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Old Welsh (Welsh: Hen Gymraeg) is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh.[1] The preceding period, from the time Welsh became distinct from Common Brittonic around 550, has been called "Primitive"[1] or "Archaic Welsh".[2]
The oldest surviving text entirely in Old Welsh is understood to be that on a gravestone now in Tywyn – the Cadfan Stone – thought to date from the 7th century, although more recent scholarship dates it in the 9th century.[3] A key body of Old Welsh text also survives in glosses and marginalia from around 900 in the Juvencus Manuscript and in De raris fabulis. Some examples of medieval Welsh poems and prose additionally originate from this period, but are found in later manuscripts; Y Gododdin, for example, is preserved in Middle Welsh. A text in Latin and Old Welsh in the Lichfield Gospels called the "Surrexit Memorandum" is thought to have been written in the early 8th century but may be a copy of a text from the 6th or 7th centuries.[4][5]
surexittutbulcfiliusliuit hagenertutri dierchi tir telih haioid ilau elcufiliusgelhig haluidt iuguret amgucant pel amtanndi ho diued diprotantgenertutri o guir imguodant ir degion guragon tagc rodesit elcu guetigequs tres uache, tres uachenouidligi namin ir ni be cas igridu dimedichat guetig hit did braut grefiat guetig nis minn tutbulc hai cenetl in ois oisau
Translationedit
Tudfwlch son of Llywyd and son-in-law of Tudri arose to claim the land of Telych, which was in the hand of Elgu son of Gelli and the tribe of Idwared. They disputed long about it; in the end they disjudge Tudri's son-in-law by law. The goodmen said to each other 'Let us make peace'. Elgu gave afterwards a horse, three cows, three cows newly calved, in order that there might not be hatred between them from the ruling afterwards till the Day of Judgement. Tudfwlch and his kin will not want it for ever and ever.
Featuresedit
The text shows many of the early spelling conventions of Welsh, when the basic Latin alphabet was used to represent the phonology of Old Welsh. At this stage, the use of ⟨ll⟩ to represent the lateral fricative /ɬ/ (liuit > Llywyd) and ⟨dd⟩ to represent /ð/ (did > dydd) had not been developed. The Latin letter ⟨u⟩ was used to represent the diverse sounds /ʉ/ and /ʊ/, which became ⟨u⟩ and ⟨w⟩ respectively, by the medieval period.
Initial mutations, a major feature of all Insular Celtic languages, as well as internal consonant changes, do not appear to have been represented orthographically at this point.
In some cases, the language used in the Memorandum has become obsolete, but other words are relatively unchanged in modern Welsh:
Old Welsh
Modern Welsh
English
tir
tir
land
lau
llaw
hand
haluidt
a llwyth
and (the) tribe
diued
diwedd
end
ir
yr, y
the
nouid
newydd
new
guetig
wedi
after
cas
cas
hatred
hit
hyd
until
did
dydd
day
braut
brawd
judgement
in ois oisou
yn oes oesoedd
for ever and ever
Page 141 (on which the text is written) also appears to hold more text written in Old Welsh below Latin, and a mysterious section where text appears to have been erased. No translations or transcripts have yet been offered for the text.
It is also unknown why the particular page was used for the glosses, as little or no text appears to have been added to any other of the Lichfield Gospels. It is possible that the page was chosen to conceal the later added information.
^Edwards, Nancy. 2013. A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales. Vol. III: North Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, p. 430.
^Encyclopaedia Wales; University of Wales Press; main editor: John Davies; page 577
^Medieval Vision: The Visual Culture of Wales. University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 2003, pg. 25.
Price, Glanville (1985). The Languages of Britain. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN0-7131-6452-2.
Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
External linksedit
For a list of words relating to Old Welsh, see the Old Welsh language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
by David Willis, University of Cambridge
February 16, 2024
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Welsh March 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Welsh Wikipedia article at cy Hen Gymraeg see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated cy Hen Gymraeg to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Old Welsh Welsh Hen Gymraeg is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh 1 The preceding period from the time Welsh became distinct from Common Brittonic around 550 has been called Primitive 1 or Archaic Welsh 2 Old WelshNative toWalesEraEvolved into Middle Welsh about the 12th centuryLanguage familyIndo European CelticInsular CelticBrittonicOld WelshEarly formsCommon Brittonic Western BrittonicWriting systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code owl class extiw title iso639 3 owl owl a Linguist ListGlottologoldw1241 Old WelshThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Contents 1 Texts 1 1 Surrexit Memorandum 1 1 1 Text 1 1 2 Translation 1 1 3 Features 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksTexts editThe oldest surviving text entirely in Old Welsh is understood to be that on a gravestone now in Tywyn the Cadfan Stone thought to date from the 7th century although more recent scholarship dates it in the 9th century 3 A key body of Old Welsh text also survives in glosses and marginalia from around 900 in the Juvencus Manuscript and in De raris fabulis Some examples of medieval Welsh poems and prose additionally originate from this period but are found in later manuscripts Y Gododdin for example is preserved in Middle Welsh A text in Latin and Old Welsh in the Lichfield Gospels called the Surrexit Memorandum is thought to have been written in the early 8th century but may be a copy of a text from the 6th or 7th centuries 4 5 Surrexit Memorandum edit Text edit Words in bold are Latin not Old Welsh surexit tutbulc filius liuit ha gener tutri dierchi tir telih haioid ilau elcu filius gelhig haluidt iuguret amgucant pel amtanndi ho diued diprotant gener tutri o guir imguodant ir degion guragon tagc rodesit elcu guetig equs tres uache tres uache nouidligi namin ir ni be cas igridu dimedichat guetig hit did braut grefiat guetig nis minn tutbulc hai cenetl in ois oisau Translation edit Tudfwlch son of Llywyd and son in law of Tudri arose to claim the land of Telych which was in the hand of Elgu son of Gelli and the tribe of Idwared They disputed long about it in the end they disjudge Tudri s son in law by law The goodmen said to each other Let us make peace Elgu gave afterwards a horse three cows three cows newly calved in order that there might not be hatred between them from the ruling afterwards till the Day of Judgement Tudfwlch and his kin will not want it for ever and ever Features edit The text shows many of the early spelling conventions of Welsh when the basic Latin alphabet was used to represent the phonology of Old Welsh At this stage the use of ll to represent the lateral fricative ɬ liuit gt Llywyd and dd to represent d did gt dydd had not been developed The Latin letter u was used to represent the diverse sounds ʉ and ʊ which became u and w respectively by the medieval period Initial mutations a major feature of all Insular Celtic languages as well as internal consonant changes do not appear to have been represented orthographically at this point In some cases the language used in the Memorandum has become obsolete but other words are relatively unchanged in modern Welsh Old Welsh Modern Welsh Englishtir tir landlau llaw handhaluidt a llwyth and the tribediued diwedd endir yr y thenouid newydd newguetig wedi aftercas cas hatredhit hyd untildid dydd daybraut brawd judgementin ois oisou yn oes oesoedd for ever and everPage 141 on which the text is written also appears to hold more text written in Old Welsh below Latin and a mysterious section where text appears to have been erased No translations or transcripts have yet been offered for the text It is also unknown why the particular page was used for the glosses as little or no text appears to have been added to any other of the Lichfield Gospels It is possible that the page was chosen to conceal the later added information See also editBritish LatinReferences edit a b Koch p 1757 Willis p 1 Edwards Nancy 2013 A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales Vol III North Wales Cardiff University of Wales Press p 430 Encyclopaedia Wales University of Wales Press main editor John Davies page 577 Medieval Vision The Visual Culture of Wales University of Wales Press Cardiff 2003 pg 25 Price Glanville 1985 The Languages of Britain London Edward Arnold ISBN 0 7131 6452 2 Koch John T 2006 Celtic Culture A Historical Encyclopedia ABC CLIO External links edit nbsp For a list of words relating to Old Welsh see the Old Welsh language category of words in Wiktionary the free dictionary Old and Middle Welsh by David Willis University of Cambridge Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Old Welsh amp oldid 1165155764, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
