"Tosk" redirects here. For the Star Trek related usage, see Captive Pursuit.
Tosk (Albaniandefinite form: toskërishtja) is the southern group of dialects of the Albanian language, spoken by the ethnographic group known as Tosks. The line of demarcation between Tosk and Gheg (the northern variety) is the Shkumbin River. Tosk is the basis of the standard Albanian language.
Tosk
toskërishtja
Region
Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Italy, Greece, Turkey
This section should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used.See why.(August 2020)
Tosk dialects preserve groups mb, ngj and nd assimilated to m, nj and n in Gheg.[3]
Proto-Albanian *ō becomes va.
Nasal vowels: There is a lack of nasal vowels in Tosk (e.g. sy "eye") and Late Proto-Albanian *â plus a nasal becomes ë (e.g. nëntë "nine").
e-vowel: The e becomes ë in some varieties in some words qën for qen in Vjosë.
ë-vowel: The ë may have several pronunciations depending on dialect: the ë is more backed in Labërisht dialects like that of Vuno, where mëz "foal" is [mʌz]). Final -ë drops in many Tosk dialects and lengthens the preceding vowel.
y-vowel: The y vowel often derounds to i in Labërisht, Çam, Arvanitika and Arbëresh (e.g. dy "two" becomes di).
Dh and Ll: These sounds may interchange in some words in some varieties.
H: This may drop in any position in some dialects.
Gl/Kl: Some varieties of Çam, Arberësh, and Arvanitika retain kl and gl in place of q and gj (e.g. gjuhë "tongue" is gluhë in Çam, gluhë in Siculo-Arberësh, and gljuhë in Arvanitika; "klumësh" for "qumësht" "milk" in Arbëresh).
^Tosk at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^Fraenkel, Eran; Kramer, Christina Elizabeth (1993). Language Contact - Language Conflict. P. Lang. p. 36. ISBN9780820416526. Thus, for example, even the small numbers of Tosk Albanians of southern North Macedonia (only approximately 3,000 in the early 1980s)
^Orel, Vladimir E. (1998). Albanian etymological dictionary. Leiden: Brill. ISBN9789004110243.
^Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (16 August 2022). "Northern Tosk Albanian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association: 1–23. doi:10.1017/S0025100322000044. hdl:20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f.
External linksedit
Tosk Albanian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
ISO documentation
February 16, 2024
tosk, albanian, tosk, redirects, here, star, trek, related, usage, captive, pursuit, tosk, albanian, definite, form, toskërishtja, southern, group, dialects, albanian, language, spoken, ethnographic, group, known, tosks, line, demarcation, between, tosk, gheg,. Tosk redirects here For the Star Trek related usage see Captive Pursuit Tosk Albanian definite form toskerishtja is the southern group of dialects of the Albanian language spoken by the ethnographic group known as Tosks The line of demarcation between Tosk and Gheg the northern variety is the Shkumbin River Tosk is the basis of the standard Albanian language TosktoskerishtjaRegionAlbania Kosovo North Macedonia Italy Greece TurkeyNative speakers1 8 million 2011 census 1 Language familyIndo European Paleo BalkanAlbanianToskEarly formsProto Indo European Proto AlbanianDialectsNorthern Tosk Southern Tosk Arberesh Cham Arvanitika Mandritsa LabWriting systemAlbanian alphabet formerly ElbasanLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code als class extiw title iso639 3 als als a Glottologalba1268tosk1239Linguasphere55 AAA aca to 55 AAA aceA map showing Tosk speakers in the two palest shades of brown Major Tosk speaking groups include the Myzeqars of Myzeqe Labs of Laberia Chams of Cameria Arvanites of Greece and the Arbereshe of Italy as well as the original inhabitants of Mandritsa in Bulgaria In North Macedonia there were approximately 3000 speakers in the early 1980s 2 Contents 1 Tosk features 2 Northern Tosk 2 1 Vowels 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksTosk features editThis section should specify the language of its non English content using lang transliteration for transliterated languages and IPA for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate ISO 639 code Wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used See why August 2020 Rhotacism Proto Albanian n becomes r e g rera sand Tosk dialects preserve groups mb ngj and nd assimilated to m nj and n in Gheg 3 Proto Albanian ō becomes va Nasal vowels There is a lack of nasal vowels in Tosk e g sy eye and Late Proto Albanian a plus a nasal becomes e e g nente nine e vowel The e becomes e in some varieties in some words qen for qen in Vjose e vowel The e may have several pronunciations depending on dialect the e is more backed in Laberisht dialects like that of Vuno where mez foal is mʌz Final e drops in many Tosk dialects and lengthens the preceding vowel y vowel The y vowel often derounds to i in Laberisht Cam Arvanitika and Arberesh e g dy two becomes di Dh and Ll These sounds may interchange in some words in some varieties H This may drop in any position in some dialects Gl Kl Some varieties of Cam Arberesh and Arvanitika retain kl and gl in place of q and gj e g gjuhe tongue is gluhe in Cam gluhe in Siculo Arberesh and gljuhe in Arvanitika klumesh for qumesht milk in Arberesh Rr Rr becomes r in some varieties Northern Tosk editVowels edit Front Central BackClose i y uClose mid eOpen mid ɜ ɔOpen aIPA Description Written asi Close front unrounded vowel iy Close front rounded vowel ye Close mid front unrounded vowel ea Open central unrounded vowel aɜ Open mid central unrounded vowel eɔ Open mid back rounded vowel ou Close back rounded vowel uMid sounds e o can also be heard as ɛ o in free variation 4 See also editAlbanian dialects Lab Albanian dialect Cham Albanian dialect Arvanitika Arberesh languageReferences edit Tosk at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Fraenkel Eran Kramer Christina Elizabeth 1993 Language Contact Language Conflict P Lang p 36 ISBN 9780820416526 Thus for example even the small numbers of Tosk Albanians of southern North Macedonia only approximately 3 000 in the early 1980s Orel Vladimir E 1998 Albanian etymological dictionary Leiden Brill ISBN 9789004110243 Coretta Stefano Riverin Coutlee Josiane Kapia Enkeleida Nichols Stephen 16 August 2022 Northern Tosk Albanian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 1 23 doi 10 1017 S0025100322000044 hdl 20 500 11820 ebce2ea3 f955 4fa5 9178 e1626fbae15f External links edit nbsp Tosk Albanian edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia ISO documentation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tosk Albanian amp oldid 1193932908, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
