS rinǫti to push shove Gau reda chariot Gau renos river waterway gt Lat Rhenus gt Rhine re clouds lt PAlb rina selǵ to let go send release 426 427 428 429 sulk lt OE asolcen lt aseolcan to be slow weak slothful sṛjati it lets go discharges emits sarjayati causes to let loose creates sṛṣṭa let go discharged abandoned sṛ ṣṭi letting go emission production procreation creation creation of the world sarga pouring rush sṛka arrow spear kʷel kʷelh to turn 430 431 432 433 434 See also kʷekʷlo halse neck throat lt OE heals colō I till cultivate land inhabit cultus tilled cultivated note 102 colōnus farmer colonist inhabitant cola inhabitant tiller cultivator worshipper colōnia colony settlement possession note 103 column distaff spun thread collum neck throat one that turns note 104 inquilinus sojourner tenant lodger cd pelō in motion go become polos pivot hinge axis pole star gt pole palin back backwards again once more note 105 telos completion maturity fulfilment result product gt teleology etc Aristoteles excellent perfection teleō bring about complete fulfill perform accomplish tele far off far away note 106 palai long ago palaios old aged ancient gt paleolithic etc carati it moves walks stirs travels caraṇa calana motion action behavior conduct OCS kologŭ Yule lit turn kolovrotŭ circulation whirlpool wheel and axle Bul kolovoz rut wheel track kolac a type of round bread sjell to turn to bring lt PAlb tsela welH wel to turn to wind roll 435 436 401 437 438 wallow lt OE wielwan well up gush lt OE wellan willan well water source where the water wells up lt OE wielle wall to boil spring lt OE weallan wall rampart lt Lat vallum wall rampart walk lt OE wealcan wale lt OE walu ridge bank walwjan to roll Ger Walz lt walzen to dance the waltz Welle wave volvō I roll tumble note 107 volumen roll scroll book turn fold gt volume vallis valley hollow note 108 vallum wall rampart intervallum space between walls gt interval volucra a worm caterpillar valgus knock kneed unstraight valva folding door gt valve vulva womb eiluō I wrap enfold crawl helix anything twisted note 109 holmos round smooth stone cylindrical bow dial valati valate it turns turns to moves to covers ulba cover envelope womb vulva valaya coil urmi wave OCS vlĭna wave vlŭnenije undulation swell turmoil agitation Russ valitʹ to knock down kill cut fell val roller billow rampart shaft Lith vilnis wave OldArm gel snake dragon weyp or weyb to shake tremble agitate sway swing turn wind 439 440 401 441 442 wipe lt OE wipian whip lt OE wippen weave to wander lt ON veifa wave flag OE wifer arrow missile sword swivel lt OE swifan el waive lt waif ownerless homeless lt ON veif ce gimp lt OF wimpil head scarf gimlet lt AF wimble drill gt biwaibjan to wind around wrap faurwaipjan to bind muzzle vibrō I shake agitate tremble glimmer gt veer vibrate etc vip vepate it trembles shakes shivers vibrates quivers vipra excited stirred inspired Lith viẽpti to make a face gape vaipi tis to grimace bend vi burti to swing turn around leykʷ li ne kʷ to leave behind OE leon to lend leiƕan to lend linquō linquere to leave behind leipō limpanō I leave behind riṇakti he leaves behind 3rd pl rincanti they leave behind Av irinaxti he frees NPers rextan to pour out OBulg otŭ lekŭ something left over lisiti to rob lt leikʷ s Ukr lyshyty to leave behind 443 OPrus palaistun to leave behind Lith likti to stay OIr leicid he leaves behind releases lkʿanem I leave behind Alb Lej leave Hrewk to dig till soil HrewH to dig to root 444 445 See also Hrew Hrewp rock as in to move sway lt OE roccian rag lt ON rǫggr runcō I weed clear of weeds weed out ruō I dig out rutrum shovel luncati s he plucks pulls out tears off peels OCS ryti to dig OCS rylo spade snouts Hrewp to break tear up 444 445 See also Hrew Hrewk reave reeve reve bereave lt OE be reofan rumpō I break burst tear rend split gt rout ruption abrupt etc ropa disturbing confusing fissure lopa breaking injury destruction h reh to row 135 446 rudder lt OE rōthor remus oar eretes in the plural oars aritra propelling driving Time editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite nu now 447 448 449 450 now Scot noo lt OE nu nu now num nunc num ce now nuper lately recently nun nun nu now nu now so now now then at once nu now nutane current present Nun OCS nyne now nŭ but Lith nu nu now nũn now today nunaĩ now today nowadays nu when ni now nu now and dʰǵʰyes yesterday yesterday lt OE ġeostra gistra tomorrow heri yesterday kʰtʰes yesterday hyas yesterday lt ǵʰyes Av zyō OPers diya ka yesterday OIr in de W ddoe yesterday dje yesterday nokʷts nekʷts night night lt OE neaht niht lt nokʷtis nahts nahts night lt nokʷts nox noctis night nuks nuktos night nak instr pl naktis night Proto Iranian naxts Kurd nixte rainy cloudy lack of sunlight OCS nostĭ night OPrus nakts night Lith naktis night OIr i nnocht OW henoid on this night nate night A n a ktim nightly B nekciye in the evening nekuz gen sg of evening nekuzzi it becomes dark wek ʷ speros evening vesper evening hesperos of the evening western cf OCS vecerŭ evening Rus Zorya Vechernyaya deity of the evening star Latv vakars Lith vakaras evening Vakarine goddess of the evening star OIr ucher evening OArm giser night darkness h ewsōs dawn h ews tero east h ewso gold eastern lt OE easterne ON austr east aurōra dawn lt ausōsa by rhot aurum gold Doric aṓs dawn Aeolic auōs a wōs dawn uṣas uṣasas acc uṣa sam dawn Av usa usaŋhō acc usa ŋhǝm dawn OCS j utro morning OPrus austra dawn auss gold Lith ausra dawn auksas gold Latv ausma ausmina dawn OIr fair sunrise W gwawr dawn lt wōsri os ki gold A was gold ken to arise begin 451 452 453 454 begin lt OE beginnan duginnan to begin recens new fresh young gt recent kainos new recent fresh unused unusual gt Cenozoic kanya kaniya maiden virgin daughter kani na young youthful OCS naceti to begin konŭ beginning end konĭcĭ end zakonŭ law stene young animal ǵʰyem ǵʰeym winter ON goi winter month hiems winter kʰeĩma winter hima winter hemanta in winter Av zya acc zyam gen zimō winter OCS zima winter OPrus zeima winter Lith ziema winter Gaul Giamonios winter month cg 54 455 OIr gam winter gem adaig winter night OW gaem winter jmeṙ winter jiwn snow Gheg dimen Tosk dimer e winter A sarme winter B simpriye winter ch gimmanza winter gimi in winter semh summer summer lt Old English sumor OHG sumar OIc sumar summer sama season year Av ham summer Pers hamin summer Khot Saka hamanarva summer season Gaul Samon ios summer month OIr sam summer OW ham OBret ham summer OArm am year amaṙn summer A sme summer B ṣmaye summer adj ywars ṣmane midsummer 458 wes r wes n es spring ON var spring ver spring w ear spring vasan ta spring Av vaŋri in spring OPers 8ura vahara OCS vesna spring OPrus wassara spring Lith vasara summer pavasaris spring vesu cool OIr errach spring lt ferrach lt wesr ako OW guiannuin in spring lt wes n t eino garun spring lt wesr wet year per ut last year wether castrated male sheep lt OE wether OHG widar male sheep MHG vert last year lt per ut ON fjord last year lt per ut vetus veteris old w etos year perusi last year vatsa vatsara year par ut last year Sogdian wtsnyy read wat u sane old OCS vetŭchŭ old OLith vẽtusas old MIr feis Cornish guis sow lt wet si heru last year lt peruti vit pl vjet year witt year h et to go year 459 annus lt atnus year atati it goes walks wanders ha yana yearly yeh r year year lt OE ġear jer year hōrnus this year s lt hōyōr hōra time year lt yoH r Av yare year Russ CH jara spring OLith Jore spring festival W iar hen MIr eir in fowl h oyu long time lifetime age lt Lat aetat aiws aevum aeternum aeternitas lifetime ayus life age as in the word ayur veda knowledge of long life Gaul aiu eternity longevity 460 Ideas and rituals editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite ǵʰew to pour libate invoke 320 god lt OE god lt PIE ǵʰutos invoked libated fundō I pour hotra libation hotṛ priest offerer of libations juhoti to worship sacrifice present an oblation homa oblation a Vedic ritual gumoj I pour h yaǵ to sacrifice worship 320 ieientō to eat breakfast hagios devoted to the gods holy pious yajati s he worships yajna worship devotion prayer yajus religious reverence worship sacrifice ḱreddʰh eti to believe lt ḱred heart dʰh eti place 320 See also k erd creed credo lt Lat credō credō I believe I trust in I confide in sraddha faith trust confidence loyalty srad dadʰati he trusts believes Av zrazda to believe lt srazda ci Old Irish cretim W credaf I believe gʷerH to praise express approval to elevate 461 462 463 gratus pleasing gratia grace thankfulness gratuitus freely given free jarate s he praises invokes gṛṇa ti s he calls invokes mentions with praise extols gurta agreeable pleasing lovely approved welcome gurti approval praise benediction OCS zrĭti to sacrifice zrĭtva sacrifice offering zrĭcĭ priest OIr bard W bardd bard grah to incite to roar h wegʷʰ to promise vow praise 464 465 voveō vōtum I vow promise dedicate devote wish for eukhomai I pray vow wish for profess eukhos prayer object of prayer boast vow ohate s he says uktha saying sentence verse eulogy Av uxda word ḱwen ḱwen tos holy 320 310 Av speṇta holy 466 OCS svetŭ holy Lith sventas holy seh k holy 467 468 sanciō I render appoint as sacred devote consecrate dedicate sanctus sacred made inviolable venerable blessed saintly sacer sacred holy dedicated consecrated devoted Unclassified editPIE English Gothic Latin Ancient Greek Sanskrit Iranian Slavic Baltic Celtic Armenian Albanian Tocharian Hittite gʰedʰ to unite join suit 469 good lt OE gōd gather lt OE gaderian together lt OE togaedere godǔ suitable time holiday feast right time time term year cj OCS godina hour time godĭnŭ suitable bʰed to improve make better 470 better lt OE betera batten lt ON batna to grow better improve recover boot ck lt OE bōt help relief advantage remedy bhadra blessed auspicious fortunate prosperous happy good gracious friendly kind excellent fair lovely pleasant dear bete good right h el to grow nourish 471 old lt OE eald ald alderman lt OE ealdorman aljan to cause to grow fat fatten oleō olere I grow alō alere I foster I nourish I raise alimentum food nourishment obligation to one s parents alumnus nourished fostered alimōnia food nourishment altus high tall indoles innate inborn talent adolescens growing up adultus grown up matured h erdʰ to increase grow upright high 472 473 arbor lt OLat arbōs lt PIta ardōs tree high plant arduus lofty high steep elevated arduous orthos straight upright erect straight forward urdhva rising raised erected upright high above ṛ ddhi growth increase prosperity elevation bʰeh g to divide distribute allot 474 baksheesh lt Pers baxsidan to give grant bestow ephagon I ate devoured took my share gt phagy o esophagus bhakṣa food drink delight bhajati to distribute divide allot chooe serve deh deh y to share divide 475 476 time lt OE tima tide lt OE tid daiomai I divide share host a feast demos district country land the common people free citizens sovereign people deme dais feast banquet daitros one who carves and portions out meat at table daimōn god goddess departed soul demon diti brightness time da ti dyati s he cuts clips mows separates divides datra allotted share dite day deh p to sacrifice lose 475 476 tap hit lightly lt OE tappen tip touch quietly bump quietly lt OE tippen daps a sacrificial or solemn feast religious banquet meal damnum lt dapnum damage injury financial loss fine daptō I eat devour consume corrode dapane cost expenditure extravagance dapayati s he divides delh to split divide 477 478 tell teller lt OE tellen tale lt OE talu talk lt OE tealcian dolō I hew chop into shape fashion devise doleō I hurt suffer I grieve for lament dolor pain ache hurt anguish grief sorrow dalati it bursts dalayati s he splits cracks dala deal portion piece half OCS deleti odoleti to overcome defeat Russ dolja share fate dʰayl part watershed deal lt OE dǣl dole lt OE dal OCS deliti to divide OCS delŭ part bʰeh to shine glow 479 faveō I favor favor id faustus favorable fortunate fautor patron protector promoter phainō I shine appear bring to light bha s light bhanu light ray sun bʰewg to enjoy benefit 480 fungor I perform execute discharge finish complete end gt fungible defunct functiō performance execution of a task gt function bhuj bhunakti s he enjoys consumes eats drinks uses utilizes bʰruHg to make use of have enjoyment of 481 brook lt OE brucan old meaning to use enjoy Ger brauchen to need require fruor I enjoy derive pleasure from fructus enjoyment delight satisfaction produce product fruit profit yield outcome note 110 frumentum corn grain frux fruges fruits of the earth produce gt frugal deyḱ to point out 482 toe lt OE ta token lt OE tacn teach lt OE tǣċan dicō I say utter mention talk digitus finger toe digit dike custom manner fashion law order right judgement justice deῖgmᾰ specimen sample pattern disati s he points out shows teaches informs orders commands bids desa point region spot part province country h eyḱ to own obtain come in possession of h eh oyḱe to possess own 483 484 own lt OE agen owe lt OE agan OE aga owner ought aught lt OE ǣht is iṣṭe s he owns possesses is master of rules isa owning isana isvara owner master ruler epithets of the god Siva seǵʰ to hold overpower 485 486 OE siġe victory lt PGmc segaz In personal names e g Sigmund Siegfried etc sigis victory sigislaun prize spoils severus severe serious strict stern stringent austere harsh grave ekhō I have possess hold am able note 111 iskhō I hold back restrain stay hold fast maintain iskhu s strength power might hexis possession act of having a certain state condition note 112 skhema form shape figure appearance show bearing look air stateliness dignity fashion manner character persona state nature species kind dance sketch outline plan scheme note 113 okhuros firm lasting stout skholḗ leisure free time rest philosophy place where lectures are given note 114 Hektōr lit conqueror skhetlios able to hold out steadfast unflinching sahate s he overcomes vanquishes conquers prevails is able capable bears endures sahas strength power force sa ḍhṛ cl conqueror Gaul Sego in personal and tribal names victory 487 h erbʰ to change status ownership h orbʰos servant worker slave orphan 488 489 erf heritage inheritance lt OE erfe Ger arbeit work Erbe heir orbus orphaned parentless orphanos orphan childless bereft arbha orphan child small OCS rabŭ servant slave lt arbǔ 490 Czech orbota hard work slavery gt robot Pol robic to make to do Hrew to tear out dig out open acquire 444 445 See also Hrewp Hrewk rudis rough raw uncultivated unrefined unskilled note 115 roman hair body hair OCS runo fleece Derivatives edit maternal maternity matron matrimony matrix matriculate material matter madeira alma mater etc Demḗter Demeter metropolis metropolis lit mother city paternal paternity patron patronize pattern patrimony patriot expatriate patrician perpetrate compadre etc fraternal fraternity fraternize friar b confrere sorority nepotism avuncular human humanity ad hominem etc virile virtue triumvir ate etc o regal regalia regicide royal etc corps corpse corporal corporation incorporate etc cap cape chapeau capital chapter capitulate decapitate per capita kaput etc language lingo etc ocular binoculars etc core cordial record accord discord concord accordion misericordia courage etc cruel crude tripod podium etc manual manufacture manuscript manipulate manifest maintain manage manumission emancipate mandate demand commend countermand mandatory masturbate etc pecunious impecunious a b auspices auspicious lox grain granary granule granite pomegranate etc agrarian agriculture pilgrim peregrinate etc promulgate emulsion etc molar tooth immolate maul mallet malleable Spanish zumo via Arabic fervent fervor fervid effervescence saline salsa sauce salad sausage salchicha saucisse salami salary semen seminar seminary seminal disseminate inseminate season sative etc span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,