Vṛddhi itself has its origins in proto-vṛddhi, a process in the early stage of the Proto-Indo-European language originally for forming possessive derivatives of ablauting noun stems, with the meaning "of, belonging to, descended from".[3] To form a vṛddhi-derivative, one takes the zero-grade of the ablauting stem (i.e. removes the vowel), inserts the vowel *e in a position which does not necessarily match that of the original vowel, and appends an accented thematic vowel (or accents any existing final thematic vowel). For example:[1][4]
PIE *dyew- "sky" (cf. Latindiēs, Sanskritdyú "day"; Hittitešīu- "god") → zero grade *diw- → proto-vṛddhi derivative *deyw-ó-s "god, sky god", lit. "skyling" (cf. Sanskrit devá, Latin deus, etc.)
However, in a later stage of the language this appears to have extended to non-ablauting noun stems that already contained *e, which would contract with the inserted vowel to form a lengthened *ē:[1][4]
PIE *swéḱur-o- "father-in-law" (cf. Latin socer, Sanskritśváśura) → proto-vṛddhi derivative *swēḱur-ó- "brother-in-law", lit. "male descendent of one's father in law" (cf. Sanskrit śvāśurá, Old High Germanswāgur "brother-in-law")
The above example also displays the stressing of the thematic vowel when it already exists. It is this later version of proto-vṛddhi which is displayed in Sanskrit's lengthened vṛddhi grade.[1]
The general phenomenon of vowel gradation, including vṛddhi formation has been extensively studied and documented as part of Sanskrit's vigorous grammatical tradition, most importantly in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of the grammarian Pāṇini.[5]
In modern Indo-European linguistics it is used in Pāṇini's sense, but not restricted to Sanskrit but applicable to the Indo-European languages in general as well as to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language from which this feature was inherited:
*bʰr̥-[f] (zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning "to carry")[8]
*bʰer- (full grade)
*bʰēr- (vṛddhi, lengthened grade)
Notes
^in Sanskrit, a -tí-nomen actionis formed from the verbal root vṛdh-/vardh- 'to grow'
Clackson, James (2007). Indo-European Linguistics. Cambridge. ISBN978-0-521-65313-8.
Burrow, T. The Sanskrit Language (2001 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN81-208-1767-2.
Ringe, Donald A. (2017). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. A linguistic history of English. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford ; New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-879258-1.
vṛddhi, also, rendered, ddhi, technical, term, morphophonology, given, strongest, grade, vowel, gradation, system, sanskrit, term, derived, from, sanskrit, vṛddhi, ˈʋr, ʱɪ, growth, from, proto, indo, european, werdʰ, grow, contents, origins, sanskrit, indo, eu. Vṛddhi also rendered vr ddhi 1 is a technical term in morphophonology given to the strongest grade in the vowel gradation system of Sanskrit The term is derived from Sanskrit vṛddhi IPA ˈʋr d d ʱɪ lit growth a from Proto Indo European werdʰ to grow 2 Contents 1 Origins 2 Vṛddhi in Sanskrit 3 Vṛddhi in Indo European 4 Notes 5 References 6 BibliographyOrigins EditVṛddhi itself has its origins in proto vṛddhi a process in the early stage of the Proto Indo European language originally for forming possessive derivatives of ablauting noun stems with the meaning of belonging to descended from 3 To form a vṛddhi derivative one takes the zero grade of the ablauting stem i e removes the vowel inserts the vowel e in a position which does not necessarily match that of the original vowel and appends an accented thematic vowel or accents any existing final thematic vowel For example 1 4 PIE dyew sky cf Latin dies Sanskrit dyu day Hittite siu god zero grade diw proto vṛddhi derivative deyw o s god sky god lit skyling cf Sanskrit deva Latin deus etc However in a later stage of the language this appears to have extended to non ablauting noun stems that already contained e which would contract with the inserted vowel to form a lengthened e 1 4 PIE sweḱur o father in law cf Latin socer Sanskrit svasura proto vṛddhi derivative sweḱur o brother in law lit male descendent of one s father in law cf Sanskrit svasura Old High German swagur brother in law The above example also displays the stressing of the thematic vowel when it already exists It is this later version of proto vṛddhi which is displayed in Sanskrit s lengthened vṛddhi grade 1 Vṛddhi in Sanskrit EditSee also Sanskrit grammar grammatical tradition and Sanskrit grammar morphophonology The general phenomenon of vowel gradation including vṛddhi formation has been extensively studied and documented as part of Sanskrit s vigorous grammatical tradition most importantly in the Aṣṭadhyayi of the grammarian Paṇini 5 For example 6 bhṛ ta carried zero grade bhar aṇa burden first grade full grade or guṇa bhar ya to be carried second grade lengthened grade or vṛddhi The full pattern of vowel gradation can be observed as follows 7 Vowel gradation Zero grade 1st grade 2nd gradeOpen a aPalatal i i y i i e b ay ya ai c ay yaLabial u u v u u o d av va au e av vaRetroflex ṛ r ṛ ar ar ra ar ar raDental ḷ al alVṛddhi in Indo European EditIn modern Indo European linguistics it is used in Paṇini s sense but not restricted to Sanskrit but applicable to the Indo European languages in general as well as to the Proto Indo European PIE language from which this feature was inherited bʰr f zero grade of the reconstructed verb meaning to carry 8 bʰer full grade bʰer vṛddhi lengthened grade Notes Edit in Sanskrit a ti nomen actionis formed from the verbal root vṛdh vardh to grow originally ai originally ai originally au originally au The asterisk indicates that a form is not directly attested but has been reconstructed on the basis of other linguistic material References Edit a b c d Ringe 2017 15 werdʰ to grow entry at Indo European etymological database of The Tower of Babel project Clackson 3 3 a b Fortson 2004 116f Burrow 2 1 Meier Brugger Fritz amp Mayrhofer 2003 L 413 Bucknell tb 5 Rix 2001 76f Bibliography EditFortson Benjamin W IV 2004 Indo European Language and Culture Blackwell Publishing ISBN 1 4051 0316 7 Meier Brugger Michael Fritz Matthias Mayrhofer Manfred 2003 Indo European Linguistics Berlin New York Walter de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 017433 2 Rix H 2001 Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben 2 ed ISBN 3 89500 219 4 Clackson James 2007 Indo European Linguistics Cambridge ISBN 978 0 521 65313 8 Burrow T The Sanskrit Language 2001 ed Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 1767 2 Ringe Donald A 2017 From Proto Indo European to Proto Germanic A linguistic history of English Vol 1 2nd ed Oxford New York NY Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 879258 1 Bucknell Roderick S Sanskrit Manual 2000 ISBN 81 208 1188 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vṛddhi amp oldid 1121066370, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
