The voiced retroflex approximant is a type of consonant used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɻ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\`. The IPA symbol is a turned lowercase letter r with a rightward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter.
Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Apical.[1] As an initial in free variation between fricative and approximant, but never has friction as strong as a true fricative (Chinese "fully muddy"/全浊-class) to trigger a (free or conditional) devoicing or postvoicing into /ʐ̥ʱ/, nor weak enough to become an apical vowel. As a rime it's an apical vowel that is frequently coarticulated with a close near-back unrounded vowel /ɨ̟/ (thus phonetically [ɻ̺͢ɨ̟͡ɻ̺̞̍˥˩ku̯ɑ͢ŋ˥], but this phonetic representation should be avoided as the tie-bar for coarticulation may be misunderstood as a sliding into an erhuarhotic vowel, a phonemically distinct syllable in Chinese), but it can be prolonged indefinitely and never truly developed into an /ɨ̟/. Both the consonant and the vowel may gain some friction especially when prolonged to force a more "distinct/clear" effect in teaching or when swearing, and thus it may be inaccurately transcribed as fricative [ʐ] both as initial and as rime (when precision is necessary, a true fricative in Wu Chinese may be transcribed as [ʐ̥ʱ], as that's how it's pronounced in the first syllable). See Standard Chinese phonology.
The character 日 (sun), when pronounced with an overall strengthened friction (on both z and ɿ), may likely be understood as a profanity, thus pronouncing as an approximant is important; but the two do not form a minimal pair, because the profanity can also be pronounced with little friction (though in some other dialects they further evolved to form a minimal pair).
^Lee, Wai-Sum (1999). An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin(PDF). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. S2CID 51828449.
^Brandão, Silvia Figueiredo (15 December 2007). "Nas trilhas do -R retroflexo". Signum: Estudos da Linguagem. 10 (2): 265. doi:10.5433/2237-4876.2007v10n2p265.
^Ferraz, Irineu da Silva (2005). Características fonético-acústicas do /r/ retroflexo do portugues brasileiro : dados de informantes de Pato Branco (PR) (Thesis). hdl:1884/3955.
^(in Portuguese) Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis. 2013-09-26 at the Wayback Machine Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)
^(in Portuguese) Callou, Dinah. Leite, Yonne. "Iniciação à Fonética e à Fonologia". Jorge Zahar Editora 2001, p. 24
Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-922931-4
Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
Trudgill, Peter (1989), "The Sociophonetics of /l/ in the Greek of Sphakiá", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 15 (2): 18–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100300002942, S2CID 143943154
voiced, retroflex, approximant, voiced, retroflex, approximant, type, consonant, used, some, languages, symbol, international, phonetic, alphabet, that, represents, this, sound, equivalent, sampa, symbol, symbol, turned, lowercase, letter, with, rightward, hoo. The voiced retroflex approximant is a type of consonant used in some languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɻ and the equivalent X SAMPA symbol is r The IPA symbol is a turned lowercase letter r with a rightward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter Voiced retroflex approximantɻIPA Number152Audio sample source source source helpEncodingEntity decimal amp 635 Unicode hex U 027BX SAMPAr BrailleImageLabialised voiced retroflex approximantɻʷAudio sample source source source helpThe velar bunched approximant found in some varieties of Dutch and American English sounds similar to the retroflex approximant but it has a very different articulation Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksFeatures edit nbsp A schematic mid sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced retroflex approximant ɻ Features of the voiced retroflex approximant Its manner of articulation is approximant which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream Its place of articulation is retroflex which prototypically means it is articulated subapical with the tip of the tongue curled up but more generally it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized That is besides the prototypical subapical articulation the tongue can be apical pointed or in some fricatives laminal flat Its phonation is voiced which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation It is an oral consonant which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only It is a central consonant which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue rather than to the sides The airstream mechanism is pulmonic which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles as in most sounds Occurrence editLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesChinese Mandarin 日光 riguang ɻ ɻ ku ɑ ŋ sunlight Apical 1 As an initial in free variation between fricative and approximant but never has friction as strong as a true fricative Chinese fully muddy 全浊 class to trigger a free or conditional devoicing or postvoicing into ʐ ʱ nor weak enough to become an apical vowel As a rime it s an apical vowel that is frequently coarticulated with a close near back unrounded vowel ɨ thus phonetically ɻ ɨ ɻ ku ɑ ŋ but this phonetic representation should be avoided as the tie bar for coarticulation may be misunderstood as a sliding into an erhua rhotic vowel a phonemically distinct syllable in Chinese but it can be prolonged indefinitely and never truly developed into an ɨ Both the consonant and the vowel may gain some friction especially when prolonged to force a more distinct clear effect in teaching or when swearing and thus it may be inaccurately transcribed as fricative ʐ both as initial and as rime when precision is necessary a true fricative in Wu Chinese may be transcribed as ʐ ʱ as that s how it s pronounced in the first syllable See Standard Chinese phonology The character 日 sun when pronounced with an overall strengthened friction on both z and ɿ may likely be understood as a profanity thus pronouncing as an approximant is important but the two do not form a minimal pair because the profanity can also be pronounced with little friction though in some other dialects they further evolved to form a minimal pair Derung Tvrung te ɻuŋ Derung English Some American dialects red ɻ ʷ ɛd red Labialized pronounced with lips rounded See Pronunciation of English r Some Hiberno English dialectsSome West Country EnglishEnindhilyagwa angwura aŋwuɻa fire Faroese 2 hoyrdi hɔiɻʈɛ heard Allophone of ɹ 2 Sometimes voiceless ɻ 2 See Faroese phonologyGreek Cretan Sfakia and Mylopotamos variations region 3 gala gala ˈɣaɻa milk Intervocalic allophone of l before a o u Recessive See Modern Greek phonologyInuktitut Nattilingmiutut kiuruq kiuɻuq she replies Malayalam ആഴ aːɻɐm depth Mapudungun 4 rayen ɻɜˈjen flower Possible realization of ʐ may be ʐ or ɭ instead 4 Portuguese Many Centro Sul registers cartas ˈkaɻte s letters Allophone of rhotic consonants and sometimes l in the syllable coda Mainly 5 found in rural Sao Paulo Parana south of Minas Gerais and surrounding areas with the more common and prestigious realization in metropolitan areas being ɹ and or rhotic vowel instead As with ɽ it appeared as a mutation of ɾ 6 7 8 See Portuguese phonology Caipira temporal tẽɪ pʊˈɾaɻ rainstorm Conservative Piracicabano grato ˈgɻatʊ thankful m Tamil 9 தம ழ t eˈmɨɻ Tamil See Tamil phonology May be merged with ɭ for some modern speakers Western Desert Pitjantjatjara dialect Uluṟu ʊlʊɻʊ Uluru Yaghan warho ˈwaɻo cave See also editAlveolar approximant Retroflex consonant R colored vowel Index of phonetics articlesNotes edit Lee Wai Sum 1999 An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin PDF Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences S2CID 51828449 a b c Arnason 2011 p 115 Trudgill 1989 pp 18 19 a b Sadowsky et al 2013 p 90 Brandao Silvia Figueiredo 15 December 2007 Nas trilhas do R retroflexo Signum Estudos da Linguagem 10 2 265 doi 10 5433 2237 4876 2007v10n2p265 Ferraz Irineu da Silva 2005 Caracteristicas fonetico acusticas do r retroflexo do portugues brasileiro dados de informantes de Pato Branco PR Thesis hdl 1884 3955 in Portuguese Syllable coda r in the capital of the paulista hinterland sociolinguistic analisis Archived 2013 09 26 at the Wayback Machine Candida Mara Britto LEITE Page 111 page 2 in the attached PDF in Portuguese Callou Dinah Leite Yonne Iniciacao a Fonetica e a Fonologia Jorge Zahar Editora 2001 p 24 Keane 2004 p 111 References editArnason Kristjan 2011 The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 922931 4 Keane Elinor 2004 Tamil Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 1 111 116 doi 10 1017 S0025100304001549 Sadowsky Scott Painequeo Hector Salamanca Gaston Avelino Heriberto 2013 Mapudungun Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 1 87 96 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000369 Trudgill Peter 1989 The Sociophonetics of l in the Greek of Sphakia Journal of the International Phonetic Association 15 2 18 22 doi 10 1017 S0025100300002942 S2CID 143943154External links editList of languages with ɻ on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Voiced retroflex approximant amp oldid 1194418659, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
