A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions.[1] A monograph is a treatise on a specialized topic.[2]
The word 'treatise' first appeared in the fourteenth century as the Medieval English word tretis, which evolved from the Medieval Latin tractatus and the Latin tractare, meaning to treat or to handle.[1]
Historically significant treatisesEdit
TableEdit
The works presented here have been identified as influential by scholars on the development of human civilization.
Euclid's Elements has appeared in more editions than any other books except the Bible and is one of the most important mathematical treatises ever. It has been translated to numerous languages and remains continuously in print since the beginning of printing. Before the invention of the printing press, it was manually copied and widely circulated. When scholars recognized its excellence, they removed inferior works from circulation in its favor. Many subsequent authors, such as Theon of Alexandria, made their own editions, with alterations, comments, and new theorems or lemmas. Many mathematicians were influenced and inspired by Euclid's masterpiece. For example, Archimedes of Syracuse and Apollonius of Perga, the greatest mathematicians of their time, received their training from Euclid's students and his Elements and were able to solve many open problems at the time of Euclid. It is a prime example of how to write a text in pure mathematics, featuring simple and logical axioms, precise definitions, clearly stated theorems, and logical deductive proofs. The Elements consists of thirteen books dealing with geometry (including the geometry of three-dimensional objects such as polyhedra), number theory, and the theory of proportions. It was essentially a compilation of all mathematics known to the Greeks up until Euclid's time.[6]
Maxwell's TreatiseEdit
Drawing on the work of his predecessors, especially the experimental research of Michael Faraday, the analogy with heat flow by William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and the mathematical analysis of George Green, James Clerk Maxwell synthesized all that was known about electricity and magnetism into a single mathematical framework, Maxwell's equations. Originally, there were 20 equations in total. In his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873), Maxwell reduced them to eight.[7] Maxwell used his equations to predict the existence of electromagnetic waves, which travel at the speed of light. In other words, light is but one kind of electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's theory predicted there ought to be other types, with different frequencies. After some ingenious experiments, Maxwell's prediction was confirmed by Heinrich Hertz. In the process, Hertz generated and detected what are now called radio waves and built crude radio antennas and the predecessors of satellite dishes.[8]Hendrik Lorentz derived, using suitable boundary conditions, Fresnel's equations for the reflection and transmission of light in different media from Maxwell's equations. He also showed that Maxwell's theory succeeded in illuminating the phenomenon of light dispersion where other models failed. John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) and Josiah Willard Gibbs then proved that the optical equations derived from Maxwell's theory are the only self-consistent description of the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light consistent with experimental results. Optics thus found a new foundation in electromagnetism.[7]
Hertz's experimental work in electromagnetism stimulated interest in the possibility of wireless communication, which did not require long and expensive cables and was faster than even the telegraph. Guglielmo Marconi adapted Hertz's equipment for this purpose in the 1890s. He achieved the first international wireless transmission between England and France in 1900 and by the following year, he succeeded in sending messages in Morse code across the Atlantic. Seeing its value, the shipping industry adopted this technology at once. Radio broadcasting became extremely popular in the twentieth century and remains in common use in the early twenty-first.[8] But it was Oliver Heaviside, an enthusiastic supporter of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, who deserves most of the credit for shaping how people understood and applied Maxwell's work for decades to come; he was responsible for considerable progress in electrical telegraphy, telephony, and the study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Independent of Gibbs, Heaviside assembled a set of mathematical tools known as vector calculus to replace the quaternions, which were in vogue at the time but which Heaviside dismissed as "antiphysical and unnatural."[9]
^ ab"Treatise." Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Accessed September 12, 2020.
^"Monograph." Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Accessed September 12, 2020.
^J. M. Steele, University of Toronto, (review online from Canadian Association of Physicists) 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine of N. Guicciardini's "Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Mathematical Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736" (Cambridge UP, 1999), a book which also states (summary before title page) that the "Principia" "is considered one of the masterpieces in the history of science".
^(in French) Alexis Clairaut, "Du systeme du monde, dans les principes de la gravitation universelle", in "Histoires (& Memoires) de l'Academie Royale des Sciences" for 1745 (published 1749), at p. 329 (according to a note on p. 329, Clairaut's paper was read at a session of November 1747).
^G. E. Smith, "Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition), E. N. Zalta (ed.).
^Katz, Victor (2009). "Chapter 3: Euclid". A History of Mathematics - An Introduction. Addison-Wesley. ISBN978-0-321-38700-4.
^ abBaigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 9: The Science of Electromagnetism". Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective. United States of America: Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-33358-3.
^ abBaigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 10: Electromagnetic Waves". Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective. United States of America: Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-33358-3.
^Hunt, Bruce (November 1, 2012). "Oliver Heaviside: A first-rate oddity". Physics Today. 65 (11): 48–54. Bibcode:2012PhT....65k..48H. doi:10.1063/PT.3.1788.
External linksEdit
Look up treatise in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Treatises at Wikimedia Commons
October 04, 2023
treatise, this, article, about, literary, form, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, treaty, treatise, formal, systematic, written, discourse, some, subject, concerned, with, investigating, exposing, principles, subject, conclusions, monograph, treatis. This article is about the literary form For other uses see Treatise disambiguation Not to be confused with Treaty A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions 1 A monograph is a treatise on a specialized topic 2 Title page of Sir Isaac Newton s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 1687 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Historically significant treatises 2 1 Table 2 2 Discussion of select examples 2 2 1 Euclid s Elements 2 2 2 Maxwell s Treatise 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksEtymology EditThe word treatise first appeared in the fourteenth century as the Medieval English word tretis which evolved from the Medieval Latin tractatus and the Latin tractare meaning to treat or to handle 1 Historically significant treatises EditTable Edit The works presented here have been identified as influential by scholars on the development of human civilization Title Author Year of First Edition Subject Influence ReferenceThe Art of War Sun Tzu 500BC War ReferenceThe Elements Euclid 300BC Mathematics ReferenceArthashastra Kautilya 200BC Statecraft ReferenceDe architectura Vitruvius 30BC Architecture ReferenceAlmagest Claudius Ptolemaeus 200s Astronomy ReferenceVivekacuḍamaṇi Adi Shankara 700s Philosophy ReferenceDe re aedificatoria Leon Battista Alberti 1485 Architecture ReferenceThe Prince Niccolo Machiavelli 1532 Politics ReferenceDe revolutionibus orbium coelestium Nicolaus Copernicus 1543 Astronomy ReferenceDiscourse on the Method Rene Descartes 1637 Philosophy ReferenceTwo Treatises of Government John Locke 1660 Government ReferencePhilosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica Isaac Newton 1687 Physics 3 4 5 Opticks Isaac Newton 1704 Physics ReferenceThe Wealth of Nations Adam Smith 1776 Political Economy ReferenceOn the Origin of Species Charles Darwin 1859 Biology ReferenceDas Kapital Karl Marx 1867 Political Economy ReferenceA Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism James Clerk Maxwell 1873 Physics ReferenceDiscussion of select examples Edit Euclid s Elements Edit Euclid s Elements has appeared in more editions than any other books except the Bible and is one of the most important mathematical treatises ever It has been translated to numerous languages and remains continuously in print since the beginning of printing Before the invention of the printing press it was manually copied and widely circulated When scholars recognized its excellence they removed inferior works from circulation in its favor Many subsequent authors such as Theon of Alexandria made their own editions with alterations comments and new theorems or lemmas Many mathematicians were influenced and inspired by Euclid s masterpiece For example Archimedes of Syracuse and Apollonius of Perga the greatest mathematicians of their time received their training from Euclid s students and his Elements and were able to solve many open problems at the time of Euclid It is a prime example of how to write a text in pure mathematics featuring simple and logical axioms precise definitions clearly stated theorems and logical deductive proofs The Elements consists of thirteen books dealing with geometry including the geometry of three dimensional objects such as polyhedra number theory and the theory of proportions It was essentially a compilation of all mathematics known to the Greeks up until Euclid s time 6 Maxwell s Treatise Edit Drawing on the work of his predecessors especially the experimental research of Michael Faraday the analogy with heat flow by William Thomson later Lord Kelvin and the mathematical analysis of George Green James Clerk Maxwell synthesized all that was known about electricity and magnetism into a single mathematical framework Maxwell s equations Originally there were 20 equations in total In his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism 1873 Maxwell reduced them to eight 7 Maxwell used his equations to predict the existence of electromagnetic waves which travel at the speed of light In other words light is but one kind of electromagnetic wave Maxwell s theory predicted there ought to be other types with different frequencies After some ingenious experiments Maxwell s prediction was confirmed by Heinrich Hertz In the process Hertz generated and detected what are now called radio waves and built crude radio antennas and the predecessors of satellite dishes 8 Hendrik Lorentz derived using suitable boundary conditions Fresnel s equations for the reflection and transmission of light in different media from Maxwell s equations He also showed that Maxwell s theory succeeded in illuminating the phenomenon of light dispersion where other models failed John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh and Josiah Willard Gibbs then proved that the optical equations derived from Maxwell s theory are the only self consistent description of the reflection refraction and dispersion of light consistent with experimental results Optics thus found a new foundation in electromagnetism 7 Hertz s experimental work in electromagnetism stimulated interest in the possibility of wireless communication which did not require long and expensive cables and was faster than even the telegraph Guglielmo Marconi adapted Hertz s equipment for this purpose in the 1890s He achieved the first international wireless transmission between England and France in 1900 and by the following year he succeeded in sending messages in Morse code across the Atlantic Seeing its value the shipping industry adopted this technology at once Radio broadcasting became extremely popular in the twentieth century and remains in common use in the early twenty first 8 But it was Oliver Heaviside an enthusiastic supporter of Maxwell s electromagnetic theory who deserves most of the credit for shaping how people understood and applied Maxwell s work for decades to come he was responsible for considerable progress in electrical telegraphy telephony and the study of the propagation of electromagnetic waves Independent of Gibbs Heaviside assembled a set of mathematical tools known as vector calculus to replace the quaternions which were in vogue at the time but which Heaviside dismissed as antiphysical and unnatural 9 See also Edit nbsp Books portal nbsp History portalCompilation thesis Edited volume Legal treatise Tractate TractatusReferences Edit a b Treatise Merriam Webster Online Dictionary Accessed September 12 2020 Monograph Merriam Webster Online Dictionary Accessed September 12 2020 J M Steele University of Toronto review online from Canadian Association of Physicists Archived 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine of N Guicciardini s Reading the Principia The Debate on Newton s Mathematical Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736 Cambridge UP 1999 a book which also states summary before title page that the Principia is considered one of the masterpieces in the history of science in French Alexis Clairaut Du systeme du monde dans les principes de la gravitation universelle in Histoires amp Memoires de l Academie Royale des Sciences for 1745 published 1749 at p 329 according to a note on p 329 Clairaut s paper was read at a session of November 1747 G E Smith Newton s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2008 Edition E N Zalta ed Katz Victor 2009 Chapter 3 Euclid A History of Mathematics An Introduction Addison Wesley ISBN 978 0 321 38700 4 a b Baigrie Brian 2007 Chapter 9 The Science of Electromagnetism Electricity and Magnetism A Historical Perspective United States of America Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 33358 3 a b Baigrie Brian 2007 Chapter 10 Electromagnetic Waves Electricity and Magnetism A Historical Perspective United States of America Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 33358 3 Hunt Bruce November 1 2012 Oliver Heaviside A first rate oddity Physics Today 65 11 48 54 Bibcode 2012PhT 65k 48H doi 10 1063 PT 3 1788 External links Edit nbsp Look up treatise in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Media related to Treatises at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treatise amp oldid 1175772357, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
