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Cretan Greek

Cretan Greek, or the Cretan dialect (Greek: Κρητική Διάλεκτος, [kritiˈci ðiˈalektos]), is a variety of Modern Greek spoken in Crete and by the Cretan diaspora.

Cretan Greek
Κρητική Διάλεκτος
Pronunciationkritiˈci ðiˈalektos
Native toGreece
RegionCrete
Indo-European
Greek alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottologcret1244
Linguasphere56-AAA-ag
IETFel-u-sd-grm

Geographic distribution

The Cretan dialect is spoken by the majority of the Cretan Greeks on the island of Crete, as well as by several thousands of Cretans who have settled in major Greek cities, most notably in Athens. The dialect also survives in the major centers of the Greek diaspora, mainly in the United States, Australia, and Germany.

In addition, the descendants of many Cretan Turks, who left the island during the 19th and early 20th century, continue to use it rarely today.[1] They constitute the majority of the overall population in Ayvalık and Cunda Island as a result of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. There is another grouping of Cretan Turks in the coastal town of al-Hamidiyah, Syria, and in the neighboring territory of Lebanon. Some of these Cretan-speaking families moved to Crete as refugees from the Syrian Civil War.[2]

Phonology

Standard Greek has an allophonic alternation between velar consonants ([k], [ɡ], [x], [ɣ]) and palatalized counterparts ([c], [ɟ], [ç], [ʝ]) before front vowels (/i/, /e/). In southern dialects, the palatalization goes further towards affricates; for example, [tɕe] is used instead of standard [ce] 'and'). Subtypes can be distinguished that have either palato-alveolar ([tʃ], [dʒ], [ʃ], [ʒ]) or alveolo-palatal sounds ([tɕ], [dʑ], [ɕ], [ʑ]). The former are reported for Cyprus, the latter for Crete and elsewhere.[3]

Grammar

In Standard Greek, the interrogative pronoun 'what?' is ti. In most of the Aegean Islands, except at its geographical fringe (Rhodes in the southeast; Lemnos, Thasos and the Sporades in the north and Andros in the west), it is inda,[4] like in Cypriot Greek.

Usage and settings

Today, the Cretan dialect is rarely used in writing. However, Cretan Greeks normally communicate with each other in speech using this dialect. Cretan does not differ greatly from the other Greek dialects or from Standard Greek, leading to a fairly high level of mutual intelligibility. Many organizations of Cretans aim to preserve their culture, including their dialect; as such, the dialect does not seem to be in danger of extinction.

History

Like all other modern Greek dialects (except Tsakonian and, to some extent, Griko), Cretan evolved from Koine. Its structure and vocabulary have preserved some features that distinguish it from standard Greek, owing to the distance of Crete from other main Greek centers.

Cretan Greek also shows influences from other languages. The conquest of Crete by the Andalusian Moors in 824 left behind mainly toponyms. However, Venetian influence proved to be stronger since the island remained under Venetian control for nearly five centuries. To this day, many toponyms, names, and other local words stem from the Venetian language of early modern times, which came to reinforce the Latin influence from antiquity and the early Byzantine Empire. Following the Ottoman conquest of 1669, Turkish words entered the vocabulary of Cretans as well. Borrowings, as usual, are mainly lexical; Arabic, Turkish, and Venetian had little or no effect on grammar and syntax. With the beginning of the 20th century and the evolution of technology and tourism, English, French, and German terms are widely used.

Literature

Medieval works suggest that Modern Greek started shaping as early as the 10th century, with one of the first works being the epic poem of Digenis Acritas. However, the first literary production in the Cretan dialect which was important enough to be identified as "modern Greek literature" comes from the 16th century.

Erotokritos is a romantic work written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros (1553–1613). In over 10,000 lines of rhyming fifteen-syllable couplets, the poet relates the trials and tribulations suffered by two young lovers, Erotokritos and Aretousa, daughter of Heracles, King of Athens. It was a tale that enjoyed enormous popularity among its Greek readership.

The poets of the period of Cretan literature (15th-17th centuries) used the spoken Cretan dialect. The tendency to purge the language of foreign elements was above all represented by Chortatsis, Kornaros and the anonymous poets of Voskopoula and the Sacrifice of Abraham. As dictated by the pseudo-Aristotelian theory of decorum, the heroes of the works use a vocabulary analogous to their social and educational background. It was thanks to this convention that the Cretan comedies were written in a language that was an amalgam of Italicisms, Latinisms and the local dialect, thereby approximating to the actual language of the middle class of the Cretan towns. The time span separating Antonios Achelis, author of the Siege of Malta (1570), and Chortatsis and Kornaros is too short to allow for the formation, from scratch, of the Cretan dialect that are seen in the texts of the latter two. The only explanation, therefore, is that the poets at the end of the sixteenth century were consciously employing a particular linguistic preference – they were aiming at a pure style of language for their literature and, via that language, a separate identity for the Greek literary production of their homeland.

The flourishing Cretan school was all but terminated by the Turkish capture of the island in the 17th century. The ballads of the klephts, however, survive from the 18th century; these are the songs of the Greek mountain fighters who carried on guerrilla warfare against the Turks.

Many Greek authors have integrated Cretan literary elements in their respective works. Among these authors were Nikos Kazantzakis, mainly known for his writings in standard Greek. This paradigm, overall, has helped Kazantzakis to write significant works such as Zorba the Greek and thus establish for himself recognition in various international circles. His Captain Michalis – set in 19th-century Crete – is notable for using many Cretan Greek words and idioms; the book's popularity making them widely known to other Greeks.

See also

References

  1. ^ Tuncay Ercan Sepetcioglu (January 2021). "Cretan Turks at the End of the 19th Century: Migration and Settlement (19. Yüzyılda Girit Türkleri: Göç ve Yerleşim)" – via ResearchGate.
  2. ^ Coming home after 130 years, BBC 26 May 2018
  3. ^ Trudgill 2003: 54.
  4. ^ Kontosopoulos 1999.

cretan, greek, this, article, about, modern, greek, dialect, ancient, dialect, spoken, crete, doric, greek, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, articl. This article is about the Modern Greek dialect For the ancient dialect spoken in Crete see Doric Greek This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article s tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia See Wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Cretan Greek or the Cretan dialect Greek Krhtikh Dialektos kritiˈci diˈalektos is a variety of Modern Greek spoken in Crete and by the Cretan diaspora Cretan GreekKrhtikh DialektosPronunciationkritiˈci diˈalektosNative toGreeceRegionCreteLanguage familyIndo European GreekAttic IonicDemotic GreekSouthern dialectsCretan GreekWriting systemGreek alphabetLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottologcret1244Linguasphere56 AAA agIETFel u sd grm Contents 1 Geographic distribution 2 Phonology 3 Grammar 4 Usage and settings 5 History 6 Literature 7 See also 8 ReferencesGeographic distribution EditThe Cretan dialect is spoken by the majority of the Cretan Greeks on the island of Crete as well as by several thousands of Cretans who have settled in major Greek cities most notably in Athens The dialect also survives in the major centers of the Greek diaspora mainly in the United States Australia and Germany In addition the descendants of many Cretan Turks who left the island during the 19th and early 20th century continue to use it rarely today 1 They constitute the majority of the overall population in Ayvalik and Cunda Island as a result of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 There is another grouping of Cretan Turks in the coastal town of al Hamidiyah Syria and in the neighboring territory of Lebanon Some of these Cretan speaking families moved to Crete as refugees from the Syrian Civil War 2 Phonology EditStandard Greek has an allophonic alternation between velar consonants k ɡ x ɣ and palatalized counterparts c ɟ c ʝ before front vowels i e In southern dialects the palatalization goes further towards affricates for example tɕe is used instead of standard ce and Subtypes can be distinguished that have either palato alveolar tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ or alveolo palatal sounds tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ The former are reported for Cyprus the latter for Crete and elsewhere 3 Grammar EditIn Standard Greek the interrogative pronoun what is ti In most of the Aegean Islands except at its geographical fringe Rhodes in the southeast Lemnos Thasos and the Sporades in the north and Andros in the west it is inda 4 like in Cypriot Greek Usage and settings EditToday the Cretan dialect is rarely used in writing However Cretan Greeks normally communicate with each other in speech using this dialect Cretan does not differ greatly from the other Greek dialects or from Standard Greek leading to a fairly high level of mutual intelligibility Many organizations of Cretans aim to preserve their culture including their dialect as such the dialect does not seem to be in danger of extinction History EditLike all other modern Greek dialects except Tsakonian and to some extent Griko Cretan evolved from Koine Its structure and vocabulary have preserved some features that distinguish it from standard Greek owing to the distance of Crete from other main Greek centers Cretan Greek also shows influences from other languages The conquest of Crete by the Andalusian Moors in 824 left behind mainly toponyms However Venetian influence proved to be stronger since the island remained under Venetian control for nearly five centuries To this day many toponyms names and other local words stem from the Venetian language of early modern times which came to reinforce the Latin influence from antiquity and the early Byzantine Empire Following the Ottoman conquest of 1669 Turkish words entered the vocabulary of Cretans as well Borrowings as usual are mainly lexical Arabic Turkish and Venetian had little or no effect on grammar and syntax With the beginning of the 20th century and the evolution of technology and tourism English French and German terms are widely used Literature EditFurther information Cretan literature Medieval works suggest that Modern Greek started shaping as early as the 10th century with one of the first works being the epic poem of Digenis Acritas However the first literary production in the Cretan dialect which was important enough to be identified as modern Greek literature comes from the 16th century Erotokritos is a romantic work written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros 1553 1613 In over 10 000 lines of rhyming fifteen syllable couplets the poet relates the trials and tribulations suffered by two young lovers Erotokritos and Aretousa daughter of Heracles King of Athens It was a tale that enjoyed enormous popularity among its Greek readership The poets of the period of Cretan literature 15th 17th centuries used the spoken Cretan dialect The tendency to purge the language of foreign elements was above all represented by Chortatsis Kornaros and the anonymous poets of Voskopoula and the Sacrifice of Abraham As dictated by the pseudo Aristotelian theory of decorum the heroes of the works use a vocabulary analogous to their social and educational background It was thanks to this convention that the Cretan comedies were written in a language that was an amalgam of Italicisms Latinisms and the local dialect thereby approximating to the actual language of the middle class of the Cretan towns The time span separating Antonios Achelis author of the Siege of Malta 1570 and Chortatsis and Kornaros is too short to allow for the formation from scratch of the Cretan dialect that are seen in the texts of the latter two The only explanation therefore is that the poets at the end of the sixteenth century were consciously employing a particular linguistic preference they were aiming at a pure style of language for their literature and via that language a separate identity for the Greek literary production of their homeland The flourishing Cretan school was all but terminated by the Turkish capture of the island in the 17th century The ballads of the klephts however survive from the 18th century these are the songs of the Greek mountain fighters who carried on guerrilla warfare against the Turks Many Greek authors have integrated Cretan literary elements in their respective works Among these authors were Nikos Kazantzakis mainly known for his writings in standard Greek This paradigm overall has helped Kazantzakis to write significant works such as Zorba the Greek and thus establish for himself recognition in various international circles His Captain Michalis set in 19th century Crete is notable for using many Cretan Greek words and idioms the book s popularity making them widely known to other Greeks See also EditModern Greek literature History of CreteReferences Edit Tuncay Ercan Sepetcioglu January 2021 Cretan Turks at the End of the 19th Century Migration and Settlement 19 Yuzyilda Girit Turkleri Goc ve Yerlesim via ResearchGate Coming home after 130 years BBC 26 May 2018 Trudgill 2003 54 Kontosopoulos 1999 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cretan Greek amp oldid 1123666286, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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