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Hieroglyphic Luwian

February 16, 2024

Hieroglyphic Luwian (luwili)[1] is a variant of the Luwian language, recorded in official and royal seals and a small number of monumental inscriptions.[2] It is written in a hieroglyphic script known as Anatolian hieroglyphs.[3]

Hieroglyphic Luwian
luwili
Luwian hieroglyphs at Hattusa
RegionAnatolia
EthnicityLuwians
Extinctaround 600 BC
Early forms
Anatolian hieroglyphs
Language codes
ISO 639-3hlu
Glottologhier1240

A decipherment was presented by Emmanuel Laroche in 1960, building on partial decipherments proposed since the 1930s. Corrections to the readings of certain signs as well as other clarifications were given by David Hawkins, Anna Morpurgo Davies and Günther Neumann in 1973, generally referred to as "the new readings".

Overview edit

According to Hittitologist Alwin Kloekhorst, Hieroglyphic Luwian may also be known as Empire Luwian or Iron Age Luwian, and is "closely related" to its sister language, Cuneiform Luwian.[4][5] Similarly, Alice Mouton and Ilya Yakubovich separate Luwian into two distinct varieties: cuneiform and hieroglyphic – the latter of a more prestigious and elite use.[6]

Inscriptions edit

The earliest hieroglyphs appear on official and royal seals, dating from the early 2nd millennium BC, but only from the 14th century BC is the unequivocal evidence for a full-fledged writing system. Dutch Hittitologist Willemijn Waal has argued that Luwian Hieroglyphic was already used for writing on wooden writing boards from the early second millennium BC onwards, but the argument has not been widely accepted. The first monumental inscriptions confirmed as Luwian date to the Late Bronze Age, c. 14th to 13th centuries BC. After some two centuries of sparse material, the hieroglyphs resume in the Early Iron Age, c. 10th to 8th centuries BC. In the early 7th century BC, the Luwian hieroglyphic script, by then aged more than 700 years, falls into oblivion.

Script edit

Main article: Anatolian hieroglyphs
 
Basalt bowl with engraved inscription in Luwian hieroglyphics found in Babylon, southern Iraq in the 1880s and now in the collection of the British Museum[7]

A more elaborate monumental style is distinguished from more abstract linear or cursive forms of the script. In general, relief inscriptions prefer monumental forms, and incised ones prefer the linear form, but the styles are in principle interchangeable. Texts of several lines are usually written in boustrophedon style. Within a line, signs are usually written in vertical columns, but as in Egyptian hieroglyphs, aesthetic considerations take precedence over correct reading order.

The script consists of the order of 500 unique signs,[8] some with multiple values; a given sign may function as a logogram, a determinative or a syllabogram, or a combination thereof. The signs are numbered according to Laroche's sign list, with a prefix of 'L.' or '*'. Logograms are transcribed in Latin in capital letters. For example, *90, an image of a foot, is transcribed as PES when used logographically, and with its phonemic value ti when used as a syllabogram. In the rare cases where the logogram cannot be transliterated into Latin, it is rendered through its approximate Hittite equivalent, recorded in Italic capitals, e.g. *216 ARHA. The most up-to-date sign list is that of Marazzi (1998).

Hawkins, Morpurgo-Davies and Neumann corrected some previous errors about sign values, in particular emending the reading of symbols *376 and *377 from i, ī to zi, za.

Roster of CV syllabograms:

-a -i -u
- *450, *19 *209 *105
h- *215, *196 *413 *307
k- *434 *446 *423
l- *176 *278 *445
m- *110 *391 *107
n- *35 *411, *214 *153, *395
p- *334 *66 *328
r- *383 *412
s- *415 *433, *104, *402, *327 - -
t- *100, *29, *41, *319, *172 *90 *89, *325
w- *439 -
y- *210 - -
z- *377 *376 *432(?)

Some signs are used as reading aid, marking the beginning of a word, the end of a word, or identifying a sign as a logogram. These are not mandatory and are used inconsistently.

Phonology edit

The script represents three vowels a, i, u and twelve consonants, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, y, z. Syllabograms have the structure V or CV, and more rarely CVCV. *383 ra/i, *439 wa/i and *445 la/i/u show multiple vocalization. Some syllabograms are homophonic, disambiguated with numbers in transliteration (as in cuneiform transliteration), notably, there are many (more than six) syllabograms each for phonemic /sa/ and /ta/.

There is a tendency of rhotacism, replacing intervocalic d with r. Word-final stops and in some cases word-initial a- are elided. Suffixes -iya- and -uwa- may be syncopated to -i-, -u-.

Notes edit

  1. ^ "isbn:9004253416 - Sök på Google" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  2. ^ Ilya Yakubovich (2010: 69-70) argues that the term Hieroglyphic Luwian can be applied only to a corpus of texts, since it does not define a particular dialect.
  3. ^ the script has also been called Luwian (or Luvian) hieroglyphs, and (in older publications) Hittite hieroglyphs. A number of Italian scholars use Geroglifico Anatolico, a term that is gaining popularity in English also, with Craig Melchert favouring Anatolian hieroglyphs in recent publications.
  4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin. "Anatolian". In: The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 64, 69. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.005
  5. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2022). "Anatolian". In Thomas Olander (ed.). The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 69. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.005. ISBN 978-1-108-75866-6. It is generally accepted that Cuneiform Luwian and Hieroglyphic Luwian are closely related, yet distinct, dialects.
  6. ^ Mouton, Alice; Yakubovich, Ilya (December 2021). "Where did one speak luwili? Geographic and linguistic diversity of Luwian cuneiform texts". Journal of Language Relationship. 19 (1–2): 25–53. doi:10.1515/jlr-2021-191-208 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  7. ^ British Museum collection
  8. ^ Laroche (1960) lists 524, but several signs separated by Laroche are now considered identical (e.g. *63 and *64 with *69, itself possibly a variant of *59 MANUS; *94 with *91 PES.SCALA.ROTAE (the "rollerskate" glyph); *136 with *43 CAPERE, etc.)

Bibliography edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luwian language.
Corpus of inscriptions
  • Cambel, Halet. Corpus of hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions. Volume 2: Karatepe-Aslantas - The Inscriptions: Facsimile Edition. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter, 2011 [1999]. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110879759
  • Hawkins, John David. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Volume 1: Inscriptions of the Iron Age - Part 1: Text, Introduction, Karatepe, Karkamis, Tell Ahmar, Maras, Malatya, Commagene. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2012 [2000]. pp. 1-360. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110804201
  • ______. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Volume 1: Inscriptions of the Iron Age - Part 2: Text, Amuq, Aleppo, Hama, Tabal, Assur Letters, Miscellaneous, Seals, Indices. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2012 [2000]. pp. 361-641. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110804201
  • ______. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Volume 1: Inscriptions of the Iron Age - Part 3: Plates. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2012 [2000]. pp. 642-1007. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110804201
  • Payne, Annick. Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Writings from the Ancient World 29. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2012.
  • Peker, Hasan. Texts from Karkemish I: Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from the 2011–2015 Excavations. OrientLab Series Maior, Vol. 1. Bologna: Ante Quem, 2016. ISBN 978-887849111-3.
Studies
  • Forrer, Emil (1932). Die hethitische Bilderschrift. Studies in ancient oriental civilization / Oriental Institut of the University of Chicago, no. 3. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Laroche, Emil. 1960. Les hiéroglyphes hittites, Première partie, L'écriture. Paris.
  • Marazzi, M. 1998. Il Geroglifico Anatolico, Sviluppi della ricerca a venti anni dalla "ridecifrazione". Naples.
  • Melchert, H. Craig. 1996. "Anatolian Hieroglyphs", in The World's Writing Systems, ed. Peter T. Daniels and William Bright. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
  • Melchert, Craig (2003). "The Luwian Hieroglyphic Contribution to Anatolian Geography". Anatolica. 29: 1–6. doi:10.2143/ana.29.0.2015509..
  • Melchert, H. Craig. 2004. "Luvian". In: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages. Ed.: Roger D. Woodard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56256-2
  • Payne, A. 2004. Hieroglyphic Luwian, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Plöchl, R. 2003. Einführung ins Hieroglyphen-Luwische. Dresden.
  • Woudhuizen, F. C. 2004. Luwian Hieroglyphic Monumental Rock and Stone Inscriptions from the Hittite Empire Period. Innsbruck. ISBN 3-85124-209-2.
  • Woudhuizen, F. C. 2004. Selected Hieroglyphic Texts. Innsbruck. ISBN 3-85124-213-0.
  • Yakubovich, Ilya. 2010. Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language. Leiden

Further reading edit

  • Woudhuizen, F. C. (2015). "The Geography of the Hittite Empire and the Distribution of Luwian Hieroglyphic Seals". Klio. 97 (1): 7–31. doi:10.1515/klio-2015-0001. S2CID 132226719..

External links edit

February 16, 2024
hieroglyphic, luwian, this, article, section, appears, contradict, itself, please, talk, page, more, information, november, 2023, luwili, variant, luwian, language, recorded, official, royal, seals, small, number, monumental, inscriptions, written, hieroglyphi. This article or section appears to contradict itself Please see the talk page for more information November 2023 Hieroglyphic Luwian luwili 1 is a variant of the Luwian language recorded in official and royal seals and a small number of monumental inscriptions 2 It is written in a hieroglyphic script known as Anatolian hieroglyphs 3 Hieroglyphic LuwianluwiliLuwian hieroglyphs at HattusaRegionAnatoliaEthnicityLuwiansExtinctaround 600 BCLanguage familyIndo European AnatolianLuwicLuwianHieroglyphic LuwianEarly formsProto Indo European Proto AnatolianWriting systemAnatolian hieroglyphsLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code hlu class extiw title iso639 3 hlu hlu a Linguist ListGlottologhier1240A decipherment was presented by Emmanuel Laroche in 1960 building on partial decipherments proposed since the 1930s Corrections to the readings of certain signs as well as other clarifications were given by David Hawkins Anna Morpurgo Davies and Gunther Neumann in 1973 generally referred to as the new readings Contents 1 Overview 2 Inscriptions 3 Script 4 Phonology 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External linksOverview editAccording to Hittitologist Alwin Kloekhorst Hieroglyphic Luwian may also be known as Empire Luwian or Iron Age Luwian and is closely related to its sister language Cuneiform Luwian 4 5 Similarly Alice Mouton and Ilya Yakubovich separate Luwian into two distinct varieties cuneiform and hieroglyphic the latter of a more prestigious and elite use 6 Inscriptions editThe earliest hieroglyphs appear on official and royal seals dating from the early 2nd millennium BC but only from the 14th century BC is the unequivocal evidence for a full fledged writing system Dutch Hittitologist Willemijn Waal has argued that Luwian Hieroglyphic was already used for writing on wooden writing boards from the early second millennium BC onwards but the argument has not been widely accepted The first monumental inscriptions confirmed as Luwian date to the Late Bronze Age c 14th to 13th centuries BC After some two centuries of sparse material the hieroglyphs resume in the Early Iron Age c 10th to 8th centuries BC In the early 7th century BC the Luwian hieroglyphic script by then aged more than 700 years falls into oblivion Script editMain article Anatolian hieroglyphs nbsp Basalt bowl with engraved inscription in Luwian hieroglyphics found in Babylon southern Iraq in the 1880s and now in the collection of the British Museum 7 A more elaborate monumental style is distinguished from more abstract linear or cursive forms of the script In general relief inscriptions prefer monumental forms and incised ones prefer the linear form but the styles are in principle interchangeable Texts of several lines are usually written in boustrophedon style Within a line signs are usually written in vertical columns but as in Egyptian hieroglyphs aesthetic considerations take precedence over correct reading order The script consists of the order of 500 unique signs 8 some with multiple values a given sign may function as a logogram a determinative or a syllabogram or a combination thereof The signs are numbered according to Laroche s sign list with a prefix of L or Logograms are transcribed in Latin in capital letters For example 90 an image of a foot is transcribed as PES when used logographically and with its phonemic value ti when used as a syllabogram In the rare cases where the logogram cannot be transliterated into Latin it is rendered through its approximate Hittite equivalent recorded in Italic capitals e g 216 ARHA The most up to date sign list is that of Marazzi 1998 Hawkins Morpurgo Davies and Neumann corrected some previous errors about sign values in particular emending the reading of symbols 376 and 377 from i i to zi za Roster of CV syllabograms a i u 450 19 209 105h 215 196 413 307k 434 446 423l 176 278 445m 110 391 107n 35 411 214 153 395p 334 66 328r 383 412s 415 433 104 402 327 t 100 29 41 319 172 90 89 325w 439 y 210 z 377 376 432 Some signs are used as reading aid marking the beginning of a word the end of a word or identifying a sign as a logogram These are not mandatory and are used inconsistently Phonology editThe script represents three vowels a i u and twelve consonants h k l m n p r s t w y z Syllabograms have the structure V or CV and more rarely CVCV 383 ra i 439 wa i and 445 la i u show multiple vocalization Some syllabograms are homophonic disambiguated with numbers in transliteration as in cuneiform transliteration notably there are many more than six syllabograms each for phonemic sa and ta There is a tendency of rhotacism replacing intervocalic d with r Word final stops and in some cases word initial a are elided Suffixes iya and uwa may be syncopated to i u Notes edit isbn 9004253416 Sok pa Google in Swedish Retrieved 2018 04 19 Ilya Yakubovich 2010 69 70 argues that the term Hieroglyphic Luwian can be applied only to a corpus of texts since it does not define a particular dialect the script has also been called Luwian or Luvian hieroglyphs and in older publications Hittite hieroglyphs A number of Italian scholars use Geroglifico Anatolico a term that is gaining popularity in English also with Craig Melchert favouring Anatolian hieroglyphs in recent publications Kloekhorst Alwin Anatolian In The Indo European Language Family A Phylogenetic Perspective Edited by Thomas Olander Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2022 pp 64 69 doi 10 1017 9781108758666 005 Kloekhorst Alwin 2022 Anatolian In Thomas Olander ed The Indo European Language Family A Phylogenetic Perspective Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 69 doi 10 1017 9781108758666 005 ISBN 978 1 108 75866 6 It is generally accepted that Cuneiform Luwian and Hieroglyphic Luwian are closely related yet distinct dialects Mouton Alice Yakubovich Ilya December 2021 Where did one speak luwili Geographic and linguistic diversity of Luwian cuneiform texts Journal of Language Relationship 19 1 2 25 53 doi 10 1515 jlr 2021 191 208 inactive 31 January 2024 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of January 2024 link British Museum collection Laroche 1960 lists 524 but several signs separated by Laroche are now considered identical e g 63 and 64 with 69 itself possibly a variant of 59 MANUS 94 with 91 PES SCALA ROTAE the rollerskate glyph 136 with 43 CAPERE etc Bibliography edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luwian language nbsp Language portal nbsp Asia portalCorpus of inscriptionsCambel Halet Corpus of hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions Volume 2 Karatepe Aslantas The Inscriptions Facsimile Edition Berlin New York De Gruyter 2011 1999 https doi org 10 1515 9783110879759 Hawkins John David Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions Volume 1 Inscriptions of the Iron Age Part 1 Text Introduction Karatepe Karkamis Tell Ahmar Maras Malatya Commagene Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2012 2000 pp 1 360 https doi org 10 1515 9783110804201 Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions Volume 1 Inscriptions of the Iron Age Part 2 Text Amuq Aleppo Hama Tabal Assur Letters Miscellaneous Seals Indices Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2012 2000 pp 361 641 https doi org 10 1515 9783110804201 Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions Volume 1 Inscriptions of the Iron Age Part 3 Plates Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2012 2000 pp 642 1007 https doi org 10 1515 9783110804201 Payne Annick Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions Writings from the Ancient World 29 Atlanta Society of Biblical Literature 2012 Peker Hasan Texts from Karkemish I Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from the 2011 2015 Excavations OrientLab Series Maior Vol 1 Bologna Ante Quem 2016 ISBN 978 887849111 3 StudiesForrer Emil 1932 Die hethitische Bilderschrift Studies in ancient oriental civilization Oriental Institut of the University of Chicago no 3 Chicago University of Chicago Press Laroche Emil 1960 Les hieroglyphes hittites Premiere partie L ecriture Paris Marazzi M 1998 Il Geroglifico Anatolico Sviluppi della ricerca a venti anni dalla ridecifrazione Naples Melchert H Craig 1996 Anatolian Hieroglyphs in The World s Writing Systems ed Peter T Daniels and William Bright New York and Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 507993 0 Melchert Craig 2003 The Luwian Hieroglyphic Contribution to Anatolian Geography Anatolica 29 1 6 doi 10 2143 ana 29 0 2015509 Melchert H Craig 2004 Luvian In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World s Ancient Languages Ed Roger D Woodard Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 56256 2 Payne A 2004 Hieroglyphic Luwian Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Plochl R 2003 Einfuhrung ins Hieroglyphen Luwische Dresden Woudhuizen F C 2004 Luwian Hieroglyphic Monumental Rock and Stone Inscriptions from the Hittite Empire Period Innsbruck ISBN 3 85124 209 2 Woudhuizen F C 2004 Selected Hieroglyphic Texts Innsbruck ISBN 3 85124 213 0 Yakubovich Ilya 2010 Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language LeidenFurther reading editWoudhuizen F C 2015 The Geography of the Hittite Empire and the Distribution of Luwian Hieroglyphic Seals Klio 97 1 7 31 doi 10 1515 klio 2015 0001 S2CID 132226719 External links edit Digital etymological philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages eDiAna Ludwig Maximilians Universitat Munchen Archived from the original on 2017 02 25 Retrieved 2017 03 14 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hieroglyphic Luwian amp oldid 1201902826, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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