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Haryana

January 16, 2023

For the Bollywood film, see Haryana (film).

Haryana (/hʌriˈɑːnə/; Hindi: [ɦəɾɪˈjɑːɳɑː]) is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 Nov 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with less than 1.4% (44,212 km2 or 17,070 sq mi) of India's land area.[1][5] The state capital is Chandigarh, which it shares with the neighboring state of Punjab, and the most populous city is Faridabad, which is a part of the National Capital Region. The city of Gurugram is among India's largest financial and technology hubs.[6] Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and towns, 7,356 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats.[5][7]

Haryana
State
From top, left to right: Cyber City, Gurugram, Pinjore Gardens, bronze chariot of Krishna and Arjuna at Kurukshetra, Asigarh Fort, Ghaggar river, Lake in Surajkund.
Seal
Location of Haryana in India
Coordinates (Chandigarh): 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73°N 76.78°E / 30.73; 76.78Coordinates: 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.73°N 76.78°E / 30.73; 76.78
Country India
Statehood1 November 1966
CapitalChandigarh†
Largest cityFaridabad
Smart citiesKarnal and Faridabad
Districts22
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Haryana
 • GovernorBandaru Dattatreya
 • Chief MinisterManohar Lal Khattar (BJP)
 • LegislatureUnicameral
(90 seats)
 • Parliamentary constituencyRajya Sabha (5 seats)
Lok Sabha (10 seats)
 • High CourtPunjab and Haryana High Court
Area
[1]
 • Total44,212 km2 (17,070 sq mi)
 • Rank21st
Population
 (2011)
 • Total25,351,462
 • Rank18th
 • Density573/km2 (1,480/sq mi)
  • Rank10
DemonymHaryanvi
Languages
 • OfficialHindi
 • Additional official
 • Regional
GSDP (2020–21)
[2]
 • Total₹7.65 trillion (US$96 billion)
 • Per capita₹239,535 (US$3,000)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-HR
Vehicle registrationHR-xx
HDI (2019) 0.708 [3] (High)
HDI rank12th
Sex ratio (2021)926 ♀/1000 ♂[4]
Literacy83.78%
Websiteharyana.gov.in
Symbols of Haryana
EmblemEmblem of Haryana
Mammal
Black buck
Bird
Black francolin
Flower
Lotus
Tree
Peepal
^† Joint Capital with Punjab
†† Common for Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.

Haryana contains 32 special economic zones (SEZs), mainly located within the industrial corridor projects connecting the National Capital Region.[5][8] Gurgaon is considered one of the major information technology and automobile hubs of India.[9][10] Haryana ranks 11th among Indian states in human development index.[3] The economy of Haryana is the 13th largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹7.65 trillion (US$96 billion) and has the country's 5th-highest GSDP per capita of ₹240,000 (US$3,000).[2]

The state is rich in history, monuments, heritage, flora and fauna and tourism, with a well-developed economy, national highways and state roads. It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, by Rajasthan to the west and south, while river Yamuna forms its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh. Haryana surrounds the country's capital territory of Delhi on three sides (north, west and south), consequently, a large area of Haryana state is included in the economically important National Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and development.

Etymology

Anthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was known by this name because in the post-Mahabharata period, the Abhiras live here,[11] who developed special skills in the art of agriculture.[12] According to Pran Nath Chopra, Haryana got its name from Abhirayana-Ahirayana-Hirayana-Haryana.[13]

History

Main articles: History of Haryana, National monuments in Haryana, and State monuments in Haryana

Ancient period

Main articles: Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization
 
A skeleton from Rakhigarhi, claimed to possibly be "the largest" Indus Valley civilisation site and dated at over 9,000 years old.[14] The skeleton is on display in the National Museum.
 
Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra, which is a war described in the Indian epic poem Mahābhārata. The conflict arose from a dynastic succession struggle between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and Pandavas, for the throne of Hastinapura in an Indian kingdom called Kuru.

The villages of Rakhigarhi in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are home to the largest and one of the world's oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization sites, dated at over 9,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, a drainage system, a large-scale rainwater collection storage system, terracotta brick and statue production, and skilled metalworking (in both bronze and precious metals) have been uncovered. According to archaeologists, Rakhigarhi may be the origin of the Harappan civilisation, which arose in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and gradually and slowly moved to the Indus Valley.[15]

During the Vedic era, Haryana was the site of the Kuru Kingdom, one of India's great Mahajanapadas. The south of Haryana is the claimed location of Manu's state of Brahmavarta.[16][better source needed] The area surrounding Dhosi Hill, and districts of Rewari and Mahendragarh had Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures like Vedas, Upanishads, Manusmriti, Brahmanas and Puranas.[17] As per Manusmriti,[18] Manu was the king of Brahmavarta, the flood time state 10,000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan-Vedic or present-day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed.

Medieval period

Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli, Bhiwani (Ranila, Charkhi Dadri and Badhra), Dadri, Gurgaon (Gurugram ), Hansi, Hisar, Kasan, Nahad, Narnaul, Pehowa, Rewari, Rohad, Rohtak (Asthal Bohar) and Sonepat in Haryana.[19]

 
Harsha Ka Tila mound west of Sheikh Chilli's Tomb complex, with ruins from the reign of 7th-century ruler Harsha.

Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled parts of northern India in the 7th century with its capital at Thanesar. Harsha was a prominent king of the dynasty. Tomara dynasty ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century. Anangpal Tomar was a prominent king among the Tomaras.[20]

After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398, Timur attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa, Fatehabad, Sunam, Kaithal and Panipat. When he reached the town of Sarsuti (Sirsa), the residents fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur's troops, with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops. From there he travelled to Fatehabad, whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred. The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated, with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes. From there he travelled to Tohana, whose Jat inhabitants were robbers according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. They tried to resist but were defeated and fled. Timur's army pursued and killed 200 Jats, while taking many more as prisoners. He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2,000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered. Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered, destroying all villages along the way. On the next day, he came to Assandh, whose residents were "fire-worshippers" according to Yazdi, and had fled to Delhi. Next, he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled. He then marched on to Loni fort.[21][22]

 
Portrait of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, who fought and won across North India from the Punjab to Bengal, winning 22 straight battles.[23]

Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, claimed royal status and the throne of Delhi after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the Battle of Delhi, and assumed the ancient title of Vikramaditya. The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India. Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India. In the First Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the Lodis. In the Second Battle of Panipat (1556), Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi, who belonged to Rewari. Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India from 1553 to 1556 from Punjab to Bengal, defeating the Mughals and Afghans. Hemu had defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. In the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.[24]

British Period

 
Map of British Punjab province; Haryana formed the southeastern areas of the province

The state was part of the British Punjab province. The Delhi division of Punjab province formed the bulk of Haryana. Among the princely states that were located in the state were Jind, Kalsia, Loharu, Dujana and Pataudi, as well as parts of the Patiala State.

Partition and aftermath

During the Partition of India, the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces, alongside Bengal, to be partitioned between India and Pakistan. Haryana, along with other Hindu and Sikh dominated areas of Punjab province, became part of India as East Punjab state. As a result, a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country of Pakistan. Similarly, a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state from West Punjab. Gopi Chand Bhargava, who hailed from Sirsa in present-day Haryana, became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab.

Formation of Haryana

Main article: Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966

Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act (1966). The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people. The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then-districts of Hisar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district – along with Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri – were to be included.[25]

The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharar, which includes Chandigarh, the state capital of Punjab, should be a part of Haryana. However, Kharar was given to Punjab.[26] The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory, serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.[27]

Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first Chief Minister of Haryana.[28]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19014,623,064—    
19114,174,677−1.02%
19214,255,892+0.19%
19314,559,917+0.69%
19415,272,829+1.46%
19515,673,597+0.74%
19617,590,524+2.95%
197110,036,431+2.83%
198112,922,119+2.56%
199116,463,648+2.45%
200121,144,564+2.53%
201125,351,462+1.83%
source:[29]
See also: List of people from Haryana

Religion

Religion in Haryana (2011)[30]

  Hinduism (87.46%)
  Islam (7.03%)
  Sikhism (4.91%)
  Jainism (0.21%)
  Christianity (0.20%)
  Buddhism (0.03%)
  Others (0.18%)

According to the 2011 census, of the total population of 25,351,462 in Haryana, Hindus (87.46%) constitute the majority of the state's population with Muslims (7.03%) (mainly Meos) and Sikhs (4.91%) being the largest minorities.[30]

Muslims are mainly found in the Nuh district. Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after Punjab, and they mostly live in the districts adjoining Punjab, such as Sirsa, Jind, Fatehabad, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Ambala and Panchkula.[31][32]

Languages

The official language of Haryana is Hindi.[33] Several regional languages or dialects, often subsumed under Hindi, are spoken in the state. Predominant among them is Haryanvi (also known as Bangru), whose territory encompasses the central and eastern portions of Haryana. Hindustani is spoken in the northeast, Bagri in the west, Deshwali in the East and Ahirwati, Mewati and Braj Bhasha in the south.[34]

There are also significant numbers of speakers of Urdu and Punjabi, the latter of which was recognised as the second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes in 2010.[33][35] After the state's formation, Telugu was made the state's "second language" – to be taught in schools – but it was not the "second official language" for official communication. Due to a lack of students, the language ultimately stopped being taught.[36] Tamil was made the second language in 1969 by Bansi Lal to show the state's differences with Punjab although there were no Tamil speakers in Haryana at the time.[37] In 2010, due to the lack of Tamil speakers, the language was removed from its status.[37]

There are also some speakers of several major regional languages of neighbouring states or other parts of the subcontinent, like Bengali, Bhojpuri, Marwari, Mewari, and Nepali,[38] as well as smaller communities of speakers of languages that are dispersed across larger regions, like Bauria, Bazigar, Gujari, Gade Lohar, Oadki, and Sansi.[39]

Culture

Music

Main article: Music of Haryana

Haryana has its own unique traditional folk music, folk dances, saang (folk theatre),[40] cinema,[41] belief system such as Jathera (ancestral worship),[42][43] and arts such as Phulkari and Shisha embroidery.[43]

Folk dances

Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying the cultural needs of primarily agrarian and martial natures of Haryanavi tribes.[44]

Haryanvi musical folk theatre's main types are Saang, Rasa lila and Ragini. The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised by Lakhmi Chand.[44]

Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three popular categories of dance are festive-seasonal, devotional, and ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs are Gogaji/Gugga, Holi, Phaag, Sawan, Teej. The devotional dances and songs are Chaupaiya, Holi, Manjira, Ras Leela, Raginis). The ceremonial-recreational dances and songs are of following types: legendary bravery (Kissa and Ragini of male warriors and female Satis), love and romance (Been and its variant Nāginī dance, and Ragini), ceremonial (Dhamal Dance, Ghoomar, Jhoomar (male), Khoria, Loor, and Ragini).[42]

Folk music and songs

Haryanvi folk music is based on day-to-day themes and injecting earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs.[42] Haryanvi music takes two main forms: "Classical folk music" and "Desi Folk music" (Country Music of Haryana),[45] and sung in the form of ballads and love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of the parting of lovers.[44][45][46]

Classical Haryanvi folk music

Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on Indian classical music.[45] Hindustani classical ragas, learnt in gharana parampara of guru–shishya tradition, are used to sing songs of heroic bravery (such as Alha-Khand (1163–1202 CE) about the bravery of Alha and Udal, Jaimal and Patta of Maharana Udai Singh II), Brahmas worship and festive seasonal songs (such as Teej, Holi and Phaag songs of Phalgun month near Holi).[45][46] Bravery songs are sung in high pitch.[44]

Desi Haryanvi folk music

Desi Haryanvi folk music, is a form of Haryanvi music, based on Raag Bhairvi, Raag Bhairav, Raag Kafi, Raag Jaijaivanti, Raag Jhinjhoti and Raag Pahadi and used for celebrating community bonhomie to sing seasonal songs, ballads, ceremonial songs (wedding, etc.) and related religious legendary tales such as Puran Bhagat.[45][46] Relationship and songs celebrating love and life are sung in medium pitch. Ceremonial and religious songs are sung in low pitch.[44] Young girls and women usually sing entertaining and fast seasonal, love, relationship and friendship-related songs such as Phagan (song for eponymous season/month), Katak (songs for the eponymous season/month), Samman (songs for the eponymous season/month), bande-bandi (male-female duet songs), sathne (songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among female friends).[44] Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet (auspicious songs) and ceremonial songs such as Bhajan, Bhat (wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother), Sagai, Ban (Hindu wedding ritual where pre-wedding festivities starts), Kuan-Poojan (a custom that is performed to welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water), Sanjhi and Holi festival.[44]

Socially normative-cohesive impact

Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a way of lessening societal differences as folk singers are highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for events, ceremonies and special occasions regardless of their caste or status. These inter-caste songs are fluid in nature, and never personalised for any specific caste, and they are sung collectively by women from different strata, castes, and dialects. These songs transform fluidly in dialect, style, words, etc. This adoptive style can be seen in the adoption of tunes of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs. Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature, Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above.[44]

With the coming up of a strongly socio-economic metropolitan culture in the emergence of urban Gurgaon (Gurugram) Haryana is also witnessing community participation in public arts and city beautification. Several landmarks across Gurgaon are decorated with public murals and graffiti with cultural cohesive ideologies and stand the testimony of a lived sentiment in Haryana folk.[47]

Cuisine

See also: Cuisine of Haryana

As per a survey, 13% of males and 7.8% of females of Haryana are non-vegetarian.[48] The regional cuisine features the staples of roti, saag, vegetarian sabzi and milk products such as ghee, milk, lassi and kheer.[49]

Society

Haryanvi people have a concept of inclusive society involving the "36 Jātis" or communities. Castes such as Jat, Rajput, Gurjar, Saini, Pasi, Ahirs, Ror, Mev, Charan, Bishnoi, Harijan, Aggarwal, Brahmin, Khatri and Tyagi are some of the notable of these 36 Jātis.[50][51]

Geography

 
A mustard field in Haryana, near the state capital of Chandigarh

Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is between 27°39' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude.[52] The total geographical area of the state is 4.42 m ha, which is 1.4% of the geographical area of the country.[53] The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level.[54] Haryana has only 4% (compared with national 21.85%) area under forests.[5] Karoh Peak, a 1,467-metre (4,813 ft) tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district, is the highest point in Haryana.[55][56][57][58] Most of the state sits atop the fertile Punjab Plain, a subsection of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Haryana[59] has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border – Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh.

Plains and mountains

Haryana has four main geographical features.[60]

  • The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state is also called Delhi doab consists of Sutlej-Ghaggar doab (between Sutlej in the north of Punjab and the Ghaggar river flowing through northern Haryana), Ghaggar-Hakra doab (between Ghaggar river and Hakra or Drishadvati river which is the paleochannel of the holy Saraswati River) and Hakra-Yamuna doab (between Hakra river and Yamuna).
  • The Lower Shivalik Hills to the northeast in foothills of Himalaya
  • The Bagar tract semi-desert dry sandy plain to the south-west. See also: Bangar and Khadir.
  • The Aravali Range's northernmost low rise isolated non-continuous outcrops in the south

Hydrography

 
Yamuna river near the Haryana Border

The Yamuna, a tributary of the Ganges, flows along the state's eastern boundary.[61]

Northern Haryana has several northeast to west flowing rivers originating from the Sivalik Hills of Himalayas, such as Ghaggar-Hakra (palaeochannel of vedic Sarasvati river),[62] Chautang (paleochannel of vedic Drishadvati river, tributary of the Ghagghar),[63][64] Tangri river (tributary of the Ghagghar),[63][64] Kaushalya river (tributary of the Ghagghar),[65] Markanda River (tributary of Ghagghar),[63][64] Sarsuti,[63][64] Dangri,[63][64] Somb river.[66] Haryana's main seasonal river, the Ghaggar-Hakra, known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage,[62] rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district, passes through Ambala and Sirsa, it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km (290 mi) before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan.[67] The seasonal Markanda River, known as the Aruna in ancient times, originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala, and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power, carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar.[67]

Southern Haryana has several south-west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the Aravalli Range in and around the hills in Mewat region, including Sahibi River[68][69][70][71] (called Najafgarh drain in Delhi),[72][73][74][75][76] Dohan river (tributary of Sahibi, originates at Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district),[69][71] Krishnavati river (former tributary of Sahibi river, originates near Dariba and disappears in Mahendragarh district much before reaching Sahibi river)[69][71] and Indori river (longest tributary of Sahibi River, originates in Sikar district of Rajasthan and flows to Rewari district of Haryana), these once were tributaries of the Drishadwati/Saraswati river.[77][78][79]

Major canals are Western Yamuna Canal,[80][81][82] Sutlej Yamuna link canal (from Sutlej river tributary of Indus),[81][82] and Indira Gandhi Canal.[83]

Major dams are Kaushalya Dam in Panchkula district,[84] Hathnikund Barrage[80][85] and Tajewala Barrage on Yamuna in Yamunanagar district,[80][85][86] Pathrala barrage on Somb river in Yamunanagar district,[80][86] ancient Anagpur Dam near Surajkund in Faridabad district,[87][88] and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar-Hakra River in Sirsa district.[89][90][91]

Major lakes are Dighal Wetland, Basai Wetland, Badkhal Lake in Faridabad,[92][93] holy Brahma Sarovar[94][95] and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra,[96] Blue Bird Lake in Hisar,[97][98] Damdama Lake at Sohna in Gurgram district,[99][100] Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar district,[80][85] Karna Lake at Karnal,[101] ancient Surajkund in Faridabad,[87][102][103] and Tilyar Lake in Rohtak.[104][105][106]

The Haryana State Waterbody Management Board is responsible for the rejuvenation of 14,000 johads of Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state.[107][108]

The only hot spring in Haryana is the Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring at Sohna in Gurgaon district.[109][110] Tosham Hill range has several sacred sulphur ponds of religious significance that are revered for the healing impact of sulphur, such as Pandu Teerth Kund, Surya Kund, Kukkar Kund, Gyarasia Kund or Vyas Kund.[111]

Seasonal waterfalls include Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills, Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and Pali village on the outskirts of Faridabad.

Climate

Haryana is hot in summer at around 45 °C (113 °F) and mild in winter. The hottest months are May and June and the coldest are December and January.[77] The climate is arid to semi-arid with an average rainfall of 354.5 mm. Around 29% of rainfall is received during the months from July to September as a result of the monsoon, and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February as a result of the western disturbance.[53]

Climate data for Gurgaon (1981–2010, extremes 1965–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		33.5
(92.3) 		39.5
(103.1) 		44.8
(112.6) 		49.0
(120.2) 		47.5
(117.5) 		45.0
(113.0) 		41.0
(105.8) 		41.2
(106.2) 		39.3
(102.7) 		38.4
(101.1) 		32.5
(90.5) 		49.0
(120.2)
Average high °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		29.6
(85.3) 		36.6
(97.9) 		40.2
(104.4) 		39.8
(103.6) 		35.5
(95.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.1
(93.4) 		32.8
(91.0) 		28.3
(82.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		31.5
(88.7)
Average low °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		8.8
(47.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		19.1
(66.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.6
(78.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		11.3
(52.3) 		7.0
(44.6) 		17.5
(63.5)
Record low °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		3.7
(38.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		14.8
(58.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−0.4
(31.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 15.0
(0.59) 		21.4
(0.84) 		12.3
(0.48) 		18.2
(0.72) 		34.3
(1.35) 		57.3
(2.26) 		171.4
(6.75) 		190.7
(7.51) 		93.8
(3.69) 		12.0
(0.47) 		10.7
(0.42) 		9.9
(0.39) 		657.0
(25.87)
Average rainy days 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.1 2.2 3.6 7.6 8.3 4.6 1.0 0.8 0.8 34.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 54 45 37 28 31 40 63 69 59 45 47 55 48
Source: India Meteorological Department[112][113]
Climate data for Rohtak (1981–2010, extremes 1967–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.4
(86.7) 		33.6
(92.5) 		40.0
(104.0) 		45.0
(113.0) 		46.8
(116.2) 		47.2
(117.0) 		44.9
(112.8) 		41.3
(106.3) 		40.5
(104.9) 		39.4
(102.9) 		37.0
(98.6) 		30.3
(86.5) 		47.2
(117.0)
Average high °C (°F) 20.5
(68.9) 		24.0
(75.2) 		29.7
(85.5) 		36.9
(98.4) 		39.9
(103.8) 		39.6
(103.3) 		36.2
(97.2) 		34.4
(93.9) 		34.6
(94.3) 		33.6
(92.5) 		29.0
(84.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		31.8
(89.2)
Average low °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		11.9
(53.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		18.1
(64.6)
Record low °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		2.0
(35.6) 		10.4
(50.7) 		10.5
(50.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		2.9
(37.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−0.5
(31.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 14.0
(0.55) 		16.6
(0.65) 		10.7
(0.42) 		14.2
(0.56) 		34.8
(1.37) 		66.5
(2.62) 		150.8
(5.94) 		192.4
(7.57) 		76.4
(3.01) 		12.8
(0.50) 		2.2
(0.09) 		5.5
(0.22) 		597.0
(23.50)
Average rainy days 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.0 2.1 3.4 6.9 6.5 3.6 0.7 0.3 0.6 29.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 60 50 43 27 29 42 64 70 59 47 51 57 50
Source: India Meteorological Department[112]

[113]

Flora and fauna

State symbols of Haryana
Formation day 1 November (Day of
separation from Punjab)
State mammal Black buck[114]
State bird Black francolin
State tree Peepal[114]
State flower Lotus[114]

Forests

Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3.59% (1586 km2) and the Tree Cover in the state was 2.90% (1282 km2), giving a total forest and tree cover of 6.49%.[115] In 2016–17, 18,412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14.1 million seedlings.[5] Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon, a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry, eucalyptus, pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose, jackal and wild dog. More than 450 species of birds are found here.[116][117][118]

Wildlife

 
Watercock
See also: List of National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana, India

Haryana has two national parks, eight wildlife sanctuaries, two wildlife conservation areas, four animal and bird breeding centers, one deer park and three zoos, all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana.[119][120] Sultanpur National Park is a notable Park located in Gurugram District

Environmental and ecological issues

See also: Air pollution in India

Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee and the Department of Environment, Haryana is the department responsible for the administration of the environment. Areas of Haryana surrounding Delhi NCR are the most polluted. During the smog of November 2017, the air quality index of Gurgaon and Faridabad showed that the density of fine particulates (2.5 μm diameter) was an average a score of 400 and the monthly average of Haryana was 60. Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles, stone crushers and brick kilns. Haryana has 7.5 million vehicles, of which 40% are old, more polluting vehicles, and 500,000 new vehicles are added every year. Other majorly polluted cities are Bhiwani, Bahadurgarh, Dharuhera, Hisar and Yamunanagar.[121]

Administration

Main article: Administrative divisions of Haryana

Divisions

 
Ten Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana
See also: List of cities in Haryana by population

The state is divided into 6 revenue divisions, 5 Police Ranges and 3 Police Commissionerates (c. January 2017).[122][123][124][125] Six revenue divisions are: Ambala, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Hisar, Karnal and Faridabad.[122] Haryana has 11 municipal corporations (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Rohtak, Hisar, Panipat, Karnal, Sonepat, and Manesar[126]), 18 municipal councils and 52 municipalities.[127]

Within these, there are 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, 6,226 villages panchayats and numerous smaller dhanis.[7]

Districts

Main article: List of districts of Haryana

Law and order

The Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana. Five Police Ranges are Ambala, Hissar, Karnal, Rewari and Rohtak.[128] Three Police Commissionerates are Faridabad, Gurgaon and Panchkula.[122] Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon's Sector 51.[129]

The highest judicial authority in the state is the Punjab and Haryana High Court, with the next higher right of appeal being to the Supreme Court of India. Haryana uses an e-filing facility.[130]

Governance and e-governance

See also: CMs, Assembly, Assembly constituencies, Lok Sabha constituencies, and Political dynasties

The Common Service Centres (CSCs) have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e-services to citizens, including applications for new water and sanitation connections, electricity bill collection, ration card member registration, the result of HBSE, admit cards for board examinations, online admission forms for government colleges, long route booking of buses, admission forms for Kurukshetra University and HUDA plots status inquiry.[131] Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar-enabled birth registration in all the districts.[131] Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available 24/7 online through single unified UMANG app and portal as part of Digital India initiative.[132][133]

Economy

 
A Shopping Mall in Gurugram
Main articles: Economy of Haryana, SEZs in Haryana, HSIDC estates, Companies in Gurugram, and Tourism in Haryana

Haryana's 14th placed 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR[8] estimated a 2017-18 GSDP of US$95 billion[5] split into 52% services, 30% industries and 18% agriculture.[5]

The services sector is split across 45% in real estate and financial and professional services, 26% trade and hospitality, 15% state and central government employees, and 14% transport and logistics & warehousing.[5] In IT services, Gurugram ranks first in India in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure, and second in startup ecosystem, innovation and livability (Nov 2016).[134]

The industrial sector is split across 69% manufacturing, 28% construction, 2% utilities and 1% mining.[5] In industrial manufacturing, Haryana produces 67% of passenger cars, 60% of motorcycles, 50% of tractors and 50% of the refrigerators in India.[5]

The service and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational SEZs and an additional 23 formally approved SEZs (20 already notified and 3 in-principal approval) that are mostly spread along the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor, Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor and Western Peripheral Expressway.[5]

The agricultural sector is split across 93% crops and livestock, 4% commercial forestry and logging, and 2% fisheries.[5] Although Haryana has less than 1.4% of the total area of India, it contributes 15% of food grains to the central food security public distribution system,[5] and makes up 7% of total national agricultural exports, including 60% of total national basmati rice exports.[5]

Agriculture

Crops

 
Green farms in Haryana

Haryana is traditionally an agrarian society of zamindars (owner-cultivator farmers). About 70% of Haryana's residents are engaged in agriculture.[135] The Green Revolution in Haryana of the 1960s[136] combined with the completion of Bhakra Dam in 1963[137] and Western Yamuna Command Network canal system in 1970s resulted in the significantly increased food grain production.[136] As a result, Haryana is self sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains [138] In 2015–2016, Haryana produced the following principal crops: 13,352,000 tonnes of wheat, 4,145,000 tonnes of rice, 7,169,000 tonnes of sugarcane, 993,000 tonnes of cotton and 855,000 tonnes of oilseeds (mustard seed, sunflower, etc.).

Fruits, vegetables and spices

Vegetable production was: potato 853,806 tonnes, onion 705,795 tonnes, tomato 675,384 tonnes, cauliflower 578,953 tonnes, leafy vegetables 370,646 tonnes, brinjal 331,169 tonnes, guard 307,793 tonnes, peas 111,081 tonnes and others 269,993 tonnes.[5]

Fruits production was: citrus 301,764 tonnes, guava 152,184 tonnes, mango 89,965 tonnes, chikoo 16,022 tonnes, aonla 12,056 tonnes and other fruits 25,848 tonnes.[5]

Spices production was: garlic 40,497 tonnes, fenugreek 9,348 tonnes, ginger 4,304 tonnes and others 840 tonnes.[5]

Flowers and medicinal plants

Cut flowers production was: marigold 61,830 tonnes, gladiolus 2,448,620 million, rose 1,861,160 million and other 691,300 million.[5]

Medicinal plants production was: aloe vera 1403 tonnes and stevia 13 tonnes.[5]

Livestock

See also: Dairying in Haryana

Haryana is well known for its high-yield Murrah buffalo.[139][140][141][142] Other breeds of cattle native to Haryana are Haryanvi, Mewati, Sahiwal and Nili-Ravi.[143]

Research

See also: Research institutes in Haryana

To support its agrarian economy, both the central government (Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Central Sheep Breeding Farm, National Research Centre on Equines, Central Institute of Fisheries, National Dairy Research Institute, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources) and the state government (CCS HAU, LUVAS, Government Livestock Farm, Regional Fodder Station and Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute) have opened several institutes for research and education.[144][145][146]

Industrial sector

Manufacturing

See also: Automotive industry in Haryana
 
The headquarters of DLF Limited, India's largest real estate company, in Gurgaon, Haryana.

Utilities

Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important drivers of development for the state. Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[165][better source needed]

Sources of power in the state include:

Services sector

Transport

 
Admin map of Haryana with RTO codes
Aviation
Main article: Aviation in Haryana
Roads and highways
Main article: Highways in Haryana

Haryana has a total road length of 26,062 kilometres (16,194 mi), including 2,482 kilometres (1,542 mi) comprising 29 national highways, 1,801 kilometres (1,119 mi) of state highways,[170] 1,395 kilometres (867 mi) of Major District Roads (MDR) and 20,344 kilometres (12,641 mi) of Other District Roads (ODR) (c. December 2017).[171] A fleet of 3,864 Haryana Roadways buses covers a distance of 1.15 million km per day, and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.[172]

Ancient Delhi Multan Road and Grand Trunk Road, South Asia's oldest and longest major roads, pass through Haryana. GT Road passes through the districts of Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way. The 135.6 kilometres (84.3 mi) Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway (KMP) will provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonipat, Gurgaon, and Faridabad.[173]

The Delhi-Agra Expressway (NH-2) that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from the current four lanes.[174] It will further boost Faridabad's connectivity with Delhi.

Railway
See also: Railway in Haryana, Railway stations in Haryana, NWR history, NR history, and NCR history

The rail network in Haryana is covered by five rail divisions under three rail zones. Diamond Quadrilateral High-speed rail network,[175] Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (72 km)[176] and Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (177 km)[177] pass through Haryana.

Bikaner railway division of the North Western Railway zone manages the rail network in western and southern Haryana covering Bhatinda-Dabwali-Hanumangarh line, Rewari-Bhiwani-Hisar-Bathinda line, Hisar-Sadulpur line and Rewari-Loharu-Sadulpur line.[178][179] Jaipur railway division of North Western Railway zone manages the rail network in south-west Haryana covering Rewari-Reengas-Jaipur line, Delhi-Alwar-Jaipur line and Loharu-Sikar line.[180]

The Delhi railway division of the Northern Railway zone manages the rail network in north and east-central Haryana, covering Delhi-Panipat-Ambala line, Delhi-Rohtak-Tohana line, Rewari–Rohtak line, Jind-Sonepat line and Delhi-Rewari line.[181][182][183][184][185] Agra railway division of North Central Railway zone manages another very small part of the network in southeast Haryana covering only the Palwal-Mathura line.[186][187]

Ambala railway division of Northern Railway zone manages a small part of the rail network in north-east Haryana covering Ambala-Yamunanagar line, Ambala-Kurukshetra line and UNESCO World Heritage Kalka–Shimla Railway.[188]

Metro
Main articles: Delhi Metro and Gurgaon Metro

Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with the NCR cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh. Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 11 stations and a track length of 17 km.[189]

Sky Way

The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the 4.5-kilometre (2.8 mi) international standard Delhi Faridabad Skyway, the first of its kind in North India, to connect Delhi and Faridabad.[190]

Communication and media

Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other, thus making it the first SWAN of the country.[191][192][193] Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone Essar, Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. The two biggest cities of Haryana, Faridabad and Gurgaon, which are part of the National Capital Region, come under the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana come under Haryana Telecommunication System.

Electronic media channels include MTV, 9XM, Star Group, SET Max, News Time, NDTV 24x7 and Zee Group. The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM stations.

Panipat, Hisar, Ambala and Rohtak are the cities in which the leading newspapers of Haryana are printed and circulated throughout Haryana, in which Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Punjab Kesari, The Tribune, Aaj Samaj, Hari Bhoomi[194] and Amar Ujala are prominent.

Healthcare

See also: Haryana Civil Medical Services, Teaching hospitals, and NRHM

The total fertility rate of Haryana is 2.3. The infant mortality rate is 41 (SRS 2013) and the maternal mortality ratio is 146 (SRS 2010–2012).[195] The state of Haryana has various Medical Colleges including Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak, Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College in District Sonipat, ESIC Medical College, Faridabad along with notable private medical institutes like Medanta, Max Hospital, Fortis Healthcare

Education

Literacy

The literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76.64 per cent as per the 2011 population census. Male literacy stands at 85.38%, while female literacy is at 66.67%. In 2001, the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67.91%, of which males and females were 78.49% and 55.73% literate respectively.[196] As of 2013, Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86.30% followed by Panchkula at 81.9% and Ambala at 81.7%.[197] In terms of districts, as of 2012, Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy was 79% and female literacy was 67%.[198]

Schools

Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over 700,000 candidates attend annual examinations in February and March; 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.[199] The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the bachelor's degree level.

In 2015–2016, there were nearly 20,000 schools, including 10,100 state government schools (36 Aarohi Schools, 11 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas, 21 Model Sanskriti Schools, 8,744 government primary school, 3386 government middle school, 1,284 government high school and 1,967 government senior secondary schools),[200] 7,635 private schools (200 aided,[201] 6,612 recognised unaided,[202] and 821 unrecognised unaided private schools[203]) and several hundred other central government and private schools such as Kendriya Vidyalaya, Indian Army Public Schools, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and DAV schools affiliated to central government's CBSE and ICSE school boards.

Universities and higher education

 
MRIU
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Haryana

Haryana has 48 universities and 1,038 colleges,[204] including 115 government colleges, 88 government-aided colleges and 96 self-finance colleges.[205] Hisar has three universities: Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University – Asia's largest agricultural university,[206] Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences); several national agricultural and veterinary research centres (National Research Centre on Equines),[207] Central Sheep Breeding Farm,[208] National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research,[209] Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute[210] and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (CIRB);[211] and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha.[212]

Demographically, Haryana has 471,000 women and 457,000 men pursuing post-secondary school higher education. There are more than 18,616 female teachers and 17,061 male teachers in higher education.[204]

Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that the National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India (STPI) would be set up in Panchkula's existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23.[213] Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi, Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages.[214]

Sports

See also: Stadiums in Haryana
 
Wrestler Bajrang Punia
 
Cricketer Kapil Dev
 
Boxer Vijender Singh
 
Badminton player Saina Nehwal

In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi, 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana.[215] During the 33rd National Games held in Assam in 2007, Haryana stood first in the nation[216] with a medal tally of 80, including 30 gold, 22 silver and 28 bronze medals.

The 1983 World Cup winning captain Kapil Dev made his domestic-cricket debut playing for Haryana. Nahar Singh Stadium was built in Faridabad in the year 1981 for international cricket. This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators.[217] Tejli Sports Complex is an ultra-modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar. Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a multi-sport complex.[218]

Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced the "Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy", a policy to support 26 Olympic sports, on 12 January 2015 with the words "We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country."[219][220]

Haryana is home to Haryana Gold, one of India's eight professional basketball teams that compete in the country's UBA Pro Basketball League.

At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Sakshi Malik won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category, becoming the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics and the fourth female Olympic medalist from the country.

Notable badminton player Saina Nehwal is from Hisar in Haryana.[221]

Notable athlete Neeraj Chopra, who competes in Javelin Throw and won the first track and field gold medal in 2020 Tokyo Olympics for India, was born and raised in Panipat, Haryana. Wrestling is also very prominent in Haryana, as 2 medals won in wrestling at 2020 Tokyo Olympics were from Haryana.

Notable athlete Ravi Dahiya, who was born in Nahri village of Sonipat District, won silver medal in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics for India.

Ravi Kumar is an Indian freestyle wrestler who won a silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in the 57 kg category. Dahiya is also a bronze medalist from 2019 World Wrestling Championships and a two-time Asian champion.

See also

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External links

Government
  • The Official Site of the Government of Haryana
  • Official Tourism Site of Haryana, India
  • Haryana Community website
General information

January 16, 2023
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For the Bollywood film see Haryana film Haryana h ʌr i ˈ ɑː n e Hindi ɦeɾɪˈjɑːɳɑː is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 Nov 1966 on a linguistic basis It is ranked 21st in terms of area with less than 1 4 44 212 km2 or 17 070 sq mi of India s land area 1 5 The state capital is Chandigarh which it shares with the neighboring state of Punjab and the most populous city is Faridabad which is a part of the National Capital Region The city of Gurugram is among India s largest financial and technology hubs 6 Haryana has 6 administrative divisions 22 districts 72 sub divisions 93 revenue tehsils 50 sub tehsils 140 community development blocks 154 cities and towns 7 356 villages and 6 222 villages panchayats 5 7 HaryanaStateFrom top left to right Cyber City Gurugram Pinjore Gardens bronze chariot of Krishna and Arjuna at Kurukshetra Asigarh Fort Ghaggar river Lake in Surajkund SealLocation of Haryana in IndiaCoordinates Chandigarh 30 44 N 76 47 E 30 73 N 76 78 E 30 73 76 78 Coordinates 30 44 N 76 47 E 30 73 N 76 78 E 30 73 76 78Country IndiaStatehood1 November 1966CapitalChandigarh Largest cityFaridabadSmart citiesKarnal and FaridabadDistricts22Government BodyGovernment of Haryana GovernorBandaru Dattatreya Chief MinisterManohar Lal Khattar BJP LegislatureUnicameralAssembly 90 seats Parliamentary constituencyRajya Sabha 5 seats Lok Sabha 10 seats High CourtPunjab and Haryana High CourtArea 1 Total44 212 km2 17 070 sq mi Rank21stPopulation 2011 Total25 351 462 Rank18th Density573 km2 1 480 sq mi Rank10DemonymHaryanviLanguages OfficialHindi Additional officialEnglishPunjabi RegionalHaryanviBagriAhirwatiMewatiBrajothersGSDP 2020 21 2 Total 7 65 trillion US 96 billion Per capita 239 535 US 3 000 Time zoneUTC 05 30 IST ISO 3166 codeIN HRVehicle registrationHR xxHDI 2019 0 708 3 High HDI rank12thSex ratio 2021 926 1000 4 Literacy83 78 Websiteharyana wbr gov wbr inSymbols of HaryanaEmblemEmblem of HaryanaMammalBlack buckBirdBlack francolinFlowerLotusTreePeepal Joint Capital with Punjab Common for Punjab Haryana and Chandigarh Haryana contains 32 special economic zones SEZs mainly located within the industrial corridor projects connecting the National Capital Region 5 8 Gurgaon is considered one of the major information technology and automobile hubs of India 9 10 Haryana ranks 11th among Indian states in human development index 3 The economy of Haryana is the 13th largest in India with a gross state domestic product GSDP of 7 65 trillion US 96 billion and has the country s 5th highest GSDP per capita of 240 000 US 3 000 2 The state is rich in history monuments heritage flora and fauna and tourism with a well developed economy national highways and state roads It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north by Rajasthan to the west and south while river Yamuna forms its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh Haryana surrounds the country s capital territory of Delhi on three sides north west and south consequently a large area of Haryana state is included in the economically important National Capital Region of India for the purposes of planning and development Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ancient period 2 2 Medieval period 2 3 British Period 2 4 Partition and aftermath 2 5 Formation of Haryana 3 Demographics 3 1 Religion 3 2 Languages 4 Culture 4 1 Music 4 1 1 Folk dances 4 1 2 Folk music and songs 4 1 2 1 Classical Haryanvi folk music 4 1 2 2 Desi Haryanvi folk music 4 1 2 3 Socially normative cohesive impact 4 2 Cuisine 4 3 Society 5 Geography 5 1 Plains and mountains 5 2 Hydrography 5 3 Climate 5 4 Flora and fauna 5 4 1 Forests 5 4 2 Wildlife 5 5 Environmental and ecological issues 6 Administration 6 1 Divisions 6 2 Districts 6 3 Law and order 6 4 Governance and e governance 7 Economy 7 1 Agriculture 7 1 1 Crops 7 1 2 Fruits vegetables and spices 7 1 3 Flowers and medicinal plants 7 1 4 Livestock 7 1 5 Research 7 2 Industrial sector 7 2 1 Manufacturing 7 2 2 Utilities 7 3 Services sector 7 3 1 Transport 7 3 1 1 Aviation 7 3 1 2 Roads and highways 7 3 1 3 Railway 7 3 1 4 Metro 7 3 1 5 Sky Way 7 3 2 Communication and media 8 Healthcare 9 Education 9 1 Literacy 9 2 Schools 9 3 Universities and higher education 10 Sports 11 See also 12 References 13 Sources 14 External linksEtymology EditAnthropologists came up with the view that Haryana was known by this name because in the post Mahabharata period the Abhiras live here 11 who developed special skills in the art of agriculture 12 According to Pran Nath Chopra Haryana got its name from Abhirayana Ahirayana Hirayana Haryana 13 History EditMain articles History of Haryana National monuments in Haryana and State monuments in Haryana Ancient period Edit Main articles Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic Civilization A skeleton from Rakhigarhi claimed to possibly be the largest Indus Valley civilisation site and dated at over 9 000 years old 14 The skeleton is on display in the National Museum Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra which is a war described in the Indian epic poem Mahabharata The conflict arose from a dynastic succession struggle between two groups of cousins the Kauravas and Pandavas for the throne of Hastinapura in an Indian kingdom called Kuru The villages of Rakhigarhi in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are home to the largest and one of the world s oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization sites dated at over 9 000 years old Evidence of paved roads a drainage system a large scale rainwater collection storage system terracotta brick and statue production and skilled metalworking in both bronze and precious metals have been uncovered According to archaeologists Rakhigarhi may be the origin of the Harappan civilisation which arose in the Ghaggar basin in Haryana and gradually and slowly moved to the Indus Valley 15 During the Vedic era Haryana was the site of the Kuru Kingdom one of India s great Mahajanapadas The south of Haryana is the claimed location of Manu s state of Brahmavarta 16 better source needed The area surrounding Dhosi Hill and districts of Rewari and Mahendragarh had Ashrams of several Rishis who made valuable contributions to important Hindu scriptures like Vedas Upanishads Manusmriti Brahmanas and Puranas 17 As per Manusmriti 18 Manu was the king of Brahmavarta the flood time state 10 000 years ago surrounded by oldest route of Sarasvati and Drishadwati rivers on the banks of which Sanatan Vedic or present day Hindu ethos evolved and scriptures were composed Medieval period Edit Ancient bronze and stone idols of Jain Tirthankara were found in archaeological expeditions in Badli Bhiwani Ranila Charkhi Dadri and Badhra Dadri Gurgaon Gurugram Hansi Hisar Kasan Nahad Narnaul Pehowa Rewari Rohad Rohtak Asthal Bohar and Sonepat in Haryana 19 Harsha Ka Tila mound west of Sheikh Chilli s Tomb complex with ruins from the reign of 7th century ruler Harsha Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled parts of northern India in the 7th century with its capital at Thanesar Harsha was a prominent king of the dynasty Tomara dynasty ruled the south Haryana region in the 10th century Anangpal Tomar was a prominent king among the Tomaras 20 After the sack of Bhatner fort during the Timurid conquests of India in 1398 Timur attacked and sacked the cities of Sirsa Fatehabad Sunam Kaithal and Panipat When he reached the town of Sarsuti Sirsa the residents fled and were chased by a detachment of Timur s troops with thousands of them being killed and looted by the troops From there he travelled to Fatehabad whose residents fled and a large number of those remaining in the town were massacred The Ahirs resisted him at Ahruni but were defeated with thousands being killed and many being taken prisoners while the town was burnt to ashes From there he travelled to Tohana whose Jat inhabitants were robbers according to Sharaf ad Din Ali Yazdi They tried to resist but were defeated and fled Timur s army pursued and killed 200 Jats while taking many more as prisoners He then sent a detachment to chase the fleeing Jats and killed 2 000 of them while their wives and children were enslaved and their property plundered Timur proceeded to Kaithal whose residents were massacred and plundered destroying all villages along the way On the next day he came to Assandh whose residents were fire worshippers according to Yazdi and had fled to Delhi Next he travelled to and subdued Tughlaqpur fort and Salwan before reaching Panipat whose residents had already fled He then marched on to Loni fort 21 22 Portrait of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya who fought and won across North India from the Punjab to Bengal winning 22 straight battles 23 Hem Chandra Vikramaditya also called Hemu claimed royal status and the throne of Delhi after defeating Akbar s Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the Battle of Delhi and assumed the ancient title of Vikramaditya The area that is now Haryana has been ruled by some of the major empires of India Panipat is known for three seminal battles in the history of India In the First Battle of Panipat 1526 Babur defeated the Lodis In the Second Battle of Panipat 1556 Akbar defeated the local Haryanvi Hindu Emperor of Delhi who belonged to Rewari Hem Chandra Vikramaditya had earlier won 22 battles across India from 1553 to 1556 from Punjab to Bengal defeating the Mughals and Afghans Hemu had defeated Akbar s forces twice at Agra and the Battle of Delhi in 1556 to become the last Hindu Emperor of India with a formal coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556 In the Third Battle of Panipat 1761 the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas 24 British Period Edit Map of British Punjab province Haryana formed the southeastern areas of the province The state was part of the British Punjab province The Delhi division of Punjab province formed the bulk of Haryana Among the princely states that were located in the state were Jind Kalsia Loharu Dujana and Pataudi as well as parts of the Patiala State Partition and aftermath Edit During the Partition of India the Punjab province was one of two British Indian provinces alongside Bengal to be partitioned between India and Pakistan Haryana along with other Hindu and Sikh dominated areas of Punjab province became part of India as East Punjab state As a result a significant number of Muslims left for the newly formed country of Pakistan Similarly a huge number of Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into the state from West Punjab Gopi Chand Bhargava who hailed from Sirsa in present day Haryana became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab Formation of Haryana Edit Main article Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966 Haryana as a state came into existence on 1 November 1966 the Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966 The Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice JC Shah on 23 April 1966 to divide the existing state of Punjab and determine the boundaries of the new state of Haryana after consideration of the languages spoken by the people The commission delivered its report on 31 May 1966 whereby the then districts of Hisar Mahendragarh Gurgaon Rohtak and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana Further the tehsils of Jind and Narwana in the Sangrur district along with Naraingarh Ambala and Jagadhri were to be included 25 The commission recommended that the tehsil of Kharar which includes Chandigarh the state capital of Punjab should be a part of Haryana However Kharar was given to Punjab 26 The city of Chandigarh was made a union territory serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana 27 Bhagwat Dayal Sharma became the first Chief Minister of Haryana 28 Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop p a 19014 623 064 19114 174 677 1 02 19214 255 892 0 19 19314 559 917 0 69 19415 272 829 1 46 19515 673 597 0 74 19617 590 524 2 95 197110 036 431 2 83 198112 922 119 2 56 199116 463 648 2 45 200121 144 564 2 53 201125 351 462 1 83 source 29 See also List of people from Haryana Religion Edit Religion in Haryana 2011 30 Hinduism 87 46 Islam 7 03 Sikhism 4 91 Jainism 0 21 Christianity 0 20 Buddhism 0 03 Others 0 18 According to the 2011 census of the total population of 25 351 462 in Haryana Hindus 87 46 constitute the majority of the state s population with Muslims 7 03 mainly Meos and Sikhs 4 91 being the largest minorities 30 Muslims are mainly found in the Nuh district Haryana has the second largest Sikh population in India after Punjab and they mostly live in the districts adjoining Punjab such as Sirsa Jind Fatehabad Kaithal Kurukshetra Ambala and Panchkula 31 32 Languages Edit The official language of Haryana is Hindi 33 Several regional languages or dialects often subsumed under Hindi are spoken in the state Predominant among them is Haryanvi also known as Bangru whose territory encompasses the central and eastern portions of Haryana Hindustani is spoken in the northeast Bagri in the west Deshwali in the East and Ahirwati Mewati and Braj Bhasha in the south 34 There are also significant numbers of speakers of Urdu and Punjabi the latter of which was recognised as the second official language of Haryana for government and administrative purposes in 2010 33 35 After the state s formation Telugu was made the state s second language to be taught in schools but it was not the second official language for official communication Due to a lack of students the language ultimately stopped being taught 36 Tamil was made the second language in 1969 by Bansi Lal to show the state s differences with Punjab although there were no Tamil speakers in Haryana at the time 37 In 2010 due to the lack of Tamil speakers the language was removed from its status 37 There are also some speakers of several major regional languages of neighbouring states or other parts of the subcontinent like Bengali Bhojpuri Marwari Mewari and Nepali 38 as well as smaller communities of speakers of languages that are dispersed across larger regions like Bauria Bazigar Gujari Gade Lohar Oadki and Sansi 39 Culture EditMusic Edit Main article Music of Haryana Haryana has its own unique traditional folk music folk dances saang folk theatre 40 cinema 41 belief system such as Jathera ancestral worship 42 43 and arts such as Phulkari and Shisha embroidery 43 Folk dances Edit Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying the cultural needs of primarily agrarian and martial natures of Haryanavi tribes 44 Haryanvi musical folk theatre s main types are Saang Rasa lila and Ragini The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised by Lakhmi Chand 44 Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements Three popular categories of dance are festive seasonal devotional and ceremonial recreational The festive seasonal dances and songs are Gogaji Gugga Holi Phaag Sawan Teej The devotional dances and songs are Chaupaiya Holi Manjira Ras Leela Raginis The ceremonial recreational dances and songs are of following types legendary bravery Kissa and Ragini of male warriors and female Satis love and romance Been and its variant Nagini dance and Ragini ceremonial Dhamal Dance Ghoomar Jhoomar male Khoria Loor and Ragini 42 Folk music and songs Edit Haryanvi folk music is based on day to day themes and injecting earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs 42 Haryanvi music takes two main forms Classical folk music and Desi Folk music Country Music of Haryana 45 and sung in the form of ballads and love valor and bravery harvest happiness and pangs of the parting of lovers 44 45 46 Classical Haryanvi folk music Edit Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on Indian classical music 45 Hindustani classical ragas learnt in gharana parampara of guru shishya tradition are used to sing songs of heroic bravery such as Alha Khand 1163 1202 CE about the bravery of Alha and Udal Jaimal and Patta of Maharana Udai Singh II Brahmas worship and festive seasonal songs such as Teej Holi and Phaag songs of Phalgun month near Holi 45 46 Bravery songs are sung in high pitch 44 Desi Haryanvi folk music Edit Desi Haryanvi folk music is a form of Haryanvi music based on Raag Bhairvi Raag Bhairav Raag Kafi Raag Jaijaivanti Raag Jhinjhoti and Raag Pahadi and used for celebrating community bonhomie to sing seasonal songs ballads ceremonial songs wedding etc and related religious legendary tales such as Puran Bhagat 45 46 Relationship and songs celebrating love and life are sung in medium pitch Ceremonial and religious songs are sung in low pitch 44 Young girls and women usually sing entertaining and fast seasonal love relationship and friendship related songs such as Phagan song for eponymous season month Katak songs for the eponymous season month Samman songs for the eponymous season month bande bandi male female duet songs sathne songs of sharing heartfelt feelings among female friends 44 Older women usually sing devotional Mangal Geet auspicious songs and ceremonial songs such as Bhajan Bhat wedding gift to the mother of bride or groom by her brother Sagai Ban Hindu wedding ritual where pre wedding festivities starts Kuan Poojan a custom that is performed to welcome the birth of a child by worshiping the well or source of drinking water Sanjhi and Holi festival 44 Socially normative cohesive impact Edit Music and dance for Haryanvi people is a way of lessening societal differences as folk singers are highly esteemed and they are sought after and invited for events ceremonies and special occasions regardless of their caste or status These inter caste songs are fluid in nature and never personalised for any specific caste and they are sung collectively by women from different strata castes and dialects These songs transform fluidly in dialect style words etc This adoptive style can be seen in the adoption of tunes of Bollywood movie songs into Haryanvi songs Despite this continuous fluid transforming nature Haryanvi songs have a distinct style of their own as explained above 44 With the coming up of a strongly socio economic metropolitan culture in the emergence of urban Gurgaon Gurugram Haryana is also witnessing community participation in public arts and city beautification Several landmarks across Gurgaon are decorated with public murals and graffiti with cultural cohesive ideologies and stand the testimony of a lived sentiment in Haryana folk 47 Cuisine Edit See also Cuisine of Haryana As per a survey 13 of males and 7 8 of females of Haryana are non vegetarian 48 The regional cuisine features the staples of roti saag vegetarian sabzi and milk products such as ghee milk lassi and kheer 49 Society Edit Haryanvi people have a concept of inclusive society involving the 36 Jatis or communities Castes such as Jat Rajput Gurjar Saini Pasi Ahirs Ror Mev Charan Bishnoi Harijan Aggarwal Brahmin Khatri and Tyagi are some of the notable of these 36 Jatis 50 51 Geography Edit A mustard field in Haryana near the state capital of Chandigarh Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India It is between 27 39 to 30 35 N latitude and between 74 28 and 77 36 E longitude 52 The total geographical area of the state is 4 42 m ha which is 1 4 of the geographical area of the country 53 The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 and 3600 ft 200 metres to 1200 metres above sea level 54 Haryana has only 4 compared with national 21 85 area under forests 5 Karoh Peak a 1 467 metre 4 813 ft tall mountain peak in the Sivalik Hills range of the greater Himalayas range located near Morni Hills area of Panchkula district is the highest point in Haryana 55 56 57 58 Most of the state sits atop the fertile Punjab Plain a subsection of the Indo Gangetic Plain Haryana 59 has 4 states and 2 union territories on its border Punjab Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Delhi and Chandigarh Plains and mountains Edit Haryana has four main geographical features 60 The Yamuna Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state is also called Delhi doab consists of Sutlej Ghaggar doab between Sutlej in the north of Punjab and the Ghaggar river flowing through northern Haryana Ghaggar Hakra doab between Ghaggar river and Hakra or Drishadvati river which is the paleochannel of the holy Saraswati River and Hakra Yamuna doab between Hakra river and Yamuna The Lower Shivalik Hills to the northeast in foothills of Himalaya The Bagar tract semi desert dry sandy plain to the south west See also Bangar and Khadir The Aravali Range s northernmost low rise isolated non continuous outcrops in the southHydrography Edit Yamuna river near the Haryana Border The Yamuna a tributary of the Ganges flows along the state s eastern boundary 61 Northern Haryana has several northeast to west flowing rivers originating from the Sivalik Hills of Himalayas such as Ghaggar Hakra palaeochannel of vedic Sarasvati river 62 Chautang paleochannel of vedic Drishadvati river tributary of the Ghagghar 63 64 Tangri river tributary of the Ghagghar 63 64 Kaushalya river tributary of the Ghagghar 65 Markanda River tributary of Ghagghar 63 64 Sarsuti 63 64 Dangri 63 64 Somb river 66 Haryana s main seasonal river the Ghaggar Hakra known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage and as the Hakra downstream of the barrage 62 rises in the outer Himalayas between the Yamuna and the Satluj and enters the state near Pinjore in the Panchkula district passes through Ambala and Sirsa it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs for 460 km 290 mi before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan 67 The seasonal Markanda River known as the Aruna in ancient times originates from the lower Shivalik Hills and enters Haryana west of Ambala and swells into a raging torrent during monsoon is notorious for its devastating power carries its surplus water on to the Sanisa Lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasuti and later the Ghaggar 67 Southern Haryana has several south west to east flowing seasonal rivulets originating from the Aravalli Range in and around the hills in Mewat region including Sahibi River 68 69 70 71 called Najafgarh drain in Delhi 72 73 74 75 76 Dohan river tributary of Sahibi originates at Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan and then disappears in Mahendragarh district 69 71 Krishnavati river former tributary of Sahibi river originates near Dariba and disappears in Mahendragarh district much before reaching Sahibi river 69 71 and Indori river longest tributary of Sahibi River originates in Sikar district of Rajasthan and flows to Rewari district of Haryana these once were tributaries of the Drishadwati Saraswati river 77 78 79 Kaushalya Dam Major canals are Western Yamuna Canal 80 81 82 Sutlej Yamuna link canal from Sutlej river tributary of Indus 81 82 and Indira Gandhi Canal 83 Major dams are Kaushalya Dam in Panchkula district 84 Hathnikund Barrage 80 85 and Tajewala Barrage on Yamuna in Yamunanagar district 80 85 86 Pathrala barrage on Somb river in Yamunanagar district 80 86 ancient Anagpur Dam near Surajkund in Faridabad district 87 88 and Ottu barrage on Ghaggar Hakra River in Sirsa district 89 90 91 Major lakes are Dighal Wetland Basai Wetland Badkhal Lake in Faridabad 92 93 holy Brahma Sarovar 94 95 and Sannihit Sarovar in Kurukshetra 96 Blue Bird Lake in Hisar 97 98 Damdama Lake at Sohna in Gurgram district 99 100 Hathni Kund in Yamunanagar district 80 85 Karna Lake at Karnal 101 ancient Surajkund in Faridabad 87 102 103 and Tilyar Lake in Rohtak 104 105 106 The Haryana State Waterbody Management Board is responsible for the rejuvenation of 14 000 johads of Haryana and up to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within the Haryana state 107 108 The only hot spring in Haryana is the Sohna Sulphur Hot Spring at Sohna in Gurgaon district 109 110 Tosham Hill range has several sacred sulphur ponds of religious significance that are revered for the healing impact of sulphur such as Pandu Teerth Kund Surya Kund Kukkar Kund Gyarasia Kund or Vyas Kund 111 Seasonal waterfalls include Tikkar Taal twin lakes at Morni hiills Dhosi Hill in Mahendragarh district and Pali village on the outskirts of Faridabad Climate EditHaryana is hot in summer at around 45 C 113 F and mild in winter The hottest months are May and June and the coldest are December and January 77 The climate is arid to semi arid with an average rainfall of 354 5 mm Around 29 of rainfall is received during the months from July to September as a result of the monsoon and the remaining rainfall is received during the period from December to February as a result of the western disturbance 53 Climate data for Gurgaon 1981 2010 extremes 1965 2000 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 28 0 82 4 33 5 92 3 39 5 103 1 44 8 112 6 49 0 120 2 47 5 117 5 45 0 113 0 41 0 105 8 41 2 106 2 39 3 102 7 38 4 101 1 32 5 90 5 49 0 120 2 Average high C F 20 7 69 3 23 7 74 7 29 6 85 3 36 6 97 9 40 2 104 4 39 8 103 6 35 5 95 9 34 0 93 2 34 1 93 4 32 8 91 0 28 3 82 9 23 1 73 6 31 5 88 7 Average low C F 6 4 43 5 8 8 47 8 13 5 56 3 19 1 66 4 24 1 75 4 26 5 79 7 26 4 79 5 25 6 78 1 23 8 74 8 17 3 63 1 11 3 52 3 7 0 44 6 17 5 63 5 Record low C F 0 0 32 0 0 7 33 3 3 7 38 7 9 2 48 6 14 8 58 6 12 0 53 6 21 0 69 8 15 5 59 9 13 9 57 0 9 3 48 7 2 6 36 7 0 4 31 3 0 4 31 3 Average rainfall mm inches 15 0 0 59 21 4 0 84 12 3 0 48 18 2 0 72 34 3 1 35 57 3 2 26 171 4 6 75 190 7 7 51 93 8 3 69 12 0 0 47 10 7 0 42 9 9 0 39 657 0 25 87 Average rainy days 1 2 1 6 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 6 7 6 8 3 4 6 1 0 0 8 0 8 34 2Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 54 45 37 28 31 40 63 69 59 45 47 55 48Source India Meteorological Department 112 113 Climate data for Rohtak 1981 2010 extremes 1967 2012 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 30 4 86 7 33 6 92 5 40 0 104 0 45 0 113 0 46 8 116 2 47 2 117 0 44 9 112 8 41 3 106 3 40 5 104 9 39 4 102 9 37 0 98 6 30 3 86 5 47 2 117 0 Average high C F 20 5 68 9 24 0 75 2 29 7 85 5 36 9 98 4 39 9 103 8 39 6 103 3 36 2 97 2 34 4 93 9 34 6 94 3 33 6 92 5 29 0 84 2 23 6 74 5 31 8 89 2 Average low C F 6 9 44 4 9 7 49 5 14 4 57 9 20 0 68 0 24 9 76 8 26 6 79 9 26 9 80 4 26 0 78 8 24 1 75 4 18 2 64 8 11 9 53 4 7 5 45 5 18 1 64 6 Record low C F 0 5 31 1 0 2 32 4 2 0 35 6 10 4 50 7 10 5 50 9 19 0 66 2 19 4 66 9 21 1 70 0 15 0 59 0 8 3 46 9 2 9 37 2 0 0 32 0 0 5 31 1 Average rainfall mm inches 14 0 0 55 16 6 0 65 10 7 0 42 14 2 0 56 34 8 1 37 66 5 2 62 150 8 5 94 192 4 7 57 76 4 3 01 12 8 0 50 2 2 0 09 5 5 0 22 597 0 23 50 Average rainy days 1 2 1 6 1 3 1 0 2 1 3 4 6 9 6 5 3 6 0 7 0 3 0 6 29 2Average relative humidity at 17 30 IST 60 50 43 27 29 42 64 70 59 47 51 57 50Source India Meteorological Department 112 113 Flora and fauna Edit State symbols of Haryana Formation day 1 November Day of separation from Punjab State mammal Black buck 114 State bird Black francolinState tree Peepal 114 State flower Lotus 114 Forests Edit Forest cover in the state in 2013 was 3 59 1586 km2 and the Tree Cover in the state was 2 90 1282 km2 giving a total forest and tree cover of 6 49 115 In 2016 17 18 412 hectares were brought under tree cover by planting 14 1 million seedlings 5 Thorny dry deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state During the monsoon a carpet of grass covers the hills Mulberry eucalyptus pine kikar shisham and babul are some of the trees found here The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck nilgai panther fox mongoose jackal and wild dog More than 450 species of birds are found here 116 117 118 Wildlife Edit Watercock See also List of National Parks amp Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana India Haryana has two national parks eight wildlife sanctuaries two wildlife conservation areas four animal and bird breeding centers one deer park and three zoos all of which are managed by the Haryana Forest Department of the Government of Haryana 119 120 Sultanpur National Park is a notable Park located in Gurugram District Environmental and ecological issues Edit See also Air pollution in India Haryana Environment Protection Council is the advisory committee and the Department of Environment Haryana is the department responsible for the administration of the environment Areas of Haryana surrounding Delhi NCR are the most polluted During the smog of November 2017 the air quality index of Gurgaon and Faridabad showed that the density of fine particulates 2 5 mm diameter was an average a score of 400 and the monthly average of Haryana was 60 Other sources of pollution are exhaust gases from old vehicles stone crushers and brick kilns Haryana has 7 5 million vehicles of which 40 are old more polluting vehicles and 500 000 new vehicles are added every year Other majorly polluted cities are Bhiwani Bahadurgarh Dharuhera Hisar and Yamunanagar 121 Administration EditMain article Administrative divisions of Haryana Divisions Edit Ten Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana See also List of cities in Haryana by population The state is divided into 6 revenue divisions 5 Police Ranges and 3 Police Commissionerates c January 2017 122 123 124 125 Six revenue divisions are Ambala Rohtak Gurgaon Hisar Karnal and Faridabad 122 Haryana has 11 municipal corporations Gurgaon Faridabad Ambala Panchkula Yamunanagar Rohtak Hisar Panipat Karnal Sonepat and Manesar 126 18 municipal councils and 52 municipalities 127 Within these there are 22 districts 72 sub divisions 93 tehsils 50 sub tehsils 140 blocks 154 cities and towns 6 848 villages 6 226 villages panchayats and numerous smaller dhanis 7 Districts Edit Main article List of districts of Haryana Divisions DistrictsAmbala Ambala Kurukshetra Panchkula Yamuna NagarFaridabad Faridabad Palwal NuhGurgaon Gurgaon Mahendragarh Rewari Hisar Fatehabad Jind Hisar Sirsa Rohtak Jhajjar Charkhi Dadri Rohtak Sonipat Bhiwani 60 Karnal Karnal Panipat KaithalLaw and order Edit The Haryana Police force is the law enforcement agency of Haryana Five Police Ranges are Ambala Hissar Karnal Rewari and Rohtak 128 Three Police Commissionerates are Faridabad Gurgaon and Panchkula 122 Cybercrime investigation cell is based in Gurgaon s Sector 51 129 The highest judicial authority in the state is the Punjab and Haryana High Court with the next higher right of appeal being to the Supreme Court of India Haryana uses an e filing facility 130 Governance and e governance Edit See also CMs Assembly Assembly constituencies Lok Sabha constituencies and Political dynasties The Common Service Centres CSCs have been upgraded in all districts to offer hundreds of e services to citizens including applications for new water and sanitation connections electricity bill collection ration card member registration the result of HBSE admit cards for board examinations online admission forms for government colleges long route booking of buses admission forms for Kurukshetra University and HUDA plots status inquiry 131 Haryana has become the first state to implement Aadhaar enabled birth registration in all the districts 131 Thousands of all traditional offline state and central government services are also available 24 7 online through single unified UMANG app and portal as part of Digital India initiative 132 133 Economy Edit A Shopping Mall in Gurugram Main articles Economy of Haryana SEZs in Haryana HSIDC estates Companies in Gurugram and Tourism in Haryana Haryana s 14th placed 12 96 2012 17 CAGR 8 estimated a 2017 18 GSDP of US 95 billion 5 split into 52 services 30 industries and 18 agriculture 5 The services sector is split across 45 in real estate and financial and professional services 26 trade and hospitality 15 state and central government employees and 14 transport and logistics amp warehousing 5 In IT services Gurugram ranks first in India in growth rate and existing technology infrastructure and second in startup ecosystem innovation and livability Nov 2016 134 The industrial sector is split across 69 manufacturing 28 construction 2 utilities and 1 mining 5 In industrial manufacturing Haryana produces 67 of passenger cars 60 of motorcycles 50 of tractors and 50 of the refrigerators in India 5 The service and industrial sectors are boosted by 7 operational SEZs and an additional 23 formally approved SEZs 20 already notified and 3 in principal approval that are mostly spread along the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Amritsar Delhi Kolkata Industrial Corridor and Western Peripheral Expressway 5 The agricultural sector is split across 93 crops and livestock 4 commercial forestry and logging and 2 fisheries 5 Although Haryana has less than 1 4 of the total area of India it contributes 15 of food grains to the central food security public distribution system 5 and makes up 7 of total national agricultural exports including 60 of total national basmati rice exports 5 Agriculture Edit Crops Edit Green farms in Haryana Haryana is traditionally an agrarian society of zamindars owner cultivator farmers About 70 of Haryana s residents are engaged in agriculture 135 The Green Revolution in Haryana of the 1960s 136 combined with the completion of Bhakra Dam in 1963 137 and Western Yamuna Command Network canal system in 1970s resulted in the significantly increased food grain production 136 As a result Haryana is self sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India s central pool of food grains 138 In 2015 2016 Haryana produced the following principal crops 13 352 000 tonnes of wheat 4 145 000 tonnes of rice 7 169 000 tonnes of sugarcane 993 000 tonnes of cotton and 855 000 tonnes of oilseeds mustard seed sunflower etc Fruits vegetables and spices Edit Vegetable production was potato 853 806 tonnes onion 705 795 tonnes tomato 675 384 tonnes cauliflower 578 953 tonnes leafy vegetables 370 646 tonnes brinjal 331 169 tonnes guard 307 793 tonnes peas 111 081 tonnes and others 269 993 tonnes 5 Fruits production was citrus 301 764 tonnes guava 152 184 tonnes mango 89 965 tonnes chikoo 16 022 tonnes aonla 12 056 tonnes and other fruits 25 848 tonnes 5 Spices production was garlic 40 497 tonnes fenugreek 9 348 tonnes ginger 4 304 tonnes and others 840 tonnes 5 Flowers and medicinal plants Edit Cut flowers production was marigold 61 830 tonnes gladiolus 2 448 620 million rose 1 861 160 million and other 691 300 million 5 Medicinal plants production was aloe vera 1403 tonnes and stevia 13 tonnes 5 Livestock Edit See also Dairying in Haryana Haryana is well known for its high yield Murrah buffalo 139 140 141 142 Other breeds of cattle native to Haryana are Haryanvi Mewati Sahiwal and Nili Ravi 143 Research Edit See also Research institutes in Haryana To support its agrarian economy both the central government Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes Central Sheep Breeding Farm National Research Centre on Equines Central Institute of Fisheries National Dairy Research Institute Regional Centre for Biotechnology Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research and National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources and the state government CCS HAU LUVAS Government Livestock Farm Regional Fodder Station and Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute have opened several institutes for research and education 144 145 146 Industrial sector Edit Manufacturing Edit See also Automotive industry in Haryana Larsen amp Toubro Office at Faridabad The headquarters of DLF Limited India s largest real estate company in Gurgaon Haryana Faridabad is one of the biggest industrial cities of Haryana as well as North India 147 The city is home to large scale MNC companies like India Yamaha Motor Pvt Ltd Havells India Limited 148 JCB India Limited Escorts Group Indian Oil R amp D 149 and Larsen amp Toubro L amp T 150 Eyewear e tailer Lenskart and healthcare startup Lybrate have their headquarters in Faridabad 151 152 Hissar an NCR Counter Magnet city known as a steel and cotton spinning hub as well as an upcoming integrated industrial aerocity and aero MRO hub at Hisar Airport 153 154 155 is a fast developing city and the hometown of Navin Jindal and Subhash Chandra of Zee TV fame Savitri Jindal Navin Jindal s mother has been listed by Forbes as the third richest woman in the world 156 Panipat has heavy industry including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation a urea manufacturing plant operated by National Fertilizers Limited and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant It is known for its woven modhas or round stools 157 Sonipat IMT Kundli Nathupur Rai and Barhi are industrial areas with several small and medium sized enterprises and also large ones such as Atlas cycles E C E Birla factory and OSRAM 158 159 160 Gurgaon IMT Manesar Dundahera and Sohna are industrial and logistics hubs 161 162 163 and also has the National Security Guards the Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs the National Brain Research Centre and the National Bomb Data Centre 164 Utilities Edit Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure as it is one of the most important drivers of development for the state Haryana was the first state in the country to achieve 100 rural electrification in 1970 as well as the first in the country to link all villages with all weather roads and provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state 165 better source needed Sources of power in the state include Renewable and non polluting sources Hydroelectricity Bhakra Nangal Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant WYC Hydro Electric Station 62 4 MW Yamunanagar 166 Solar power stations Faridabad Solar Power Plant being set up by HPGCL Faridabad c 2016 167 Nuclear power stations Gorakhpur Nuclear Power Plant 2800MW Fatehabad Phase I 1400MW by 2021 168 169 Coal fired thermal power stations Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station 600MW Yamunanagar 166 Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project 1500MW Jhajjar 166 Jhajjar Power Station 1500MW 166 Panipat Thermal Power Station I 440MW 166 Panipat Thermal Power Station II 920MW 166 Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station 1200MW Hisar 166 Services sector Edit Transport Edit Admin map of Haryana with RTO codes Aviation Edit Main article Aviation in Haryana Roads and highways Edit Main article Highways in Haryana Haryana has a total road length of 26 062 kilometres 16 194 mi including 2 482 kilometres 1 542 mi comprising 29 national highways 1 801 kilometres 1 119 mi of state highways 170 1 395 kilometres 867 mi of Major District Roads MDR and 20 344 kilometres 12 641 mi of Other District Roads ODR c December 2017 171 A fleet of 3 864 Haryana Roadways buses covers a distance of 1 15 million km per day and it was the first state in the country to introduce luxury video coaches 172 Ancient Delhi Multan Road and Grand Trunk Road South Asia s oldest and longest major roads pass through Haryana GT Road passes through the districts of Sonipat Panipat Karnal Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way The 135 6 kilometres 84 3 mi Kundli Manesar Palwal Expressway KMP will provide a high speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonipat Gurgaon and Faridabad 173 The Delhi Agra Expressway NH 2 that passes through Faridabad is being widened to six lanes from the current four lanes 174 It will further boost Faridabad s connectivity with Delhi Railway Edit See also Railway in Haryana Railway stations in Haryana NWR history NR history and NCR history The rail network in Haryana is covered by five rail divisions under three rail zones Diamond Quadrilateral High speed rail network 175 Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor 72 km 176 and Western Dedicated Freight Corridor 177 km 177 pass through Haryana Bikaner railway division of the North Western Railway zone manages the rail network in western and southern Haryana covering Bhatinda Dabwali Hanumangarh line Rewari Bhiwani Hisar Bathinda line Hisar Sadulpur line and Rewari Loharu Sadulpur line 178 179 Jaipur railway division of North Western Railway zone manages the rail network in south west Haryana covering Rewari Reengas Jaipur line Delhi Alwar Jaipur line and Loharu Sikar line 180 The Delhi railway division of the Northern Railway zone manages the rail network in north and east central Haryana covering Delhi Panipat Ambala line Delhi Rohtak Tohana line Rewari Rohtak line Jind Sonepat line and Delhi Rewari line 181 182 183 184 185 Agra railway division of North Central Railway zone manages another very small part of the network in southeast Haryana covering only the Palwal Mathura line 186 187 Ambala railway division of Northern Railway zone manages a small part of the rail network in north east Haryana covering Ambala Yamunanagar line Ambala Kurukshetra line and UNESCO World Heritage Kalka Shimla Railway 188 Metro Edit Main articles Delhi Metro and Gurgaon Metro Delhi Metro connects the national capital Delhi with the NCR cities of Faridabad Gurgaon and Bahadurgarh Faridabad has the longest metro network in the NCR Region consisting of 11 stations and a track length of 17 km 189 Sky Way Edit Delhi Faridabad Skyway The Haryana and Delhi governments have constructed the 4 5 kilometre 2 8 mi international standard Delhi Faridabad Skyway the first of its kind in North India to connect Delhi and Faridabad 190 Communication and media Edit Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities Haryana Government has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country 191 192 193 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players such as Reliance Infocom Tata Teleservices Bharti Telecom Idea Vodafone Essar Aircel Uninor and Videocon have operations in the state The two biggest cities of Haryana Faridabad and Gurgaon which are part of the National Capital Region come under the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System The rest of the cities of Haryana come under Haryana Telecommunication System Electronic media channels include MTV 9XM Star Group SET Max News Time NDTV 24x7 and Zee Group The radio stations include All India Radio and other FM stations Panipat Hisar Ambala and Rohtak are the cities in which the leading newspapers of Haryana are printed and circulated throughout Haryana in which Dainik Bhaskar Dainik Jagran Punjab Kesari The Tribune Aaj Samaj Hari Bhoomi 194 and Amar Ujala are prominent Healthcare EditSee also Haryana Civil Medical Services Teaching hospitals and NRHM ESIC Medical College Faridabad The total fertility rate of Haryana is 2 3 The infant mortality rate is 41 SRS 2013 and the maternal mortality ratio is 146 SRS 2010 2012 195 The state of Haryana has various Medical Colleges including Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College in District Sonipat ESIC Medical College Faridabad along with notable private medical institutes like Medanta Max Hospital Fortis HealthcareEducation EditLiteracy Edit The literacy rate in Haryana has seen an upward trend and is 76 64 per cent as per the 2011 population census Male literacy stands at 85 38 while female literacy is at 66 67 In 2001 the literacy rate in Haryana stood at 67 91 of which males and females were 78 49 and 55 73 literate respectively 196 As of 2013 update Gurgaon city had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 86 30 followed by Panchkula at 81 9 and Ambala at 81 7 197 In terms of districts as of 2012 update Rewari had the highest literacy rate in Haryana at 74 higher than the national average of 59 5 male literacy was 79 and female literacy was 67 198 Schools Edit Haryana Board of School Education established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981 conducts public examinations at middle matriculation and senior secondary levels twice a year Over 700 000 candidates attend annual examinations in February and March 150 000 attend supplementary examinations each November The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year 199 The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the bachelor s degree level In 2015 2016 there were nearly 20 000 schools including 10 100 state government schools 36 Aarohi Schools 11 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas 21 Model Sanskriti Schools 8 744 government primary school 3386 government middle school 1 284 government high school and 1 967 government senior secondary schools 200 7 635 private schools 200 aided 201 6 612 recognised unaided 202 and 821 unrecognised unaided private schools 203 and several hundred other central government and private schools such as Kendriya Vidyalaya Indian Army Public Schools Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya and DAV schools affiliated to central government s CBSE and ICSE school boards Universities and higher education Edit MRIU See also List of institutions of higher education in Haryana Haryana has 48 universities and 1 038 colleges 204 including 115 government colleges 88 government aided colleges and 96 self finance colleges 205 Hisar has three universities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Asia s largest agricultural university 206 Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary amp Animal Sciences several national agricultural and veterinary research centres National Research Centre on Equines 207 Central Sheep Breeding Farm 208 National Institute on Pig Breeding and Research 209 Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute 210 and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes CIRB 211 and more than 20 colleges including Maharaja Agrasen Medical College Agroha 212 Demographically Haryana has 471 000 women and 457 000 men pursuing post secondary school higher education There are more than 18 616 female teachers and 17 061 male teachers in higher education 204 Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad announced on 27 February 2016 that the National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology NIELIT would be set up in Kurukshetra to provide computer training to youth and a Software Technology Park of India STPI would be set up in Panchkula s existing HSIIDC IT Park in Sector 23 213 Hindi and English are compulsory languages in schools whereas Punjabi Sanskrit and Urdu are chosen as optional languages 214 Sports EditSee also Stadiums in Haryana Wrestler Bajrang Punia Cricketer Kapil Dev Boxer Vijender Singh Badminton player Saina Nehwal In the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi 22 out of 38 gold medals that India won came from Haryana 215 During the 33rd National Games held in Assam in 2007 Haryana stood first in the nation 216 with a medal tally of 80 including 30 gold 22 silver and 28 bronze medals The 1983 World Cup winning captain Kapil Dev made his domestic cricket debut playing for Haryana Nahar Singh Stadium was built in Faridabad in the year 1981 for international cricket This ground has the capacity to hold around 25 000 people as spectators 217 Tejli Sports Complex is an ultra modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Gurgaon is a multi sport complex 218 Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced the Haryana Sports and Physical Fitness Policy a policy to support 26 Olympic sports on 12 January 2015 with the words We will develop Haryana as the sports hub of the country 219 220 Haryana is home to Haryana Gold one of India s eight professional basketball teams that compete in the country s UBA Pro Basketball League At the 2016 Summer Olympics Sakshi Malik won the bronze medal in the 58 kg category becoming the first Indian female wrestler to win a medal at the Olympics and the fourth female Olympic medalist from the country Notable badminton player Saina Nehwal is from Hisar in Haryana 221 Notable athlete Neeraj Chopra who competes in Javelin Throw and won the first track and field gold medal in 2020 Tokyo Olympics for India was born and raised in Panipat Haryana Wrestling is also very prominent in Haryana as 2 medals won in wrestling at 2020 Tokyo Olympics were from Haryana Notable athlete Ravi Dahiya who was born in Nahri village of Sonipat District won silver medal in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics for India Ravi Kumar is an Indian freestyle wrestler who won a silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in the 57 kg category Dahiya is also a bronze medalist from 2019 World Wrestling Championships and a two time Asian champion See also EditList of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana List of people from Haryana Outline of Haryana Politics of Haryana Tourism in Haryana Haryanvi cinema List of earthquakes in HaryanaReferences Edit a b Haryana at a Glance Government of Haryana Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 Retrieved 1 March 2016 a b Economic Survey of Haryana 2020 21 PDF Government of Haryana 1 February 2022 pp 2 3 Archived from the original PDF on 19 January 2022 Retrieved 1 February 2022 a b Sub national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab Institute for Management Research Radboud University Archived from the original on 23 September 2018 Retrieved 24 October 2018 Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey 2019 2021 PDF Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Haryana State Budget 2017 18 PDF Haryana Finance Dept Archived from the original PDF on 22 August 2017 Retrieved 7 October 2017 This is NCR s new foodie magnet have you been yet India Today 26 March 2017 Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 Retrieved 21 April 2017 a b NIDM p 4 sfn error no target CITEREFNIDM help a b Industrial Development amp Economic Growth in Haryana Archived 6 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine India Brand Equity Foundation Nov 2017 Gurugram among top 5 IT hubs in Asia Pacific Hindustan Times 28 May 2019 Retrieved 28 May 2019 Julka Harsimran 30 September 2011 IT firms looking beyond Gurgaon Noida Greater Noida to other cities in north India The Economic Times ET Bureau Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 Retrieved 2 October 2013 Lal Muni 1974 Haryana On High Road to Prosperity Vikas Publishing House ISBN 978 0 7069 0290 7 Punia Bijender K 1994 Tourism Management Problems and Prospects APH Publishing ISBN 978 81 7024 643 5 Chopra Pran Nath 1982 Religions and Communities of India Vision Books ISBN 978 0 391 02748 0 Subramanian T S 27 March 2014 Rakhigarhi the biggest Harappan site The Hindu Subramanian T S 27 March 2014 Rakhigarhi the biggest Harappan site The Hindu archived from the original on 27 November 2016 retrieved 24 January 2016 The Tribune Chandigarh India Haryana Plus The Tribune Archived from the original on 31 October 2016 Retrieved 4 August 2016 Sudhir Bhargava Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river Seminar Saraswati river a perspective 20 22 Nov 2009 Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra organized by Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan Haryana Seminar Report pages 114 117 Killingley Dermot 2007 Mlecchas Yavanas and Heathens Interacting Xenologies in Early Nineteenth Century Calcutta In Franco Eli Preisendanz Karin eds Beyond Orientalism The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross cultural Studies Motilal Banarsidass p 125 ISBN 978 8 12083 110 0 Atul Kumar Sinha amp Abhay Kumar Singh 2007 p 401 Explained The legacy of Tomar king Anangpal II and his connection with Delhi The Indian Express 22 March 2021 Retrieved 6 May 2021 Elliot Sir Henry Miers Dowson John 1871 The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians The Muhammadan Period Ed from the Posthumous Papers of the Late Sir H M Elliot Trubner and Company pp 427 31 Phadke H A 1990 Haryana Ancient and Medieval Harman Publishing House p 123 Sarkar 1960 p 66 sfn error no target CITEREFSarkar1960 help Arnold P Kaminsky Roger D Long 2011 India Today An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic ABC CLIO p 300 ISBN 978 0 313 37462 3 Archived from the original on 19 June 2016 Retrieved 13 February 2016 the punjab reorganisation act 1966 Chief Secretary Haryana PDF archived PDF from the original on 4 March 2016 retrieved 12 November 2015 History of Haryana Haryana Day A new state is born archived from the original on 2 October 2013 Haryana will get Chandigarh Punjab can claim Lahore or Shimla says a peeved Hooda 25 July 2013 archived from the original on 17 November 2015 retrieved 15 November 2015 List of Haryana Chief Ministers from November 1 1966 till date The Indian Express 21 October 2014 archived from the original on 30 October 2015 retrieved 12 November 2015 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901 Retrieved 18 March 2020 a b Population by religion community 2011 Census of India 2011 The Registrar General amp Census Commissioner India Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 Haryana government announced the formation of rules to register Anand Karaj the Sikh marriage ceremony Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 Retrieved 13 July 2014 Govt of India Census 2001 Census India 2001 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 13 November 2011 Retrieved 28 March 2013 a b Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities 50th report July 2012 to June 2013 PDF Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities Ministry of Minority Affairs Government of India p 11 Archived from the original PDF on 8 July 2016 Retrieved 4 December 2016 Sharada Sadhu Ram ed c 1979 Hariyaṇa ki upabhaṣaeṃ in Hindi Chandigarh Bhasha Vibhag Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi Hindustan Times Indo Asian News Service 28 January 2010 Archived from the original on 5 November 2018 Retrieved 2 January 2019 Bhatia Varinder 6 February 2019 Haryana s South connect When it made Telugu second language in school The Indian Express Retrieved 18 March 2020 a b Bharadwaj Ajay 7 March 2010 Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana DNA India Bengali and Bhojpuri are listed as they have more than 50 000 speakers each according to the 2011 census the rest are included following Ethnologue 22nd edition Eberhard David M Simons Gary F Fennig Charles D eds 2019 India Languages Ethnologue 22nd ed SIL International Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 SachchidanandaEncyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes Volume 1 1996 817141298X p416 Bhatia Sheveta 17 August 2010 Second Innings The Indian Express Retrieved 17 March 2011 a b c Journal of Punjab Studies Center for Sikh and Punjab Studies UC Santa Barbara global ucsb edu Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 4 December 2017 a b A Glossary of the tribes amp castes of Punjab by H A Rose a b c d e f g h Manorma Sharma 2007 Musical Heritage of India Page 65 125 a b c d e S C Bhatt and Gopal K Bhargava 2006 Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories 21 Arts and Crafts of Haryana a b c S Gajrani 2004 History Religion and Culture of India Volume 1 Page 96 Patra Pratyush 25 March 2016 Artists give Gurgaon s walls a makeover The Times of India Retrieved 6 November 2019 Most Indians are non vegetarian Southern and Northeastern states top the list Report Business Today 22 May 2018 Retrieved 12 August 2020 Cuisine of Haryana Archived 4 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine Haryana Tourism Saṅgavana Guṇapalasiṃha 1989 Harayaṇavi lokagitoṃ ka saṃskr tika adhyayana in Hindi Hariyaṇa Sahitya Akadami p 17 Social study the KhapPanchayats of Haryana A Survey International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol 7 Issue 11 PDF Open J Gage as well as in Cabell s Directories of Publishing Opportunities U S A NIDM p 2 sfn error no target CITEREFNIDM help a b Home Department of Agriculture Haryana archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Organizations archived from the original on 14 November 2018 retrieved 19 December 2018 Hills of Morni hillsofmorni com 27 September 2014 Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 Retrieved 24 March 2016 Interesting Facts About Haryana quickgs com 7 May 2015 Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 Retrieved 24 March 2016 Karoh Peak Peakbagger com Retrieved 24 March 2016 Gazetteer of India University of Chicago Archived from the original on 5 April 2016 Retrieved 24 March 2016 Haryana Gk Questions Current Affairs 12 December 2021 Retrieved 8 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b NIDM p 3 sfn error no target CITEREFNIDM help River Saraswati is for real found in Haryana Zee Nees 8 May 2015 archived from the original on 20 November 2015 retrieved 12 November 2015 a b Dale Hoiberg Indu Ramchandani 2000 Students Britannica India Volumes 1 5 Popular Prakashan 2000 ISBN 978 0 85229 760 5 Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 Retrieved 13 November 2017 The Ghaggar River rises in the Shiwalik Range northwestern Himachal Pradesh State and flows about 320 km southwest through Haryana State where it receives the Saraswati River Beyond the Otu Barrage the Ghaggar River is known as the Hakra River which loses itself in the Thar Desert Just southwest of Sirsa it feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan a b c d e Rivers in Ambala Markanda River Ambala Tangri River Ambala ambalaonline in Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 Retrieved 4 December 2017 a b c d e Chopra Sanjeev 25 September 2010 Overflowing Ghaggar Tangri inundate some villages along Punjab Haryana border The Indian Express Archived from the original on 28 June 2018 Retrieved 9 April 2017 Kaushalya Dam 13 December 2012 Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 Retrieved 4 December 2017 HaryanaOnline Geography of Haryana Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 Retrieved 4 December 2017 a b Geography others District Administration Kurukshetra archived from the original on 2 May 2018 retrieved 1 December 2018 Cultural Contours of India Dr Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume Vijai Shankar Srivastava 1981 ISBN 0391023586 a b c Sahibi river Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 Retrieved 4 December 2017 Jain A K 4 December 2017 River Pollution APH Publishing ISBN 9788131304631 Retrieved 4 December 2017 via Google Books a b c Minerals and Metals in Ancient India Archaeological evidence Arun Kumar Biswas Sulekha Biswas University of Michigan 1996 ISBN 812460049X Latest News Breaking News Live Current Headlines India News Online The Indian Express The Indian Express Retrieved 4 December 2017 permanent dead link Environment Minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel permanent dead link 22 February 2005 The Indian Express Najafgarh basin Delhi s most polluted area Archived 19 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine 25 December 2009 The Indian Express Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters Archived 1 July 2012 at archive today 25 December 2009 The Times of India drain causes less pollution in Yamuna now permanent dead link 4 July 2006 The Indian Express a b Geography of Haryana Map Shivaliks Ghaggar Yamuna Saraswati Morni India haryana online com Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 Siwach Sukhbir 7 December 2014 Haryana to meet Rajasthan over stopping of river waters The Times of India archived from the original on 5 February 2016 retrieved 12 November 2015 Sudhir Bhargava Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati River is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati River International Conference 20 22 Nov 2009 Saraswati a perspective pages 114 117 Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra Organised by Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan Haryana a b c d e Western Yamuna Canal Major Irrigation Project JI01653 india wris nrsc gov in Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 Retrieved 4 December 2017 a b National Portal of India india gov in Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 a b PIB Press Releases pib nic in Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 Retrieved 4 December 2017 Ramtanu Maitra The Indira Gandhi Canal greening the desert in India EIR Volume 14 Number 7 13 February 1987 Kaushalya Dam Hills of Morni 13 December 2012 Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 Retrieved 14 June 2014 a b c Tak Prakash C Jagdish P Sati Anjum N Rizvi April 2010 Status of waterbirds at Hathnikund Barrage wetland Yamunanagar District Haryana India PDF p 841 Archived from the original PDF on 17 March 2012 Retrieved 10 July 2011 a b Haberman David L 2006 River of love in an age of pollution the Yamuna River of northern India University of California Press p 78 ISBN 978 0 520 24789 5 Retrieved 2 June 2011 a b Peck Lucy 2005 Delhi A thousand years of Building Suraj Kund dam and Surajkund tank New Delhi Roli Books Pvt Ltd p 29 ISBN 81 7436 354 8 Archived from the original on 12 March 2006 Retrieved 5 September 2009 One of the two significant structures in the area the dam lies about 1 km 0 62 mi to the north of the Anangpur village A path from the main village street will lead you in to flat pastureland Head for the small rocky hill ahead of you and climb over it On the other side is another flat area rather thickly covered in thorn trees It is worth finding a way through them to the dam that straddles the gap between the two nearby hills The dam is an impressive edifice 50 m 160 ft wide and 7 m 23 ft high built from accurately hewn quartzite blocks There is a passage for the egress of water at the level of the ground on the dammed side The flat land across which you have walked is clearly caused by centuries of silt deposits in the lake that once existed behind this dam The land around has been vwey heavily quarried recently so further archaeological finds are unlikely Madan Mohan Spatial Data Modeling in GIS for Historical Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage of Seven Cities of Delhi PDF Department of Geography Faculty of Natural Sciences Jamia Millia Islamia Central University New Delhi India Retrieved 7 September 2009 dead link Sir William Wilson Hunter India Office 1908 Imperial gazetteer of India Clarendon Press 1908 archived from the original on 29 September 2013 retrieved 13 November 2017 It was agreed between the British Government and the State of Bikaner that the Dhanur lake about 8 miles from Sirsa should be converted into a reservoir by the construction of a masonry weir at Otu two canals the northern and southern constructed with famine labor in 1896 7 6 3 lakhs of which 2 8 lakhs was debited to Bikaner Mukesh Bhardwaj 7 April 2002 Tau here Tau there Tau everywhere The Indian Express retrieved 28 November 2010 The prestigious Panipat Thermal Plant was named after Devi Lal as was the new tourist complex at Ottu weir in Sirsa बस स ल भर ब द ख त क प य स ब झ एग ओट झ ल Ottu reservoir will begin quenching the thirst of fields in only a year Dainik Jagran 27 May 2010 archived from the original on 26 July 2011 retrieved 28 November 2010 क स न क समस य स न ज त द ल न म सह यक ओट झ ल क य द बरबस क स न व स च ई व भ ग क आन ल ज म ह स च ई व भ ग न क स न क ह त क ध य न म रखत ह ए झ ल क ख द ई क गत त ज कर द ह it is obvious that the suffering farmers and the irrigation department would look to the Ottu reservoir Mindful of the farmers interests the irrigation department has accelerated the work to deepen Ottu reservoir Badkhal Haryana Tourism Government of Haryana Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 Retrieved 18 March 2014 Delhi s water bodies face threat of extinction India Today 1 March 2014 Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 Retrieved 18 March 2014 Lakhs take dip in Brahma Sarovar on Occasion of Solar Eclipse oneindia in United News of IndiaI 29 March 2006 Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 Retrieved 25 October 2014 Dutt K G 23 August 1998 Three hundred thousand take holy dip The Tribune India Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 Retrieved 25 October 2014 Religious Places in Kurukshetra Brahma Sarovar Kurukshetra district website Archived from the original on 29 July 2014 Retrieved 8 August 2014 Title The Tribune Hisar Bluebird lake Published 23 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sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Travel guides from Wikivoyage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haryana amp oldid 1134008427, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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