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Indian Australians

Indian Australians or Indo-Australians are Australians of Indian ancestry. This includes both those who are Australian by birth, and those born in India or elsewhere in the Indian diaspora. Indian Australians are one of the largest groups within the Indian diaspora, with 783,958 persons declaring Indian ancestry at the 2021 census, representing 3.1% of the Australian population.[1] In 2019, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that 721,050 Australian residents were born in India.[3][4]

Indian Australians
Total population
783,958 by ancestry (2021 census)[1]
(3.1% of the Australian population)[1]
721,050 born in India (2020)[2]
Regions with significant populations
Melbourne, Sydney, Perth, Brisbane, Adelaide, Woolgoolga and Regional Victoria
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups

Indians are the youngest average age (34 years) and the fastest growing community both in terms of absolute numbers and percentages in Australia.[5]

In 2017–18 India was the largest source of new permanent annual migrants to Australia since 2016, and overall third largest source nation of cumulative total migrant population behind England and China, 20.5% or 33,310 out of 162,417 Australian permanent resident visas went to the Indians who also additionally had 70,000 students were studying in Australian universities and colleges, and Hindi (ranked 8th with 0.7% of total population) and Punjabi (ranked 10th with 0.6% of total population) are among the top 10 languages spoken in Australia.[6][7][8] Among Indian origin religions, which also include non-Indians, are Buddhist (2.4% of total population or 563,700 people), Hindus (1.9% or 440,300) and Sikhs (0.5% or 125,900).[7]

As of 2016, Indians were the highest educated migrant group in Australia with 54.6% of Indians in Australia having a bachelor's or higher degree, more than three times Australia's national average.[9]

The long history of Indian migration to Australia has progressed "from 18th-century sepoys and lascars (soldiers and sailors) aboard visiting European ships, through 19th-century migrant labourers and the 20th century's hostile policies to the new generation of skilled professional migrants of the 21st century... India became the largest source of skilled migrants in the 21st century."[10]

History edit

Pre-history migration of Indians (2300 BCE–2000 BCE) edit

 
An Aboriginal encampment, near the Adelaide foothills

A study of Indigenous Australian DNA has found that Indigenous Australians may have mixed with people of Indian origin about 4,200 years ago. The same study showed that flint tools and Indian dogs may have been introduced from India at about this time.[11] A 2012 paper reports that there is also evidence of a substantial genetic flow from India to northern Australia estimated at slightly over four thousand years ago, a time when changes in tool technology and food processing appear in the Australian archaeological record, suggesting that these may be related.[12] One genetic study in 2012 by Irina Pugach and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has suggested that about 4,000 years before the First Fleet landed in Australia (in 1788), some Indian explorers had settled in Australia and assimilated into the local population in roughly 2217 BC.[13] The study by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology found that there was a migration of genes from India to Australia around 2000 BCE. The researchers had two theories for this: either some Indians had contact with people in Indonesia who eventually transferred those genes from India to Aboriginal Australians, or that a group of Indians migrated all the way from India to Australia and intermingled with the locals directly.[14][15] This also explains with the Vedda people of Sri Lanka; some of their facial features look very similar to the Australo-Melanesians, which are part of the Australoid race. It is now clear that this was the result of Andamanese aborigines intermixing with Indo-Aryan migrants;[further explanation needed] these same people (referring to the Andamanese) also shared ancestry with the Dravidians after intermixing with the now extinct Elamites (distinct from the modern Iranian peoples; they also shared ancestry with the Indo-Aryans).[citation needed]

Indian connection with European exploration of Australia (1627–1787) edit

In 1627 the south coast of Australia was accidentally discovered by the Dutch East India Company explorer François Thijssen and named 't Land van Pieter Nuyts, in honour of the highest ranking passenger, Pieter Nuyts, extraordinary Councillor of India.[16][17] In 1628 a squadron of Dutch East India Company ships was sent by the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies Pieter de Carpentier to explore the northern coast. These ships made extensive examinations, particularly in the Gulf of Carpentaria, named in honour of de Carpentier.[18] The Dutch East India Company ship, Duyfken, led by Willem Janszoon, made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606.[19]

Alexander Dalrymple (1737–1808), the Examiner of Sea Journals for the British East India Company,[20] whilst translating some Spanish documents captured by Indian sepoys during the 1762 CE occupation of Philippines by the British India, found Portuguese navigator Luis Váez de Torres's testimony which led Dalrymple to discover and publish in 1770–1771 the existence of an unknown continent which he named as Terra Australis (or Southern Continent), this aroused widespread interest and prompted the British government in 1769 to order James Cook in HM Bark Endeavour to seek out the Southern Continent, which was discovered in June 1767 by Samuel Wallis in HMS Dolphin and named by him King George Island.[21] The London press reported in June 1768 that two ships would be sent to the newly discovered island and from there to "attempt the Discovery of the Southern Continent".[22] The British East India Trade Committee recommended in 1823 that a settlement be established on the coast of northern Australia to forestall the Dutch, and Captain J.J.G. Bremer, RN, was commissioned to form a settlement between Bathurst Island and the Cobourg Peninsula.[23]

Colonial era (1788–1900) edit

 
'Podgy', a Sikh hawker in Goulburn Valley, Victoria

Indian immigration from British India to Australia began early in history of Australian colony. The first Indians arrived in Australia with the British settlers who had been living in India.[24]

The people of the first British fleet to establish a new colony, which landed on 26 January 1788, included seamen, marines and their families, government officials, and a large number of convicts, including women and children. All had been tried and convicted in Great Britain and almost all of them in England. However, many are known to have come to England from other parts of Great Britain and, especially, from Ireland; at least 12 were identified as black (born in India, Britain, Africa, the West Indies, North America, or a European country or its colony).[25]: 421–4 [26][27][28] In 1788, Indian crews from Bay of Bengal came to Australia on trading ships.[29]

Between 1788 and 1868 on board 806 ships in all about 164,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies, 1% were from the British outposts in India and Canada, Maoris from New Zealand, Chinese from Hong Kong and slaves from the Caribbean.[30] British colonial convict ships from Britain and elsewhere to Australia frequently stopped over in India, many of which were built in India, and among those ships with convicts started the initial sail from India include HMS Duchess of York which sailed from Bengal in India and arrived at Port Jackson on 4 April 1807 carrying merchandise and rice also transported two military convicts,[31] Hunter arrived on 20 August 1810, Indian arrived on 16 December 1810, Amboyna arrived in Australia on 1 January 1822,[32] Cawdry arrived on 1 January 1826 from India and Ceylon, Edward Lombes on 6 January 1833,[31] and Swallow arrived on 23 October 1836. Almorah sailed from Britain and stopped over at Madras and Bengal in 1818.[33]

In the late 1830s, more Indians started to arrive in Australia as indentured labourers when the penal transport of convicts to New South Wales (which at the time also consisted of Queensland and Victoria) was slowing, before being abolished altogether in 1840.[citation needed] The lack of manual labourers from the convict assignment system led to an increase demand for foreign labour, which was partly filled by the arrival of Indians who came from an agrarian background in India, and thus fulfilled their tasks as farm labourers on cane fields and shepherds on sheep stations well.[citation needed] In 1844, P. Friell who had previously lived in India, brought 25 domestic workers from India to Sydney and these included a few women and children.[34] Among the earliest Indians was a Hindu Sindhi merchant, Shri Pammull, who after arrived in 1850s built a family opal trade in Melbourne which still prosperously continues with his fourth-generation descendants.[35] "Initially, the migrants from India were indentured labourers, who worked on sheep stations and farms around Australia. Some adventurers followed during the gold rush of the 1850s. A census from 1861 indicates that there were around 200 Indians in Victoria of whom 20 were in Ballarat, the town which was at the epicenter of the gold rush. Thereafter, many more came and worked as hawkers - going from house to house, town to town, traversing thousands of kilometers, making a living by selling a variety of products."[36][better source needed]

From the 1860s, Indians, most of them Sikh, worked as merchants, industrialists, and businessmen to operate throughout outback Australia, as 'pioneers of the inland'.[37] The 1881 census records 998 people who were born in India but this had grown to over 1700 by 1891.[24]

Between 1860s to 1900 period when small groups of cameleers were also shipped in and out of Australia at three-year intervals, to service South Australia's inland pastoral industry by carting goods and transporting wool bales by camel trains, who were commonly referred to as "Afghans" or "Ghans", despite their origin often being mainly from British India, and some even from Afghanistan and Egypt and Turkey.[38] Majority of cameleers, including Indian cameleers, were Muslims with a sizeable minority were Sikhs from Punjab region, they set up camel-breeding stations and rest house outposts, known as caravanserai, throughout inland Australia, creating a permanent link between the coastal cities and the remote cattle and sheep grazing stations until about the 1930s, when they were largely replaced by the automobile.[38]

Since Federation (1901–present) edit

During the White Australia policy (1901–1973) edit

From federation in 1901 until the 1973 immigration of non-Europeans, including Indians, into Australia was restricted due to the enactment of the White Australia policy. The laws made it impossible for Indians to enter the country unless they were merchants or students, who themselves were only allowed in for short periods of time. Historians place the number of Indians in Australia at federation in 1901 somewhere between 4700 and 7600.[39] According to the 1911 census, there was only 3698 'Indians' signifying a large decrease, with the trend continuing, with only approximately 2200 'Indians' in the country in 1921.[40] After 1901 Immigration Restriction Act was introduced by the Australian Government the migration [of non-white migrants] from India was curtailed, but following India's independence from Britain in 1947, the number of Indian-born Anglo-western white British citizens emigrating to Australia increased, along with migration of mixed race European-Indians, such as Anglo-Indians, Dutch Anglo-Indians and Portuguese Indians.[41][42] The 1901 Immigration Restriction Act, one of the first laws passed by the new Australian parliament, which was the centrepiece of the White Australia Policy aimed to restrict immigration from Asia, where the population was vastly greater and the standard of living vastly lower and was similar to measures taken in other settler societies such as the United States, Canada and New Zealand.[43] While Labor Party wanted to protect "white" jobs and pushed for clearer restrictions, Free Trade Party's MP Bruce Smith said he had "no desire to see low-class Indians, Chinamen or Japanese...swarming into this country... But there is obligation...not (to) unnecessarily offend the educated classes of those nations".[44]

 
RAAF Personnel with an Indian Sikh man during WWII.

During World War I (1914–1918) Indian and Australian troops were deployed together in several sectors, including in Europe, Middle East, Africa, Egypt and Turkey.[45][46][47] During Gallipoli Campaign the Australians and New Zealanders troops were deployed to take part in the operation, although they were outnumbered by the British, Indian and French contingents, a fact which is often overlooked today by many Australians and New Zealanders.[48] Australian nurses also staffed 10 British colonial hospitals in India.[45]

During World War II (1939–1945) the hundreds of Australians were posted to British units in Burma and India.[49] Hundreds of Australians also served with RAF units in India and Burma, and in May 1943 330 Australians were serving in forty-one squadrons in India, of which only nine had more than ten Australians.[50] In addition, many of the RAN's corvettes and destroyers served with the British Eastern Fleet where they were normally used to protect convoys in the Indian Ocean from attacks by Japanese and German submarines.[51]

Since the end of the White Australia policy (1973–present) edit

 
The number of permanent settlers arriving in Australia from India since 1991 (monthly)

The end of White Australia policy saw a boom in migration of middle-class skilled professionals, by 2016 over 2 in every 3 migrants who arrived were skilled professionals mainly from India, UK, China, South Africa and Philippines, "to work as doctors and nurses, human-resources and marketing professionals, business managers, IT specialists, and engineers...who were not fleeing war or poverty. The Indians in Australia are predominantly male, while the Chinese are majority female." Indians are the largest migrant ethnic group in Melbourne and Adelaide, fourth largest in Brisbane, and likely to jump from third place to second place in Sydney by 2021. In Melbourne, the suburbs of Docklands, Footscray, Sunshine, Truganina, Tarneit and Pakenham have higher concentration of Indians specially the students. In Sydney, Parramatta [and neighbouring suburbs such as Harris Park and Westmead, etc.] have higher concentration of migrants.[52] By 2019, the number of Indians grew at nine times the annual national average growth, and number of overseas student visas and post-study work visas also exploded.[53]

Between 2007 and 2010, the violence against Indians in Australia controversy took place, and a subsequent Indian Government investigation concluded that, of 152 reported racially motivated assaults against Indian students in Australia in 2009, 23 involved racial overtones.[54] In the year 2007–2008, 1,447 Indians had been victims of crime including assaults and robberies in the state of Victoria in Australia.[55] In either case, the Victorian police refused to release the data for public scrutiny, the stated reason being that it was "problematic: as well as 'subjective and open to interpretation'".[56] Indian media have accused the Australian authorities of being denialist.[57] On 9 June 2009, Indian Prime Minister, addressing the Indian Parliament said that "he was 'appalled' by the senseless violence and crime, some of which are racist in nature,"[58] Indian students held protests in Melbourne and Sydney,[59][60] which were sparked by an earlier attack on Indians by Lebanese Australian men.[61]

Demographics edit

 
People with Indian ancestry as a percentage of the population in Sydney divided geographically by postal area, as of the 2011 census

783,958 persons declared Indian ancestry (whether alone or in combination with another ancestry) at the 2021 census, representing 3.1% of the Australian population.[1]
In 2019, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that 721,050 Australian residents were born in India.[3][62]

At the 2021 census the states with the largest number of people nominating Indian ancestry were: New South Wales (350,770), Victoria (250,103), Queensland (93,648), Western Australia (77,357) and South Australia (43,598).[63]

In 2009 there were an additional 90,000 Indian students studying at Australian tertiary institutions according to Prime Minister Rudd.[64]

Historical population trends edit

This table only reflects the people who were born in India, and not all the people who have the Indian ancestry such as the second generation Indian Australians or the first generation Indian Australians from Indian diaspora nations e.g. Fiji, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Suriname, Guyana, etc. Prior to 1947 India's Independence and simultaneous partition, the Pakistani Australian and Bangladeshi Australian as nations did not exist as these were part of British India, hence these are also included in the demography of Australian Indians till 1947.

Year Born in India All overseas born Notes
Number % of Indians among overseas born Number % of all overseas born in total population of Australia and comments
26 January 1788[25][26][27][28] 12* People of the first British fleet included 12 non-European people including some Indians.
1881[24] 998
1891[24] 1700
1901[39] 4700 to 7600 Introduction of White Australia policy led to reduction of Indians.
1911[40] 3698
1921[40] 2200
Before 1941[65] 170 0.1 16,681 0.3
1941–1950[65] 2,027 0.7 106,647 2.0
1951–1960[65] 1,697 0.6 375,076 7.1
1961–1970[65] 10,319 3.5 642,355 12.1 End of the White Australia policy in 1973.
1971–1980[65] 11,595 3.9 571,828 10.8
1981–1990[65] 17,659 6.0 782,926 14.8
1991–2000[65] 36,765 12.4 786,777 14.9
2001–2005[65] 48,949 16.6 581,597 11.0
2006–2011[65] 159,326 (390,894) 52.9 1,190,322 22.5 390,894 are ethnic Indian and among them 295,362 were born in India.
2011–2016[3][5][66] 592,000 (619,164) 619,164 (2.8% of Australian population) are ethnic Indian and among them 592,000 (2.4% of Australian population) were born in India.
2016–2021
2022–2027

Indian languages edit

 
Languages spoken by Indian Australians at home as of 2011

Hindi and Punjabi languages, with 159,652 and 132,496 speakers, are among top 10 language spoken at home in Australia. Other Indian languages and their respecting speaker in Australia are Tamil (50,161), Bengali (54,566), Malayalam (53,206), Gujarati (52,888), Telugu (58,435), Marathi (13,055), Kannada (9,701), Konkani (2,416), Sindhi (1,592), Kashmiri (215), and Odia (721).[6] Number of Hindi speakers by state in 2018, were NSW (67,034), Victoria (51,241), Queensland (18,163), Western Australia (10,747), South Australia (7,310), ACT (3,646), NT (852), and Tasmania (639).[7] 81% of Punjabi speakers are Sikhs, 13.3% are Hindus and 1.4% are Muslims.[67]

Religion edit

Religion amongst Indian Australians (2021)[68]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
45.0%
Sikhism
20.8%
Catholicism
10.3%
Other religion
9.9%
No Religion
7.4%
Islam
6.6%

With 92.6% of Indian Australians being religious, Indian Australians are a much more religious group than Australia as a whole (Australia being 46.1% irreligious),[69][70] but less religious than India itself which is 99.7% religious.[71] While India is 79.8% Hindu, 14.2% Muslim, 2.3% Christian, and 1.7% Sikh, Indian Australians are 45.0% Hindu, 20.8% Sikh, 10.3% Catholic, and 6.6% Muslim, with a significant over-representation of Sikhs and Christians and an under-representation of Hindus and Muslims.

Socio-economic status edit

In 2016, it was revealed 54.6% of Indian migrants in Australia hold a bachelor's degree or a higher educational degree, more than three times Australia's national average of 17.2% in 2011, making them the most educated demographic group in Australia.[9]

India annually contributes the largest number of migrants to both Australia and New Zealand. According to census figures from 2016, among India-born residents in Australia, the median income was $785, higher than the corresponding figure for all overseas-born residents at $615, and all Australia-born residents at $688.[72]

In popular media edit

"Indians and the Antipodes: Networks, Boundaries and Circulation" 2018 book edited by Sekhar Bandyopadhyay and Jane Buckingham "is the first book that seeks to juxtapose histories of Indian migration to Australia and New Zealand in a comparative framework to show their interconnectedness as well as dissimilarities. Side by side with stories of collective suffering and struggles of the diaspora, it focuses on individual resilience, enterprise and social mobility. It analyses 'White Australia' and 'White New Zealand' policies of the early twentieth century to point to their interconnected histories. It also looks critically at the more recent migration, its changing nature and the challenges it poses to both the migrant communities and the host societies."[73]

Notable Indian Australians edit

Indian ancestry edit

European–Indian ancestry edit

See also edit

References edit

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  73. ^ Indians and the Antipodes: Networks, Boundaries, and Circulation.

External links edit

  • Indian Magazine and Newspaper in Australia
  • Indians Living in Australia
  • Indian Communities in Australia
  1. ^ According to the local classification, South Caucasian peoples (Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Georgians) belong not to the European but to the "Central Asian" group, despite the fact that the territory of Transcaucasia has nothing to do with Central Asia and geographically belongs mostly to Western Asia.

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Indian Australians or Indo Australians are Australians of Indian ancestry This includes both those who are Australian by birth and those born in India or elsewhere in the Indian diaspora Indian Australians are one of the largest groups within the Indian diaspora with 783 958 persons declaring Indian ancestry at the 2021 census representing 3 1 of the Australian population 1 In 2019 the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that 721 050 Australian residents were born in India 3 4 Indian AustraliansTotal population783 958 by ancestry 2021 census 1 3 1 of the Australian population 1 721 050 born in India 2020 2 Regions with significant populationsMelbourne Sydney Perth Brisbane Adelaide Woolgoolga and Regional VictoriaLanguagesAustralian English Indian languagesReligionPredominantly HinduismMinorities Christianity Islam Sikhism Buddhism Jainism other Indian Religions IrreligionRelated ethnic groupsIndian New Zealanders British Indians Indian Canadians Indian Americans Overseas Indian Diaspora Bangladeshi Australians Pakistani Australians Sri Lankan AustraliansIndians are the youngest average age 34 years and the fastest growing community both in terms of absolute numbers and percentages in Australia 5 In 2017 18 India was the largest source of new permanent annual migrants to Australia since 2016 and overall third largest source nation of cumulative total migrant population behind England and China 20 5 or 33 310 out of 162 417 Australian permanent resident visas went to the Indians who also additionally had 70 000 students were studying in Australian universities and colleges and Hindi ranked 8th with 0 7 of total population and Punjabi ranked 10th with 0 6 of total population are among the top 10 languages spoken in Australia 6 7 8 Among Indian origin religions which also include non Indians are Buddhist 2 4 of total population or 563 700 people Hindus 1 9 or 440 300 and Sikhs 0 5 or 125 900 7 As of 2016 Indians were the highest educated migrant group in Australia with 54 6 of Indians in Australia having a bachelor s or higher degree more than three times Australia s national average 9 The long history of Indian migration to Australia has progressed from 18th century sepoys and lascars soldiers and sailors aboard visiting European ships through 19th century migrant labourers and the 20th century s hostile policies to the new generation of skilled professional migrants of the 21st century India became the largest source of skilled migrants in the 21st century 10 Contents 1 History 1 1 Pre history migration of Indians 2300 BCE 2000 BCE 1 2 Indian connection with European exploration of Australia 1627 1787 1 3 Colonial era 1788 1900 1 4 Since Federation 1901 present 1 4 1 During the White Australia policy 1901 1973 1 4 2 Since the end of the White Australia policy 1973 present 2 Demographics 2 1 Historical population trends 2 2 Indian languages 2 3 Religion 3 Socio economic status 4 In popular media 5 Notable Indian Australians 5 1 Indian ancestry 5 2 European Indian ancestry 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory editPre history migration of Indians 2300 BCE 2000 BCE edit See also History of Indigenous Australians nbsp An Aboriginal encampment near the Adelaide foothillsA study of Indigenous Australian DNA has found that Indigenous Australians may have mixed with people of Indian origin about 4 200 years ago The same study showed that flint tools and Indian dogs may have been introduced from India at about this time 11 A 2012 paper reports that there is also evidence of a substantial genetic flow from India to northern Australia estimated at slightly over four thousand years ago a time when changes in tool technology and food processing appear in the Australian archaeological record suggesting that these may be related 12 One genetic study in 2012 by Irina Pugach and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has suggested that about 4 000 years before the First Fleet landed in Australia in 1788 some Indian explorers had settled in Australia and assimilated into the local population in roughly 2217 BC 13 The study by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology found that there was a migration of genes from India to Australia around 2000 BCE The researchers had two theories for this either some Indians had contact with people in Indonesia who eventually transferred those genes from India to Aboriginal Australians or that a group of Indians migrated all the way from India to Australia and intermingled with the locals directly 14 15 This also explains with the Vedda people of Sri Lanka some of their facial features look very similar to the Australo Melanesians which are part of the Australoid race It is now clear that this was the result of Andamanese aborigines intermixing with Indo Aryan migrants further explanation needed these same people referring to the Andamanese also shared ancestry with the Dravidians after intermixing with the now extinct Elamites distinct from the modern Iranian peoples they also shared ancestry with the Indo Aryans citation needed Indian connection with European exploration of Australia 1627 1787 edit See also European exploration of Australia In 1627 the south coast of Australia was accidentally discovered by the Dutch East India Company explorer Francois Thijssen and named t Land van Pieter Nuyts in honour of the highest ranking passenger Pieter Nuyts extraordinary Councillor of India 16 17 In 1628 a squadron of Dutch East India Company ships was sent by the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies Pieter de Carpentier to explore the northern coast These ships made extensive examinations particularly in the Gulf of Carpentaria named in honour of de Carpentier 18 The Dutch East India Company ship Duyfken led by Willem Janszoon made the first documented European landing in Australia in 1606 19 Alexander Dalrymple 1737 1808 the Examiner of Sea Journals for the British East India Company 20 whilst translating some Spanish documents captured by Indian sepoys during the 1762 CE occupation of Philippines by the British India found Portuguese navigator Luis Vaez de Torres s testimony which led Dalrymple to discover and publish in 1770 1771 the existence of an unknown continent which he named as Terra Australis or Southern Continent this aroused widespread interest and prompted the British government in 1769 to order James Cook in HM Bark Endeavour to seek out the Southern Continent which was discovered in June 1767 by Samuel Wallis in HMS Dolphin and named by him King George Island 21 The London press reported in June 1768 that two ships would be sent to the newly discovered island and from there to attempt the Discovery of the Southern Continent 22 The British East India Trade Committee recommended in 1823 that a settlement be established on the coast of northern Australia to forestall the Dutch and Captain J J G Bremer RN was commissioned to form a settlement between Bathurst Island and the Cobourg Peninsula 23 Colonial era 1788 1900 edit See also History of Australia 1788 1850 History of Australia 1851 1900 Convicts in Australia List of convicts on the First Fleet and Journals of the First Fleet nbsp Podgy a Sikh hawker in Goulburn Valley VictoriaIndian immigration from British India to Australia began early in history of Australian colony The first Indians arrived in Australia with the British settlers who had been living in India 24 The people of the first British fleet to establish a new colony which landed on 26 January 1788 included seamen marines and their families government officials and a large number of convicts including women and children All had been tried and convicted in Great Britain and almost all of them in England However many are known to have come to England from other parts of Great Britain and especially from Ireland at least 12 were identified as black born in India Britain Africa the West Indies North America or a European country or its colony 25 421 4 26 27 28 In 1788 Indian crews from Bay of Bengal came to Australia on trading ships 29 Between 1788 and 1868 on board 806 ships in all about 164 000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies 1 were from the British outposts in India and Canada Maoris from New Zealand Chinese from Hong Kong and slaves from the Caribbean 30 British colonial convict ships from Britain and elsewhere to Australia frequently stopped over in India many of which were built in India and among those ships with convicts started the initial sail from India include HMS Duchess of York which sailed from Bengal in India and arrived at Port Jackson on 4 April 1807 carrying merchandise and rice also transported two military convicts 31 Hunter arrived on 20 August 1810 Indian arrived on 16 December 1810 Amboyna arrived in Australia on 1 January 1822 32 Cawdry arrived on 1 January 1826 from India and Ceylon Edward Lombes on 6 January 1833 31 and Swallow arrived on 23 October 1836 Almorah sailed from Britain and stopped over at Madras and Bengal in 1818 33 In the late 1830s more Indians started to arrive in Australia as indentured labourers when the penal transport of convicts to New South Wales which at the time also consisted of Queensland and Victoria was slowing before being abolished altogether in 1840 citation needed The lack of manual labourers from the convict assignment system led to an increase demand for foreign labour which was partly filled by the arrival of Indians who came from an agrarian background in India and thus fulfilled their tasks as farm labourers on cane fields and shepherds on sheep stations well citation needed In 1844 P Friell who had previously lived in India brought 25 domestic workers from India to Sydney and these included a few women and children 34 Among the earliest Indians was a Hindu Sindhi merchant Shri Pammull who after arrived in 1850s built a family opal trade in Melbourne which still prosperously continues with his fourth generation descendants 35 Initially the migrants from India were indentured labourers who worked on sheep stations and farms around Australia Some adventurers followed during the gold rush of the 1850s A census from 1861 indicates that there were around 200 Indians in Victoria of whom 20 were in Ballarat the town which was at the epicenter of the gold rush Thereafter many more came and worked as hawkers going from house to house town to town traversing thousands of kilometers making a living by selling a variety of products 36 better source needed From the 1860s Indians most of them Sikh worked as merchants industrialists and businessmen to operate throughout outback Australia as pioneers of the inland 37 The 1881 census records 998 people who were born in India but this had grown to over 1700 by 1891 24 Between 1860s to 1900 period when small groups of cameleers were also shipped in and out of Australia at three year intervals to service South Australia s inland pastoral industry by carting goods and transporting wool bales by camel trains who were commonly referred to as Afghans or Ghans despite their origin often being mainly from British India and some even from Afghanistan and Egypt and Turkey 38 Majority of cameleers including Indian cameleers were Muslims with a sizeable minority were Sikhs from Punjab region they set up camel breeding stations and rest house outposts known as caravanserai throughout inland Australia creating a permanent link between the coastal cities and the remote cattle and sheep grazing stations until about the 1930s when they were largely replaced by the automobile 38 Since Federation 1901 present edit During the White Australia policy 1901 1973 edit See also White Australia policy History of Australia 1901 1945 and History of Australia since 1945 From federation in 1901 until the 1973 immigration of non Europeans including Indians into Australia was restricted due to the enactment of the White Australia policy The laws made it impossible for Indians to enter the country unless they were merchants or students who themselves were only allowed in for short periods of time Historians place the number of Indians in Australia at federation in 1901 somewhere between 4700 and 7600 39 According to the 1911 census there was only 3698 Indians signifying a large decrease with the trend continuing with only approximately 2200 Indians in the country in 1921 40 After 1901 Immigration Restriction Act was introduced by the Australian Government the migration of non white migrants from India was curtailed but following India s independence from Britain in 1947 the number of Indian born Anglo western white British citizens emigrating to Australia increased along with migration of mixed race European Indians such as Anglo Indians Dutch Anglo Indians and Portuguese Indians 41 42 The 1901 Immigration Restriction Act one of the first laws passed by the new Australian parliament which was the centrepiece of the White Australia Policy aimed to restrict immigration from Asia where the population was vastly greater and the standard of living vastly lower and was similar to measures taken in other settler societies such as the United States Canada and New Zealand 43 While Labor Party wanted to protect white jobs and pushed for clearer restrictions Free Trade Party s MP Bruce Smith said he had no desire to see low class Indians Chinamen or Japanese swarming into this country But there is obligation not to unnecessarily offend the educated classes of those nations 44 nbsp RAAF Personnel with an Indian Sikh man during WWII During World War I 1914 1918 Indian and Australian troops were deployed together in several sectors including in Europe Middle East Africa Egypt and Turkey 45 46 47 During Gallipoli Campaign the Australians and New Zealanders troops were deployed to take part in the operation although they were outnumbered by the British Indian and French contingents a fact which is often overlooked today by many Australians and New Zealanders 48 Australian nurses also staffed 10 British colonial hospitals in India 45 During World War II 1939 1945 the hundreds of Australians were posted to British units in Burma and India 49 Hundreds of Australians also served with RAF units in India and Burma and in May 1943 330 Australians were serving in forty one squadrons in India of which only nine had more than ten Australians 50 In addition many of the RAN s corvettes and destroyers served with the British Eastern Fleet where they were normally used to protect convoys in the Indian Ocean from attacks by Japanese and German submarines 51 Since the end of the White Australia policy 1973 present edit See also Impact of end of White Australia policy nbsp The number of permanent settlers arriving in Australia from India since 1991 monthly The end of White Australia policy saw a boom in migration of middle class skilled professionals by 2016 over 2 in every 3 migrants who arrived were skilled professionals mainly from India UK China South Africa and Philippines to work as doctors and nurses human resources and marketing professionals business managers IT specialists and engineers who were not fleeing war or poverty The Indians in Australia are predominantly male while the Chinese are majority female Indians are the largest migrant ethnic group in Melbourne and Adelaide fourth largest in Brisbane and likely to jump from third place to second place in Sydney by 2021 In Melbourne the suburbs of Docklands Footscray Sunshine Truganina Tarneit and Pakenham have higher concentration of Indians specially the students In Sydney Parramatta and neighbouring suburbs such as Harris Park and Westmead etc have higher concentration of migrants 52 By 2019 the number of Indians grew at nine times the annual national average growth and number of overseas student visas and post study work visas also exploded 53 Between 2007 and 2010 the violence against Indians in Australia controversy took place and a subsequent Indian Government investigation concluded that of 152 reported racially motivated assaults against Indian students in Australia in 2009 23 involved racial overtones 54 In the year 2007 2008 1 447 Indians had been victims of crime including assaults and robberies in the state of Victoria in Australia 55 In either case the Victorian police refused to release the data for public scrutiny the stated reason being that it was problematic as well as subjective and open to interpretation 56 Indian media have accused the Australian authorities of being denialist 57 On 9 June 2009 Indian Prime Minister addressing the Indian Parliament said that he was appalled by the senseless violence and crime some of which are racist in nature 58 Indian students held protests in Melbourne and Sydney 59 60 which were sparked by an earlier attack on Indians by Lebanese Australian men 61 Demographics editSee also Demography of Australia nbsp People with Indian ancestry as a percentage of the population in Sydney divided geographically by postal area as of the 2011 census783 958 persons declared Indian ancestry whether alone or in combination with another ancestry at the 2021 census representing 3 1 of the Australian population 1 In 2019 the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated that 721 050 Australian residents were born in India 3 62 At the 2021 census the states with the largest number of people nominating Indian ancestry were New South Wales 350 770 Victoria 250 103 Queensland 93 648 Western Australia 77 357 and South Australia 43 598 63 In 2009 there were an additional 90 000 Indian students studying at Australian tertiary institutions according to Prime Minister Rudd 64 Historical population trends edit This table only reflects the people who were born in India and not all the people who have the Indian ancestry such as the second generation Indian Australians or the first generation Indian Australians from Indian diaspora nations e g Fiji Singapore Malaysia Hong Kong Suriname Guyana etc Prior to 1947 India s Independence and simultaneous partition the Pakistani Australian and Bangladeshi Australian as nations did not exist as these were part of British India hence these are also included in the demography of Australian Indians till 1947 Year Born in India All overseas born NotesNumber of Indians among overseas born Number of all overseas born in total population of Australia and comments26 January 1788 25 26 27 28 12 People of the first British fleet included 12 non European people including some Indians 1881 24 9981891 24 17001901 39 4700 to 7600 Introduction of White Australia policy led to reduction of Indians 1911 40 36981921 40 2200Before 1941 65 170 0 1 16 681 0 31941 1950 65 2 027 0 7 106 647 2 01951 1960 65 1 697 0 6 375 076 7 11961 1970 65 10 319 3 5 642 355 12 1 End of the White Australia policy in 1973 1971 1980 65 11 595 3 9 571 828 10 81981 1990 65 17 659 6 0 782 926 14 81991 2000 65 36 765 12 4 786 777 14 92001 2005 65 48 949 16 6 581 597 11 02006 2011 65 159 326 390 894 52 9 1 190 322 22 5 390 894 are ethnic Indian and among them 295 362 were born in India 2011 2016 3 5 66 592 000 619 164 619 164 2 8 of Australian population are ethnic Indian and among them 592 000 2 4 of Australian population were born in India 2016 20212022 2027 Indian languages edit See also Languages of Australia and Languages of India nbsp Languages spoken by Indian Australians at home as of 2011Hindi and Punjabi languages with 159 652 and 132 496 speakers are among top 10 language spoken at home in Australia Other Indian languages and their respecting speaker in Australia are Tamil 50 161 Bengali 54 566 Malayalam 53 206 Gujarati 52 888 Telugu 58 435 Marathi 13 055 Kannada 9 701 Konkani 2 416 Sindhi 1 592 Kashmiri 215 and Odia 721 6 Number of Hindi speakers by state in 2018 were NSW 67 034 Victoria 51 241 Queensland 18 163 Western Australia 10 747 South Australia 7 310 ACT 3 646 NT 852 and Tasmania 639 7 81 of Punjabi speakers are Sikhs 13 3 are Hindus and 1 4 are Muslims 67 Religion edit See also Indian origin religions in Australia Hinduism in Australia and Sikhism in Australia Religion amongst Indian Australians 2021 68 Religion PercentHinduism 45 0 Sikhism 20 8 Catholicism 10 3 Other religion 9 9 No Religion 7 4 Islam 6 6 With 92 6 of Indian Australians being religious Indian Australians are a much more religious group than Australia as a whole Australia being 46 1 irreligious 69 70 but less religious than India itself which is 99 7 religious 71 While India is 79 8 Hindu 14 2 Muslim 2 3 Christian and 1 7 Sikh Indian Australians are 45 0 Hindu 20 8 Sikh 10 3 Catholic and 6 6 Muslim with a significant over representation of Sikhs and Christians and an under representation of Hindus and Muslims Socio economic status editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2020 In 2016 it was revealed 54 6 of Indian migrants in Australia hold a bachelor s degree or a higher educational degree more than three times Australia s national average of 17 2 in 2011 making them the most educated demographic group in Australia 9 India annually contributes the largest number of migrants to both Australia and New Zealand According to census figures from 2016 among India born residents in Australia the median income was 785 higher than the corresponding figure for all overseas born residents at 615 and all Australia born residents at 688 72 In popular media edit Indians and the Antipodes Networks Boundaries and Circulation 2018 book edited by Sekhar Bandyopadhyay and Jane Buckingham is the first book that seeks to juxtapose histories of Indian migration to Australia and New Zealand in a comparative framework to show their interconnectedness as well as dissimilarities Side by side with stories of collective suffering and struggles of the diaspora it focuses on individual resilience enterprise and social mobility It analyses White Australia and White New Zealand policies of the early twentieth century to point to their interconnected histories It also looks critically at the more recent migration its changing nature and the challenges it poses to both the migrant communities and the host societies 73 Notable Indian Australians editIndian ancestry edit Anupam Sharma Filmmaker Australia Day Ambassador film entrepreneur Astra Sharma Tennis player Aravind Adiga Novelist winner of the 2008 Man Booker Prize Purushottama Bilimoria Professor at Deakin University Anusha Dandekar Actress Shibani Dandekar Actor Chennupati Jagadish AC pioneer in nanotechnology Zinnia Kumar Scientist and International Fashion Model Kersi Meher Homji Journalist and Author Mahesh Jadu Actor Maria Thattil Activist Beauty Queen and Model of South Indian descent who was crowned Miss Universe Australia 2020 and placed Top 10 at Miss Universe 2020 Marc Fennell film critic technology journalist radio personality author and television presenter Tharini Mudaliar Singer and Actress who played a role in The Matrix Revolutions and Xena Warrior Princess Indira Naidoo Newsreader Neel Kolhatkar Comedian Pankaj Oswal controversial businessman accused of embezzlement Vimala Raman Actress Chandrika Ravi Actress Pallavi Sharda Actress Partho Sen Gupta Filmmaker Lisa Sthalekar Captain of Australia Women s cricket team Mathai Varghese Mathematician and Professor at the University of Adelaide Peter Varghese Diplomat and Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australia Akshay Venkatesh Mathematician Kaushaliya Vaghela former Victorian politician community leader Guy Sebastian Winner of 2003 Australian Idol Singer and Songwriter Isha Sharvani Bollywood actressEuropean Indian ancestry edit Prue Car ALP MP for Londonderry in New South Wales Christabel Chamarette Senator from Western Australia from 1992 to 1996 Stuart Clark Australian Cricketer Chris Crewther former Liberal MP for Dunkley Samantha Downie Australia s Next Top Model Contestant Model Jeremy Fernandez ABC weekend presenter and reporter Lisa Haydon Bollywood Actress Samantha Jade Singer Songwriter and Actress Sam Kerr Footballer Daniel Kerr Australian rules footballer Roger Kerr Australian rules footballer Jordan McMahon Australian rules footballer Lauren Moss ALP MP for Casuarina in the Northern Territory Clancee Pearce Australian Rules Footballer for Fremantle Football Club Eric Pearce former Hockey Player who represented Australia in 4 Olympics Julian Pearce former Hockey Player who represented Australia in 45 international matches Rex Sellers Cricketer and Leg Spinner who played for Australia in India in 1964 Dave Sharma former Liberal MP for Wentworth Lisa Singh former ALP Senator representing Tasmania Terry Walsh Australian Hockey Player and Coach Anne Warner former Minister for Aboriginal and Islander Affairs Queensland Labor Government Rhys Williams Professional footballerSee also edit nbsp Australia portal nbsp India portalAustralia India relations Fijian Indian Australians Non resident Indian and person of Indian origin Pakistani Australians Bangladeshi Australians Punjabi Australians Australian Sikh Heritage Trail Man Mohan Singh pilot Romani people in AustraliaReferences edit a b c d General Community Profile XLS 2021 Census of Population and Housing Australian Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 20 December 2023 Table 5 1 Estimated resident population by country of birth a Australia as at 30 June 1996 to 2020 b c Australian Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 24 April 2021 a b c 2016 Census Community Profiles Australia quickstats censusdata abs gov au Table 5 1 Estimated resident population by country of birth a Australia as at 30 June 1996 to 2020 b c Australian Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 24 April 2021 a b Statistics c AU o Commonwealth of Australia ou Australian Bureau of 28 April 2020 Main Features Australia s Population by Country of Birth www abs gov au a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Indian population in Australia increases 30 per cent in less than two years now the third largest migrant group in Australia SBS 2 May 2019 a b c Hindi is the top Indian language spoken in Australia SBS 26 October 2018 Migration program report for 2017 18 a b Indians found to be Australia s most highly educated migrants Interstaff Migration 19 August 2016 The story of the Indian diaspora in Australia and New Zealand is 250 years old qz com 30 October 2018 Creagh Sunanda 15 January 2013 Study links ancient Indian visitors to Australia s first dingoes The Conversation Retrieved 14 May 2014 Manfred K Mark S Irina P Frederick O Ellen G 14 January 2013 Genome wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia PNAS 110 5 1803 1808 Bibcode 2013PNAS 110 1803P doi 10 1073 pnas 1211927110 PMC 3562786 PMID 23319617 pp 1803 1808 An Antipodean Raj The Economist 19 January 2013 Retrieved 29 January 2017 Sanyal Sanjeev 2016 The ocean of churn how the Indian Ocean shaped human history Gurgaon Haryana India p 59 ISBN 9789386057617 OCLC 990782127 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link MacDonald Anna 15 January 2013 Research shows ancient Indian migration to Australia ABC News NUYTS TERCENTENARY The Register Adelaide National Library of Australia 24 May 1927 p 11 Retrieved 31 January 2012 Klaassen Nic Nuyts Pieter 1598 1655 Nuyts Pieter Australian Dictionary of Biography Retrieved 4 April 2009 INTERESTING HISTORICAL NOTES The Mercury Hobart Tas National Library of Australia 9 October 1923 p 5 Retrieved 29 January 2012 J P Sigmond and L H Zuiderbaan 1979 Dutch Discoveries of Australia Rigby Ltd Australia pp 19 30 ISBN 0 7270 0800 5 Howard T Fry Alexander Dalrymple 1737 1808 and the Expansion of British Trade London Cass for the Royal Commonwealth Society 1970 pp 229 230 Andrew Cook Introduction to An account of the discoveries made in the South Pacifick Ocean by Alexander Dalrymple first printed in 1767 reissued with a foreword by Kevin Fewster and an essay by Andrew Cook Potts Point NSW Hordern House Rare Books for the Australian National Maritime Museum 1996 pp 38 9 The St James s Chronicle 11 June and The Public Advertiser 13 June 1768 Historical Records of Australia Series III Vol V 1922 pp 743 47 770 a b c d Indian hawkers museumvictoria com au Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 Retrieved 22 March 2015 a b Gillen Mollie 1989 The Founders of Australia a Biographical Dictionary of the First Fleet Sydney Library of Australian History ISBN 978 0908120697 a b 1788 Objects through Time NSW Migration Heritage Centre Retrieved 22 November 2013 a b Pybus Cassandra 2006 Black Founders the unknown story of Australia s first Black settlers Sydney UNSW Press ISBN 9780868408491 Retrieved 28 November 2013 a b Jupp James ed 1988 The Australian People an Encyclopedia of the Nation its People and their Origins North Ryde Angus amp Robertson pp 367 79 ISBN 978 0207154270 An introduction to HINDUISM in Australia Fact sheet Archived from the original on 30 April 2015 Retrieved 13 May 2015 Convicts and the British colonies in Australia Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 a b NRS 1155 Musters and other papers relating to convict ships State Archives of NSW 11 January 2016 Retrieved 31 March 2017 Phipps 1840 John Phipps of the Master Attendant s Office Calcutta 1840 A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships Built in India to the Present Time Scott Google eBook p 117 and 180 British Library Almorah Indian overseas Population Indians in Australia Non resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin NRIOL Hinduism Hinduism by country Hinduism in australia Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 13 May 2015 Early Sikhs in Australia SikhChic com Changing Face of early Australia Australia gov au 13 February 2009 Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 16 May 2015 a b australia gov au gt About Australia gt Australian Stories gt Afghan cameleers in Australia Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 8 May 2014 a b Deacon Desley Russell Penny Woollacott Angela eds 2008 Transnational Ties Australian Lives in the World ANU Press doi 10 22459 TT 12 2008 ISBN 9781921536205 a b c Jupp James October 2001 The Australian People An Encyclopedia of the Nation Its People and Their Origins Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521807890 Indiaoz Indian Arts amp Literature Indian Immigration amp Australia www indiaoz com au Archived from the original on 10 August 2007 Australia immigration More Immigration from India workpermit com 21 January 2005 Retrieved 22 March 2015 Alan Fenna Putting the Australian Settlement in Perspective Labour History 102 2012 Bruce Smith Free Trade Party Parliamentary Debates cited in D M Gibb 1973 The Making of White Australia p 113 Victorian Historical Association ISBN a b Bean Charles 1946 Anzac to Amiens Canberra Australian War Memorial ISBN 0 14 016638 6 pp 188 516 517 Dennis Peter Grey Jeffrey Morris Ewan Robin Prior 1995 The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History 1st ed Melbourne Victoria Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 553227 9 pp 67 68 Stephens Alan 2006 The Royal Australian Air Force A History London Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 555541 4 pp 5 8 Grey Jeffrey 2008 A Military History of Australia 3rd ed Melbourne Victoria Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 69791 0 p 93 Far Flung Australians Australia s War 1939 1945 Archived from the original on 1 September 2007 Retrieved 2 December 2007 see also Andrews Eric 1987 Mission 204 Australian Commandos in China 1942 Journal of the Australian War Memorial Canberra Australian War Memorial 10 11 20 ISSN 0729 6274 Long Gavin 1973 The Six Years War A Concise History of Australia in the 1939 1945 War Canberra The Australian War Memorial and the Australian Government Printing Service ISBN 0 642 99375 0 p 369 The Far East Australia s War 1939 1945 Archived from the original on 4 August 2008 Retrieved 17 August 2008 Australasia rising who we are becoming The Sydney Morning herald 2 January 2019 We re not Asia s white trash but we must be careful The Australian 10 September 2019 Only 23 of 152 Oz attacks racist Ministry tells LS Indian Express Retrieved 25 February 2010 Lauren Wilson 21 January 2010 Simon Overland admits Indians are targeted in attacks The Australian Retrieved 4 April 2010 Sushi Das 13 February 2010 The politics of violence The Age Melbourne Retrieved 15 October 2010 Race horror Assailants walk free Archived from the original on 26 February 2012 Retrieved 20 September 2009 PM appalled at attacks on Indian students in Australia Hindustan Times 9 June 2009 Thousands rally against racism in Melbourne Times of India Morello Vincent 7 June 2009 Indian student rally calls for equality Sydney Morning Herald Archived from the original on 8 June 2009 Retrieved 11 June 2009 Indians in Australia say Lebanese youths behind attacks The Times of India 12 June 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2009 Table 5 1 Estimated resident population by country of birth a Australia as at 30 June 1996 to 2020 b c XLS Australian Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 24 April 2021 Census of Population and Housing Cultural diversity data summary 2021 XLS Australian Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 20 December 2023 Archived copy www skynews com au Archived from the original on 12 December 2019 Retrieved 14 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b c d e f g h i Indians in Australia historic population trend https www abs gov au 2012 Statistics c AU o Commonwealth of Australia ou Australian Bureau of 28 June 2017 Main Features Cultural Diversity Article www abs gov au a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Census reveals rise of Indians in Australia Indian Herald Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 Retrieved 8 January 2020 Cultural diversity of Australia Retrieved 13 May 2023 Australian Bureau of Statistics 2021 Census of Population and Housing General Community Profile XLSX Abs gov au Retrieved 2 July 2022 Religious affiliation in Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics 7 April 2022 India has 79 8 Hindus 14 2 Muslims says 2011 census data on religion Firstpost 26 August 2016 Retrieved 14 August 2016 India born Community Information Summary PDF 2016 Indians and the Antipodes Networks Boundaries and Circulation External links editIndian Magazine and Newspaper in Australia Indians Living in Australia Indian Communities in Australia According to the local classification South Caucasian peoples Azerbaijanis Armenians Georgians belong not to the European but to the Central Asian group despite the fact that the territory of Transcaucasia has nothing to do with Central Asia and geographically belongs mostly to Western Asia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indian Australians amp oldid 1193415395, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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