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Telugu language

April 09, 2024

Telugu (/ˈtɛlʊɡuː/;[7] తెలుగు, Telugu pronunciation: [ˈt̪eluɡu]) is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. Spoken by about 96 million people (2022),[8] Telugu is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family, and one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India.[9] It is one of the few languages that has primary official status in more than one Indian state, alongside Hindi and Bengali.[10] Telugu is one of the six languages designated as a classical language by the Government of India. It is the 14th most spoken native language in the world.[11] Modern Standard Telugu is based on the dialect of erstwhile Krishna, Guntur, East and West Godavari districts of Coastal Andhra.[12][13][14]

Telugu
తెలుగు
The word "Telugu" in Telugu script
Pronunciation[ˈteluɡu]
Native toIndia
Region
EthnicityTelugu people
Native speakers
L1: 83 million (2011 census)[1][2]
L2: 13 million (2011 census)[1]
Dravidian
Early forms
Old Telugu
  • Middle Telugu
Dialects
Signed Telugu
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
South Africa (protected language)[6]
Language codes
ISO 639-1te
ISO 639-2tel
ISO 639-3tel – inclusive code
Individual code:
wbq – Waddar (Vadari)
Glottologtelu1262  Telugu
oldt1249  Old Telugu
Linguasphere49-DBA-aa
Dark blue - Telugu is spoken by a majority.
Light blue - Telugu is spoken by a significant minority.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


PersonTelugu
PeopleTeluguvāru
LanguageTelugu, Teluṅgu, Tenuṅgu
CountryTelugu Nāḍu

Telugu is also spoken in the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and the union territories of Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is also spoken by members of the Telugu diaspora spread across countries like United States, Australia, Malaysia, Mauritius, UAE, Saudi Arabia and others.[15][16] Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States.[17] It is also a protected language in South Africa and is offered as an optional third language in schools in KwaZulu-Natal province.[6][18]

According to Mikhail S. Andronov, Proto-Telugu split from the Proto South-Central-Dravidian language around 1000 BCE.[19][20] The earliest Telugu inscription found so far is the Kalamalla inscription dating to 575 CE put up by Renati Chola king Erikal Mutturaju Dhanunjaya.[21] Inscriptions in Old Telugu script were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar.[22] Telugu was the court language of various dynasties of South India namely the Eastern Chalukyas, Eastern Gangas, Kakatiyas, Vijayanagara Empire, Qutb Shahis, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks.[27] Telugu was used officially as a language of bureaucracy outside its homeland even by non-Telugu dynasties like the Thanjavur Marathas in Tamil Nadu.[28][24]

Telugu has an unbroken, prolific, and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years.[29][30] Pavuluri Mallana's Sāra Sangraha Ganitamu (c. 11th century) is the first scientific treatise on mathematics in any Dravidian language.[31][32] Avadhānaṃ, a literary performance that requires immense memory power and an in-depth knowledge of literature and prosody, originated and was specially cultivated among Telugu poets for over five centuries.[33][34] Roughly 10,000 pre-colonial inscriptions exist in Telugu.[35]

In the precolonial era, Telugu became the language of high culture across South India.[40] Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era.[39] Telugu also predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music and is widely taught in music colleges focusing on Carnatic tradition.[43] Various non-Telugu people over the centuries have remarked on the natural musicality of Telugu speech, referring to it as a mellifluous and euphonious language.[42][44][45]

Etymology edit

 
 
Bhimeswaram
 
Srisailam
 
Kaleswaram
class=notpageimage|
Locations of Trilinga Kshetras

Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo.[46] Older forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu.[47] Tenugu is derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south")[48] to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction" (relative to Sanskrit and Prakrit-speaking peoples). The name Telugu, then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.[49][50]

P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga Śabdānusāsana (or Trilinga Grammar).[51] However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar was titled Atharvana Karikavali.[52][53][54][55] Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga. Scholar C. P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.[56]

George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be the later Sanskritisation of it.[57][58] If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum, Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "Trilinga".[59]

History edit

Telugu, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, a proto-language. Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the fourth millennium BCE.[60][61] According to the Russian linguist Mikhail S. Andronov, Proto-Telugu split from the Proto South-Central-Dravidian language around 1000 BCE.[19][61][20]

Comparative linguistics confirms that Telugu belongs to the South Dravidian-II (aka South-Central Dravidian) sub-group, which also includes non-literary languages like Gondi, Kuvi, Koya, Pengo, Konda and Manda.[62]

The linguistic history of Telugu is periodised as:

Proto-Telugu (≤ 1000 BCE) > Pre-historic Telugu (c. 600 BCE - 200 BCE) > Old Telugu (200 BCE - 1000 CE) > Middle Telugu (1000 CE - 1600 CE) > Modern Telugu (1600 CE - Now)[63]

Pre-historic Telugu (c. 600 BCE - 200 BCE) edit

Pre-historic Telugu is identified with the period around 600 BCE or even earlier. [64][65]

There are competing explanations for the original homeland of Pre-historic Telugu speakers, with some identifying it with the ancient Krishna Godavari Basin and others with the border region of Telugu States and Chhattisgarh.[citation needed]

Pre-historic Telugu, based on analysing its linguistic features can rightly be called as 'one of the most conservative languages of the Dravidian family'.[66][67]

One such feature is the presence of contrast in plural markers -ḷ and -nkkVḷ (as a combination of -nkk and -Vḷ) which was lost in the earliest versions of many other Dravidian languages.[68]

e.g.: pū-ḷ : flowers, ā-ḷ : 'cows' as being distinct from kolan-kuḷ : 'tanks', ī-gaḷ : 'houseflies' etc.

The nominative markers were -nḏu (masc.sg.p1), -aṁbu (inanimate.sg) which continued to attest in the early inscriptions.[69]

The reconstructed personal pronouns are: *ñān : 'I' (oblique : *ñā), *ñām (& ēm) : 'we'.[70]

The early language displays higher phonemic retention. Some of the characteristic phonemes include the Voiced retroflex approximant ('ḻ' or /ɻ/) and Voiced alveolar plosive ('ḏ' or /d/). The latter developed as Alveolar trill ('ṟ' or /r/) at different positions. Both the alveolars /d/ and /r/ are evidenced as being distinct phonemes through the early epigraphic traces.[71][72]

Tenses were of the form: "past vs non-past" and the gender being "masculine vs non-masculine".[73]

There were three demonstratives in use: ā: distant 'that', ī: proximate 'this', ū (Classical Telugu: ulla): intermediate 'yonder'. [74]

Non-palatalized initials are identified from the words like: kēsiri ('they did') as found in inscriptions till 8th century CE.[75]

Words were mostly vowel-ending while there were consonant-endings with sonorants like: -y, -r, -m, -n, -l, -ḷ, -ḻ, -w. Classical Telugu, however, has forms with an epenthetic -u which 'vowelises' the final and was widely distributed. In Modern Telugu, the epenthetic -u after sonorants is sometimes deleted when it precedes a consonant-initial, slightly resembling the original situation.

Archaic place name suffixes are also identified, some of them being -puḻōl, -ūr, -paḷḷiya, -pāḷiyam, -paṟṟu, -konḏa, -pūṇḍi, -paṭṭaṇa(ṁbu), pāḻu, paṟiti, pāka(m) etc.[76]

Apical displacement was under progress for a set of words.[77] The conjunctive marker -um possessed different structural applications.[78]

Earliest records edit

One of the first words in the Telugu language, "nāgabu", was found on a granite pillar in the Amaravati Stupa.[79] It is dated to 2nd century BCE and is probably, the name of a stonemason. Its structural and grammatical analysis played a key role in studying Indus script by Iravatham Mahadevan.[79][80][81]

Several personal names and place names traceable to Telugu roots are found in various Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions of 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. [82]

The Ghantasala Brahmin inscription[83] and the pillar inscription of Vijaya Satakarni, Vijayapuri, Nagarjunakonda etc., belong to first century CE.[84][85] Further, Tummalagudem inscription of Vishnukundinas belongs to 5th century CE.[86][84] Telugu place names in Prakrit inscriptions have been attested from 2nd century CE onwards.[87][88]

A number of Telugu words were found in the Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions of the Satavahana dynasty, Vishnukundina dynasty, and Andhra Ikshvakus.[84] The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a Prakrit dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends are in Telugu,[89][90] and Tamil languages.[91]

According to Telugu lore, its grammar has a prehistoric past. The Sage Kanva was said to be the language's first grammarian. A. Rajeswara Sarma discussed the historicity and content of Kanva's grammar. He cited twenty grammatical aphorisms ascribed to Kanva, and concluded that Kanva wrote an ancient Telugu Grammar which was lost.[92]

 
Telugu Talli Bomma (statue of Mother Telugu), the personification of Telugu language in Andhra Pradesh

Post-Ikshvaku period edit

Main article: Early Telugu epigraphy

The period from 4th century CE to 1022 CE corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history, after the Andhra Ikshvaku period. The first 'long inscription' that is entirely in Telugu is dated to 575 CE in erstwhile Kadapa district and is attributed to the Renati Choda king Dhanunjaya.[87][93][94]

On top of one of the rock-cut caves around the Keesaragutta temple, 35 kilometres (22 mi) from Hyderabad, an early Telugu label inscription reading 'tolacuwānḍru' (తొలచువాండ్రు) meaning rock carvers, or quarrymen, can be noticed.[95][96] On the basis of paleography, the inscription is dated to Vishnukundina period of c.400 CE.[97][98] It is the earliest known short Telugu inscription from the Telangana region.[98]

Cave inscriptions of Mahendra Pallava in Telugu were attested as belonging to the late 6th century in Tamil Nadu, which mention the words, aṁkkapāsunṟu, aṁkkapāsumbu etc. The nominative markers in these words played a key role in the study of the Indus script by Iravatham Mahadevan.[99]

From the seventh century complete Telugu inscriptions begin to appear in the neighbouring districts of Rayalaseema, Prakasam and in the Palnadu region.[100]: 10  Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE.[101][102] The Madras Museum plates of Balliya-Choda dated to the mid-ninth century CE are the earliest copper plate grants in the Telugu language.[103]

Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit during this period, which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature. Telugu literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers, and later in written works such as Nannayya's Mahabharatam (1022 CE).[104] During the time of Nannayya, the literary language diverged from the popular language. It was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language.[citation needed]

Middle Ages edit

The third phase is marked by further stylisation and sophistication of the literary languages. During this period the split of the Telugu from Telugu-Kannada alphabet took place.[105] Tikkana wrote his works in this script.[citation needed]

Vijayanagara Empire edit

The Vijayanagara Empire gained dominance from 1336 to the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered its Golden Age.[104]

Delhi Sultanate and Mughal influence edit

A distinct dialect developed in present-day Hyderabad region, due to Persian/Arabic influence: the Delhi Sultanate of the Tughlaq dynasty was established earlier in the northern Deccan Plateau during the 14th century. In the latter half of the 17th century, the Mughal Empire extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the Hyderabad State by the dynasty of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724. This heralded an era of Persian influence on the Telugu language, especially Hyderabad State. The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the kaifiyats.[104]

In the princely Hyderabad State, the Andhra Mahasabha was started in 1921 with the main intention of promoting Telugu language, literature, its books and historical research led by Madapati Hanumantha Rao (the founder of the Andhra Mahasabha), Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao (Founder of Library Movement in Hyderabad State), Suravaram Pratapa Reddy and others.[106]

Colonial period edit

The 15th-century Venetian explorer Niccolò de' Conti, who visited the Vijayanagara Empire, found that the words in the Telugu language end with vowels, just like those in Italian, and hence referred to it as "The Italian of the East";[107] a saying that has been widely repeated.[108]

In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, the influence of the English language was seen, and modern communication/printing press arose as an effect of British rule, especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by such scholars as Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty, Kandukuri Veeresalingam, Gurajada Apparao, Gidugu Sitapati and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao.[104]

Since the 1930s, what was considered an "elite" literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools and colleges as a standard.[109]

Post-independence period edit

Telugu is one of the 22 languages with official status in India.[110] The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966, declares Telugu the official language of the state that is currently divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[111][112] It also has official language status in the Yanam district of the union territory of Puducherry. It is the fourth most spoken Indian language in India after Hindi, Bengali and Marathi.[113] It is one of the six classical languages of India.[114][115]

Telugu Language Day is celebrated every year on 29 August, the birthday of Telugu poet Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy.[116][117] The fourth World Telugu Conference was organised in Tirupati in the last week of December 2012. Issues related to Telugu language policy were deliberated at length.[118][119] The American Community Survey has said that data for 2016 which were released in September 2017 showed Telugu is the third most widely spoken Indian language in the US. Hindi tops the list followed by Gujarati, as of the 2010 census.[120][121]

In the Indian subcontinent, a command over Telugu language, alongside Sanskrit, Tamil, Meitei, Oriya, Persian, or Arabic, is highly appreciated and respected for learning dances (most significantly Indian Classical Dances) as dancers could have the tools of these languages to go into the primary material texts.[122]

Geographic distribution edit

Main article: States of India by Telugu speakers
 
Geographic distribution of Telugu immigrants in light blue; Telugu is native to dark blue.

Telugu is natively spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry. Telugu speakers are also found in the neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, some parts of Jharkhand, and the Kharagpur region of West Bengal in India. Many Telugu immigrants are also found in the states of Gujarat, Goa, Bihar, Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan. At 7.2% of the population, Telugu is the fourth-most-spoken native language in India after Hindi, Bengali, and Marathi. In Karnataka, 7.0% of the population speak Telugu, and 5.6% in Tamil Nadu.[123]

There are more than 400,000 Telugu Americans in the United States.[124][125] As of 2018, Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States, (especially in New Jersey and New York City), with the number of Telugu speakers in the United States increasing by 86% between 2010 and 2017.[126] Minority Telugus are also found in Australia, New Zealand, Bahrain, Canada, Fiji, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Mauritius, Myanmar, Europe (Italy, the United Kingdom), South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, and the United Arab Emirates.[15][16]

Legal status edit

Telugu is the official language of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India. It is one of the official languages of the union territories of Puducherry. Telugu is a protected language in South Africa. According to the Constitution of South Africa, the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure respect for Telugu along with other languages.[127] The Government of South Africa announced that Telugu will be re-included as an official subject in the South African schools after it was removed from the curriculum in state schools.[18]

In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the Government of India on 8 August 2008, Telugu was also given classical language status due to several campaigns.[128][84][129]

Epigraphical records edit

Main article: Early Telugu epigraphy

According to the famous Japanese historian Noboru Karashima who served as the president of the Epigraphical Society of India in 1985, there are approximately 10,000 inscriptions which exist in the Telugu language as of the year 1996 making it one of the most densely inscribed languages.[35] Inscriptions in Old Telugu script were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar.[37] Telugu inscriptions are found in all the districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.[97][100][130][131] They are also found in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh.[132][131][133][134] According to recent estimates by ASI (Archaeological Survey of India) the number of inscriptions in the Telugu language goes up to 14,000.[100][135] Adilabad, Medak, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Anantapur, Chittoor and Srikakulam produced only a handful of Telugu inscriptions in the Kakatiya era between 1135 CE and 1324 CE.[136][137]

Geographical influence edit

Telugu region boundaries edit

Andhra is characterised as having its own mother tongue, and its territory has been equated with the extent of the Telugu language. The equivalence between the Telugu linguistic sphere and the geographical boundaries of Andhra is also brought out in an eleventh-century description of Andhra boundaries. Andhra, according to this text, was bounded in north by Mahendra mountain in the modern Ganjam district in Odisha and to the south by Srikalahasteeswara temple in Tirupati district.[citation needed] However, Andhra extended westwards as far as Srisailam in Nandyal district, about halfway across the modern state.[138] According to other sources in the early sixteenth century, the northern boundary is Simhachalam and the southern limit is Tirumala of the Telugu Nation.[139][140][141][142][143][144]

Telugu Place Names edit

Main article: Place names in India

Telugu place names are present all around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Common suffixes are -ooru, -pudi, -padu, -peta, -pattanam, -wada, -gallu, -cherla, -seema, -gudem, -palle, -palem, -konda, -veedu, -valasa, -pakam, -paka, -prolu, -wolu, -waka, -ili, -kunta, -parru, -villi, -gadda, -kallu, -eru, -varam,-puram,-pedu and -palli. Examples that use this nomenclature are Nellore, Tadepalligudem, Guntur, Chintalapudi, Yerpedu, Narasaraopeta, Sattenapalle, Visakapatnam, Vizianagaram, Ananthagiri, Vijayawada, Vuyyuru, Macherla, Poranki, Ramagundam, Warangal, Mancherial, Peddapalli, Siddipet,pithapuram, Banswada, and Miryalaguda.

Dialects edit

 
Andhra Pradesh before bifurcation (1956–2014)
Main article: Telangana Bhasha

There are four regional dialects in Telugu:[145]

Colloquially, Telangana, Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra dialects are considered the three Telugu dialects and regions.[146]

Waddar, Chenchu, and Manna-Dora are all closely related to Telugu.[147] Other dialects of Telugu are Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Salewari, Vadaga, Srikakula, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Rayalaseema, Nellore, Guntur, Vadari Bangalore, and Yanadi.[148]

Phonology edit

The Roman transliteration used for transcribing the Telugu script is the National Library at Kolkata romanisation.

Telugu words generally end in vowels. In Old Telugu, this was absolute; in the modern language m, n, y, w may end a word. Sanskrit loans have introduced aspirated and murmured consonants as well.

Telugu does not have contrastive stress, and speakers vary on where they perceive stress. Most place it on the penultimate or final syllable, depending on word and vowel length.[149]

Consonants edit

The table below lists the consonant phonemes of Telugu,[150][151] along with the symbols used in the transliteration of the Telugu script used here (where different from IPA).

Telugu consonants
Labial Denti-
alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
plain sibilant
Nasal m m n n ɳ ṇ
Stop/
Affricate 		unaspirated p p t t t͡s ts ʈ ṭ t͡ʃ c k k
voiced b b d d d͡z dz ɖ ḍ d͡ʒ j ɡ g
aspirated* pʰ ph tʰ th ʈʰ ṭh t͡ʃʰ ch kʰ kh
breathy voiced* bʱ bh dʱ dh ɖʱ ḍh d͡ʒʱ jh ɡʱ gh
Fricative* f f s s ʂ ṣ ʃ ś h h
Approximant ʋ v l l ɭ ḷ j y
Tap ɾ r
  • The aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants occur mostly in Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, additionally /tʰ/ is used to substitute /θ/ in English loans, the only aspirate which occurs natively is /dʱ/ which occurs only in a few compound numbers e.g. /pɐddʱenimidi/ "18" likely a result of the proto Dravidian laryngeal */H/[152] there is also an unaspirated /pɐddenimidi/ version which is used more commonly. All of the fricatives except for native /s/ also only occurs in loanwords.[151]
  • Perso-Arabic phonemes like /q, x, ɣ, z/ are substituted with /k, kʰ, ɡ, d͡ʒ/ similar to Hindi.[151]
  • /t͡s, d͡z/ occurs only in native words and doesn't have aspirated/breathy forms. Native words with /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ before non front vowels became /t͡s, d͡z/, the change became phonemised after loaning words with /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ from other languages. Intervocalically /d͡z/ can become [z] e.g. [rɐːzu, d͡zoːli, ɡudd͡zu].[151]
  • /ʋ/ can be rounded to a [β̞ʷ] around rounded vowels.[151]
  • The common Proto Dravidian approximant */ɻ/ merged with /ɖ/ in Telugu while it was preserved as /ɽ/ in the other Southern II branch languages.[152]
  • Many of the old /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ merged with /n/ and /l/.[152] The Telangana dialect might completely merge /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ with /n/ and /l/.[citation needed]

Most consonants contrast in length in word-medial position, meaning that there are long (geminated) and short phonetic renderings of the sounds. A few examples of words that contrast by length of word-medial consonants:[151]

  • /ɡɐdi/ gadi (room) – /ɡɐdːi/ gaddi (throne)'
  • /ɐʈu/ aṭu (that side) – /ɐʈːu/ aṭṭu (pancake)
  • /moɡɐ/ moga (male) – /moɡːɐ/ mogga (bud)
  • /nɐmɐkɐmu/ namakamu (a vedic hymn) – /nɐmːɐkɐmu/ nammakamu (belief)
  • /kɐnu/ kanu (to give birth to) – /kɐnːu/ kannu (eye)
  • /kɐlɐ/ kala (dream) – /kɐlːɐ/ kalla (falsehood)
  • /mɐɾi/ mari (again) – /mɐɾːi/ marri (banyan tree)

All retroflex consonants occur in intervocalic position and when adjacent to a retroflex consonant, for instance. /ʋɐːɳiː/ vāṇī 'tippet', /kɐʈɳɐm/ kaṭṇam 'dowry', /pɐɳɖu/ paṇḍu 'fruit'; /kɐɭɐ/ kaḷa 'art', /bɐːɭʈi/ bāḷṭi 'bucket' (from Portuguese balde 'bucket'). With the exception of /ɳ/ and /ɭ/, all occur word-initial in a few words, such as /ʈɐkːu/ ṭakku 'pretence', /ʈhiːʋi/ ṭhīvi 'grandeur', /ɖipːɐ/ ḍippā 'half of a spherical object', /ɖɦoːkɐː/ ḍhōkā 'danger', and /ʂoːku/ ṣōku 'fashionable appearance'.[151]

The approximant /j/ occurs in word-initial position only in borrowed words, such as. /jɐnɡu/ yangu, from English 'young', /jɐʃɐsːu/ yaśassu from Sanskrit yaśas /jɐʃɐs/ 'fame'.[citation needed]

Vowels edit

Vowels in Telugu contrast in length; there are short and long versions of all vowels except for /æ/, which only occurs as long. Long vowels can occur in any position within the word, but native Telugu words do not end in a long vowel. Short vowels occur in all positions of a word, with the exception of /o/, which does not occur word-finally.[151] The vowels of Telugu are illustrated below, along with the Telugu script and romanisation.

Vowels (అచ్చులు acchulu)
Front Central Back
Close i ఇ i iː ఈ ī u ఉ u uː ఊ ū
Mid e ఎ e eː ఏ ē o ఒ o oː ఓ ō
Open a ~ ɐ అ a aː ~ ɐː ఆ ā

Allophones edit

In most dialects, the vowel /æː/ only occurs in loan words. In the Guntur dialect, [æː] is a frequent allophone of /aː/ in certain verbs in the past tense.

Telugu has two diphthongs: /ai/ ఐ ai and /au/ ఔ au.

Roots alter according to whether the first vowel is tense or lax.[153][need illustrations] Also, if the second vowel is open (i.e., /aː/ or /a/), then the first vowel is more open and centralised (e.g., [mɛːka] 'goat', as opposed to [meːku] 'nail').[citation needed] Telugu words also have vowels in inflectional suffixes that are harmonised with the vowels of the preceding syllable.[154]

Grammar edit

Main article: Telugu grammar

The traditional study of Telugu Grammar is known as vyākaraṇam (వ్యాకరణం). The first treatise on Telugu grammar, the Āndhra Śabda Cinṭāmaṇi, was written in Sanskrit by Nannayya, considered the first Telugu poet and translator, in the 12th century CE. This grammar followed patterns described in grammatical treatises such as Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vālmīkivyākaranam, but unlike Pāṇini, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya.

In the 19th century, Chinnaya Suri wrote a condensed work on Telugu grammar called Bāla Vyākaraṇam, borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya's grammar.

Morphosyntax edit

Relations between participants in an event are coded in Telugu words through suffixation; there are no prefixes or infixes in the language.[150] There are six word classes in Telugu: nominals (proper nouns, pronouns), verbs (actions or events), modifiers (adjectives, quantifiers, numerals), adverbs (modify the way in which actions or events unfold), and clitics.

Telugu nouns are inflected for number (singular, plural), noun class (three classes traditionally termed masculine, feminine, and neuter) and case (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, vocative, instrumental, and locative).[155]

Word order edit

The basic word order in Telugu is subject-object-verb (SOV).[156]

Noun classes (gender) edit

As with other Dravidian languages, gender in Telugu follows a semantic system,[157] in the sense that it is mostly the meaning of the word which defines the noun class to which it belongs. There are three noun classes: masculine (human males, he-gender), feminine (human females, she-gender), and neuter (all non-humans, it-gender). The gender of most nouns is encoded through agreement/indexation in pronominal suffixes rather than overtly on the noun.[150]

anna

older.brother

wacc-in-āḍu

come-past-MASC

anna wacc-in-āḍu

older.brother come-past-MASC

The older brother came

amma

mother

wacc-in-adi

come-past-FEM

amma wacc-in-adi

mother come-past-FEM

Mother came

In terms of the verbal agreement system, genders in marking on the Telugu verb only occur in the third person.[150]

Third person Singular Plural
Masculine

tericinā-ḍu

tericinā-ḍu

He opened

tericinā-ru

tericinā-ru

They opened

Feminine

tericina-di

tericina-di

She opened

tericinā-ru

tericinā-ru

They opened

Neuter

tericina-di

tericina-di

It opened

tericinā-yi/tericina-wi

tericinā-yi/tericina-wi

They (non-human) opened

The Telugu gender system is different from Dravidian languages like Tamil given that the Telugu feminine shares indexation morphemes with the masculine plural (-ru) and with the neuter singular (-di). What characterises the three-gender system is then the individual behaviour of the singular-plural pairs of suffixes.[157]

Gender Verbal suffixes
(singular : plural)
Masculine -ḍu : -ru
Feminine -di : -ru
Neuter -di : -yi/-wi

Pronouns edit

Telugu pronouns include personal pronouns (the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about); indefinite pronouns; relative pronouns (connecting parts of sentences); and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is acted on by the verb's subject).

Personal pronouns edit

Telugu pronouns
I నేను, nēnu
we మనం, manaṃ

మనము, manamu

we but not you మేము, mēmu
you ( singular) నీవు, nīvu

నువ్వు, nuvvu

you (plural) మీరు, mīru
she ఆమె, aame
he అతను, atanu
they (humans) వాళ్ళు, vāḷḷu
it అది, adi
they (non-humans) అవి, avi

In informal Telugu, personal pronouns distinguish masculine from non-masculine.[158][159]

Demonstratives edit

There is a wide variety of demonstrative pronouns in Telugu, whose forms depend on both proximity to the speaker and the level of formality. The formal demonstratives may also be used as formal personal pronoun, that is, the polite forms for this woman or this man and that woman or that man can also simply mean she and he in more formal contexts.

In the singular, there are four levels of formality when speaking about males and females, although the most formal/polite form is the same for both human genders. In both singular and plural, Telugu distinguishes two levels of distance from speaker (like in English), basically this and that, and these and those.

Singular
Proximal

(close to speaker, "this")

Distal

(far from speaker, "that")

Gender/Formality Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine Neuter
very informal idi vīḍu idi adi vāḍu adi
informal īme itanu āme atanu
formal īviḍa īyana āviḍa āyana
very formal vīru vāru

In the plural, there are no distinctions between formality levels, but once again masculine and feminine forms are the same, while the neuter demonstratives are different.

Plural
Proximal

(close to speaker, "these")

Distal

(far from speaker, "those")

Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine Neuter
vīỊỊu/vīru ivi vāỊỊu/vāru avi

Case system edit

The nominative case (karta), the object of a verb (karma), and the verb are somewhat in a sequence in Telugu sentence construction. "Vibhakti" (case of a noun) and "pratyāyamulu" (an affix to roots and words forming derivatives and inflections) depict the ancient nature and progression of the language. The "Vibhaktis" of Telugu language " డు [ɖu], ము [mu], వు [vu], లు [lu]", etc., are different from those in Sanskrit and have been in use for a long time.

Lexicon edit

Majority of the lexicon in Telugu is inherited from Proto-Dravidian language, a reconstructed hypothetical language of third millennium BCE.[160][161]

Telugu retained some of the most archaic words, markers and morphemes of the Dravidian origin.[162][163]

It shares its cognates with its closest South-Dravidian-II languages like Gondi, Kuwi and also with other Dravidian languages like Tamil, Kannada etc.

The lexicon of Classical Telugu works shows a pervasive influence of Sanskrit; there is also evidence suggesting an earlier influence even before Nannaya.[164] During the period 1000–1100 CE, Nannaya's re-writing of the Mahābhārata in Telugu (మహాభారతము) established the liberal borrowing of Sanskrit words.[165]

Literature in acca telugu or jānu telugu by poets like Adibhatla Narayana Dasu, Ponneganti Telagana etc. emphasised the importance of native lexicon of Dravidian origin as opposed to the huge borrowings from Sanskrit and Prakrit.[166] [167]

Spoken Telugu preserved most of its Dravidian lexicon intact in various colloquial dialects.

The vocabulary of Telugu, especially in the city of Hyderabad, has borrowings from Persian and Arabic (through Urdu and directly) languages. These words have been modified to fit Telugu phonology. This was due to Turkic rule in these regions, such as the erstwhile kingdoms of Golkonda and Hyderabad (e.g., కబురు, /kaburu/ for Urdu /xabar/, خبر or జవాబు, /dʒavaːbu/ for Urdu /dʒawɑːb/, جواب).

Many words were borrowed from English language in the modern era and few from Portuguese during the colonial era.

Modern Telugu vocabulary can be said to constitute a diglossia because the formal, standardised version of the language is either lexically Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit, as taught in schools, and used by the government and Hindu religious institutions.

However, colloquial Telugu is less influenced by Sanskrit and varies depending upon region.

Prakruti and Vikruti edit

Telugu has many Tatsama words. They are called Prakruti, which are equivalent to Sanskrit words. The equivalent colloquial words are called Vikruti, which means distorted. However, Prakruti is only used as a medium of instruction in educational institutions, offices etc.
For example:

Prakruti Vikruti
అగ్ని Agni (fire) అగ్గి Aggi
భోజనం Bhojanam (food) బోనం Bonam
విద్య Vidya (education) విద్దె Vidhe, విద్దియ Vidhiya
రాక్షసి Raakshasi (evil) రక్కసి Rakkasi
శూన్య Shoonya (zero) సున్న Sunna
దృష్టి Drishti (sight) దిష్టి Dishti
కనిష్టం Kanishtam (minimum) కనీసం Kaneesam
అగరవర్తి Agaravarti (inscent, agara+varthi, scent wounded) అగరవత్తి Agaravatti
విభూతి Vibhoothi (ash) విభూధి Vibhudhi
చనక Chanaka (chick pea, Chanakya is derived from the same root) శనగ śanaga
కవచ Kavacha (protective shell) గవచ Gavacha, గవ్వ Gavva
భిక్షం Bhiksham (alms) బిచ్చం Bicham
ద్వితీయ Dvitiya (second) విదియ Vidiya
తృతీయ Trutiya (third) తదియ Thadhiya
జాగ్రత Jaagrata (alert) జాగ్రత్త Jaagratta
వామతి Vamati (vomit) వాంతి Vanthi
స్వంత Swantha (own) సొంత Sonta
అటవి Atavi (forest) అడవి Adavi
త్వర Twara (fast) తొరగా Toraga
రక్తము Rakthamu (blood) రగతము Ragathamu

Sample text edit

The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[168]

English edit

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Telugu edit

ప్రతిపత్తిస్వత్వముల విషయమున మానవులెల్లరును జన్మతః స్వతంత్రులును సమానులును నగుదురు. వారు వివేచన-అంతఃకరణ సంపన్నులగుటచే పరస్పరము భ్రాతృభావముతో వర్తింపవలయును.

Romanisation (ISO 15919) edit

Pratipattisvatvamula viṣayamuna mānavulellarunu janmataḥ svatantrulunu samānulunu naguduru. Vāru vivēcana-antaḥkaraṇa sampannulaguṭacē parasparamu bhrātr̥bhāvamutō vartimpavalayunu.

IPA edit

/pɾɐt̪ipɐt̪t̪isʋɐt̪ʋɐmulɐ viʂɐjɐmun̪ɐ maːn̪ɐʋulellaɾun̪u d͡ʒɐn̪mɐt̪ɐhɐ sʋɐt̪ɐn̪t̪ɾulun̪u sɐmaːn̪ulun̪u n̪ɐɡud̪uɾu ǁ ʋaːɾu ʋiʋeːt͡ʃɐn̪ɐ ɐn̪t̪ɐkkɐɾɐɳɐ sɐmpɐn̪n̪ulɐɡuʈɐt͡ʃeː pɐɾɐspɐɾɐmu bʱɾaːt̪ɾubʱaːʋɐmut̪oː ʋɐɾt̪impɐʋɐlɐjun̪u ǁ/

Writing system edit

Consonants – హల్లులు, hallulu

క
ka
/ka/

ఖ
kha
/kʰa/

గ
ga
/ɡa/

ఘ
gha
/ɡʱa/

ఙ
ṅa
/ŋa/

చ
ca
/t͡ʃa/

ఛ
cha
/t͡ʃʰa/

జ
ja
/d͡ʒa/

ఝ
jha
/d͡ʒʱa/

ఞ
ña
/ɲa/

ట
ṭa
/ʈa/

ఠ
ṭha
/ʈʰa/

డ
ḍa
/ɖa/

ఢ
ḍha
/ɖʱa/

ణ
ṇa
/ɳa/

త
ta
/ta/

థ
tha
/tʰa/

ద
da
/da/

ధ
dha
/dʱa/

న
na
/na/

ప
pa
/pa/

ఫ
pha
/pʰa/

బ
ba
/ba/

భ
bha
/bʱa/

మ
ma
/ma/

య
ya
/ja/

ర
ra
/ɾa/

ల
la
/la/

వ
va
/ʋa/

ళ
ḷa
/ɭa/

శ
śa
/ʃa/

ష
ṣa
/ʂa/

స
sa
/sa/

హ
ha
/ha/

Main articles: Telugu script and Telugu Braille

The Telugu script is an abugida consisting of 60 symbols — 16 vowels, 3 vowel modifiers, and 41 consonants. Telugu has a complete set of letters that follow a system to express sounds. The script is derived from the Brahmi script like those of many other Indian languages.[169][170] The Telugu script is written from left to right and consists of sequences of simple and complex characters. The script is syllabic in nature—the basic units of writing are syllables. Since the number of possible syllables is very large, syllables are composed of more basic units such as vowels ("acchu" or "swaram") and consonants ("hallu" or "vyanjanam"). Consonants in consonant clusters take shapes that are very different from the shapes they take elsewhere. Consonants are presumed pure consonants, that is, without any vowel sound in them. However, it is traditional to write and read consonants with an implied "a" vowel sound. When consonants combine with other vowel signs, the vowel part is indicated orthographically using signs known as vowel "mātras". The shapes of vowel "mātras" are also very different from the shapes of the corresponding vowels.

Historically, a sentence used to end with either a single bar। ("pūrna virāmam") or a double bar॥ ("dīrgha virāmam"); in handwriting, Telugu words were not separated by spaces. However, in modern times, English punctuation (commas, semicolon, etc.) has virtually replaced the old method of punctuation.[171]

Telugu has full-zero ("anusvāra" or "sunna" ) ( ం ), half-zero ("arthanusvāra" or "candrabindu" or "ara-sunna" ) (ఁ) and visarga ( ః ) to convey various shades of nasal sounds. [la] and [La], [ra] and [Ra] are differentiated.[171]

Telugu has ĉ [t͡s] and ĵ [d͡z], which are not represented in Sanskrit.

 
Wall painting at a shop in India. It first shows the painted party symbols of all the major political parties in the region during the nationwide elections in India in 2014. It also has a Telugu inscription showing availability of political flags, banners, caps, badges and other election material.

Telugu Guṇintālu (తెలుగు గుణింతాలు) edit

These are some examples of combining a consonant with different vowels.
క కా కి కీ కు కూ కృ కౄ కె కే కై కొ కో కౌ క్ కం కః
ఖ ఖా ఖి ఖీ ఖు ఖూ ఖృ ఖౄ ఖె ఖే ఖై ఖొ ఖో ఖౌ ఖ్ ఖం ఖః

Number system edit

Telugu has ten digits employed with the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. However, in modern usage, the Arabic numerals have replaced them.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯
sunna okaṭi renḍu mūḍu nālugu aidu āru ēḍu enimidi tommidi

Telugu is assigned Unicode codepoints: 0C00-0C7F (3072–3199).[172]

Telugu[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+0C0x ఀ ఁ ం ః ఄ అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ఌ ఎ ఏ
U+0C1x ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ ట
U+0C2x ఠ డ ఢ ణ త థ ద ధ న ప ఫ బ భ మ య
U+0C3x ర ఱ ల ళ ఴ వ శ ష స హ ఼ ఽ ా ి
U+0C4x ీ ు ూ ృ ౄ ె ే ై ొ ో ౌ ్
U+0C5x ౕ ౖ ౘ ౙ ౚ ౝ
U+0C6x ౠ ౡ ౢ ౣ ౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯
U+0C7x ౷ ౸ ౹ ౺ ౻ ౼ ౽ ౾ ౿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Literature edit

Main article: Telugu literature

Ancient Telugu Writings Period (300 BC-500 CE) edit

Amaravati Stupa edit

Amarāvati Stupa is a ruined Buddhist stūpa at the village of Amaravathi, Palnadu district, Andhra Pradesh, India, probably built in phases between the third century BCE and about 250 CE. The word "nagabu" was one of the first Telugu words that was written on the Amaravati Stupa[citation needed]

 
A depiction of the Amaravati Stupa
 
Ancient Telugu Writing displayed at Telugu Museum

Early Medieval Telugu Writings Period (500-850 CE) edit

These writings were mostly written by the Vishnukudinas, Telugu Chodas, and the Chalukyas.[citation needed]

Kallamalla Writing (575 CE) edit

This is the first writing entirely written in Telugu. It was written by Renati Choda king Dhanunjaya. in 575 CE. It was found on the premises of Chennakesava-Siddeshwara temple at Kalamalla village in Yerraguntla Mandal of the district.[citation needed]

Indravarma Sasanam edit

This was a writing written by Indra Varma in the 6th century. Indra Varma was a Vishnukudina king in the 6th century.[citation needed]

 
Old Telugu Script – Vishnukundina Indra Varma Sasanam 6th century

Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti edit

The 6th- or 7th-century Sanskrit text Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti (or Janāśraya-chandas) deals with the metres used in Telugu, including some metres that are not found in Sanskrit prosody. This indicates that Telugu poetry existed during or around the 6th century.[173]

Vipparla and Lakshmipuram Writings edit

Vipparla Inscription of Jayasimha I and the Lakshmipuram inscription of the Mangi yuvaraja were the earliest Telugu inscriptions of Eastern chalukyas found in the 7th century AD.[citation needed]

Telugu Jain Literature Period (850-1020 CE) edit

During this period, many Jain authors wrote many Jain texts in Telugu especially from Vemulavada.[citation needed]

Addanki Poem edit

Addanki inscription also known as the Pandaranga inscription belongs to the 9th-century CE, excavated near the Thousand Pillar Temple of Addanki. It is testimony to a flourishing Telugu literature much before the available literary texts. Locals believe that this is the first poem ever to be written in Telugu, also called the first Padya Sasanam(Poetic inscription) with (dvipada, with Yati and Prasa; style taruvoja)Staying with the Boya campaign, Pandaranga got victories in all military campaigns of his master Gunaga Vijayaditya III. The inscription spoke about the donation of land by the king to him for his successful military exploits.[citation needed]

Malliya Rechana edit

Malliya Rechana composed the first Telugu poetic prosody book Kavijanasrayam (pre-Nannayya chandassu). This was a popular one and referred by many poets. There seems to be even an earlier prosody book by Rechana's guru Vaadindra Chudamani which is not available.[174][175][176]

Veturi Prabhakara Sastry in 1900s mentioned the existence of Pre-Nannayya Chandassu in Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisheka Sanchika.[176] Accurate dating of this piece of literature happened after the 1980s discoveries in Karimnagar.[177][unreliable source?][151][178] Rechana's work is variously dated from 940 CE to 12th and 13th century. Most scholars date him to post-Nannaya period.[citation needed]

Adikavi Pampa edit

Adikavi Pampa had written a Telugu work named Jinendra Puranam, a Jain work written in 941 CE.[citation needed]

The Pre-Nannaya Period (before 1020 CE) edit

In the earliest period Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions, precisely from 575 CE onward. Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE.[101][102] Most scholars posit that Telugu literature existed prior to Nannaya (11th century), the first known Telugu poet.[100]: 16  T. Vijay Kumar notes, "Since no literary texts in Telugu pre-dating 1020 C.E. have so far actually been discovered, the existence of any pre-Nannaya literature remains a matter of speculation and debate."[102]

The Age of the Puranas (1020–1400 CE) edit

This is the period of Kavitrayam or Trinity of Poets. Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada (or Errana) are known as the Kavitrayam.[citation needed]

Nannaya's (Telugu: నన్నయ) Andhra Mahabharatam written in early 11th century is commonly referred to as the first Telugu literary composition (Aadi Kavyam).[102] Although there is evidence of Telugu literature before Nannaya, he is given the epithet Aadi Kavi ("the first poet"). Nannaya Bhattu acknowledged the help extended to him by his friend Narayana Bhattu in his composition in fields like making choices of grammatical forms, metres, form of the book, etc. and compares it to that extended to Arjuna by God Sri Krishna in the Bharata war. Nannaya was the first to establish a formal grammar of written Telugu. This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical treatises like Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vālmīkivyākaranam but unlike Pāṇini, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya.[14] Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the Mahabharata epic, which is rendered in the Champu style.[citation needed]

Tikkana Somayaji (1205–1288 CE): Nannaya's Andhra Mahabharatam was almost completed by Tikanna Somayaji (Telugu: తిక్కన సోమయాజి) (1205–1288) who wrote chapters 4 to 18.[citation needed]

Yerrapragada: (Telugu: ఎర్రాప్రగడ) who lived in the 14th century, finished the epic by completing the third chapter. He mimics Nannaya's style in the beginning, slowly changes tempo and finishes the chapter in the writing style of Tikkana. These three writers – Nannaya, Tikanna and Yerrapragada – are known as the Kavitraya ("three great poets") of Telugu. Other such translations like Marana's Markandeya Puranam, Ketana's Dasakumara Charita, Yerrapragada's Harivamsam followed. Many scientific works, like Ganitasarasangrahamu by Pavuluri Mallana and Prakirnaganitamu by Eluganti Peddana, were written in the 12th century.[relevant?][citation needed]

Sumati Satakam, which is a neeti ("moral"), is one of the most famous Telugu Satakams.[citation needed] Satakam is composed of more than a 100 padyalu (poems). According to many literary critics[who?] Sumati Satakam was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu (Telugu: బద్దెన భూపాల) (CE 1220–1280). He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala. He was a Chola prince and a vassal under the Kakatiya empress Rani Rudrama Devi, and a pupil of Tikkana.[citation needed] If we assume that the Sumati Satakam was indeed written by Baddena, it would rank as one of the earliest Satakams in Telugu along with the Vrushadhipa Satakam of Palkuriki Somanatha and the Sarveswara Satakam of Yathavakkula Annamayya.[original research?] The Sumatee Satakam is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language, as C. P. Brown rendered it in English in the 1840s.[citation needed]

Palkuriki Somanatha: Important among his Telugu language writings are the Basava Purana, Panditaradhya charitra, Malamadevipuranamu and Somanatha Stava–in dwipada metre ("couplets"); Anubhavasara, Chennamallu Sisamalu, Vrushadhipa Sataka and Cheturvedasara–in verses; Basavodharana in verses and ragale metre (rhymed couplets in blank verse); and the Basavaragada.[citation needed]

Gona Budda Reddy: His Ranganatha Ramayanam was a pioneering work in the Telugu language on the theme of the Ramayana epic. Most scholars believe he wrote it between 1300 and 1310 A.D., possibly with help from his family. The work has become part of cultural life in Andhra Pradesh and is used in puppet shows.[citation needed]

In the Telugu literature Tikkana was given agraasana (top position) by many famous critics.[citation needed]

Paravastu Chinnayya Soori (1807–1861) is a well-known Telugu writer who dedicated his entire life to the progress and promotion of Telugu language and literature. Sri Chinnayasoori wrote the Bala Vyakaranam in a new style after doing extensive research on Telugu grammar. Other well-known writings by Chinnayasoori are Neethichandrika, Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu, Andhra Dhatumoola, and Neeti Sangrahamu.[citation needed]

Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919) is generally considered the father of modern Telugu literature.[179] His novel Rajasekhara Charitamu was inspired by the Vicar of Wakefield. His work marked the beginning of a dynamic of socially conscious Telugu literature and its transition to the modern period, which is also part of the wider literary renaissance that took place in Indian culture during this period. Other prominent literary figures from this period are Gurajada Appa Rao, Viswanatha Satyanarayana, Gurram Jashuva, Rayaprolu Subba Rao, Devulapalli Krishnasastri and Srirangam Srinivasa Rao, popularly known as Mahakavi Sri Sri. Sri Sri was instrumental in popularising free verse in spoken Telugu (vaaduka bhasha), as opposed to the pure form of written Telugu used by several poets in his time. Devulapalli Krishnasastri is often referred to as the Shelley of Telugu literature because of his pioneering works in Telugu Romantic poetry.[citation needed]

Viswanatha Satyanarayana won India's national literary honour, the Jnanpith Award for his magnum opus Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu.[180] C. Narayana Reddy won the Jnanpith Award in 1988 for his poetic work, Viswambara. Ravuri Bharadhwaja won the 3rd Jnanpith Award for Telugu literature in 2013 for Paakudu Raallu, a graphic account of life behind the screen in film industry.[181] Kanyasulkam, the first social play in Telugu by Gurajada Appa Rao, was followed by the progressive movement, the free verse movement and the Digambara style of Telugu verse. Other modern Telugu novelists include Unnava Lakshminarayana (Maalapalli), Bulusu Venkateswarulu (Bharatiya Tatva Sastram), Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao and Buchi Babu.[citation needed]

Media edit

Main category: Telugu-language mass media

Telugu support on digital devices edit

Telugu input, display, and support were initially provided on the Microsoft Windows platform. Subsequently, various browsers, computer applications, operating systems, and user interfaces were localised in Telugu language for Windows and Linux platforms by vendors and free and open-source software volunteers. Telugu-capable smart phones were also introduced by vendors in 2013.[182]

See also edit

References edit

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Bibliography edit

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External links edit

April 09, 2024
telugu, language, telugu, telugu, pronunciation, eluɡu, dravidian, language, native, indian, states, andhra, pradesh, telangana, where, also, official, language, spoken, about, million, people, 2022, telugu, most, widely, spoken, member, dravidian, language, f. Telugu ˈ t ɛ l ʊ ɡ uː 7 త ల గ Telugu pronunciation ˈt eluɡu is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana where it is also the official language Spoken by about 96 million people 2022 8 Telugu is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family and one of the twenty two scheduled languages of the Republic of India 9 It is one of the few languages that has primary official status in more than one Indian state alongside Hindi and Bengali 10 Telugu is one of the six languages designated as a classical language by the Government of India It is the 14th most spoken native language in the world 11 Modern Standard Telugu is based on the dialect of erstwhile Krishna Guntur East and West Godavari districts of Coastal Andhra 12 13 14 Teluguత ల గ The word Telugu in Telugu scriptPronunciation ˈteluɡu Native toIndiaRegionAndhra Pradesh Telangana YanamEthnicityTelugu peopleNative speakersL1 83 million 2011 census 1 2 L2 13 million 2011 census 1 Language familyDravidian SouthSouth Central 3 Proto Telugu 4 Telugu languagesTeluguEarly formsOld Telugu Middle TeluguDialectssee Telugu languagesWriting systemTelugu scriptTelugu BrailleSigned formsSigned TeluguOfficial statusOfficial language inIndia Andhra Pradesh Telangana Yanam district Puducherry West Bengal additional 5 Recognised minoritylanguage inSouth Africa protected language 6 Language codesISO 639 1 span class plainlinks te span ISO 639 2 span class plainlinks tel span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code tel class extiw title iso639 3 tel tel a inclusive codeIndividual code a href https iso639 3 sil org code wbq class extiw title iso639 3 wbq wbq a Waddar Vadari Linguist ListGlottologtelu1262 Teluguoldt1249 Old TeluguLinguasphere49 DBA aaDark blue Telugu is spoken by a majority Light blue Telugu is spoken by a significant minority This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA PersonTeluguPeopleTeluguvaruLanguageTelugu Teluṅgu TenuṅguCountryTelugu NaḍuTelugu is also spoken in the states of Karnataka Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Orissa and the union territories of Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands It is also spoken by members of the Telugu diaspora spread across countries like United States Australia Malaysia Mauritius UAE Saudi Arabia and others 15 16 Telugu is the fastest growing language in the United States 17 It is also a protected language in South Africa and is offered as an optional third language in schools in KwaZulu Natal province 6 18 According to Mikhail S Andronov Proto Telugu split from the Proto South Central Dravidian language around 1000 BCE 19 20 The earliest Telugu inscription found so far is the Kalamalla inscription dating to 575 CE put up by Renati Chola king Erikal Mutturaju Dhanunjaya 21 Inscriptions in Old Telugu script were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar 22 Telugu was the court language of various dynasties of South India namely the Eastern Chalukyas Eastern Gangas Kakatiyas Vijayanagara Empire Qutb Shahis Madurai Nayaks Thanjavur Nayaks 27 Telugu was used officially as a language of bureaucracy outside its homeland even by non Telugu dynasties like the Thanjavur Marathas in Tamil Nadu 28 24 Telugu has an unbroken prolific and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years 29 30 Pavuluri Mallana s Sara Sangraha Ganitamu c 11th century is the first scientific treatise on mathematics in any Dravidian language 31 32 Avadhanaṃ a literary performance that requires immense memory power and an in depth knowledge of literature and prosody originated and was specially cultivated among Telugu poets for over five centuries 33 34 Roughly 10 000 pre colonial inscriptions exist in Telugu 35 In the precolonial era Telugu became the language of high culture across South India 40 Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era 39 Telugu also predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music and is widely taught in music colleges focusing on Carnatic tradition 43 Various non Telugu people over the centuries have remarked on the natural musicality of Telugu speech referring to it as a mellifluous and euphonious language 42 44 45 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Pre historic Telugu c 600 BCE 200 BCE 2 2 Earliest records 2 3 Post Ikshvaku period 2 4 Middle Ages 2 5 Vijayanagara Empire 2 6 Delhi Sultanate and Mughal influence 2 7 Colonial period 2 8 Post independence period 3 Geographic distribution 4 Legal status 5 Epigraphical records 6 Geographical influence 6 1 Telugu region boundaries 6 2 Telugu Place Names 7 Dialects 8 Phonology 8 1 Consonants 8 2 Vowels 8 2 1 Allophones 9 Grammar 9 1 Morphosyntax 9 1 1 Word order 9 1 2 Noun classes gender 9 2 Pronouns 9 2 1 Personal pronouns 9 2 2 Demonstratives 9 3 Case system 10 Lexicon 10 1 Prakruti and Vikruti 11 Sample text 11 1 English 11 2 Telugu 11 3 Romanisation ISO 15919 11 4 IPA 12 Writing system 12 1 Telugu Guṇintalu త ల గ గ ణ త ల 12 2 Number system 13 Literature 13 1 Ancient Telugu Writings Period 300 BC 500 CE 13 1 1 Amaravati Stupa 13 2 Early Medieval Telugu Writings Period 500 850 CE 13 2 1 Kallamalla Writing 575 CE 13 2 2 Indravarma Sasanam 13 2 3 Janashrayi Chhandovichiti 13 2 4 Vipparla and Lakshmipuram Writings 13 3 Telugu Jain Literature Period 850 1020 CE 13 3 1 Addanki Poem 13 3 2 Malliya Rechana 13 3 3 Adikavi Pampa 13 4 The Pre Nannaya Period before 1020 CE 13 5 The Age of the Puranas 1020 1400 CE 14 Media 14 1 Telugu support on digital devices 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 External linksEtymology edit nbsp nbsp Bhimeswaram nbsp Srisailam nbsp Kaleswaramclass notpageimage Locations of Trilinga Kshetras Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo 46 Older forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu 47 Tenugu is derived from the Proto Dravidian word ten south 48 to mean the people who lived in the south southern direction relative to Sanskrit and Prakrit speaking peoples The name Telugu then is a result of an n to l alternation established in Telugu 49 50 P Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu calling it the Trilinga Sabdanusasana or Trilinga Grammar 51 However most scholars note that Atharvana s grammar was titled Atharvana Karikavali 52 53 54 55 Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga Scholar C P Brown made a comment that it was a strange notion since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation 56 George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be the later Sanskritisation of it 57 58 If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of Trilinga 59 History editTelugu as a Dravidian language descends from Proto Dravidian a proto language Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto Dravidian was spoken around the fourth millennium BCE 60 61 According to the Russian linguist Mikhail S Andronov Proto Telugu split from the Proto South Central Dravidian language around 1000 BCE 19 61 20 Comparative linguistics confirms that Telugu belongs to the South Dravidian II aka South Central Dravidian sub group which also includes non literary languages like Gondi Kuvi Koya Pengo Konda and Manda 62 The linguistic history of Telugu is periodised as Proto Telugu 1000 BCE gt Pre historic Telugu c 600 BCE 200 BCE gt Old Telugu 200 BCE 1000 CE gt Middle Telugu 1000 CE 1600 CE gt Modern Telugu 1600 CE Now 63 Pre historic Telugu c 600 BCE 200 BCE edit Pre historic Telugu is identified with the period around 600 BCE or even earlier 64 65 There are competing explanations for the original homeland of Pre historic Telugu speakers with some identifying it with the ancient Krishna Godavari Basin and others with the border region of Telugu States and Chhattisgarh citation needed Pre historic Telugu based on analysing its linguistic features can rightly be called as one of the most conservative languages of the Dravidian family 66 67 One such feature is the presence of contrast in plural markers ḷ and nkkVḷ as a combination of nkk and Vḷ which was lost in the earliest versions of many other Dravidian languages 68 e g pu ḷ flowers a ḷ cows as being distinct from kolan kuḷ tanks i gaḷ houseflies etc The nominative markers were nḏu masc sg p1 aṁbu inanimate sg which continued to attest in the early inscriptions 69 The reconstructed personal pronouns are nan I oblique na nam amp em we 70 The early language displays higher phonemic retention Some of the characteristic phonemes include the Voiced retroflex approximant ḻ or ɻ and Voiced alveolar plosive ḏ or d The latter developed as Alveolar trill ṟ or r at different positions Both the alveolars d and r are evidenced as being distinct phonemes through the early epigraphic traces 71 72 Tenses were of the form past vs non past and the gender being masculine vs non masculine 73 There were three demonstratives in use a distant that i proximate this u Classical Telugu ulla intermediate yonder 74 Non palatalized initials are identified from the words like kesiri they did as found in inscriptions till 8th century CE 75 Words were mostly vowel ending while there were consonant endings with sonorants like y r m n l ḷ ḻ w Classical Telugu however has forms with an epenthetic u which vowelises the final and was widely distributed In Modern Telugu the epenthetic u after sonorants is sometimes deleted when it precedes a consonant initial slightly resembling the original situation Archaic place name suffixes are also identified some of them being puḻōl ur paḷḷiya paḷiyam paṟṟu konḏa puṇḍi paṭṭaṇa ṁbu paḻu paṟiti paka m etc 76 Apical displacement was under progress for a set of words 77 The conjunctive marker um possessed different structural applications 78 Earliest records edit One of the first words in the Telugu language nagabu was found on a granite pillar in the Amaravati Stupa 79 It is dated to 2nd century BCE and is probably the name of a stonemason Its structural and grammatical analysis played a key role in studying Indus script by Iravatham Mahadevan 79 80 81 Several personal names and place names traceable to Telugu roots are found in various Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions of 2nd and 1st centuries BCE 82 The Ghantasala Brahmin inscription 83 and the pillar inscription of Vijaya Satakarni Vijayapuri Nagarjunakonda etc belong to first century CE 84 85 Further Tummalagudem inscription of Vishnukundinas belongs to 5th century CE 86 84 Telugu place names in Prakrit inscriptions have been attested from 2nd century CE onwards 87 88 A number of Telugu words were found in the Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions of the Satavahana dynasty Vishnukundina dynasty and Andhra Ikshvakus 84 The coin legends of the Satavahanas in all areas and all periods used a Prakrit dialect without exception Some reverse coin legends are in Telugu 89 90 and Tamil languages 91 According to Telugu lore its grammar has a prehistoric past The Sage Kanva was said to be the language s first grammarian A Rajeswara Sarma discussed the historicity and content of Kanva s grammar He cited twenty grammatical aphorisms ascribed to Kanva and concluded that Kanva wrote an ancient Telugu Grammar which was lost 92 nbsp Telugu Talli Bomma statue of Mother Telugu the personification of Telugu language in Andhra PradeshPost Ikshvaku period edit Main article Early Telugu epigraphy The period from 4th century CE to 1022 CE corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history after the Andhra Ikshvaku period The first long inscription that is entirely in Telugu is dated to 575 CE in erstwhile Kadapa district and is attributed to the Renati Choda king Dhanunjaya 87 93 94 On top of one of the rock cut caves around the Keesaragutta temple 35 kilometres 22 mi from Hyderabad an early Telugu label inscription reading tolacuwanḍru త లచ వ డ ర meaning rock carvers or quarrymen can be noticed 95 96 On the basis of paleography the inscription is dated to Vishnukundina period of c 400 CE 97 98 It is the earliest known short Telugu inscription from the Telangana region 98 Cave inscriptions of Mahendra Pallava in Telugu were attested as belonging to the late 6th century in Tamil Nadu which mention the words aṁkkapasunṟu aṁkkapasumbu etc The nominative markers in these words played a key role in the study of the Indus script by Iravatham Mahadevan 99 From the seventh century complete Telugu inscriptions begin to appear in the neighbouring districts of Rayalaseema Prakasam and in the Palnadu region 100 10 Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE 101 102 The Madras Museum plates of Balliya Choda dated to the mid ninth century CE are the earliest copper plate grants in the Telugu language 103 Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit during this period which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature Telugu literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers and later in written works such as Nannayya s Mahabharatam 1022 CE 104 During the time of Nannayya the literary language diverged from the popular language It was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language citation needed Middle Ages edit The third phase is marked by further stylisation and sophistication of the literary languages During this period the split of the Telugu from Telugu Kannada alphabet took place 105 Tikkana wrote his works in this script citation needed Vijayanagara Empire edit The Vijayanagara Empire gained dominance from 1336 to the late 17th century reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century when Telugu literature experienced what is considered its Golden Age 104 Delhi Sultanate and Mughal influence edit A distinct dialect developed in present day Hyderabad region due to Persian Arabic influence the Delhi Sultanate of the Tughlaq dynasty was established earlier in the northern Deccan Plateau during the 14th century In the latter half of the 17th century the Mughal Empire extended further south culminating in the establishment of the Hyderabad State by the dynasty of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724 This heralded an era of Persian influence on the Telugu language especially Hyderabad State The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century as in the kaifiyats 104 In the princely Hyderabad State the Andhra Mahasabha was started in 1921 with the main intention of promoting Telugu language literature its books and historical research led by Madapati Hanumantha Rao the founder of the Andhra Mahasabha Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao Founder of Library Movement in Hyderabad State Suravaram Pratapa Reddy and others 106 Colonial period edit The 15th century Venetian explorer Niccolo de Conti who visited the Vijayanagara Empire found that the words in the Telugu language end with vowels just like those in Italian and hence referred to it as The Italian of the East 107 a saying that has been widely repeated 108 In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries the influence of the English language was seen and modern communication printing press arose as an effect of British rule especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by such scholars as Gidugu Venkata Ramamoorty Kandukuri Veeresalingam Gurajada Apparao Gidugu Sitapati and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao 104 Since the 1930s what was considered an elite literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies television radio and newspapers This form of the language is also taught in schools and colleges as a standard 109 Post independence period edit Telugu is one of the 22 languages with official status in India 110 The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act 1966 declares Telugu the official language of the state that is currently divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 111 112 It also has official language status in the Yanam district of the union territory of Puducherry It is the fourth most spoken Indian language in India after Hindi Bengali and Marathi 113 It is one of the six classical languages of India 114 115 Telugu Language Day is celebrated every year on 29 August the birthday of Telugu poet Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy 116 117 The fourth World Telugu Conference was organised in Tirupati in the last week of December 2012 Issues related to Telugu language policy were deliberated at length 118 119 The American Community Survey has said that data for 2016 which were released in September 2017 showed Telugu is the third most widely spoken Indian language in the US Hindi tops the list followed by Gujarati as of the 2010 census 120 121 In the Indian subcontinent a command over Telugu language alongside Sanskrit Tamil Meitei Oriya Persian or Arabic is highly appreciated and respected for learning dances most significantly Indian Classical Dances as dancers could have the tools of these languages to go into the primary material texts 122 Geographic distribution editMain article States of India by Telugu speakers nbsp Geographic distribution of Telugu immigrants in light blue Telugu is native to dark blue Telugu is natively spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry Telugu speakers are also found in the neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu Karnataka Maharashtra Odisha Chhattisgarh some parts of Jharkhand and the Kharagpur region of West Bengal in India Many Telugu immigrants are also found in the states of Gujarat Goa Bihar Kashmir Uttar Pradesh Punjab Haryana and Rajasthan At 7 2 of the population Telugu is the fourth most spoken native language in India after Hindi Bengali and Marathi In Karnataka 7 0 of the population speak Telugu and 5 6 in Tamil Nadu 123 There are more than 400 000 Telugu Americans in the United States 124 125 As of 2018 update Telugu is the fastest growing language in the United States especially in New Jersey and New York City with the number of Telugu speakers in the United States increasing by 86 between 2010 and 2017 126 Minority Telugus are also found in Australia New Zealand Bahrain Canada Fiji Malaysia Sri Lanka Singapore Mauritius Myanmar Europe Italy the United Kingdom South Africa Trinidad and Tobago and the United Arab Emirates 15 16 Legal status editTelugu is the official language of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana It is one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India It is one of the official languages of the union territories of Puducherry Telugu is a protected language in South Africa According to the Constitution of South Africa the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure respect for Telugu along with other languages 127 The Government of South Africa announced that Telugu will be re included as an official subject in the South African schools after it was removed from the curriculum in state schools 18 In addition with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the Government of India on 8 August 2008 Telugu was also given classical language status due to several campaigns 128 84 129 Epigraphical records editMain article Early Telugu epigraphyAccording to the famous Japanese historian Noboru Karashima who served as the president of the Epigraphical Society of India in 1985 there are approximately 10 000 inscriptions which exist in the Telugu language as of the year 1996 making it one of the most densely inscribed languages 35 Inscriptions in Old Telugu script were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar 37 Telugu inscriptions are found in all the districts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 97 100 130 131 They are also found in Karnataka Tamil Nadu Orissa and Chhattisgarh 132 131 133 134 According to recent estimates by ASI Archaeological Survey of India the number of inscriptions in the Telugu language goes up to 14 000 100 135 Adilabad Medak Karimnagar Nizamabad Ranga Reddy Hyderabad Mahbubnagar Anantapur Chittoor and Srikakulam produced only a handful of Telugu inscriptions in the Kakatiya era between 1135 CE and 1324 CE 136 137 Geographical influence editTelugu region boundaries edit Andhra is characterised as having its own mother tongue and its territory has been equated with the extent of the Telugu language The equivalence between the Telugu linguistic sphere and the geographical boundaries of Andhra is also brought out in an eleventh century description of Andhra boundaries Andhra according to this text was bounded in north by Mahendra mountain in the modern Ganjam district in Odisha and to the south by Srikalahasteeswara temple in Tirupati district citation needed However Andhra extended westwards as far as Srisailam in Nandyal district about halfway across the modern state 138 According to other sources in the early sixteenth century the northern boundary is Simhachalam and the southern limit is Tirumala of the Telugu Nation 139 140 141 142 143 144 Telugu Place Names edit Main article Place names in India Telugu place names are present all around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Common suffixes are ooru pudi padu peta pattanam wada gallu cherla seema gudem palle palem konda veedu valasa pakam paka prolu wolu waka ili kunta parru villi gadda kallu eru varam puram pedu and palli Examples that use this nomenclature are Nellore Tadepalligudem Guntur Chintalapudi Yerpedu Narasaraopeta Sattenapalle Visakapatnam Vizianagaram Ananthagiri Vijayawada Vuyyuru Macherla Poranki Ramagundam Warangal Mancherial Peddapalli Siddipet pithapuram Banswada and Miryalaguda Dialects edit nbsp Andhra Pradesh before bifurcation 1956 2014 Main article Telangana Bhasha There are four regional dialects in Telugu 145 Northern Telangana Southern Rayalaseema Central Coastal Andhra Eastern North AndhraColloquially Telangana Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra dialects are considered the three Telugu dialects and regions 146 Waddar Chenchu and Manna Dora are all closely related to Telugu 147 Other dialects of Telugu are Berad Dasari Dommara Golari Kamathi Komtao Konda Reddi Salewari Vadaga Srikakula Visakhapatnam East Godavari Rayalaseema Nellore Guntur Vadari Bangalore and Yanadi 148 Phonology editThe Roman transliteration used for transcribing the Telugu script is the National Library at Kolkata romanisation Telugu words generally end in vowels In Old Telugu this was absolute in the modern language m n y w may end a word Sanskrit loans have introduced aspirated and murmured consonants as well Telugu does not have contrastive stress and speakers vary on where they perceive stress Most place it on the penultimate or final syllable depending on word and vowel length 149 Consonants edit The table below lists the consonant phonemes of Telugu 150 151 along with the symbols used in the transliteration of the Telugu script used here where different from IPA Telugu consonants Labial Denti alveolar Retroflex Post alv Palatal Velar Glottalplain sibilantNasal m m n n ɳ ṇStop Affricate unaspirated p p t t t s ts ʈ ṭ t ʃ c k kvoiced b b d d d z dz ɖ ḍ d ʒ j ɡ gaspirated pʰ ph tʰ th ʈʰ ṭh t ʃʰ ch kʰ khbreathy voiced bʱ bh dʱ dh ɖʱ ḍh d ʒʱ jh ɡʱ ghFricative f f s s ʂ ṣ ʃ s h hApproximant ʋ v l l ɭ ḷ j yTap ɾ rThe aspirated and breathy voiced consonants occur mostly in Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords additionally tʰ is used to substitute 8 in English loans the only aspirate which occurs natively is dʱ which occurs only in a few compound numbers e g pɐddʱenimidi 18 likely a result of the proto Dravidian laryngeal H 152 there is also an unaspirated pɐddenimidi version which is used more commonly All of the fricatives except for native s also only occurs in loanwords 151 Perso Arabic phonemes like q x ɣ z are substituted with k kʰ ɡ d ʒ similar to Hindi 151 t s d z occurs only in native words and doesn t have aspirated breathy forms Native words with t ʃ d ʒ before non front vowels became t s d z the change became phonemised after loaning words with t ʃ d ʒ from other languages Intervocalically d z can become z e g rɐːzu d zoːli ɡudd zu 151 ʋ can be rounded to a b ʷ around rounded vowels 151 The common Proto Dravidian approximant ɻ merged with ɖ in Telugu while it was preserved as ɽ in the other Southern II branch languages 152 Many of the old ɳ and ɭ merged with n and l 152 The Telangana dialect might completely merge ɳ and ɭ with n and l citation needed Most consonants contrast in length in word medial position meaning that there are long geminated and short phonetic renderings of the sounds A few examples of words that contrast by length of word medial consonants 151 ɡɐdi gadi room ɡɐdːi gaddi throne ɐʈu aṭu that side ɐʈːu aṭṭu pancake moɡɐ moga male moɡːɐ mogga bud nɐmɐkɐmu namakamu a vedic hymn nɐmːɐkɐmu nammakamu belief kɐnu kanu to give birth to kɐnːu kannu eye kɐlɐ kala dream kɐlːɐ kalla falsehood mɐɾi mari again mɐɾːi marri banyan tree All retroflex consonants occur in intervocalic position and when adjacent to a retroflex consonant for instance ʋɐːɳiː vaṇi tippet kɐʈɳɐm kaṭṇam dowry pɐɳɖu paṇḍu fruit kɐɭɐ kaḷa art bɐːɭʈi baḷṭi bucket from Portuguese balde bucket With the exception of ɳ and ɭ all occur word initial in a few words such as ʈɐkːu ṭakku pretence ʈhiːʋi ṭhivi grandeur ɖipːɐ ḍippa half of a spherical object ɖɦoːkɐː ḍhōka danger and ʂoːku ṣōku fashionable appearance 151 The approximant j occurs in word initial position only in borrowed words such as jɐnɡu yangu from English young jɐʃɐsːu yasassu from Sanskrit yasas jɐʃɐs fame citation needed Vowels edit Vowels in Telugu contrast in length there are short and long versions of all vowels except for ae which only occurs as long Long vowels can occur in any position within the word but native Telugu words do not end in a long vowel Short vowels occur in all positions of a word with the exception of o which does not occur word finally 151 The vowels of Telugu are illustrated below along with the Telugu script and romanisation Vowels అచ చ ల acchulu Front Central BackClose i ఇ i iː ఈ i u ఉ u uː ఊ uMid e ఎ e eː ఏ e o ఒ o oː ఓ ōOpen a ɐ అ a aː ɐː ఆ aAllophones edit In most dialects the vowel aeː only occurs in loan words In the Guntur dialect aeː is a frequent allophone of aː in certain verbs in the past tense Telugu has two diphthongs ai ఐ ai and au ఔ au Roots alter according to whether the first vowel is tense or lax 153 need illustrations Also if the second vowel is open i e aː or a then the first vowel is more open and centralised e g mɛːka goat as opposed to meːku nail citation needed Telugu words also have vowels in inflectional suffixes that are harmonised with the vowels of the preceding syllable 154 Grammar editMain article Telugu grammar The traditional study of Telugu Grammar is known as vyakaraṇam వ య కరణ The first treatise on Telugu grammar the Andhra Sabda Cinṭamaṇi was written in Sanskrit by Nannayya considered the first Telugu poet and translator in the 12th century CE This grammar followed patterns described in grammatical treatises such as Aṣṭadhyayi and Valmikivyakaranam but unlike Paṇini Nannayya divided his work into five chapters covering samjna sandhi ajanta halanta and kriya In the 19th century Chinnaya Suri wrote a condensed work on Telugu grammar called Bala Vyakaraṇam borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya s grammar Morphosyntax edit Relations between participants in an event are coded in Telugu words through suffixation there are no prefixes or infixes in the language 150 There are six word classes in Telugu nominals proper nouns pronouns verbs actions or events modifiers adjectives quantifiers numerals adverbs modify the way in which actions or events unfold and clitics Telugu nouns are inflected for number singular plural noun class three classes traditionally termed masculine feminine and neuter and case nominative accusative genitive dative vocative instrumental and locative 155 Word order edit The basic word order in Telugu is subject object verb SOV 156 Noun classes gender edit As with other Dravidian languages gender in Telugu follows a semantic system 157 in the sense that it is mostly the meaning of the word which defines the noun class to which it belongs There are three noun classes masculine human males he gender feminine human females she gender and neuter all non humans it gender The gender of most nouns is encoded through agreement indexation in pronominal suffixes rather than overtly on the noun 150 annaolder brotherwacc in aḍucome past MASCanna wacc in aḍuolder brother come past MASCThe older brother came ammamotherwacc in adicome past FEMamma wacc in adimother come past FEMMother came In terms of the verbal agreement system genders in marking on the Telugu verb only occur in the third person 150 Third person Singular PluralMasculine tericina ḍutericina ḍuHe opened tericina rutericina ruThey openedFeminine tericina ditericina diShe opened tericina rutericina ruThey openedNeuter tericina ditericina diIt opened tericina yi tericina witericina yi tericina wiThey non human openedThe Telugu gender system is different from Dravidian languages like Tamil given that the Telugu feminine shares indexation morphemes with the masculine plural ru and with the neuter singular di What characterises the three gender system is then the individual behaviour of the singular plural pairs of suffixes 157 Gender Verbal suffixes singular plural Masculine ḍu ruFeminine di ruNeuter di yi wiPronouns edit Telugu pronouns include personal pronouns the persons speaking the persons spoken to or the persons or things spoken about indefinite pronouns relative pronouns connecting parts of sentences and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in which the object of a verb is acted on by the verb s subject Personal pronouns edit Telugu pronouns I న న nenuwe మన manaṃ మనమ manamuwe but not you మ మ memuyou singular న వ nivu న వ వ nuvvuyou plural మ ర mirushe ఆమ aamehe అతన atanuthey humans వ ళ ళ vaḷḷuit అద adithey non humans అవ aviIn informal Telugu personal pronouns distinguish masculine from non masculine 158 159 Demonstratives edit There is a wide variety of demonstrative pronouns in Telugu whose forms depend on both proximity to the speaker and the level of formality The formal demonstratives may also be used as formal personal pronoun that is the polite forms for this woman or this man and that woman or that man can also simply mean she and he in more formal contexts In the singular there are four levels of formality when speaking about males and females although the most formal polite form is the same for both human genders In both singular and plural Telugu distinguishes two levels of distance from speaker like in English basically this and that and these and those SingularProximal close to speaker this Distal far from speaker that Gender Formality Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine Neutervery informal idi viḍu idi adi vaḍu adiinformal ime itanu ame atanuformal iviḍa iyana aviḍa ayanavery formal viru varuIn the plural there are no distinctions between formality levels but once again masculine and feminine forms are the same while the neuter demonstratives are different PluralProximal close to speaker these Distal far from speaker those Feminine Masculine Neuter Feminine Masculine NeuterviỊỊu viru ivi vaỊỊu varu aviCase system edit The nominative case karta the object of a verb karma and the verb are somewhat in a sequence in Telugu sentence construction Vibhakti case of a noun and pratyayamulu an affix to roots and words forming derivatives and inflections depict the ancient nature and progression of the language The Vibhaktis of Telugu language డ ɖu మ mu వ vu ల lu etc are different from those in Sanskrit and have been in use for a long time Lexicon editMajority of the lexicon in Telugu is inherited from Proto Dravidian language a reconstructed hypothetical language of third millennium BCE 160 161 Telugu retained some of the most archaic words markers and morphemes of the Dravidian origin 162 163 It shares its cognates with its closest South Dravidian II languages like Gondi Kuwi and also with other Dravidian languages like Tamil Kannada etc The lexicon of Classical Telugu works shows a pervasive influence of Sanskrit there is also evidence suggesting an earlier influence even before Nannaya 164 During the period 1000 1100 CE Nannaya s re writing of the Mahabharata in Telugu మహ భ రతమ established the liberal borrowing of Sanskrit words 165 Literature in acca telugu or janu telugu by poets like Adibhatla Narayana Dasu Ponneganti Telagana etc emphasised the importance of native lexicon of Dravidian origin as opposed to the huge borrowings from Sanskrit and Prakrit 166 167 Spoken Telugu preserved most of its Dravidian lexicon intact in various colloquial dialects The vocabulary of Telugu especially in the city of Hyderabad has borrowings from Persian and Arabic through Urdu and directly languages These words have been modified to fit Telugu phonology This was due to Turkic rule in these regions such as the erstwhile kingdoms of Golkonda and Hyderabad e g కబ ర kaburu for Urdu xabar خبر or జవ బ dʒavaːbu for Urdu dʒawɑːb جواب Many words were borrowed from English language in the modern era and few from Portuguese during the colonial era Modern Telugu vocabulary can be said to constitute a diglossia because the formal standardised version of the language is either lexically Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit as taught in schools and used by the government and Hindu religious institutions However colloquial Telugu is less influenced by Sanskrit and varies depending upon region Prakruti and Vikruti edit Telugu has many Tatsama words They are called Prakruti which are equivalent to Sanskrit words The equivalent colloquial words are called Vikruti which means distorted However Prakruti is only used as a medium of instruction in educational institutions offices etc For example Prakruti Vikrutiఅగ న Agni fire అగ గ Aggiభ జన Bhojanam food బ న Bonamవ ద య Vidya education వ ద ద Vidhe వ ద ద య Vidhiyaర క షస Raakshasi evil రక కస Rakkasiశ న య Shoonya zero స న న Sunnaద ష ట Drishti sight ద ష ట Dishtiకన ష ట Kanishtam minimum కన స Kaneesamఅగరవర త Agaravarti inscent agara varthi scent wounded అగరవత త Agaravattiవ భ త Vibhoothi ash వ భ ధ Vibhudhiచనక Chanaka chick pea Chanakya is derived from the same root శనగ sanagaకవచ Kavacha protective shell గవచ Gavacha గవ వ Gavvaభ క ష Bhiksham alms బ చ చ Bichamద వ త య Dvitiya second వ ద య Vidiyaత త య Trutiya third తద య Thadhiyaజ గ రత Jaagrata alert జ గ రత త Jaagrattaవ మత Vamati vomit వ త Vanthiస వ త Swantha own స త Sontaఅటవ Atavi forest అడవ Adaviత వర Twara fast త రగ Toragaరక తమ Rakthamu blood రగతమ RagathamuSample text editThe given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 168 English edit All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood Telugu edit ప రత పత త స వత వమ ల వ షయమ న మ నవ ల ల లర న జన మత స వత త ర ల న సమ న ల న నగ ద ర వ ర వ వ చన అ త కరణ స పన న లగ టచ పరస పరమ భ ర త భ వమ త వర త పవలయ న Romanisation ISO 15919 edit Pratipattisvatvamula viṣayamuna manavulellarunu janmataḥ svatantrulunu samanulunu naguduru Varu vivecana antaḥkaraṇa sampannulaguṭace parasparamu bhratr bhavamutō vartimpavalayunu IPA edit pɾɐt ipɐt t isʋɐt ʋɐmulɐ viʂɐjɐmun ɐ maːn ɐʋulellaɾun u d ʒɐn mɐt ɐhɐ sʋɐt ɐn t ɾulun u sɐmaːn ulun u n ɐɡud uɾu ǁ ʋaːɾu ʋiʋeːt ʃɐn ɐ ɐn t ɐkkɐɾɐɳɐ sɐmpɐn n ulɐɡuʈɐt ʃeː pɐɾɐspɐɾɐmu bʱɾaːt ɾubʱaːʋɐmut oː ʋɐɾt impɐʋɐlɐjun u ǁ Writing system editConsonants హల ల ల hallulu క ka ka ఖ kha kʰa గ ga ɡa ఘ gha ɡʱa ఙ ṅa ŋa చ ca t ʃa ఛ cha t ʃʰa జ ja d ʒa ఝ jha d ʒʱa ఞ na ɲa ట ṭa ʈa ఠ ṭha ʈʰa డ ḍa ɖa ఢ ḍha ɖʱa ణ ṇa ɳa త ta ta థ tha tʰa ద da da ధ dha dʱa న na na ప pa pa ఫ pha pʰa బ ba ba భ bha bʱa మ ma ma య ya ja ర ra ɾa ల la la వ va ʋa ళ ḷa ɭa శ sa ʃa ష ṣa ʂa స sa sa హ ha ha Main articles Telugu script and Telugu Braille The Telugu script is an abugida consisting of 60 symbols 16 vowels 3 vowel modifiers and 41 consonants Telugu has a complete set of letters that follow a system to express sounds The script is derived from the Brahmi script like those of many other Indian languages 169 170 The Telugu script is written from left to right and consists of sequences of simple and complex characters The script is syllabic in nature the basic units of writing are syllables Since the number of possible syllables is very large syllables are composed of more basic units such as vowels acchu or swaram and consonants hallu or vyanjanam Consonants in consonant clusters take shapes that are very different from the shapes they take elsewhere Consonants are presumed pure consonants that is without any vowel sound in them However it is traditional to write and read consonants with an implied a vowel sound When consonants combine with other vowel signs the vowel part is indicated orthographically using signs known as vowel matras The shapes of vowel matras are also very different from the shapes of the corresponding vowels Historically a sentence used to end with either a single bar purna viramam or a double bar dirgha viramam in handwriting Telugu words were not separated by spaces However in modern times English punctuation commas semicolon etc has virtually replaced the old method of punctuation 171 Telugu has full zero anusvara or sunna half zero arthanusvara or candrabindu or ara sunna and visarga to convey various shades of nasal sounds la and La ra and Ra are differentiated 171 Telugu has ĉ t s and ĵ d z which are not represented in Sanskrit nbsp Wall painting at a shop in India It first shows the painted party symbols of all the major political parties in the region during the nationwide elections in India in 2014 It also has a Telugu inscription showing availability of political flags banners caps badges and other election material Telugu Guṇintalu త ల గ గ ణ త ల edit These are some examples of combining a consonant with different vowels క క క క క క క క క క క క క క క క క ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ ఖ Number system edit Telugu has ten digits employed with the Hindu Arabic numeral system However in modern usage the Arabic numerals have replaced them 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯sunna okaṭi renḍu muḍu nalugu aidu aru eḍu enimidi tommidiTelugu is assigned Unicode codepoints 0C00 0C7F 3072 3199 172 Telugu 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU 0C0x అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ఌ ఎ ఏU 0C1x ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ టU 0C2x ఠ డ ఢ ణ త థ ద ధ న ప ఫ బ భ మ యU 0C3x ర ఱ ల ళ ఴ వ శ ష స హ ఽ U 0C4x U 0C5x ౘ ౙ ౚ U 0C6x ౠ ౡ ౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯U 0C7x Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 1 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code pointsLiterature editMain article Telugu literature Ancient Telugu Writings Period 300 BC 500 CE edit Amaravati Stupa edit Amaravati Stupa is a ruined Buddhist stupa at the village of Amaravathi Palnadu district Andhra Pradesh India probably built in phases between the third century BCE and about 250 CE The word nagabu was one of the first Telugu words that was written on the Amaravati Stupa citation needed nbsp A depiction of the Amaravati Stupa nbsp Ancient Telugu Writing displayed at Telugu MuseumEarly Medieval Telugu Writings Period 500 850 CE edit These writings were mostly written by the Vishnukudinas Telugu Chodas and the Chalukyas citation needed Kallamalla Writing 575 CE edit This is the first writing entirely written in Telugu It was written by Renati Choda king Dhanunjaya in 575 CE It was found on the premises of Chennakesava Siddeshwara temple at Kalamalla village in Yerraguntla Mandal of the district citation needed Indravarma Sasanam edit This was a writing written by Indra Varma in the 6th century Indra Varma was a Vishnukudina king in the 6th century citation needed nbsp Old Telugu Script Vishnukundina Indra Varma Sasanam 6th centuryJanashrayi Chhandovichiti edit The 6th or 7th century Sanskrit text Janashrayi Chhandovichiti or Janasraya chandas deals with the metres used in Telugu including some metres that are not found in Sanskrit prosody This indicates that Telugu poetry existed during or around the 6th century 173 Vipparla and Lakshmipuram Writings edit Vipparla Inscription of Jayasimha I and the Lakshmipuram inscription of the Mangi yuvaraja were the earliest Telugu inscriptions of Eastern chalukyas found in the 7th century AD citation needed Telugu Jain Literature Period 850 1020 CE edit During this period many Jain authors wrote many Jain texts in Telugu especially from Vemulavada citation needed Addanki Poem edit Addanki inscription also known as the Pandaranga inscription belongs to the 9th century CE excavated near the Thousand Pillar Temple of Addanki It is testimony to a flourishing Telugu literature much before the available literary texts Locals believe that this is the first poem ever to be written in Telugu also called the first Padya Sasanam Poetic inscription with dvipada with Yati and Prasa style taruvoja Staying with the Boya campaign Pandaranga got victories in all military campaigns of his master Gunaga Vijayaditya III The inscription spoke about the donation of land by the king to him for his successful military exploits citation needed Malliya Rechana edit Malliya Rechana composed the first Telugu poetic prosody book Kavijanasrayam pre Nannayya chandassu This was a popular one and referred by many poets There seems to be even an earlier prosody book by Rechana s guru Vaadindra Chudamani which is not available 174 175 176 Veturi Prabhakara Sastry in 1900s mentioned the existence of Pre Nannayya Chandassu in Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisheka Sanchika 176 Accurate dating of this piece of literature happened after the 1980s discoveries in Karimnagar 177 unreliable source 151 178 Rechana s work is variously dated from 940 CE to 12th and 13th century Most scholars date him to post Nannaya period citation needed Adikavi Pampa edit Adikavi Pampa had written a Telugu work named Jinendra Puranam a Jain work written in 941 CE citation needed The Pre Nannaya Period before 1020 CE edit In the earliest period Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions precisely from 575 CE onward Metrically composed Telugu inscriptions and those with ornamental or literary prose appear from 630 CE 101 102 Most scholars posit that Telugu literature existed prior to Nannaya 11th century the first known Telugu poet 100 16 T Vijay Kumar notes Since no literary texts in Telugu pre dating 1020 C E have so far actually been discovered the existence of any pre Nannaya literature remains a matter of speculation and debate 102 The Age of the Puranas 1020 1400 CE edit This is the period of Kavitrayam or Trinity of Poets Nannayya Tikkana and Yerrapragada or Errana are known as the Kavitrayam citation needed Nannaya s Telugu నన నయ Andhra Mahabharatam written in early 11th century is commonly referred to as the first Telugu literary composition Aadi Kavyam 102 Although there is evidence of Telugu literature before Nannaya he is given the epithet Aadi Kavi the first poet Nannaya Bhattu acknowledged the help extended to him by his friend Narayana Bhattu in his composition in fields like making choices of grammatical forms metres form of the book etc and compares it to that extended to Arjuna by God Sri Krishna in the Bharata war Nannaya was the first to establish a formal grammar of written Telugu This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical treatises like Aṣṭadhyayi and Valmikivyakaranam but unlike Paṇini Nannayya divided his work into five chapters covering samjna sandhi ajanta halanta and kriya 14 Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the Mahabharata epic which is rendered in the Champu style citation needed Tikkana Somayaji 1205 1288 CE Nannaya s Andhra Mahabharatam was almost completed by Tikanna Somayaji Telugu త క కన స మయ జ 1205 1288 who wrote chapters 4 to 18 citation needed Yerrapragada Telugu ఎర ర ప రగడ who lived in the 14th century finished the epic by completing the third chapter He mimics Nannaya s style in the beginning slowly changes tempo and finishes the chapter in the writing style of Tikkana These three writers Nannaya Tikanna and Yerrapragada are known as the Kavitraya three great poets of Telugu Other such translations like Marana s Markandeya Puranam Ketana s Dasakumara Charita Yerrapragada s Harivamsam followed Many scientific works like Ganitasarasangrahamu by Pavuluri Mallana and Prakirnaganitamu by Eluganti Peddana were written in the 12th century relevant citation needed Sumati Satakam which is a neeti moral is one of the most famous Telugu Satakams citation needed Satakam is composed of more than a 100 padyalu poems According to many literary critics who Sumati Satakam was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu Telugu బద ద న భ ప ల CE 1220 1280 He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala He was a Chola prince and a vassal under the Kakatiya empress Rani Rudrama Devi and a pupil of Tikkana citation needed If we assume that the Sumati Satakam was indeed written by Baddena it would rank as one of the earliest Satakams in Telugu along with the Vrushadhipa Satakam of Palkuriki Somanatha and the Sarveswara Satakam of Yathavakkula Annamayya original research The Sumatee Satakam is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language as C P Brown rendered it in English in the 1840s citation needed Palkuriki Somanatha Important among his Telugu language writings are the Basava Purana Panditaradhya charitra Malamadevipuranamu and Somanatha Stava in dwipada metre couplets Anubhavasara Chennamallu Sisamalu Vrushadhipa Sataka and Cheturvedasara in verses Basavodharana in verses and ragale metre rhymed couplets in blank verse and the Basavaragada citation needed Gona Budda Reddy His Ranganatha Ramayanam was a pioneering work in the Telugu language on the theme of the Ramayana epic Most scholars believe he wrote it between 1300 and 1310 A D possibly with help from his family The work has become part of cultural life in Andhra Pradesh and is used in puppet shows citation needed In the Telugu literature Tikkana was given agraasana top position by many famous critics citation needed Paravastu Chinnayya Soori 1807 1861 is a well known Telugu writer who dedicated his entire life to the progress and promotion of Telugu language and literature Sri Chinnayasoori wrote the Bala Vyakaranam in a new style after doing extensive research on Telugu grammar Other well known writings by Chinnayasoori are Neethichandrika Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu Andhra Dhatumoola and Neeti Sangrahamu citation needed Kandukuri Veeresalingam 1848 1919 is generally considered the father of modern Telugu literature 179 His novel Rajasekhara Charitamu was inspired by the Vicar of Wakefield His work marked the beginning of a dynamic of socially conscious Telugu literature and its transition to the modern period which is also part of the wider literary renaissance that took place in Indian culture during this period Other prominent literary figures from this period are Gurajada Appa Rao Viswanatha Satyanarayana Gurram Jashuva Rayaprolu Subba Rao Devulapalli Krishnasastri and Srirangam Srinivasa Rao popularly known as Mahakavi Sri Sri Sri Sri was instrumental in popularising free verse in spoken Telugu vaaduka bhasha as opposed to the pure form of written Telugu used by several poets in his time Devulapalli Krishnasastri is often referred to as the Shelley of Telugu literature because of his pioneering works in Telugu Romantic poetry citation needed Viswanatha Satyanarayana won India s national literary honour the Jnanpith Award for his magnum opus Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu 180 C Narayana Reddy won the Jnanpith Award in 1988 for his poetic work Viswambara Ravuri Bharadhwaja won the 3rd Jnanpith Award for Telugu literature in 2013 for Paakudu Raallu a graphic account of life behind the screen in film industry 181 Kanyasulkam the first social play in Telugu by Gurajada Appa Rao was followed by the progressive movement the free verse movement and the Digambara style of Telugu verse Other modern Telugu novelists include Unnava Lakshminarayana Maalapalli Bulusu Venkateswarulu Bharatiya Tatva Sastram Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao and Buchi Babu citation needed Media editMain category Telugu language mass media Telugu support on digital devices edit Telugu input display and support were initially provided on the Microsoft Windows platform Subsequently various browsers computer applications operating systems and user interfaces were localised in Telugu language for Windows and Linux platforms by vendors and free and open source software volunteers Telugu capable smart phones were also introduced by vendors in 2013 182 See also editTelugu grammar Telugu people Telugu states Telugu years List of languages by number of native speakers in India List of Telugu language newspapers List of Telugu language television channels States of India by Telugu speakers Telugu language policyReferences edit a b Telugu language at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Statement 1 Abstract of speakers strength of languages and mother tongues 2011 censusindia gov in Office of the Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Archived from the original on 16 July 2019 Retrieved 7 July 2018 Zvelebil 1990 p 57 sfnp error no target 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Character 1862 Internet Archive edition Gwynn J P L John Peter Lucius A Telugu English Dictionary Delhi New York Oxford University Press 1991 online edition Archived 26 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Uwe Gustafsson An Adiwasi Oriya Telugu English dictionary Central Institute of Indian Languages Dictionary Series 6 Mysore Central Institute of Indian Language 1989 Rao Velcheru Narayana Shulman David 2002 Classical Telugu Poetry An Anthology University of California Press archived from the original on 5 September 2022 retrieved 13 October 2022 Calla Radhakr ṣṇasarma Landmarks in Telugu Literature A Short Survey of Telugu Literature 1975 Sinopoli Carla M 2001 On the edge of empire form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty Empires Perspectives from Archaeology and History Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521770200 Wilkinson Robert W 1974 Tense lax vowel harmony in Telugu The influence of derived contrast on rule application Linguistic Inquiry 5 2 251 270 External links editTelugu language at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Phrasebook from Wikivoyage nbsp Telugu edition of Wikipedia Telugu language at Curlie Telugu language at Encyclopaedia Britannica Dictionary of mixed Telugu By Charles Philip Brown Origins of Telugu Script Portals nbsp Languages nbsp India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Telugu language amp oldid 1218039623, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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