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Odisha

December 30, 2022

This article is about the state of India. For the flowering plant, see Odisha cleistantha. For other uses, see Odisha (disambiguation).
"Orissa" redirects here. For other uses, see Orissa (disambiguation).

Odisha (English: /əˈdɪsə/,[12] Odia: [oɽiˈsa] (listen)), formerly Orissa (/ɒˈrɪsə, ɔː-, oʊ-/[13] the official name until 2011), is an Indian state located in Eastern India. It is the 8th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population. The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India.[14] It neighbours the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal to the north, Chhattisgarh to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the south. Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres (301 mi) along the Bay of Bengal in Indian Ocean.[15] The region is also known as Utkala and is also mentioned in India's national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana".[16] The language of Odisha is Odia, which is one of the Classical Languages of India.[17]

Odisha
Orissa
State
Clockwise from top right: Puri Beach, Mukteshvara Temple, Bhitarkanika National Park, Dhauli, Chilika Lake,Jagannath Temple, Rajarani Temple, Mahanadi, Hirakud Dam, Khandadhar Falls (Sundargarh), Konark Sun Temple
Emblem
Anthem: Bande Utkala Janani
(I Adore Thee, O Mother Utkala!)
Coordinates (Bhubaneswar): 20°16′N 85°49′E / 20.27°N 85.82°E / 20.27; 85.82Coordinates: 20°16′N 85°49′E / 20.27°N 85.82°E / 20.27; 85.82
Country India
Statehood1 April 1936
(Utkal Divas)
Capital and
Largest city		Bhubaneswar[2]
Districts30
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Odisha
 • GovernorGaneshi Lal
 • Chief MinisterNaveen Patnaik
 • LegislatureUnicameral (147 seats)
 • Parliamentary constituencyLok Sabha (21 seats)
Rajya Sabha (10 seats)
 • High CourtOrissa High Court
Area
 • Total155,707 km2 (60,119 sq mi)
 • Rank8th
Population
 (2011)
 • Total41,974,218[1]
 • Rank11th
DemonymOdia
GDP (2021–22)
[3]
 • Total₹5.86 trillion (US$73 billion)
 • Per capita₹127,383 (US$1,600)
Language
 • OfficialOdia[4]
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-OR
HDI (2018) 0.606[5]
medium · 32nd
Literacy73.45%[6]
Websitewww.odisha.gov.in
Symbols of Odisha
Emblem
Emblem of Odisha
SongBande Utkala Janani
Dance
Odissi
Mammal
Sambar[7]
Bird
Indian roller[8][9]
Fish
Mahanadi mahseer[10]
Flower
Ashoka[7]
Tree
Sacred Fig[7][11]
Food
Pakhala
Sweet
Rasagola

The ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (which was again won back from them by King Kharavela) in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War, coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha.[18] The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by the British Indian government when Orissa Province was established on 1 April 1936, consisting of the Odia-speaking districts of Bihar and Orissa Province.[18] The first of April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa/Odisha Day.[19] Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135,[20] after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha.[21] The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹5.86 trillion (US$73 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹127,383 (US$1,600).[3] Odisha ranks 32nd among Indian states in Human Development Index.[22]

Etymology

See also: History of Odisha § Historical names of Odisha

The terms Odisha and Orissa (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଶା) derive from the ancient Prakrit word "Odda Visaya" (also "Udra Bibhasha" or "Odra Bibhasha") as in the Tirumalai inscription of Rajendra Chola I, which is dated to 1025.[23] Sarala Das, who translated the Mahabharata into the Odia language in the 15th century, calls the region 'Odra Rashtra' as Odisha. The inscriptions of Kapilendra Deva of the Gajapati Kingdom (1435–67) on the walls of temples in Puri call the region Odisha or Odisha Rajya.[24]

In 2011, the English rendering of ଓଡ଼ିଶା was changed from "Orissa" to "Odisha", and the name of its language from "Oriya" to "Odia", by the passage of the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2010 and the Constitution (113th Amendment) Bill, 2010 in the Parliament. The Hindi rendering उड़ीसा (uṛīsā) was also modified to ओड़िशा (or̥iśā). After a brief debate, the lower house, Lok Sabha, passed the bill and amendment on 9 November 2010.[25] On 24 March 2011, Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, also passed the bill and the amendment.[26] The changes in spelling were made with the intention of having the English and Hindi renditions conform to the Odia transliteration.[27] However, the underlying Odia texts were nevertheless transliterated incorrectly as per the Hunterian system, the official national transliteration standard, in which the transliterations would be Orisha and Oria instead.

History

Main articles: History of Odisha and Historic sites in Odisha
 
Lingaraja Temple built by the Somavanshi king Jajati Keshari

Prehistoric Acheulian tools dating to Lower Paleolithic era have been discovered in various places in the region, implying an early settlement by humans.[28] Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like Mahabharata, Vayu Purana and Mahagovinda Suttanta.[29][30]

According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts.[31] The Sabar people of Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata.[32][33] Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions, implying it followed mostly tribal traditions.[34]

 
Hathigumpha on the Udayagiri Hills built in c. 150 BCE
 
Shanti Stupa at Dhauli is the location where Kalinga War was fought in c. 260 BCE

Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody Kalinga War in 261 BCE,[35] which was the eighth year of his reign.[36] According to his own edicts, in that war about 100,000 people were killed, 150,000 were captured and more were affected.[35] The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism.[36][37]

By c. 150 BCE, Emperor Kharavela, who was possibly a contemporary of Demetrius I of Bactria,[38] conquered a major part of the Indian sub-continent. Kharavela was a Jain ruler. He also built the monastery atop the Udayagiri hill.[39] Subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such as Samudragupta[40] and Shashanka.[41] It was also a part of Harsha's empire.[42]

The city of Brahmapur in Odisha is also known to have been the capital of the Pauravas during the closing years of 4th century CE. Nothing was heard from the Pauravas from about the 3rd century CE, because they were annexed by the Yaudheya Republic, who in turn submitted to the Mauryans. It was only at the end of 4th century CE, that they established royalty at Brahmapur, after about 700 years.

Later, the kings of the Somavamsi dynasty began to unite the region. By the reign of Yayati II, c. 1025 CE, they had integrated the region into a single kingdom. Yayati II is supposed to have built the Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar.[18] They were replaced by the Eastern Ganga dynasty. Notable rulers of the dynasty were Anantavarman Chodaganga, who began reconstruction on the present-day Shri Jagannath Temple in Puri (c. 1135), and Narasimhadeva I, who constructed the Konark temple (c. 1250).[43][44]

The Eastern Ganga Dynasty was followed by the Gajapati Kingdom. The region resisted integration into the Mughal empire until 1568, when it was conquered by Sultanate of Bengal.[45] Mukunda Deva, who is considered the last independent king of Kalinga, was defeated and was killed in battle by a rebel Ramachandra Bhanja. Ramachandra Bhanja himself was killed by Bayazid Khan Karrani.[46] In 1591, Man Singh I, then governor of Bihar, led an army to take Odisha from the Karranis of Bengal. They agreed to treaty because their leader Qutlu Khan Lohani had recently died. But they then broke the treaty by attacking the temple town of Puri. Man Singh returned in 1592 and pacified the region.[47]

In 1751, the Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan ceded the region to the Maratha Empire.[18]

The British had occupied the Northern Circars, comprising the southern coast of Odisha, as a result of the Second Carnatic War by 1760, and incorporated them into the Madras Presidency gradually.[48] In 1803, the British ousted the Marathas from the Puri-Cuttack region of Odisha during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The northern and western districts of Odisha were incorporated into the Bengal Presidency.[49]

The Orissa famine of 1866 caused an estimated 1 million deaths.[50] Following this, large-scale irrigation projects were undertaken.[51] In 1903, the Utkal Sammilani organisation was founded to demand the unification of Odia-speaking regions into one state.[52] On 1 April 1912, the Bihar and Orissa Province was formed.[53] On 1 April 1936, Bihar and Orissa were split into separate provinces.[54] The new province of Orissa came into existence on a linguistic basis during the British rule in India, with Sir John Austen Hubback as the first governor.[54][55] Following India's independence, on 15 August 1947, 27 princely states signed the document to join Orissa.[56] Most of the Orissa Tributary States, a group of princely states, acceded to Orissa in 1948, after the collapse of the Eastern States Union.[57]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Odisha
 
Mahanadi river near Cuttack

Odisha lies between the latitudes 17.780N and 22.730N, and between longitudes 81.37E and 87.53E. The state has an area of 155,707 km2, which is 4.87% of total area of India, and a coastline of 450 km.[58] In the eastern part of the state lies the coastal plain. It extends from the Subarnarekha River in the north to the Rushikulya River in the south. The lake Chilika is part of the coastal plains. The plains are rich in fertile silt deposited by the six major rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal: Subarnarekha, Budhabalanga, Baitarani, Brahmani, Mahanadi and Rushikulya.[58] The Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), a Food and Agriculture Organization-recognised rice gene bank and research institute, is situated on the banks of Mahanadi in Cuttack.[59] The stretch between Puri and Bhadrak in Odisha juts out a little into the sea, making it vulnerable to any cyclonic activity.[60]

 
Satellite view of the Mahanadi river delta

Three-quarters of the state is covered in mountain ranges. Deep and broad valleys have been made in them by rivers. These valleys have fertile soil and are densely populated. Odisha also has plateaus and rolling uplands, which have lower elevation than the plateaus.[58] The highest point in the state is Deomali at 1,672 metres in Koraput district. Some other high peaks are: Sinkaram (1,620 m), Golikoda (1,617 m), and Yendrika (1,582 metres).[61]

Climate

The state experiences four meteorological seasons: winter (January to February), pre-monsoon season (March to May), south-west monsoon season (June to September) and north east monsoon season (October–December). However, locally the year is divided into six traditional seasons (or rutus): Grishma (summer), Barsha (rainy season), Sharata (autumn), Hemanta (dewy),Sheeta(winter season) and Basanta (spring).[58]

Mean Temp and Precipitation of Selected Weather Stations[62]
Bhubaneswar
(1952–2000) 		Balasore
(1901–2000) 		Gopalpur
(1901–2000) 		Sambalpur
(1901–2000)
Max (C) Min (C) Rainfall (mm) Max (C) Min (C) Rainfall (mm) Max (C) Min (C) Rainfall (mm) Max (C) Min (C) Rainfall (mm)
January 28.5 15.5 13.1 27.0 13.9 17.0 27.2 16.9 11.0 27.6 12.6 14.2
February 31.6 18.6 25.5 29.5 16.7 36.3 28.9 19.5 23.6 30.1 15.1 28.0
March 35.1 22.3 25.2 33.7 21.0 39.4 30.7 22.6 18.1 35.0 19.0 20.9
April 37.2 25.1 30.8 36.0 24.4 54.8 31.2 25.0 20.3 39.3 23.5 14.2
May 37.5 26.5 68.2 36.1 26.0 108.6 32.4 26.7 53.8 41.4 27.0 22.7
June 35.2 26.1 204.9 34.2 26.2 233.4 32.3 26.8 138.1 36.9 26.7 218.9
July 32.0 25.2 326.2 31.8 25.8 297.9 31.0 26.1 174.6 31.1 24.9 459.0
August 31.6 25.1 366.8 31.4 25.8 318.3 31.2 25.9 195.9 30.7 24.8 487.5
September 31.9 24.8 256.3 31.7 25.5 275.8 31.7 25.7 192.0 31.7 24.6 243.5
October 31.7 23.0 190.7 31.3 23.0 184.0 31.4 23.8 237.8 31.7 21.8 56.6
November 30.2 18.8 41.7 29.2 17.8 41.6 29.5 19.7 95.3 29.4 16.2 17.6
December 28.3 15.2 4.9 26.9 13.7 6.5 27.4 16.4 11.4 27.2 12.1 4.8

Biodiversity

Main articles: Flora and fauna of Odisha and Forests in Odisha

According to a Forest Survey of India report released in 2012, Odisha has 48,903 km2 of forests which cover 31.41% of the state's total area. The forests are classified into: dense forest (7,060 km2), medium dense forest (21,366 km2), open forest (forest without closed canopy; 20,477 km2) and scrub forest (4,734 km2). The state also has bamboo forests (10,518 km2) and mangroves (221 km2). The state is losing its forests to timber smuggling, mining, industrialisation and grazing. There have been attempts at conservation and reforestation.[63]

Due to the climate and good rainfall, Odisha's evergreen and moist forests are suitable habitats for wild orchids. Around 130 species have been reported from the state.[64] 97 of them are found in Mayurbhanj district alone. The Orchid House of Nandakanan Biological Park hosts some of these species.[65]

Simlipal National Park is a protected wildlife area and tiger reserve spread over 2,750 km2 of the northern part of Mayurbhanj district. It has 1078 species of plants, including 94 orchids. The sal tree is the primary tree species there. The park has 55 mammals, including barking deer, Bengal tiger, common langur, four-horned antelope, Indian bison, Indian elephant, Indian giant squirrel, Indian leopard, jungle cat, sambar deer, and wild boar. There are 304 species of birds in the park, such as the common hill myna, grey hornbill, Indian pied hornbill and Malabar pied hornbill. It also has 60 species of reptiles, notable among which are the king cobra, banded krait, and tricarinate hill turtle. There is also a mugger crocodile breeding program in nearby Ramtirtha.[66] The Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary is a 190 km2 protected area near the capital city, Bhubaneswar. However, urban expansion and over-grazing have reduced the forests and are driving herds of elephants to migration. In 2002, there were about 80 elephants. But by 2012, their numbers had been reduced to 20. Many of the animals have migrated toward the Barbara reserve forest, Chilika, Nayagarh district, and Athagad. Some elephants have died in conflicts with villagers, while some have died during migration from being electrocuted by power lines or hit by trains. Outside the protected area, they are killed by poachers.[67][68] Besides elephants, the sanctuary also has Indian leopards, jungle cats and chitals.[69]

The Bhitarkanika National Park in Kendrapara district covers 650 km2, of which 150 km2 are mangroves. The Gahirmatha Beach in Bhitarkanika is the world's largest nesting site for olive ridley sea turtles.[70] In 2013 the Indian coast guard started Operation Oliver to protect the endangered sea turtle population of the region.[71] Other major nesting grounds for the turtle in the state are Rushikulya, in Ganjam district,[72] and the mouth of the Devi river.[73] The Bhitarkanika sanctuary is also noted for its large population of salt-water crocodiles.[74] In winter, the sanctuary is also visited by migratory birds. Among the species of birds spotted in the sanctuary are the black-crowned night heron, darter, grey heron, Indian cormorant, Oriental white ibis, purple heron, and sarus crane.[75] The possibly endangered horseshoe crab is also found in this region.[76]

Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon on the east coast of Odisha with an area of 1,105 km2. It is connected to the Bay of Bengal by a 35-km-long narrow channel and is a part of the Mahanadi delta. In the dry season, the tides bring in salt water. In the rainy season, the rivers falling into the lagoon decrease its salinity.[77] Birds from places like the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, other parts of Russia, Central Asia, South-East Asia, Ladakh and the Himalayas migrate to the lagoon in winter.[78] Among the birds spotted there are Eurasian wigeon, pintail, bar-headed goose, greylag goose, flamingo, mallard and Goliath heron.[79][80] The lagoon also has a small population of the endangered Irrawaddy dolphins.[81] The state's coastal region has also had sightings of finless porpoise, bottlenose dolphin, humpback dolphin and spinner dolphin in its waters.[82]

Satapada is situated close to the northeast cape of Chilika Lake and Bay of Bengal. It is famous for dolphin watching in their natural habitat. There is a tiny island en route for watching dolphins, where tourists often take a short stop. Apart from that, this island is also home for tiny red crabs.

According to a census conducted in 2016, there are around 2000 elephants in the state. [83]

Government and politics

 
Odisha State Secretariat building in Bhubaneswar
Main article: Government of Odisha

All states in India are governed by a parliamentary system of government based on universal adult franchise.[85][86]

The main parties active in the politics of Odisha are the Biju Janata Dal, the Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party. Following the Odisha State Assembly Election in 2019, the Naveen Patnaik-led Biju Janata Dal stayed in power for the sixth consecutive term, he is the 14th chief minister of odisha since 2000.[87]

Legislative assembly

Main articles: Odisha Legislative Assembly and Vidhan Sabha

The Odisha state has a unicameral legislature.[88] The Odisha Legislative Assembly consists of 147 elected members,[87] and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker, or by the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence.[89] Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor of Odisha. The governor is appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.[90] The 147 elected representatives are called Members of the Legislative Assembly, or MLAs. One MLA may be nominated from the Anglo-Indian community by the governor.[91] The term of the office is for five years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term.[89]

The judiciary is composed of the Odisha High Court, located at Cuttack, and a system of lower courts.

Subdivisions

Main article: List of districts of Odisha

Odisha has been divided into 30 districts. These 30 districts have been placed under three different revenue divisions to streamline their governance. The divisions are North, Central and South, with their headquarters at Sambalpur, Cuttack and Berhampur respectively. Each division consists of ten districts and has as its administrative head a Revenue Divisional Commissioner (RDC).[92] The position of the RDC in the administrative hierarchy is that between that of the district administration and the state secretariat.[93] The RDCs report to the Board of Revenue, which is headed by a senior officer of the Indian Administrative Service.[92]

 
Map of districts of Odisha
Division-wise list of districts[94]
Northern Division (HQ – Sambalpur) Central Division (HQ – Cuttack) Southern Division (HQ – Berhampur)

Each district is governed by a collector and district magistrate, who is appointed from the Indian Administrative Service or a very senior officer from Odisha Administrative Service.[95][96] The collector and district magistrate is responsible for collecting the revenue and maintaining law and order in the district. Each district is separated into sub-divisions, each governed by a sub-collector and sub-divisional magistrate. The sub-divisions are further divided into tahasils. The tahasils are headed by tahasildar. Odisha has 58 sub-divisions, 317 tahasils and 314 blocks.[94] Blocks consists of Panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.

The capital and largest city of the state is Bhubaneswar. The other major cities are Cuttack, Rourkela, Berhampur and Sambalpur. Municipal Corporations in Odisha include Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Berhampur, Sambalpur and Rourkela.

Other municipalities of Odisha include Angul, Balangir, Balasore, Barbil, Bargarh, Baripada, Belpahar, Bhadrak, Bhawanipatna, Biramitrapur, Boudh, Brajarajnagar, Byasanagar, Chhatrapur, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Gopalpur, Gunupur, Hinjilicut, Jagatsinghpur, Jajpur, Jeypore, Jharsuguda, Joda, Kendrapara, Kendujhar, Khordha, Konark, Koraput, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur, Nayagarh, Nuapada, Paradeep, Paralakhemundi, Phulbani, Puri, Rajgangpur, Rayagada, Sonepur, Sundargarh, Talcher, Titilagarh and Umerkote.

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Odisha
As of the 2011 Census
Rank Name District Pop.
 
Bhubaneswar
 
Cuttack 		1 Bhubaneswar Khurda 881,988  
Rourkela
 
Brahmapur
2 Cuttack Cuttack 658,986
3 Rourkela Sundargarh 552,970
4 Brahmapur Ganjam 355,823
5 Sambalpur Sambalpur 270,331
6 Puri Puri 201,026
7 Balasore Balasore 144,373
8 Bhadrak Bhadrak 121,338
9 Baripada Mayurbhanj 116,874
10 Balangir Balangir 98,238

Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs in rural areas.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Odisha

Macro-economic trend

Odisha is experiencing steady economic growth. The impressive growth in gross domestic product of the state has been reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Odisha's growth rate is above the national average.[97] The central Government's Urban Development Ministry has recently announced the names of 20 cities selected to be developed as smart cities. The state capital Bhubaneswar is the first city in the list of smart Cities released in January 2016, a pet project of the Indian Government. The announcement also marked with sanction of Rs 508.02 billion over the five years for development.[98]

Industrial development

 
One of the iron ore mines in Keonjhar district

Odisha has abundant natural resources and a large coastline. Odisha has emerged as the most preferred destination for overseas investors with investment proposals.[99] It contains a fifth of India's coal, a quarter of its iron ore, a third of its bauxite reserves and most of the chromite.

Rourkela Steel Plant[100] was the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India, built with collaboration of Germany.

Arcelor-Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to $10 billion. Russian major Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company (MMK) plans to set up a 10 MT steel plant in Odisha, too. Bandhabahal is a major area of open cast coal mines in Odisha. The state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminium, coal-based power plants, petrochemicals, and information technology as well. In power generation, Reliance Power (Anil Ambani Group) is putting up the world's largest power plant with an investment of US$13 billion at Hirma in Jharsuguda district.[101]

In 2009 Odisha was the second top domestic investment destination with Gujarat first and Andhra Pradesh in third place according to an analysis of ASSOCHAM Investment Meter (AIM) study on corporate investments. Odisha's share was 12.6 percent in total investment in the country. It received an investment proposal worth ₹2.01 trillion (equivalent to ₹3.8 trillion or US$48 billion in 2020) in 2010. Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state.[102]

Transportation

Odisha has a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports. Bhubaneswar is well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes.[103] Plans for metro rail connecting Bhubaneshwar and Cuttack, a journey of 30 km, have also started.[104]

Air

Odisha has a total of three operational airports, 16 airstrips and 16 helipads.[105][106][107] The airport at Jharsuguda was upgraded to a full-fledged domestic airport in May 2018.Rourkela airport became operational in December 2022.The government of Odisha also plans five greenfield airports at Angul, Dhamra, Kalinganagar, Paradeep and Rayagada in an effort to boost intrastate and inter-state civil aviation. Existing aerodromes at Barbil, Gopalpur, Jharsuguda and Rourkela were also to be upgraded.[108] The Dhamra Port Company Limited plans to build Dhamra Airport 20 km from Dhamra Port.[109] Air Odisha, is Odisha's sole air charter company based in Bhubaneswar.[citation needed]

Seaports

 
East Coast Railway headquarters, Bhubaneswar

Odisha has a coastline of 485 Kilometers. It has one major port at Paradip and few minor ports. some of them are:[110][111]

Railways

Major cities of Odisha are well connected to all the major cities of India by direct daily trains and weekly trains. Most of the railway network in Odisha lies under the jurisdiction of the East Coast Railway (ECoR) with headquarters at Bhubaneswar and some parts under South Eastern Railway and South East Central Railway.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
190110,302,917—    
191111,378,875+1.00%
192111,158,586−0.20%
193112,491,056+1.13%
194113,767,988+0.98%
195114,645,946+0.62%
196117,548,846+1.82%
197121,944,615+2.26%
198126,370,271+1.85%
199131,659,736+1.84%
200136,804,660+1.52%
201141,974,218+1.32%
source:[112]
 
Tribal people of Koraput, Odisha

According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Odisha is 41,974,218, of which 21,212,136 (50.54%) are male and 20,762,082 (49.46%) are female, or 978 females per 1000 males. This represents a 13.97% increase over the population in 2001. The population density is 270 per km2.[1]

The literacy rate is 73%, with 82% of males and 64% of females being literate, according to the 2011 census.

The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2004–2005 was 57.15% which was nearly double the Indian average of 26.10%. Since 2005 the state has reduced poverty rate dramatically by 24.6 percentage points. According to current estimate proportion of people living under poverty line was 32.6%[113][114]

Data of 1996–2001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61.64 years, higher than the national value of years. The state has a birth rate of 23.2 per 1,000 people per year, a death rate of 9.1 per 1,000 people per year, an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1,000,000 live births. Odisha has a Human Development Index of 0.606 as of 2018.[115]

District Headquarters Population
(2011)		 Males Females Percentage
decadal
growth
2001–2011		 Sex ratio Density
(persons
per
km2)		 Child
population
0–6 years		 Child
sex
ratio		 Literacy rate
1 Angul Angul 1,271,703 654,898 616,805 11.55 942 199 145,690 884 78.96
2 Balangir Balangir 1,648,574 831,349 817,225 23.29 983 251 206,964 951 65.50
3 Balasore Baleswar 2,317,419 1,184,371 1,133,048 14.47 957 609 274,432 941 80.66
4 Bargarh Bargarh 1,478,833 748,332 730,501 9.84 976 253 156,185 946 75.16
5 Bhadrak Bhadrak 1,506,522 760,591 745,931 12.95 981 601 176,793 931 83.25
6 Boudh Boudh 439,917 220,993 218,924 17.82 991 142 59,094 975 72.51
7 Cuttack Cuttack 2,618,708 1,339,153 1,279,555 11.87 955 666 251,152 913 84.20
8 Debagarh Debagarh 312,164 158,017 154,147 13.88 976 106 38,621 917 73.07
9 Dhenkanal Dhenkanal 1,192,948 612,597 580,351 11.82 947 268 132,647 870 79.41
10 Gajapati Paralakhemundi 575,880 282,041 293,839 10.99 1,042 133 82,777 964 54.29
11 Ganjam Chhatrapur 3,520,151 1,777,324 1,742,827 11.37 981 429 397,920 899 71.88
12 Jagatsinghpur Jagatsinghpur 1,136,604 577,699 558,905 7.44 967 681 103,517 929 87.13
13 Jajpur Jajpur 1,826,275 926,058 900,217 12.43 972 630 207,310 921 80.44
14 Jharsuguda Jharsuguda 579,499 297,014 282,485 12.56 951 274 61,823 938 78.36
15 Kalahandi Bhawanipatna 1,573,054 785,179 787,875 17.79 1,003 199 214,111 947 60.22
16 Kandhamal Phulbani 731,952 359,401 372,551 12.92 1,037 91 106,379 960 65.12
17 Kendrapara Kendrapara 1,439,891 717,695 722,196 10.59 1,006 545 153,443 921 85.93
18 Kendujhar Kendujhar 1,802,777 907,135 895,642 15.42 987 217 253,418 957 69.00
19 Khordha Khordha 2,246,341 1,166,949 1,079,392 19.65 925 799 222,275 910 87.51
20 Koraput Koraput 1,376,934 677,864 699,070 16.63 1,031 156 215,518 970 49.87
21 Malkangiri Malkangiri 612,727 303,913 308,814 21.53 1,016 106 105,636 979 49.49
22 Mayurbhanj Baripada 2,513,895 1,253,633 1,260,262 13.06 1,005 241 337,757 952 63.98
23 Nabarangapur Nabarangpur 1,218,762 604,046 614,716 18.81 1,018 230 201,901 988 48.20
24 Nayagarh Nayagarh 962,215 502,194 460,021 11.30 916 247 101,337 851 79.17
25 Nuapada Nuapada 606,490 300,307 306,183 14.28 1,020 157 84,893 971 58.20
26 Puri Puri 1,697,983 865,209 832,774 13.00 963 488 164,388 924 85.37
27 Rayagada Rayagada 961,959 469,672 492,287 15.74 1,048 136 141,167 955 50.88
28 Sambalpur Sambalpur 1,044,410 529,424 514,986 12.24 973 158 112,946 931 76.91
29 Subarnapur Sonepur 652,107 332,897 319,210 20.35 959 279 76,536 947 74.42
30 Sundergarh Sundergarh 2,080,664 1,055,723 1,024,941 13.66 971 214 249,020 937 74.13

Religion

Religion in Odisha (2011)[116]

  Hinduism (93.63%)
  Christianity (2.77%)
  Islam (2.17%)
  Sarna (1.14%)
  Sikhism (0.05%)
  Buddhism (0.03%)
  Jainism (0.02%)
  Other or not stated (0.19%)

The majority (almost 94%[116]) of people in Odisha are Hindu and there is also a rich cultural heritage in the state. For example, Odisha is home to several Hindu figures. Sant Bhima Bhoi was a leader of the Mahima sect. Sarala Das, a Hindu Khandayat, was the translator of the epic Mahabharata into Odia. Chaitanya Das was a Buddhistic-Vaishnava and writer of the Nirguna Mahatmya. Jayadeva was the author of the Gita Govinda.

The Odisha Temple Authorisation Act of 1948 empowered the government of Odisha to open temples for all Hindus, including Dalits.[117]

Perhaps the oldest scripture of Odisha is the Madala Panji from the Puri Temple believed from 1042 AD. Famous Hindu Odia scripture includes the 16th-century Bhagabata of Jagannatha Dasa.[118] In the modern times Madhusudan Rao was a major Odia writer, who was a Brahmo Samajist and shaped modern Odia literature at the start of the 20th century.[119]

Christians in Odisha are 2.8% of the population, mainly tribals and Dalits. Odia Muslims live in the urban areas of coastal Odisha. The Sikh, Buddhist and Jain communities together account for 0.1% of the population.[116]

Languages

Main article: Odia language

Languages of Odisha (2011)[120]

  Odia (incl Sambalpuri) (81.32%)
  Kui (2.24%)
  Santali (2.06%)
  Urdu (1.60%)
  Telugu (1.59%)
  Hindi (1.23%)
  Bengali (1.20%)
  Mundari (1.09%)
  Others (7.67%)
 
Bilingual signboard in English and Odia

Odia is the official language of Odisha[121] and is spoken by 81.32% of the population according to the 2011 census of India.[120] It is also one of the classical languages of India. English is the official language of correspondence between state and the union of India. Spoken Odia is not homogeneous as one can find different dialects spoken across the state. Some of the major dialects found inside the state are Sambalpuri, Cuttacki, Puri, Baleswari, Ganjami, Desiya, Kalahandia and Phulbani. The standard language is based on the Cuttacki dialect. In addition to Odia, significant population of people speaking other major Indian languages like Hindi, Telugu, Urdu and Bengali are also found in the state, mainly in cities.[122]

The different adibasi communities who mostly reside in western and southern Odisha have their own languages belonging to Munda and Dravidian family of languages. Some of these major adibasi languages are Santali, Kui, Mundari and Ho. Due to increasing contact with outsiders, migration and socioeconomic reasons many of these indigenous languages are slowly getting extinct or are on the verge of getting extinct.[123]

The Odisha Sahitya Academy Award was established in 1957 to actively develop Odia language and literature. The Odisha government launched a portal in 2018 to promote Odia language and literature.[124]

Education

Main article: Education in Odisha
 
Utkal University main gate
 
Panoramic View of Ravenshaw University, Cuttack

Educational Institutions

Entry to various institutes of higher education especially into engineering degrees is through a centralised Odisha Joint Entrance Examination, conducted by the Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, since 2003, where seats are provided according to order of merit.[127] Few of the engineering institutes enroll students by through Joint Entrance Examination. For medical courses, there is a corresponding National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Odisha

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Odisha

Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries. The kitchen of the Shri Jagannath Temple, Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world, with 1,000 chefs, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called chulas, to feed over 10,000 people each day.[128][129]

The syrupy dessert Pahala rasagola made in Odisha is known throughout the world.[130] Chhenapoda is another major Odisha sweet cuisine, which originated in Nayagarh.[131] Dalma (a mix of dal and selected vegetables) is widely known cuisine, better served with ghee.[citation needed]

The "Odisha Rasagola" was awarded a GI tag 29 July 2019 after a long battle about the origin of the famous sweet with West Bengal.[132]

Dance

Main article: Odissi
 
Sharmila Biswas performing Odissi dance

Odissi dance and music are classical art forms. Odissi is the oldest surviving dance form in India on the basis of archaeological evidence.[133] Odissi has a long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years, and finds mention in the Natyashastra of Bharatamuni, possibly written c. 200 BC. However, the dance form nearly became extinct during the British period, only to be revived after India's independence by a few gurus.

The variety of dances includes Ghumura dance, Chhau dance, Jhumair, Mahari dance, Dalkhai, Dhemsa and Gotipua.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Odisha

The state of Odisha has hosted several international sporting events, including the 2018 Men's Hockey World Cup, 2020 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup and will host matches for the 2023 Men's Hockey World Cup.

There are so many stadium and field available to promote sports. Some of well known stadium are ;

  1. Kalinga Stadium
  2. Barabati Stadium
  3. Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium
  4. East Coast Railway Stadium
  5. Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium
  6. KIIT Stadium
  7. Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium[134]

There are some High Performance Centres in the state as well which have been set up at Kalinga Stadium for the development of respective sports in Odisha. Some of the HPCs are as follows:

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Odisha

The Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar has a 150-foot (46 m) high deula while the Jagannath Temple, Puri is about 200 feet (61 m) high and dominates the skyline. Only a portion of the Konark Sun Temple at Konark in Puri district, the largest of the temples of the "Holy Golden Triangle" exists today, and it is still staggering in size. It stands out as a masterpiece in Odisha architecture. Sarala Temple, regarded as one of the most spiritually elevated expressions of Shaktism is in Jagatsinghpur district. It is also one of the holiest places in Odisha and a major tourist attraction. Maa Tarini Temple situated in Kendujhar district is also a famous pilgrimage destination. Every day thousands of coconuts are given to Maa Tarini by devotees for fulfilling their wishes.[139]

Odisha's varying topography – from the wooded Eastern Ghats to the fertile river basin – has proven ideal for evolution of compact and unique ecosystems. This creates treasure troves of flora and fauna that are inviting to many migratory species of birds and reptiles. Bhitarkanika National Park in Kendrapada district is famous for its second largest mangrove ecosystem. The bird sanctuary in Chilika Lake (Asia's largest brackish water lake). The tiger reserve and waterfalls in Simlipal National Park, Mayurbhanj district are integral parts of eco-tourism in Odisha, arranged by Odisha Tourism.[140]

Daringbadi is a hill station in the Kandhamal district. It is known as "Kashmir of Odisha", for its climatic similarity. Chandipur, in Baleswar district is a calm and serene site, is mostly unexplored by tourists. The unique specialty of this beach is the ebb tides that recede up to 4 km and tend to disappear rhythmically.

In the western part of Odisha, Hirakud Dam in Sambalpur district is the longest earthen dam in the World. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia. The Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary is situated near Hirakud Dam. Samaleswari Temple is a Hindu temple in Sambalpur city, dedicated to the goddess known as 'Samaleswari', the presiding deity of Sambalpur, is a strong religious force in western part of Odisha and Chhattisgarh state. The Leaning Temple of Huma is located near Sambalpur. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu god Lord Bimaleshwar. Sri Sri Harishankar Devasthana, is a temple on the slopes of Gandhamardhan hills, Balangir district. It is popular for its scenes of nature and connection to two Hindu lords, Vishnu and Shiva. On the opposite side of the Gandhamardhan hills is the temple of Sri Nrusinghanath, is situated at the foothills of Gandhamardhan Hill near Paikmal, Bargarh district.

In the southern part of Odisha, The Taratarini Temple on the Kumari hills at the bank of the Rushikulya River near Berhampur city in Ganjam district. Here worshiped as the Breast Shrine (Sthana Peetha) and manifestations of Adi Shakti. The Tara Tarini Shakti Peetha is one of the oldest pilgrimage centers of the Mother Goddess and is one of four major ancient Tantra Peetha and Shakti Peethas in India. Deomali is a mountain peak of the Eastern Ghats. It is located in Koraput district. This peak with an elevation of about 1,672 m, is the highest peak in Odisha.

The share of foreign tourists’ arrival in the state is below one percent of total foreign tourist arrivals at all India level.[141]

See also

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External links

Government
    General information
    • Odisha Encyclopædia Britannica entry
    • Odisha at Curlie
    •   Geographic data related to Odisha at OpenStreetMap

    December 30, 2022
    odisha, this, article, about, state, india, flowering, plant, cleistantha, other, uses, disambiguation, orissa, redirects, here, other, uses, orissa, disambiguation, english, odia, oɽiˈsa, listen, formerly, orissa, ɔː, official, name, until, 2011, indian, stat. This article is about the state of India For the flowering plant see Odisha cleistantha For other uses see Odisha disambiguation Orissa redirects here For other uses see Orissa disambiguation Odisha English e ˈ d ɪ s e 12 Odia oɽiˈsa listen formerly Orissa ɒ ˈ r ɪ s e ɔː oʊ 13 the official name until 2011 is an Indian state located in Eastern India It is the 8th largest state by area and the 11th largest by population The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India 14 It neighbours the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal to the north Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres 301 mi along the Bay of Bengal in Indian Ocean 15 The region is also known as Utkala and is also mentioned in India s national anthem Jana Gana Mana 16 The language of Odisha is Odia which is one of the Classical Languages of India 17 Odisha OrissaStateClockwise from top right Puri Beach Mukteshvara Temple Bhitarkanika National Park Dhauli Chilika Lake Jagannath Temple Rajarani Temple Mahanadi Hirakud Dam Khandadhar Falls Sundargarh Konark Sun TempleEmblemAnthem Bande Utkala Janani I Adore Thee O Mother Utkala Coordinates Bhubaneswar 20 16 N 85 49 E 20 27 N 85 82 E 20 27 85 82 Coordinates 20 16 N 85 49 E 20 27 N 85 82 E 20 27 85 82Country IndiaStatehood1 April 1936 Utkal Divas Capital andLargest cityBhubaneswar 2 Districts30Government BodyGovernment of Odisha GovernorGaneshi Lal Chief MinisterNaveen Patnaik LegislatureUnicameral 147 seats Parliamentary constituencyLok Sabha 21 seats Rajya Sabha 10 seats High CourtOrissa High CourtArea Total155 707 km2 60 119 sq mi Rank8thPopulation 2011 Total41 974 218 1 Rank11thDemonymOdiaGDP 2021 22 3 Total 5 86 trillion US 73 billion Per capita 127 383 US 1 600 Language OfficialOdia 4 Time zoneUTC 05 30 IST ISO 3166 codeIN ORHDI 2018 0 606 5 medium 32ndLiteracy73 45 6 Websitewww wbr odisha wbr gov wbr inSymbols of OdishaEmblemEmblem of OdishaSongBande Utkala JananiDanceOdissiMammalSambar 7 BirdIndian roller 8 9 FishMahanadi mahseer 10 FlowerAshoka 7 TreeSacred Fig 7 11 FoodPakhalaSweetRasagolaThe ancient kingdom of Kalinga which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka which was again won back from them by King Kharavela in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War coincides with the borders of modern day Odisha 18 The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by the British Indian government when Orissa Province was established on 1 April 1936 consisting of the Odia speaking districts of Bihar and Orissa Province 18 The first of April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa Odisha Day 19 Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c 1135 20 after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers through the British era until 1948 Thereafter Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha 21 The economy of Odisha is the 16th largest state economy in India with 5 86 trillion US 73 billion in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of 127 383 US 1 600 3 Odisha ranks 32nd among Indian states in Human Development Index 22 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Biodiversity 4 Government and politics 4 1 Legislative assembly 5 Subdivisions 6 Economy 6 1 Macro economic trend 6 2 Industrial development 7 Transportation 7 1 Air 7 2 Seaports 7 3 Railways 8 Demographics 8 1 Religion 8 2 Languages 9 Education 9 1 Educational Institutions 10 Culture 10 1 Cuisine 10 2 Dance 11 Sports 12 Tourism 13 See also 14 References 15 External linksEtymology EditSee also History of Odisha Historical names of Odisha The terms Odisha and Orissa Odia ଓଡ ଶ derive from the ancient Prakrit word Odda Visaya also Udra Bibhasha or Odra Bibhasha as in the Tirumalai inscription of Rajendra Chola I which is dated to 1025 23 Sarala Das who translated the Mahabharata into the Odia language in the 15th century calls the region Odra Rashtra as Odisha The inscriptions of Kapilendra Deva of the Gajapati Kingdom 1435 67 on the walls of temples in Puri call the region Odisha or Odisha Rajya 24 In 2011 the English rendering of ଓଡ ଶ was changed from Orissa to Odisha and the name of its language from Oriya to Odia by the passage of the Orissa Alteration of Name Bill 2010 and the Constitution 113th Amendment Bill 2010 in the Parliament The Hindi rendering उड स uṛisa was also modified to ओड श or isa After a brief debate the lower house Lok Sabha passed the bill and amendment on 9 November 2010 25 On 24 March 2011 Rajya Sabha the upper house of Parliament also passed the bill and the amendment 26 The changes in spelling were made with the intention of having the English and Hindi renditions conform to the Odia transliteration 27 However the underlying Odia texts were nevertheless transliterated incorrectly as per the Hunterian system the official national transliteration standard in which the transliterations would be Orisha and Oria instead History EditMain articles History of Odisha and Historic sites in Odisha Lingaraja Temple built by the Somavanshi king Jajati Keshari Prehistoric Acheulian tools dating to Lower Paleolithic era have been discovered in various places in the region implying an early settlement by humans 28 Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like Mahabharata Vayu Purana and Mahagovinda Suttanta 29 30 According to political scientist Sudama Misra the Kalinga janapada originally comprised the area covered by the Puri and Ganjam districts 31 The Sabar people of Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata 32 33 Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions implying it followed mostly tribal traditions 34 Hathigumpha on the Udayagiri Hills built in c 150 BCE Shanti Stupa at Dhauli is the location where Kalinga War was fought in c 260 BCE Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloody Kalinga War in 261 BCE 35 which was the eighth year of his reign 36 According to his own edicts in that war about 100 000 people were killed 150 000 were captured and more were affected 35 The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war is said to have deeply affected Ashoka He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism 36 37 By c 150 BCE Emperor Kharavela who was possibly a contemporary of Demetrius I of Bactria 38 conquered a major part of the Indian sub continent Kharavela was a Jain ruler He also built the monastery atop the Udayagiri hill 39 Subsequently the region was ruled by monarchs such as Samudragupta 40 and Shashanka 41 It was also a part of Harsha s empire 42 The city of Brahmapur in Odisha is also known to have been the capital of the Pauravas during the closing years of 4th century CE Nothing was heard from the Pauravas from about the 3rd century CE because they were annexed by the Yaudheya Republic who in turn submitted to the Mauryans It was only at the end of 4th century CE that they established royalty at Brahmapur after about 700 years Later the kings of the Somavamsi dynasty began to unite the region By the reign of Yayati II c 1025 CE they had integrated the region into a single kingdom Yayati II is supposed to have built the Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar 18 They were replaced by the Eastern Ganga dynasty Notable rulers of the dynasty were Anantavarman Chodaganga who began reconstruction on the present day Shri Jagannath Temple in Puri c 1135 and Narasimhadeva I who constructed the Konark temple c 1250 43 44 The Eastern Ganga Dynasty was followed by the Gajapati Kingdom The region resisted integration into the Mughal empire until 1568 when it was conquered by Sultanate of Bengal 45 Mukunda Deva who is considered the last independent king of Kalinga was defeated and was killed in battle by a rebel Ramachandra Bhanja Ramachandra Bhanja himself was killed by Bayazid Khan Karrani 46 In 1591 Man Singh I then governor of Bihar led an army to take Odisha from the Karranis of Bengal They agreed to treaty because their leader Qutlu Khan Lohani had recently died But they then broke the treaty by attacking the temple town of Puri Man Singh returned in 1592 and pacified the region 47 In 1751 the Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan ceded the region to the Maratha Empire 18 The British had occupied the Northern Circars comprising the southern coast of Odisha as a result of the Second Carnatic War by 1760 and incorporated them into the Madras Presidency gradually 48 In 1803 the British ousted the Marathas from the Puri Cuttack region of Odisha during the Second Anglo Maratha War The northern and western districts of Odisha were incorporated into the Bengal Presidency 49 The Orissa famine of 1866 caused an estimated 1 million deaths 50 Following this large scale irrigation projects were undertaken 51 In 1903 the Utkal Sammilani organisation was founded to demand the unification of Odia speaking regions into one state 52 On 1 April 1912 the Bihar and Orissa Province was formed 53 On 1 April 1936 Bihar and Orissa were split into separate provinces 54 The new province of Orissa came into existence on a linguistic basis during the British rule in India with Sir John Austen Hubback as the first governor 54 55 Following India s independence on 15 August 1947 27 princely states signed the document to join Orissa 56 Most of the Orissa Tributary States a group of princely states acceded to Orissa in 1948 after the collapse of the Eastern States Union 57 Geography EditMain article Geography of Odisha Mahanadi river near Cuttack Odisha lies between the latitudes 17 780N and 22 730N and between longitudes 81 37E and 87 53E The state has an area of 155 707 km2 which is 4 87 of total area of India and a coastline of 450 km 58 In the eastern part of the state lies the coastal plain It extends from the Subarnarekha River in the north to the Rushikulya River in the south The lake Chilika is part of the coastal plains The plains are rich in fertile silt deposited by the six major rivers flowing into the Bay of Bengal Subarnarekha Budhabalanga Baitarani Brahmani Mahanadi and Rushikulya 58 The Central Rice Research Institute CRRI a Food and Agriculture Organization recognised rice gene bank and research institute is situated on the banks of Mahanadi in Cuttack 59 The stretch between Puri and Bhadrak in Odisha juts out a little into the sea making it vulnerable to any cyclonic activity 60 Satellite view of the Mahanadi river delta Three quarters of the state is covered in mountain ranges Deep and broad valleys have been made in them by rivers These valleys have fertile soil and are densely populated Odisha also has plateaus and rolling uplands which have lower elevation than the plateaus 58 The highest point in the state is Deomali at 1 672 metres in Koraput district Some other high peaks are Sinkaram 1 620 m Golikoda 1 617 m and Yendrika 1 582 metres 61 Climate Edit The state experiences four meteorological seasons winter January to February pre monsoon season March to May south west monsoon season June to September and north east monsoon season October December However locally the year is divided into six traditional seasons or rutus Grishma summer Barsha rainy season Sharata autumn Hemanta dewy Sheeta winter season and Basanta spring 58 Mean Temp and Precipitation of Selected Weather Stations 62 Bhubaneswar 1952 2000 Balasore 1901 2000 Gopalpur 1901 2000 Sambalpur 1901 2000 Max C Min C Rainfall mm Max C Min C Rainfall mm Max C Min C Rainfall mm Max C Min C Rainfall mm January 28 5 15 5 13 1 27 0 13 9 17 0 27 2 16 9 11 0 27 6 12 6 14 2February 31 6 18 6 25 5 29 5 16 7 36 3 28 9 19 5 23 6 30 1 15 1 28 0March 35 1 22 3 25 2 33 7 21 0 39 4 30 7 22 6 18 1 35 0 19 0 20 9April 37 2 25 1 30 8 36 0 24 4 54 8 31 2 25 0 20 3 39 3 23 5 14 2May 37 5 26 5 68 2 36 1 26 0 108 6 32 4 26 7 53 8 41 4 27 0 22 7June 35 2 26 1 204 9 34 2 26 2 233 4 32 3 26 8 138 1 36 9 26 7 218 9July 32 0 25 2 326 2 31 8 25 8 297 9 31 0 26 1 174 6 31 1 24 9 459 0August 31 6 25 1 366 8 31 4 25 8 318 3 31 2 25 9 195 9 30 7 24 8 487 5September 31 9 24 8 256 3 31 7 25 5 275 8 31 7 25 7 192 0 31 7 24 6 243 5October 31 7 23 0 190 7 31 3 23 0 184 0 31 4 23 8 237 8 31 7 21 8 56 6November 30 2 18 8 41 7 29 2 17 8 41 6 29 5 19 7 95 3 29 4 16 2 17 6December 28 3 15 2 4 9 26 9 13 7 6 5 27 4 16 4 11 4 27 2 12 1 4 8Biodiversity Edit Main articles Flora and fauna of Odisha and Forests in Odisha According to a Forest Survey of India report released in 2012 Odisha has 48 903 km2 of forests which cover 31 41 of the state s total area The forests are classified into dense forest 7 060 km2 medium dense forest 21 366 km2 open forest forest without closed canopy 20 477 km2 and scrub forest 4 734 km2 The state also has bamboo forests 10 518 km2 and mangroves 221 km2 The state is losing its forests to timber smuggling mining industrialisation and grazing There have been attempts at conservation and reforestation 63 Due to the climate and good rainfall Odisha s evergreen and moist forests are suitable habitats for wild orchids Around 130 species have been reported from the state 64 97 of them are found in Mayurbhanj district alone The Orchid House of Nandakanan Biological Park hosts some of these species 65 Simlipal National Park is a protected wildlife area and tiger reserve spread over 2 750 km2 of the northern part of Mayurbhanj district It has 1078 species of plants including 94 orchids The sal tree is the primary tree species there The park has 55 mammals including barking deer Bengal tiger common langur four horned antelope Indian bison Indian elephant Indian giant squirrel Indian leopard jungle cat sambar deer and wild boar There are 304 species of birds in the park such as the common hill myna grey hornbill Indian pied hornbill and Malabar pied hornbill It also has 60 species of reptiles notable among which are the king cobra banded krait and tricarinate hill turtle There is also a mugger crocodile breeding program in nearby Ramtirtha 66 The Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary is a 190 km2 protected area near the capital city Bhubaneswar However urban expansion and over grazing have reduced the forests and are driving herds of elephants to migration In 2002 there were about 80 elephants But by 2012 their numbers had been reduced to 20 Many of the animals have migrated toward the Barbara reserve forest Chilika Nayagarh district and Athagad Some elephants have died in conflicts with villagers while some have died during migration from being electrocuted by power lines or hit by trains Outside the protected area they are killed by poachers 67 68 Besides elephants the sanctuary also has Indian leopards jungle cats and chitals 69 The Bhitarkanika National Park in Kendrapara district covers 650 km2 of which 150 km2 are mangroves The Gahirmatha Beach in Bhitarkanika is the world s largest nesting site for olive ridley sea turtles 70 In 2013 the Indian coast guard started Operation Oliver to protect the endangered sea turtle population of the region 71 Other major nesting grounds for the turtle in the state are Rushikulya in Ganjam district 72 and the mouth of the Devi river 73 The Bhitarkanika sanctuary is also noted for its large population of salt water crocodiles 74 In winter the sanctuary is also visited by migratory birds Among the species of birds spotted in the sanctuary are the black crowned night heron darter grey heron Indian cormorant Oriental white ibis purple heron and sarus crane 75 The possibly endangered horseshoe crab is also found in this region 76 Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon on the east coast of Odisha with an area of 1 105 km2 It is connected to the Bay of Bengal by a 35 km long narrow channel and is a part of the Mahanadi delta In the dry season the tides bring in salt water In the rainy season the rivers falling into the lagoon decrease its salinity 77 Birds from places like the Caspian Sea Lake Baikal other parts of Russia Central Asia South East Asia Ladakh and the Himalayas migrate to the lagoon in winter 78 Among the birds spotted there are Eurasian wigeon pintail bar headed goose greylag goose flamingo mallard and Goliath heron 79 80 The lagoon also has a small population of the endangered Irrawaddy dolphins 81 The state s coastal region has also had sightings of finless porpoise bottlenose dolphin humpback dolphin and spinner dolphin in its waters 82 Satapada is situated close to the northeast cape of Chilika Lake and Bay of Bengal It is famous for dolphin watching in their natural habitat There is a tiny island en route for watching dolphins where tourists often take a short stop Apart from that this island is also home for tiny red crabs According to a census conducted in 2016 there are around 2000 elephants in the state 83 White tiger in the Nandankanan Zoo Irrawaddy dolphins can be found in Chilika Vanda tessellata one of the orchids found in Odisha 84 Migratory birds at Chilika Lake Crocodile in Bhitarkanika National ParkGovernment and politics Edit Odisha State Secretariat building in Bhubaneswar Main article Government of Odisha All states in India are governed by a parliamentary system of government based on universal adult franchise 85 86 The main parties active in the politics of Odisha are the Biju Janata Dal the Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party Following the Odisha State Assembly Election in 2019 the Naveen Patnaik led Biju Janata Dal stayed in power for the sixth consecutive term he is the 14th chief minister of odisha since 2000 87 Legislative assembly Edit Main articles Odisha Legislative Assembly and Vidhan Sabha The Odisha state has a unicameral legislature 88 The Odisha Legislative Assembly consists of 147 elected members 87 and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or by the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker s absence 89 Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister although the titular head of government is the Governor of Odisha The governor is appointed by the President of India The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the governor and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the Chief Minister The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly 90 The 147 elected representatives are called Members of the Legislative Assembly or MLAs One MLA may be nominated from the Anglo Indian community by the governor 91 The term of the office is for five years unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term 89 The judiciary is composed of the Odisha High Court located at Cuttack and a system of lower courts Subdivisions EditMain article List of districts of Odisha Odisha has been divided into 30 districts These 30 districts have been placed under three different revenue divisions to streamline their governance The divisions are North Central and South with their headquarters at Sambalpur Cuttack and Berhampur respectively Each division consists of ten districts and has as its administrative head a Revenue Divisional Commissioner RDC 92 The position of the RDC in the administrative hierarchy is that between that of the district administration and the state secretariat 93 The RDCs report to the Board of Revenue which is headed by a senior officer of the Indian Administrative Service 92 Map of districts of Odisha Division wise list of districts 94 Northern Division HQ Sambalpur Central Division HQ Cuttack Southern Division HQ Berhampur Angul Balangir Bargarh Deogarh Dhenkanal Jharsuguda Kendujhar Sambalpur Subarnapur Sundargarh Balasore Bhadrak Cuttack Jagatsinghpur Jajpur Kendrapada Khordha Mayurbhanj Nayagarh Puri Boudh Gajapati Ganjam Kalahandi Kandhamal Koraput Malkangiri Nabarangpur Nuapada RayagadaEach district is governed by a collector and district magistrate who is appointed from the Indian Administrative Service or a very senior officer from Odisha Administrative Service 95 96 The collector and district magistrate is responsible for collecting the revenue and maintaining law and order in the district Each district is separated into sub divisions each governed by a sub collector and sub divisional magistrate The sub divisions are further divided into tahasils The tahasils are headed by tahasildar Odisha has 58 sub divisions 317 tahasils and 314 blocks 94 Blocks consists of Panchayats village councils and town municipalities The capital and largest city of the state is Bhubaneswar The other major cities are Cuttack Rourkela Berhampur and Sambalpur Municipal Corporations in Odisha include Bhubaneswar Cuttack Berhampur Sambalpur and Rourkela Other municipalities of Odisha include Angul Balangir Balasore Barbil Bargarh Baripada Belpahar Bhadrak Bhawanipatna Biramitrapur Boudh Brajarajnagar Byasanagar Chhatrapur Deogarh Dhenkanal Gopalpur Gunupur Hinjilicut Jagatsinghpur Jajpur Jeypore Jharsuguda Joda Kendrapara Kendujhar Khordha Konark Koraput Malkangiri Nabarangpur Nayagarh Nuapada Paradeep Paralakhemundi Phulbani Puri Rajgangpur Rayagada Sonepur Sundargarh Talcher Titilagarh and Umerkote Largest cities or towns in Odisha As of the 2011 CensusRank Name District Pop Bhubaneswar Cuttack 1 Bhubaneswar Khurda 881 988 Rourkela Brahmapur2 Cuttack Cuttack 658 9863 Rourkela Sundargarh 552 9704 Brahmapur Ganjam 355 8235 Sambalpur Sambalpur 270 3316 Puri Puri 201 0267 Balasore Balasore 144 3738 Bhadrak Bhadrak 121 3389 Baripada Mayurbhanj 116 87410 Balangir Balangir 98 238 Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats for which local body elections are regularly held govern local affairs in rural areas Economy EditMain article Economy of Odisha Macro economic trend Edit Odisha is experiencing steady economic growth The impressive growth in gross domestic product of the state has been reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Odisha s growth rate is above the national average 97 The central Government s Urban Development Ministry has recently announced the names of 20 cities selected to be developed as smart cities The state capital Bhubaneswar is the first city in the list of smart Cities released in January 2016 a pet project of the Indian Government The announcement also marked with sanction of Rs 508 02 billion over the five years for development 98 Industrial development Edit One of the iron ore mines in Keonjhar district Rourkela Steel Plant Odisha has abundant natural resources and a large coastline Odisha has emerged as the most preferred destination for overseas investors with investment proposals 99 It contains a fifth of India s coal a quarter of its iron ore a third of its bauxite reserves and most of the chromite Rourkela Steel Plant 100 was the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in India built with collaboration of Germany Arcelor Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to 10 billion Russian major Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company MMK plans to set up a 10 MT steel plant in Odisha too Bandhabahal is a major area of open cast coal mines in Odisha The state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminium coal based power plants petrochemicals and information technology as well In power generation Reliance Power Anil Ambani Group is putting up the world s largest power plant with an investment of US 13 billion at Hirma in Jharsuguda district 101 In 2009 Odisha was the second top domestic investment destination with Gujarat first and Andhra Pradesh in third place according to an analysis of ASSOCHAM Investment Meter AIM study on corporate investments Odisha s share was 12 6 percent in total investment in the country It received an investment proposal worth 2 01 trillion equivalent to 3 8 trillion or US 48 billion in 2020 in 2010 Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state 102 Transportation EditOdisha has a network of roads railways airports and seaports Bhubaneswar is well connected by air rail and road with the rest of India Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes 103 Plans for metro rail connecting Bhubaneshwar and Cuttack a journey of 30 km have also started 104 Air Edit Biju Patnaik Airport Bhubaneswar Odisha has a total of three operational airports 16 airstrips and 16 helipads 105 106 107 The airport at Jharsuguda was upgraded to a full fledged domestic airport in May 2018 Rourkela airport became operational in December 2022 The government of Odisha also plans five greenfield airports at Angul Dhamra Kalinganagar Paradeep and Rayagada in an effort to boost intrastate and inter state civil aviation Existing aerodromes at Barbil Gopalpur Jharsuguda and Rourkela were also to be upgraded 108 The Dhamra Port Company Limited plans to build Dhamra Airport 20 km from Dhamra Port 109 Air Odisha is Odisha s sole air charter company based in Bhubaneswar citation needed Angul Savitri Jindal Airport Bargarh Sativata Airstrip Bhawanipatna Utkela Airstrip being prepared under UDAN scheme Bhubaneswar Biju Patnaik Airport functioning regularly Brahmapur Berhampur Airport Cuttack Charbatia Air Base Jeypore Jeypore Airport being prepared under UDAN scheme Jharsuguda Veer Surendra Sai Airport functioning under UDAN scheme Rourkela Rourkela Airport functioning under UDAN scheme Sambalpur Hirakud Airstrip Seaports Edit Gopalpur Port East Coast Railway headquarters Bhubaneswar Odisha has a coastline of 485 Kilometers It has one major port at Paradip and few minor ports some of them are 110 111 Port of Dhamara Port of Gopalpur Port of Paradip Port of Subarnarekha Port of Astaranga Port of Chandipur Port of Chudamani Port of PalurRailways Edit Major cities of Odisha are well connected to all the major cities of India by direct daily trains and weekly trains Most of the railway network in Odisha lies under the jurisdiction of the East Coast Railway ECoR with headquarters at Bhubaneswar and some parts under South Eastern Railway and South East Central Railway Demographics EditHistorical populationYearPop p a 190110 302 917 191111 378 875 1 00 192111 158 586 0 20 193112 491 056 1 13 194113 767 988 0 98 195114 645 946 0 62 196117 548 846 1 82 197121 944 615 2 26 198126 370 271 1 85 199131 659 736 1 84 200136 804 660 1 52 201141 974 218 1 32 source 112 Tribal people of Koraput Odisha According to the 2011 census of India the total population of Odisha is 41 974 218 of which 21 212 136 50 54 are male and 20 762 082 49 46 are female or 978 females per 1000 males This represents a 13 97 increase over the population in 2001 The population density is 270 per km2 1 The literacy rate is 73 with 82 of males and 64 of females being literate according to the 2011 census The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 2004 2005 was 57 15 which was nearly double the Indian average of 26 10 Since 2005 the state has reduced poverty rate dramatically by 24 6 percentage points According to current estimate proportion of people living under poverty line was 32 6 113 114 Data of 1996 2001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61 64 years higher than the national value of years The state has a birth rate of 23 2 per 1 000 people per year a death rate of 9 1 per 1 000 people per year an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1 000 000 live births Odisha has a Human Development Index of 0 606 as of 2018 115 District Headquarters Population 2011 Males Females Percentagedecadalgrowth2001 2011 Sex ratio Density personsperkm2 Childpopulation0 6 years Childsexratio Literacy rate1 Angul Angul 1 271 703 654 898 616 805 11 55 942 199 145 690 884 78 962 Balangir Balangir 1 648 574 831 349 817 225 23 29 983 251 206 964 951 65 503 Balasore Baleswar 2 317 419 1 184 371 1 133 048 14 47 957 609 274 432 941 80 664 Bargarh Bargarh 1 478 833 748 332 730 501 9 84 976 253 156 185 946 75 165 Bhadrak Bhadrak 1 506 522 760 591 745 931 12 95 981 601 176 793 931 83 256 Boudh Boudh 439 917 220 993 218 924 17 82 991 142 59 094 975 72 517 Cuttack Cuttack 2 618 708 1 339 153 1 279 555 11 87 955 666 251 152 913 84 208 Debagarh Debagarh 312 164 158 017 154 147 13 88 976 106 38 621 917 73 079 Dhenkanal Dhenkanal 1 192 948 612 597 580 351 11 82 947 268 132 647 870 79 4110 Gajapati Paralakhemundi 575 880 282 041 293 839 10 99 1 042 133 82 777 964 54 2911 Ganjam Chhatrapur 3 520 151 1 777 324 1 742 827 11 37 981 429 397 920 899 71 8812 Jagatsinghpur Jagatsinghpur 1 136 604 577 699 558 905 7 44 967 681 103 517 929 87 1313 Jajpur Jajpur 1 826 275 926 058 900 217 12 43 972 630 207 310 921 80 4414 Jharsuguda Jharsuguda 579 499 297 014 282 485 12 56 951 274 61 823 938 78 3615 Kalahandi Bhawanipatna 1 573 054 785 179 787 875 17 79 1 003 199 214 111 947 60 2216 Kandhamal Phulbani 731 952 359 401 372 551 12 92 1 037 91 106 379 960 65 1217 Kendrapara Kendrapara 1 439 891 717 695 722 196 10 59 1 006 545 153 443 921 85 9318 Kendujhar Kendujhar 1 802 777 907 135 895 642 15 42 987 217 253 418 957 69 0019 Khordha Khordha 2 246 341 1 166 949 1 079 392 19 65 925 799 222 275 910 87 5120 Koraput Koraput 1 376 934 677 864 699 070 16 63 1 031 156 215 518 970 49 8721 Malkangiri Malkangiri 612 727 303 913 308 814 21 53 1 016 106 105 636 979 49 4922 Mayurbhanj Baripada 2 513 895 1 253 633 1 260 262 13 06 1 005 241 337 757 952 63 9823 Nabarangapur Nabarangpur 1 218 762 604 046 614 716 18 81 1 018 230 201 901 988 48 2024 Nayagarh Nayagarh 962 215 502 194 460 021 11 30 916 247 101 337 851 79 1725 Nuapada Nuapada 606 490 300 307 306 183 14 28 1 020 157 84 893 971 58 2026 Puri Puri 1 697 983 865 209 832 774 13 00 963 488 164 388 924 85 3727 Rayagada Rayagada 961 959 469 672 492 287 15 74 1 048 136 141 167 955 50 8828 Sambalpur Sambalpur 1 044 410 529 424 514 986 12 24 973 158 112 946 931 76 9129 Subarnapur Sonepur 652 107 332 897 319 210 20 35 959 279 76 536 947 74 4230 Sundergarh Sundergarh 2 080 664 1 055 723 1 024 941 13 66 971 214 249 020 937 74 13Religion Edit Religion in Odisha 2011 116 Hinduism 93 63 Christianity 2 77 Islam 2 17 Sarna 1 14 Sikhism 0 05 Buddhism 0 03 Jainism 0 02 Other or not stated 0 19 Gita Govinda The majority almost 94 116 of people in Odisha are Hindu and there is also a rich cultural heritage in the state For example Odisha is home to several Hindu figures Sant Bhima Bhoi was a leader of the Mahima sect Sarala Das a Hindu Khandayat was the translator of the epic Mahabharata into Odia Chaitanya Das was a Buddhistic Vaishnava and writer of the Nirguna Mahatmya Jayadeva was the author of the Gita Govinda The Odisha Temple Authorisation Act of 1948 empowered the government of Odisha to open temples for all Hindus including Dalits 117 Perhaps the oldest scripture of Odisha is the Madala Panji from the Puri Temple believed from 1042 AD Famous Hindu Odia scripture includes the 16th century Bhagabata of Jagannatha Dasa 118 In the modern times Madhusudan Rao was a major Odia writer who was a Brahmo Samajist and shaped modern Odia literature at the start of the 20th century 119 Christians in Odisha are 2 8 of the population mainly tribals and Dalits Odia Muslims live in the urban areas of coastal Odisha The Sikh Buddhist and Jain communities together account for 0 1 of the population 116 Languages Edit Main article Odia language Languages of Odisha 2011 120 Odia incl Sambalpuri 81 32 Kui 2 24 Santali 2 06 Urdu 1 60 Telugu 1 59 Hindi 1 23 Bengali 1 20 Mundari 1 09 Others 7 67 Bilingual signboard in English and Odia Odia is the official language of Odisha 121 and is spoken by 81 32 of the population according to the 2011 census of India 120 It is also one of the classical languages of India English is the official language of correspondence between state and the union of India Spoken Odia is not homogeneous as one can find different dialects spoken across the state Some of the major dialects found inside the state are Sambalpuri Cuttacki Puri Baleswari Ganjami Desiya Kalahandia and Phulbani The standard language is based on the Cuttacki dialect In addition to Odia significant population of people speaking other major Indian languages like Hindi Telugu Urdu and Bengali are also found in the state mainly in cities 122 The different adibasi communities who mostly reside in western and southern Odisha have their own languages belonging to Munda and Dravidian family of languages Some of these major adibasi languages are Santali Kui Mundari and Ho Due to increasing contact with outsiders migration and socioeconomic reasons many of these indigenous languages are slowly getting extinct or are on the verge of getting extinct 123 The Odisha Sahitya Academy Award was established in 1957 to actively develop Odia language and literature The Odisha government launched a portal in 2018 to promote Odia language and literature 124 Education EditMain article Education in Odisha Utkal University main gate Panoramic View of Ravenshaw University Cuttack Educational Institutions Edit AIPH University at Bhubaneswar Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology IIHT Bargarh at Bargarh Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management IITTM BBSR at Bhubaneswar C V Raman Global University CVRGU at Bhubaneswar Regional Institute of Education RIE BBSR at Bhubaneswar Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar IIT BBS at Bhubaneswar National Institute of Science Education and Research NISER at Bhubaneswar National Institute of Technology Rourkela NIT at Rourkela Indian Institute of Management IIM SB at Sambalpur Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research IISER BPR at Brahmapur All India Institute of Medical Sciences AIIMS at Bhubaneswar Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology VSSUT at Burla National Law University at Cuttack International Institute of Information Technology IIIT at Bhubaneswar Berhampur University at Brahmapur Biju Patnaik University of Technology at Rourkela Ispat Autonomous College Rourkela Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College at Bhubaneswar Central University of Odisha at Koraput College of Agriculture Bhawanipatna Dharanidhar College at Keonjhar Fakir Mohan University at Balasore Gangadhar Meher University at Sambalpur Government College of Engineering Kalahandi at Bhawanipatna Hi Tech Medical College amp Hospital Bhubaneswar at Bhubaneswar Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology at Sarang Government College of Engineering Keonjhar at Keonjhar KIIT University at Bhubaneswar Khallikote Unitary University at Brahmapur Maharaja Krishna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital at Brahmapur National Institute of Science and Technology at Brahmapur Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University at Baripada Odisha State Open University at Sambalpur Orissa Engineering College at Bhubaneswar Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology OUAT at Bhubaneswar Odisha University of Technology and Research OUTR at Bhubaneswar Parala Maharaja Engineering College at Brahmapur Rama Devi Women s University at Bhubaneswar Ravenshaw University at Cuttack Sambalpur University at Sambalpur Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology Sambalpur Shri Ramachandra Bhanj Medical College at Cuttack Siksha O Anusandhan University at Bhubaneswar Utkal University at Bhubaneswar Utkal University of Culture at Bhubaneswar Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research VIMSAR at Burla Sambalpur Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneswar XIM University Bhubaneswar Institute of Mathematics and Applications Bhubaneswar Sri Sri University at Cuttack Centurion University at Jatni Bhubaneswar Stewart School at Buxibazar Cuttack National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research at Cuttack National Institute of Social Work and Social Science Bhubaneswar NISWASS Rajendra Narayan University Balangir Kalahandi University Bhawanipatna Bhima Bhoi Medical College and Hospital Balangir Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital Baripada 125 Saheed Laxman Nayak Medical College and Hospital Koraput 126 Entry to various institutes of higher education especially into engineering degrees is through a centralised Odisha Joint Entrance Examination conducted by the Biju Patnaik University of Technology BPUT Rourkela since 2003 where seats are provided according to order of merit 127 Few of the engineering institutes enroll students by through Joint Entrance Examination For medical courses there is a corresponding National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test Culture EditMain article Culture of Odisha Chhau dance Cuisine Edit Main article Cuisine of Odisha Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries The kitchen of the Shri Jagannath Temple Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world with 1 000 chefs working around 752 wood burning clay hearths called chulas to feed over 10 000 people each day 128 129 The syrupy dessert Pahala rasagola made in Odisha is known throughout the world 130 Chhenapoda is another major Odisha sweet cuisine which originated in Nayagarh 131 Dalma a mix of dal and selected vegetables is widely known cuisine better served with ghee citation needed The Odisha Rasagola was awarded a GI tag 29 July 2019 after a long battle about the origin of the famous sweet with West Bengal 132 Dance Edit Main article Odissi Sharmila Biswas performing Odissi dance Odissi dance and music are classical art forms Odissi is the oldest surviving dance form in India on the basis of archaeological evidence 133 Odissi has a long unbroken tradition of 2 000 years and finds mention in the Natyashastra of Bharatamuni possibly written c 200 BC However the dance form nearly became extinct during the British period only to be revived after India s independence by a few gurus The variety of dances includes Ghumura dance Chhau dance Jhumair Mahari dance Dalkhai Dhemsa and Gotipua Sports EditMain article Sports in Odisha Barabati Stadium in Cuttack The state of Odisha has hosted several international sporting events including the 2018 Men s Hockey World Cup 2020 FIFA U 17 Women s World Cup and will host matches for the 2023 Men s Hockey World Cup There are so many stadium and field available to promote sports Some of well known stadium are Kalinga Stadium Barabati Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium East Coast Railway Stadium Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium KIIT Stadium Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium 134 There are some High Performance Centres in the state as well which have been set up at Kalinga Stadium for the development of respective sports in Odisha Some of the HPCs are as follows Abhinav Bindra Targeting Performance ABTP Dalmia Bharat Gopichand Badminton Academy JSW Swimming HPC Khelo India State Centre of Excellence KISCE for Athletics Hockey and Weightlifting KJS Ahluwalia and Tenvic Sports HPC for Weightlifting Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre ONTHHPC 135 Odisha Aditya Birla and Gagan Narang Shooting HPC Reliance Foundation Odisha Athletics HPC SAI Regional Badminton Academy 136 Udaan Badminton Academy 137 AIFF High Performance Centre 138 Tourism EditMain article Tourism in Odisha The Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar has a 150 foot 46 m high deula while the Jagannath Temple Puri is about 200 feet 61 m high and dominates the skyline Only a portion of the Konark Sun Temple at Konark in Puri district the largest of the temples of the Holy Golden Triangle exists today and it is still staggering in size It stands out as a masterpiece in Odisha architecture Sarala Temple regarded as one of the most spiritually elevated expressions of Shaktism is in Jagatsinghpur district It is also one of the holiest places in Odisha and a major tourist attraction Maa Tarini Temple situated in Kendujhar district is also a famous pilgrimage destination Every day thousands of coconuts are given to Maa Tarini by devotees for fulfilling their wishes 139 Odisha s varying topography from the wooded Eastern Ghats to the fertile river basin has proven ideal for evolution of compact and unique ecosystems This creates treasure troves of flora and fauna that are inviting to many migratory species of birds and reptiles Bhitarkanika National Park in Kendrapada district is famous for its second largest mangrove ecosystem The bird sanctuary in Chilika Lake Asia s largest brackish water lake The tiger reserve and waterfalls in Simlipal National Park Mayurbhanj district are integral parts of eco tourism in Odisha arranged by Odisha Tourism 140 Daringbadi is a hill station in the Kandhamal district It is known as Kashmir of Odisha for its climatic similarity Chandipur in Baleswar district is a calm and serene site is mostly unexplored by tourists The unique specialty of this beach is the ebb tides that recede up to 4 km and tend to disappear rhythmically In the western part of Odisha Hirakud Dam in Sambalpur district is the longest earthen dam in the World It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia The Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary is situated near Hirakud Dam Samaleswari Temple is a Hindu temple in Sambalpur city dedicated to the goddess known as Samaleswari the presiding deity of Sambalpur is a strong religious force in western part of Odisha and Chhattisgarh state The Leaning Temple of Huma is located near Sambalpur The temple is dedicated to the Hindu god Lord Bimaleshwar Sri Sri Harishankar Devasthana is a temple on the slopes of Gandhamardhan hills Balangir district It is popular for its scenes of nature and connection to two Hindu lords Vishnu and Shiva On the opposite side of the Gandhamardhan hills is the temple of Sri Nrusinghanath is situated at the foothills of Gandhamardhan Hill near Paikmal Bargarh district In the southern part of Odisha The Taratarini Temple on the Kumari hills at the bank of the Rushikulya River near Berhampur city in Ganjam district Here worshiped as the Breast Shrine Sthana Peetha and manifestations of Adi Shakti The Tara Tarini Shakti Peetha is one of the oldest pilgrimage centers of the Mother Goddess and is one of four major ancient Tantra Peetha and Shakti Peethas in India Deomali is a mountain peak of the Eastern Ghats It is located in Koraput district This peak with an elevation of about 1 672 m is the highest peak in Odisha The share of foreign tourists arrival in the state is below one percent of total foreign tourist arrivals at all India level 141 The Rath Yatra in Jagannath Temple Puri Maa Tarini Temple Ghatgaon Gundichaghagi waterfall Keonjhar during monsoonsSee also EditCinema of Odisha Festivals of Odisha List of Odia writers List of schools in Odisha Odia literature List of schemes of the government of Odisha Odissi music Odia grammarReferences Edit a b Population Size and Decadal Change PDF Primary Census Abstract Data Highlights Census of India Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India 2018 Archived PDF from the original on 19 October 2019 Retrieved 16 June 2020 Cities having population 1 lakh and above Census 2011 PDF Government of India Archived PDF from the original on 25 November 2014 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recovered in the coastal waters of eastern Sri Lanka Seaturtle org Archived from the original on 7 December 2013 Retrieved 18 July 2010 Odisha Economic Survey 2014 15 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 15 February 2017 Retrieved 14 February 2017 External links EditOdisha at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity GovernmentOdisha Government PortalGeneral informationOdisha Encyclopaedia Britannica entry Odisha at Curlie Geographic data related to Odisha at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Odisha amp oldid 1130267690, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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