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Vedic Sanskrit

Vedic Sanskrit was an ancient language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family. It is attested in the Vedas and related literature[2] compiled over the period of the mid-2nd to mid-1st millennium BCE.[3] It was orally preserved, predating the advent of writing by several centuries.[4][5]

Vedic Sanskrit
Native toIndia, Afghanistan, Nepal and Pakistan
RegionNorthwestern Indian subcontinent
EthnicityĀrya
Erac. 1500 - 600 BCE
Language codes
ISO 639-3 (vsn is proposed)[1][needs update]
vsn
 qnk Rigvedic
IETFsa-vaidika
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Extensive ancient literature in the Vedic Sanskrit language has survived into the modern era, and this has been a major source of information for reconstructing Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian history.[6][7]

In the pre-historic era, Proto-Indo-Iranian split into Proto-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Aryan and the two languages evolved independently of each other.[6][7]

History

Prehistoric derivation

The separation of Proto-Indo-Iranian language into Proto-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Aryan is estimated, on linguistic grounds, to have occurred around or before 1800 BCE.[6][8] The date of composition of the oldest hymns of the Rigveda is vague at best, generally estimated to roughly 1500 BCE.[9] Both Asko Parpola (1988) and J. P. Mallory (1998) place the locus of the division of Indo-Aryan from Iranian in the Bronze Age culture of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). Parpola (1999) elaborates the model and has "Proto-Rigvedic" Indo-Aryans intrude the BMAC around 1700 BCE. He assumes early Indo-Aryan presence in the Late Harappan horizon from about 1900 BCE, and "Proto-Rigvedic" (Proto-Dardic) intrusion to Punjab as corresponding to the Gandhara grave culture from about 1700 BCE. According to this model, Rigvedic within the larger Indo-Aryan group is the direct ancestor of the Dardic languages.[10]

The early Vedic Sanskrit language was far less homogeneous compared to the language defined by Pāṇini, i.e., Classic Sanskrit. The language in the early Upanishads of Hinduism and the late Vedic literature approaches Classical Sanskrit.[11] The formalization of the late form of Vedic Sanskrit language into the Classical Sanskrit form is credited to Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī, along with Patanjali's Mahabhasya and Katyayana's commentary that preceded Patanjali's work.[12][13]

Chronology

Five chronologically distinct strata can be identified within the Vedic language:[14][15][16]

  1. Ṛg-vedic
  2. Mantra
  3. Saṃhitā prose
  4. Brāhmaṇa prose
  5. Sūtras

The first three are commonly grouped together, as the Saṃhitās[A] comprising the four Vedas:[B] ṛk, atharvan, yajus, sāman, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the canonical foundation both of the Vedic religion, and the later religion known as Hinduism.[19]

Ṛg-vedic

Many words in the Vedic Sanskrit of the Ṛg·veda have cognates or direct correspondences with the ancient Avestan language, but these do not appear in post-Rigvedic Indian texts. The text of the Ṛg·veda must have been essentially complete by around the 12th century BCE. The pre-1200 BCE layers mark a gradual change in Vedic Sanskrit, but there is disappearance of these archaic correspondences and linguistics in the post-Rigvedic period.[14][15]

Mantra language

This period includes both the mantra and prose language of the Atharvaveda (Paippalada and Shaunakiya), the Ṛg·veda Khilani, the Samaveda Saṃhitā, and the mantras of the Yajurveda. These texts are largely derived from the Ṛg·veda, but have undergone certain changes, both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation. For example, the more ancient injunctive verb system is no longer in use.[14][15]

Saṃhitā

An important linguistic change is the disappearance of the injunctive, subjunctive, optative, imperative (the aorist). New innovations in Vedic Sanskrit appear such as the development of periphrastic aorist forms. This must have occurred before the time of Pāṇini because Panini makes a list of those from the northwestern region of India who knew these older rules of Vedic Sanskrit.[14][15]

Brāhmaṇa prose

In this layer of Vedic literature, the archaic Vedic Sanskrit verb system has been abandoned, and a prototype of pre-Panini Vedic Sanskrit structure emerges. The Yajñagāthās texts provide a probable link between Vedic Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit and languages of the Epics. Complex meters such as Anuṣṭubh and rules of Sanskrit prosody had been or were being innovated by this time, but parts of the Brāhmaṇa layers show the language is still close to Vedic Sanskrit.[20][15]

Sūtra language

This is the last stratum of Vedic literature, comprising the bulk of the Śrautasūtras and Gṛhyasūtras and some Upaniṣads such as the Kaṭha Upaniṣad and Maitrāyaṇiya Upaniṣad.[15] These texts elucidate the state of the language which formed the basis of Pāṇini's codification into Classical Sanskrit.[21]

Phonology

Vedic differs from Classical Sanskrit to an extent comparable to the difference between Homeric Greek and Classical Greek.

The following differences may be observed in the phonology:

  • Vedic had a voiceless bilabial fricative ([ɸ], called upadhmānīya[i]) and a voiceless velar fricative ([x], called jihvāmūlīya[ii])—which used to occur as allophones of visarga appeared before voiceless labial and velar consonants respectively. Both of them were lost in Classical Sanskrit to give way to the simple visarga. Upadhmānīya occurs before p and ph, jihvāmūlīya before k and kh.[22]
  • Vedic had a retroflex lateral approximant ([ɭ]) [iii] as well as its breathy-voiced counterpart ([ɭʱ]),[iv] which are not found in classical Sanskrit, with the corresponding plosives (/ɖ/) and ḍh (/ɖʱ/) instead;[23] it was also metrically a cluster, suggesting Proto-Indo-Aryan pronunciations of *[ʐɖ] and *[ʐɖʱ] (see Mitanni-Aryan) before the loss of voiced sibilants, which occurred after the split of Proto-Indo-Iranian.[24]
  • The vowels e and o were actually realized in Vedic as diphthongs ai and au, but they became pure monophthongs in later Sanskrit, such as daivá- > devá-and áika->ekā-. However, the diphthongal behaviour still resurfaces in sandhi.[25]
  • The vowels ai and au were correspondingly realized in Vedic as long diphthongs āi and āu, but they became correspondingly short in Classical Sanskrit: dyā́us > dyáus.[25]
  • The Prātiśākhyas claim that the "dental" consonants were articulated from the root of the teeth (dantamūlīya, alveolar), but they became pure dentals later, whereas most other systems including Pāṇini designate them as dentals.[26]
  • The Prātiśākhyas are inconsistent about [r] but generally claim that it was also a dantamūlīya. According to Pāṇini it is a retroflex consonant.[27][26]
  • The pluti (trimoraic) vowels were on the verge of becoming phonemicized during middle Vedic, but disappeared again.
  • Vedic often allowed two like vowels in certain cases to come together in hiatus without merger during sandhi, which has been reconstructed as the influence of an old laryngeal still present in the Proto-Indo-Iranian stage of the language: PIE *h₂weh₁·nt-va·ata-.[C][28]

Accent

Vedic had a pitch accent[29] which could even change the meaning of the words, and was still in use in Pāṇini's time, as we can infer by his use of devices to indicate its position. At some latter time, this was replaced by a stress accent limited to the second to fourth syllables from the end.[a]

Since a small number of words in the late pronunciation of Vedic carry the so-called "independent svarita" on a short vowel, one can argue that late Vedic was marginally a tonal language. Note however that in the metrically-restored versions of the Rig Veda almost all of the syllables carrying an independent svarita must revert to a sequence of two syllables, the first of which carries an udātta and the second a so-called dependent svarita. Early Vedic was thus definitely not a tonal language like Chinese but a pitch accent language like Japanese, which was inherited from the Proto-Indo-European accent.

Pitch accent was not restricted to Vedic: early Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini gives both accent rules for the spoken language of his (post-Vedic) time as well as the differences of Vedic accent. We have, however, no extant post-Vedic text with accents.

Pluti

Pluta
a3 (अ३) ā3 (आ३)
i3 (इ३) ī (ई३)
u3 (उ३) ū (ऊ३)
a3i (e3) (ए३) ā3i (ऐ३)
a3u (o3) (ओ३) ā3u (औ३)
ṛ3 (ऋ३) ṝ (ॠ३)
ḷ3 (ऌ३) ḹ (ॡ३)

Pluti, or prolation, is the term for the phenomenon of protracted or overlong vowels in Sanskrit; the overlong or prolated vowels are themselves called pluta.[30] Pluta vowels are usually noted with a numeral "3" () indicating a length of three morae (trimātra).[31][32]

A diphthong is prolated by prolongation of its first vowel.[31] Pāṇinian grammarians recognise the phonetic occurrence of diphthongs measuring more than three morae in duration, but classify them all as prolated (i.e. trimoraic) to preserve a strict tripartite division of vocalic length between hrasva (short, 1 mora), dīrgha (long, 2 morae) and pluta (prolated, 3+ morae).[31][33]

 
The syllable Aum (ओ३म्) rendered with pluta

Pluta vowels are recorded a total of 3 times in the Rigveda and 15 times in the Atharvaveda, typically in cases of questioning and particularly where two options are being compared.[30][31] For example:[31]

  • adháḥ svid āsî3d upári svid āsī3t
"Was it above? Was it below?"
Rigveda 10.129.5d
  • idáṃ bhûyā3 idâ3miti
"Is this larger? Or this?"
Atharvaveda 9.6.18

The pluti attained the peak of their popularity in the Brahmana period of late Vedic Sanskrit (roughly 8th century BC), with some 40 instances in the Shatapatha Brahmana alone.[34]

Grammar

Literature

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Today, the pitch accent can be heard only in the traditional Vedic chantings.

Glossary

  1. ^ 'compiled', 'put together'[17]
  2. ^ from vid-, 'to know', cognate with Eng. 'wit'[18]
  3. ^ vā́ta-, wind


Brahmic notes

Brahmic transliteration
  1. ^ उपध्मानीय
  2. ^ जिह्वामूलीय
  3. ^
  4. ^ ळ्ह

References

  1. ^ "Change Request Documentation: 2011-041". SIL International.
  2. ^ Burrow, p. 43.
  3. ^ Michael Witzel (2006). "Early Loanwords in Western Central Asia: Indicators of Substrate Populations, Migrations, and Trade Relations". In Victor H. Mair (ed.). Contact And Exchange in the Ancient World. University of Hawaii Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4.
  4. ^ Macdonell (1916), §1.2.
  5. ^ Reich, p. 122.
  6. ^ a b c Philip Baldi (1983). An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-8093-1091-3.
  7. ^ a b Christopher I. Beckwith (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. pp. 363–368. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
  8. ^ Mallory, J.P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 38f.
  9. ^ J. P. Mallory; Douglas Q. Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5.
  10. ^ Parpola, Asko (1999), "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European", in Blench, Roger & Spriggs, Matthew, Archaeology and Language, vol. III: Artefacts, languages and texts, London and New York: Routledge.
  11. ^ Richard Gombrich (2006). Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. Routledge. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-134-90352-8.
  12. ^ Gérard Huet; Amba Kulkarni; Peter Scharf (2009). Sanskrit Computational Linguistics: First and Second International Symposia Rocquencourt, France, October 29–31, 2007 Providence, RI, USA, May 15–17, 2008, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. pp. v–vi. ISBN 978-3-642-00154-3.
  13. ^ Louis Renou & Jean Filliozat. L'Inde Classique, manuel des etudes indiennes, vol.II pp.86–90, École française d'Extrême-Orient, 1953, reprinted 2000. ISBN 2-85539-903-3.
  14. ^ a b c d Michael Witzel 1989, pp. 115-127 (see pp. 26-30 in the archived-url).
  15. ^ a b c d e f Klaus G. Witz (1998). The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 24 with note 73. ISBN 978-81-208-1573-5.
  16. ^ Burrow, pp. 43.
  17. ^ MWW, p. 1123.
  18. ^ MWW, p.963.
  19. ^ J&B, pp. 1-2.
  20. ^ Michael Witzel 1989, pp. 121-127 (see pp. 29-31 in the archived-url).
  21. ^ Burrow, pp44.
  22. ^ Macdonnell, §43.
  23. ^ Macdonell, 1916, §15.2d.
  24. ^ Macdonnell, §15.
  25. ^ a b Macdonnell, §4.b.
  26. ^ a b Deshpande, p. 138.
  27. ^ Whitney, §52.
  28. ^ Clackson, pp. 58-59.
  29. ^ Burrow, §3.24.
  30. ^ a b Kobayashi (2006), p. 13.
  31. ^ a b c d e Whitney (1950), pp. 27–28.
  32. ^ Scharf & Hymann (2011), p. 154.
  33. ^ Scharf & Hymann (2011), p. 72.
  34. ^ Strunk, Klaus (1983). Typische Merkmale von Fragesätzen und die altindische "Pluti". München. ISBN 3769615271.

Bibliography

  • Brereton, Joel; Jamison, Stephanie (2020). The Rigveda, A Guide. Oxford. ISBN 9780190633363.
  • Burrow, T. (2001). The Sanskrit language (1st Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120817678.
  • Clackson, James (2007). Indo-European Linguistics. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-65313-8.
  • Delbrück, Berthold; Windisch, Ernst Wilhelm Oskar (1878). Syntaktische Forschungen: III. Die Altindische Wortfolge aus dem Çatapathabrâhmaṇa, Dargestellt von B. Delbrück (in German). ISBN 978-0-543-94034-6.
  • Deshpande, Madhav M. (1993). Sanskrit and Prakrit (1st ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1136-4.
  • Kobayashi, Masato (2006). "Pāṇini's Phonological Rules and Vedic: Aṣṭādhyāyī 8.2*" (PDF). Journal of Indological Studies. 18.
  • Lindner, Bruno (1878). Altindische Nominalbildung: Nach den Saṃhitâs (in German). Costenoble. p. 1.
  • Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1910). Vedic Grammar.
  • Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1916). A Vedic Grammar for Students. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1052-5.
  • Michael Witzel (1989), Colette Caillat (ed.), Tracing the Vedic dialects, in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes (PDF) (in French), Paris: de Boccard
  • Reich, David (2019). Who we are and how we got here: ancient DNA and the new science of the human past. New York: First Vintage Books. ISBN 978-1-101-87346-5.
  • Renou, Louis (1952). Grammaire de la langue védique. Les Langues du Monde (in French). Lyon: IAC.
  • Scharf, Peter M.; Hymann, Malcolm D. (2011). Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit (PDF) (1st ed.). Providence: The Sanskrit Library. ISBN 9788120835399.
  • Whitney, William Dwight (1950). Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language, and the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

External links

  • Unicode signs for Vedic Sanskrit
  • index of Vedic texts (TITUS)
  • Ancient Sanskrit Online by Karen Thomson and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin
  • Introduction to Vedic chanting. Swami Tadatmananda (Arsha Bodha Center)
  • glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammar online, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen

Phonology

  • Vedic Accents
  • Frederik Kortlandt "Accent and ablaut in the Vedic verbs"
  • Melissa Frazier "Accent in Proto-Indo-European Athematic Nouns and Its Development in Vedic" (obsolete link)
  • Arthur Anthony Macdonell "A Vedic Grammar for Students: Appendix II: Vedic Metre"

Other

  • "Keyswap – IAST Diacritics Windows Software". YesVedanta. 9 August 2018. — Keyboard Software for typing in the International Alphabet for Sanskrit
  • "Online Sanskrit Dictionary". — sources results from Monier Williams etc.
  • "The Sanskrit Grammarian". — dynamic online declension and conjugation tool

vedic, sanskrit, confused, with, vedda, language, ancient, language, indo, aryan, subgroup, indo, european, language, family, attested, vedas, related, literature, compiled, over, period, millennium, orally, preserved, predating, advent, writing, several, cent. Not to be confused with the Vedda language Vedic Sanskrit was an ancient language of the Indo Aryan subgroup of the Indo European language family It is attested in the Vedas and related literature 2 compiled over the period of the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE 3 It was orally preserved predating the advent of writing by several centuries 4 5 Vedic SanskritNative toIndia Afghanistan Nepal and PakistanRegionNorthwestern Indian subcontinentEthnicityAryaErac 1500 600 BCELanguage familyIndo European Indo IranianIndo AryanVedic SanskritLanguage codesISO 639 3 vsn is proposed 1 needs update Linguist Listvsn qnk RigvedicIETFsa vaidikaThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Extensive ancient literature in the Vedic Sanskrit language has survived into the modern era and this has been a major source of information for reconstructing Proto Indo European and Proto Indo Iranian history 6 7 In the pre historic era Proto Indo Iranian split into Proto Iranian and Proto Indo Aryan and the two languages evolved independently of each other 6 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 Prehistoric derivation 1 2 Chronology 1 2 1 Ṛg vedic 1 2 2 Mantra language 1 2 3 Saṃhita 1 2 4 Brahmaṇa prose 1 2 5 Sutra language 2 Phonology 2 1 Accent 2 2 Pluti 3 Grammar 4 Literature 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Glossary 8 Brahmic notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links 11 1 Phonology 11 2 OtherHistory EditPrehistoric derivation Edit Further information Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit The separation of Proto Indo Iranian language into Proto Iranian and Proto Indo Aryan is estimated on linguistic grounds to have occurred around or before 1800 BCE 6 8 The date of composition of the oldest hymns of the Rigveda is vague at best generally estimated to roughly 1500 BCE 9 Both Asko Parpola 1988 and J P Mallory 1998 place the locus of the division of Indo Aryan from Iranian in the Bronze Age culture of the Bactria Margiana Archaeological Complex BMAC Parpola 1999 elaborates the model and has Proto Rigvedic Indo Aryans intrude the BMAC around 1700 BCE He assumes early Indo Aryan presence in the Late Harappan horizon from about 1900 BCE and Proto Rigvedic Proto Dardic intrusion to Punjab as corresponding to the Gandhara grave culture from about 1700 BCE According to this model Rigvedic within the larger Indo Aryan group is the direct ancestor of the Dardic languages 10 The early Vedic Sanskrit language was far less homogeneous compared to the language defined by Paṇini i e Classic Sanskrit The language in the early Upanishads of Hinduism and the late Vedic literature approaches Classical Sanskrit 11 The formalization of the late form of Vedic Sanskrit language into the Classical Sanskrit form is credited to Paṇini s Aṣṭadhyayi along with Patanjali s Mahabhasya and Katyayana s commentary that preceded Patanjali s work 12 13 Chronology Edit Five chronologically distinct strata can be identified within the Vedic language 14 15 16 Ṛg vedic Mantra Saṃhita prose Brahmaṇa prose SutrasThe first three are commonly grouped together as the Saṃhitas A comprising the four Vedas B ṛk atharvan yajus saman which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the canonical foundation both of the Vedic religion and the later religion known as Hinduism 19 Ṛg vedic Edit Many words in the Vedic Sanskrit of the Ṛg veda have cognates or direct correspondences with the ancient Avestan language but these do not appear in post Rigvedic Indian texts The text of the Ṛg veda must have been essentially complete by around the 12th century BCE The pre 1200 BCE layers mark a gradual change in Vedic Sanskrit but there is disappearance of these archaic correspondences and linguistics in the post Rigvedic period 14 15 Mantra language Edit This period includes both the mantra and prose language of the Atharvaveda Paippalada and Shaunakiya the Ṛg veda Khilani the Samaveda Saṃhita and the mantras of the Yajurveda These texts are largely derived from the Ṛg veda but have undergone certain changes both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation For example the more ancient injunctive verb system is no longer in use 14 15 Saṃhita Edit An important linguistic change is the disappearance of the injunctive subjunctive optative imperative the aorist New innovations in Vedic Sanskrit appear such as the development of periphrastic aorist forms This must have occurred before the time of Paṇini because Panini makes a list of those from the northwestern region of India who knew these older rules of Vedic Sanskrit 14 15 Brahmaṇa prose Edit In this layer of Vedic literature the archaic Vedic Sanskrit verb system has been abandoned and a prototype of pre Panini Vedic Sanskrit structure emerges The Yajnagathas texts provide a probable link between Vedic Sanskrit Classical Sanskrit and languages of the Epics Complex meters such as Anuṣṭubh and rules of Sanskrit prosody had been or were being innovated by this time but parts of the Brahmaṇa layers show the language is still close to Vedic Sanskrit 20 15 Sutra language Edit This is the last stratum of Vedic literature comprising the bulk of the Srautasutras and Gṛhyasutras and some Upaniṣads such as the Kaṭha Upaniṣad and Maitrayaṇiya Upaniṣad 15 These texts elucidate the state of the language which formed the basis of Paṇini s codification into Classical Sanskrit 21 Phonology EditVedic differs from Classical Sanskrit to an extent comparable to the difference between Homeric Greek and Classical Greek The following differences may be observed in the phonology Vedic had a voiceless bilabial fricative ɸ called upadhmaniya i and a voiceless velar fricative x called jihvamuliya ii which used to occur as allophones of visarga ḥ appeared before voiceless labial and velar consonants respectively Both of them were lost in Classical Sanskrit to give way to the simple visarga Upadhmaniya occurs before p and ph jihvamuliya before k and kh 22 Vedic had a retroflex lateral approximant ɭ iii as well as its breathy voiced counterpart ɭʱ iv which are not found in classical Sanskrit with the corresponding plosives ḍ ɖ and ḍh ɖʱ instead 23 it was also metrically a cluster suggesting Proto Indo Aryan pronunciations of ʐɖ and ʐɖʱ see Mitanni Aryan before the loss of voiced sibilants which occurred after the split of Proto Indo Iranian 24 The vowels e and o were actually realized in Vedic as diphthongs ai and au but they became pure monophthongs in later Sanskrit such as daiva gt deva and aika gt eka However the diphthongal behaviour still resurfaces in sandhi 25 The vowels ai and au were correspondingly realized in Vedic as long diphthongs ai and au but they became correspondingly short in Classical Sanskrit dya us gt dyaus 25 The Pratisakhyas claim that the dental consonants were articulated from the root of the teeth dantamuliya alveolar but they became pure dentals later whereas most other systems including Paṇini designate them as dentals 26 The Pratisakhyas are inconsistent about r but generally claim that it was also a dantamuliya According to Paṇini it is a retroflex consonant 27 26 The pluti trimoraic vowels were on the verge of becoming phonemicized during middle Vedic but disappeared again Vedic often allowed two like vowels in certain cases to come together in hiatus without merger during sandhi which has been reconstructed as the influence of an old laryngeal still present in the Proto Indo Iranian stage of the language PIE h weh nt va ata C 28 Accent Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Main article Vedic accent Vedic had a pitch accent 29 which could even change the meaning of the words and was still in use in Paṇini s time as we can infer by his use of devices to indicate its position At some latter time this was replaced by a stress accent limited to the second to fourth syllables from the end a Since a small number of words in the late pronunciation of Vedic carry the so called independent svarita on a short vowel one can argue that late Vedic was marginally a tonal language Note however that in the metrically restored versions of the Rig Vedaalmost all of the syllables carrying an independent svarita must revert to a sequence of two syllables the first of which carries an udatta and the second a so called dependent svarita Early Vedic was thus definitely not a tonal language like Chinese but a pitch accent language like Japanese which was inherited from the Proto Indo European accent Pitch accent was not restricted to Vedic early Sanskrit grammarian Paṇini gives both accent rules for the spoken language of his post Vedic time as well as the differences of Vedic accent We have however no extant post Vedic text with accents Pluti Edit Pluta a3 अ३ a3 आ३ i3 इ३ i ई३ u3 उ३ u ऊ३ a3i e3 ए३ a3i ऐ३ a3u o3 ओ३ a3u औ३ ṛ3 ऋ३ ṛ ॠ३ ḷ3 ऌ३ ḷ ॡ३ Pluti redirects here For other uses of pluta see Pluta Pluti or prolation is the term for the phenomenon of protracted or overlong vowels in Sanskrit the overlong or prolated vowels are themselves called pluta 30 Pluta vowels are usually noted with a numeral 3 ३ indicating a length of three morae trimatra 31 32 A diphthong is prolated by prolongation of its first vowel 31 Paṇinian grammarians recognise the phonetic occurrence of diphthongs measuring more than three morae in duration but classify them all as prolated i e trimoraic to preserve a strict tripartite division of vocalic length between hrasva short 1 mora dirgha long 2 morae and pluta prolated 3 morae 31 33 The syllable Aum ओ३म rendered with pluta Pluta vowels are recorded a total of 3 times in the Rigveda and 15 times in the Atharvaveda typically in cases of questioning and particularly where two options are being compared 30 31 For example 31 adhaḥ svid asi3d upari svid asi3t Was it above Was it below Rigveda 10 129 5didaṃ bhuya3 ida3miti Is this larger Or this Atharvaveda 9 6 18The pluti attained the peak of their popularity in the Brahmana period of late Vedic Sanskrit roughly 8th century BC with some 40 instances in the Shatapatha Brahmana alone 34 Grammar EditMain article Vedic Sanskrit grammarLiterature EditMain article Sanskrit literature Vedic literatureSee also EditVedic Sanskrit grammar Vedic metre Vedic period A Vedic Word Concordance Avestan a closely related sister language Notes Edit Today the pitch accent can be heard only in the traditional Vedic chantings Glossary Edit compiled put together 17 from vid to know cognate with Eng wit 18 va ta windBrahmic notes EditBrahmic transliteration उपध म न य ज ह व म ल य ळ ळ हReferences Edit Change Request Documentation 2011 041 SIL International Burrow p 43 Michael Witzel 2006 Early Loanwords in Western Central Asia Indicators of Substrate Populations Migrations and Trade Relations In Victor H Mair ed Contact And Exchange in the Ancient World University of Hawaii Press p 160 ISBN 978 0 8248 2884 4 Macdonell 1916 1 2 Reich p 122 a b c Philip Baldi 1983 An Introduction to the Indo European Languages Southern Illinois University Press pp 51 52 ISBN 978 0 8093 1091 3 a b Christopher I Beckwith 2009 Empires of the Silk Road A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present Princeton University Press pp 363 368 ISBN 978 0 691 13589 2 Mallory J P 1989 In Search of the Indo Europeans Language Archaeology and Myth London Thames amp Hudson p 38f J P Mallory Douglas Q Adams 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Taylor amp Francis p 306 ISBN 978 1 884964 98 5 Parpola Asko 1999 The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo European in Blench Roger amp Spriggs Matthew Archaeology and Language vol III Artefacts languages and texts London and New York Routledge Richard Gombrich 2006 Theravada Buddhism A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo Routledge pp 24 25 ISBN 978 1 134 90352 8 Gerard Huet Amba Kulkarni Peter Scharf 2009 Sanskrit Computational Linguistics First and Second International Symposia Rocquencourt France October 29 31 2007 Providence RI USA May 15 17 2008 Revised Selected Papers Springer pp v vi ISBN 978 3 642 00154 3 Louis Renou amp Jean Filliozat L Inde Classique manuel des etudes indiennes vol II pp 86 90 Ecole francaise d Extreme Orient 1953 reprinted 2000 ISBN 2 85539 903 3 a b c d Michael Witzel 1989 pp 115 127 see pp 26 30 in the archived url a b c d e f Klaus G Witz 1998 The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads An Introduction Motilal Banarsidass p 24 with note 73 ISBN 978 81 208 1573 5 Burrow pp 43 MWW p 1123 MWW p 963 J amp B pp 1 2 Michael Witzel 1989 pp 121 127 see pp 29 31 in the archived url Burrow pp44 Macdonnell 43 Macdonell 1916 15 2d Macdonnell 15 a b Macdonnell 4 b a b Deshpande p 138 Whitney 52 Clackson pp 58 59 Burrow 3 24 a b Kobayashi 2006 p 13 a b c d e Whitney 1950 pp 27 28 Scharf amp Hymann 2011 p 154 Scharf amp Hymann 2011 p 72 Strunk Klaus 1983 Typische Merkmale von Fragesatzen und die altindische Pluti Munchen ISBN 3769615271 Bibliography EditBrereton Joel Jamison Stephanie 2020 The Rigveda A Guide Oxford ISBN 9780190633363 Burrow T 2001 The Sanskrit language 1st Indian ed Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 9788120817678 Clackson James 2007 Indo European Linguistics Cambridge ISBN 978 0 521 65313 8 Delbruck Berthold Windisch Ernst Wilhelm Oskar 1878 Syntaktische Forschungen III Die Altindische Wortfolge aus dem Catapathabrahmaṇa Dargestellt von B Delbruck in German ISBN 978 0 543 94034 6 Deshpande Madhav M 1993 Sanskrit and Prakrit 1st ed Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 1136 4 Kobayashi Masato 2006 Paṇini s Phonological Rules and Vedic Aṣṭadhyayi 8 2 PDF Journal of Indological Studies 18 Lindner Bruno 1878 Altindische Nominalbildung Nach den Saṃhitas in German Costenoble p 1 Macdonell Arthur Anthony 1910 Vedic Grammar Macdonell Arthur Anthony 1916 A Vedic Grammar for Students Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1052 5 Michael Witzel 1989 Colette Caillat ed Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo Aryennes PDF in French Paris de Boccard Reich David 2019 Who we are and how we got here ancient DNA and the new science of the human past New York First Vintage Books ISBN 978 1 101 87346 5 Renou Louis 1952 Grammaire de la langue vedique Les Langues du Monde in French Lyon IAC Scharf Peter M Hymann Malcolm D 2011 Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit PDF 1st ed Providence The Sanskrit Library ISBN 9788120835399 Whitney William Dwight 1950 Sanskrit Grammar Including both the Classical Language and the older Dialects of Veda and Brahmana Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press External links EditThis article s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Unicode signs for Vedic Sanskrit index of Vedic texts TITUS Ancient Sanskrit Online by Karen Thomson and Jonathan Slocum free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin Introduction to Vedic chanting Swami Tadatmananda Arsha Bodha Center glottotheque Ancient Indo European Grammar online an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo European languages produced by the University of GottingenPhonology Edit Vedic Accents Frederik Kortlandt Accent and ablaut in the Vedic verbs Melissa Frazier Accent in Proto Indo European Athematic Nouns and Its Development in Vedic obsolete link Internet Archive copy Arthur Anthony Macdonell A Vedic Grammar for Students Appendix II Vedic Metre Other Edit Keyswap IAST Diacritics Windows Software YesVedanta 9 August 2018 Keyboard Software for typing in the International Alphabet for Sanskrit Online Sanskrit Dictionary sources results from Monier Williams etc The Sanskrit Grammarian dynamic online declension and conjugation tool Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vedic Sanskrit amp oldid 1139716491, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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