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Film industry

January 05, 2023

The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking, i.e., film production companies, film studios, cinematography, animation, film production, screenwriting, pre-production, post production, film festivals, distribution, and actors. Though the expense involved in making films almost immediately led film production to concentrate under the auspices of standing production companies, advances in affordable filmmaking equipment, as well as an expansion of opportunities to acquire investment capital from outside the film industry itself, have allowed independent film production to evolve.

A film crew in the mid 20th century

In 2019, the global box office was worth $42.2 billion.[1] When including box office and home entertainment revenue, the global film industry was worth $136 billion in 2018.[2] Hollywood is the world's oldest national film industry, and largest in terms of box office gross revenue. Indian cinema is the largest national film industry in terms of the number of films produced, with 2,446 feature films produced annually as of 2019.[3] As of 2021, Chinese cinema has the highest annual ticket sales with 1,156 million tickets sold.[4]

Modern film industry

The worldwide theatrical market had a box office of US$42.2 billion in 2019. The top three continents/regions by box office gross were: Asia-Pacific with US$17.8 billion, the U.S. and Canada with US$11.4 billion, and Europe, the Middle East and North Africa with US$10.3 billion. As of 2019, the largest markets by box office were, in decreasing order, the United States, China, India, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and France.[5] As of 2019, the countries with the largest number of film productions were India, Nigeria, and the United States.[6] In Europe, significant centers of movie production are Italy, France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[7]

United States

Main article: Cinema of the United States

The cinema of the United States, often generally referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. The United States cinema (Hollywood) is the oldest film industry in the world and also the largest film industry in terms of revenue. Hollywood is the primary nexus of the U.S. film industry with established film study facilities such as the American Film Institute, LA Film School and NYFA being established in the area.[8] However, four of the six major film studios are owned by East Coast companies. The major film studios of Hollywood including Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 20th Century Fox, and Paramount Pictures are the primary source of the most commercially successful movies in the world,[9][10] such as The Sound of Music (1965), Star Wars (1977), Titanic (1997), and Avatar (2009).

American film studios today collectively generate several hundred films every year, making the United States one of the most prolific producers of films in the world. Only The Walt Disney Company — which owns the Walt Disney Studios — is fully based in Southern California.[11] And while Sony Pictures Entertainment is headquartered in Culver City, California, its parent company, the Sony Corporation, is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Most shooting now[when?] takes place in California, New York, Louisiana, Georgia and North Carolina. New Mexico, especially in the Albuquerque and Santa Fe areas, had been an increasingly popular state for filming; Breaking Bad, the television show was set there, and movies such as No Country for Old Men and Rust were shot there.[citation needed] Between 2009 and 2015, Hollywood consistently grossed $10 billion (or more) annually.[12] Hollywood's award ceremony, the Academy Awards, officially known as The Oscars, is held by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) every year and as of 2019, more than 3,000 Oscars have been awarded.[13]

 
Nestor studio, 1911

On 27 October 1911, Nestor Film Company established Hollywood's first permanent film studio. The California weather allowed for year-round filming. In 1912, Universal Studios was formed, merging Nestor and several other motion picture companies, including Independent Moving Pictures (IMP).

France

Main article: Cinema of France

France is the birthplace of cinema and was responsible for many of its significant contributions to the art form and the film-making process itself.[14] Several important cinematic movements, including the Nouvelle Vague, began in the country. It is noted for having a particularly strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the French government.[14]

French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations. Directors from nations such as Poland (Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Kieślowski, and Andrzej Żuławski), Argentina (Gaspar Noé and Edgardo Cozarinsky), Russia (Alexandre Alexeieff, Anatole Litvak), Austria (Michael Haneke), and Georgia (Géla Babluani, Otar Iosseliani) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, some French directors have had careers in other countries, such as Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur, or Francis Veber in the United States.

Another element supporting this fact is that Paris has the highest density of cinemas in the world, measured by the number of movie theaters per inhabitant,[15] and that in most "downtown Paris" movie theaters, foreign movies which would be secluded to "art houses" cinemas in other places are shown alongside "mainstream" works. Philippe Binant realized, on 2 February 2000, the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris.[16] Paris also boasts the Cité du cinéma, a major studio north of the city, and Disney Studio, a theme park devoted to the cinema and the third theme park near the city behind Disneyland and Parc Asterix.[17]

In 2015, France saw a record-breaking 300 feature-length films produced.[18] US and UK films only represented 44.9% of total admissions in 2014. This is largely due to the commercial strength of domestic productions, which accounted for 44,5% of admissions in 2014 (35.5% in 2015; 35.3% in 2016).[19] In the mid-2000s, the French film industry was described as being "closer to being entirely self-sufficient than any other country in Europe, recovering around 80 – 90% of their budget in revenues generated from the domestic market".[20] In 2018, French films had an international box office of €237m with 40 million admissions (down 52% from 2017), with Italy being the top foreign market.[21]

China

Main article: Cinema of China
 
Old Chinese Cinema in Qufu, Shandong

The cinema of China is one of three distinct historical threads of Chinese-language cinema together with the cinema of Hong Kong and the cinema of Taiwan. Cinema was introduced in China in 1896 and the first Chinese film, Dingjun Mountain, was made in 1905, with the film industry being centered on Shanghai in the first decades. China is the home of the largest film studio in the world, the Hengdian World Studios, and in 2010 it had the third largest film industry by number of feature films produced annually. For the next decade the production companies were mainly foreign-owned, and the domestic film industry was centered on Shanghai, a thriving entrepot and the largest city in the Far East. In 1913, the first independent Chinese screenplay, The Difficult Couple, was filmed in Shanghai by Zheng Zhengqiu and Zhang Shichuan.[22]

As the Sixth Generation[clarification needed] gained international exposure, many subsequent films were joint ventures and projects with international backers, but remained quite resolutely low-key and low budget[citation needed]. Jia's Platform (2000) was funded in part by Takeshi Kitano's production house,[23] while his Still Life was shot on HD video. Still Life was a surprise addition and Golden Lion winner of the 2006 Venice International Film Festival. Still Life, which concerns provincial workers around the Three Gorges region, sharply contrasts with the works of Fifth Generation Chinese directors like Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige who were at the time producing House of Flying Daggers (2004) and The Promise (2005). It featured no star of international renown and was acted mostly by non-professionals. In 2012 the country became the second-largest market in the world by box office receipts. In 2014, the gross box office in China was ¥29.6 billion (US$4.82 billion), with domestic films having a share of 55%.[24] China has also become a major hub of business for Hollywood studios.[25][26]

In 2018, China's gross box office was US$8.9 Billion[27] In 2013, China's gross box office was ¥21.8 billion (US$3.6 billion), the second-largest film market in the world by box office receipts[28] It increased to $4.8 Billion in 2014 box office grosser in film industry.[29] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020 China overtook North America as world's biggest box office, being the first country to achieve this status.[30] China retained this status in 2021. However, in 2022, North America once again overtook China as the global box office's biggest market.[31]

India

Main article: Cinema of India
Further information: Bollywood, Kannada cinema, Malayalam cinema, Tamil cinema, Telugu cinema, Cinema of West Bengal, and Marathi film industry
 
A scene from Raja Harishchandra (1913) – credited as the first full-length Indian motion picture.

India is the largest producer of films in the world and second oldest film industry in the world.[32] The country is home to one of the most important city in the global film industry, Mumbai (previously Bombay). In 2009 India produced a total of 2,961 films on celluloid; this figure includes 1,288 feature films.[33] Besides being the largest producer of films in the world, India also has the largest number of admissions.[34] Indian film industry is multi-lingual and the largest in the world in terms of ticket sales but 3rd largest in terms of revenue mainly due to having among the lowest ticket prices in the world.[35] The industry is viewed mainly by a vast film-going Indian public, and Indian films have been[when?] gaining increasing popularity in the rest of the world—notably in countries with large numbers of expatriate Indians.[citation needed] Indian film industry is also the dominant source of films and entertainment in its neighboring countries of South Asia. The largest film and most popular industry in India is the Hindi film industry, followed by Tamil cinema and Telugu cinema. The Hindi film industry mostly concentrated in Mumbai (Bombay), and is commonly referred to as Bollywood, a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood. The Tamil film industry i.e. Kollywood is mostly concentrated in Chennai. Sandalwood industry is (Kannada cinema) concentrated in Bengaluru. The Mollywood industry concentrated in the state of Kerala refers to the Malayalam cinema. Tollywood (Telugu cinema) is concentrated in Hyderabad. By 2021, Telugu cinema (Tollywood) has overtaken Hindi cinema (Bollywood) and emerged as the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office.[36][37]

Besides the mainstream commercial movies, India also offers a different approach to cinema- the parallel cinema.The parallel cinema movement originated in West Bengal around the 1950s. Parallel cinema is a blanket term designated to a certain type of films that stray away from the conventions of popular mainstream cinema.Parallel cinema has assumed various forms throughout the years. Filmmakers associated with parallel cinema are Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Ritwik Ghatak. Parallel films are characterized by their rejection of popular forms like the songs and fight sequences, their affinity for rural settings, use of method actors and toned down colour palettes. Some examples of such movies are Raincoat, Dhobi Ghat, Mithya.

Indian films have garnered popularity not only in the domestic market but also in the international markets with Dangal having an overseas gross revenue of $260 million, Secret Superstar, and Bajrangi Bhaijaan with a gross revenue of $80.4 million, and Baahubali: The Beginning and Baahubali 2: The Conclusion a recent blockbuster from Tollywood(Telugu cinema) was shot simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu.[38]

The other largest film industries are Malayalam cinema, Bangla cinema (cinema of West Bengal) and Marathi cinema, which are located in Kochi, Kolkata and Mumbai respectively. The remaining majority portion is spread across northern, western, eastern and southern India (with Gujarati, Punjabi, Odia, Bhojpuri, Assamese Cinema). However, there are several smaller centres of Indian film industries in regional languages centred in the states where those languages are spoken. Indian cinema encloses a number of several artforms like Indian classical music, folk music of different regions throughout the country, Indian classical dance, folk dance and much more. Bollywood, Kollywood and Tollywood is the largest portion of the Indian film industry and is viewed all over the Indian Subcontinent, and is increasingly[when?] popular in UK, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Gulf countries, European countries, East Asia and China. The largest film studio complex in the world is Ramoji Film City located at Hyderabad, India, which opened in 1996 and measures 674 ha (1,666 acres). Comprising 47 sound stages, it has permanent sets ranging from railway stations to temples.[39]

By 1986, India's annual film output had increased from 741 films produced annually to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer.[40] As of 2014, Bollywood represents 45℅ of Indian net box office revenue, while Tamil & Telugu cinema represent 36%, and the rest of the regional film industries constitute 21% of Indian cinema.[41]

United Kingdom

Main article: Cinema of the United Kingdom
 
William Friese-Greene
 
London IMAX has the largest cinema screen in Britain with a total screen size of 520m².[42]

The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century. While film production reached an all-time high in 1936,[43] the "golden age" of British cinema is usually thought to have occurred in the 1940s, during which the directors David Lean,[44] Michael Powell, (with Emeric Pressburger)[45] and Carol Reed[46] produced their most highly acclaimed work. Many British actors have achieved worldwide fame and critical success, such as Maggie Smith, Roger Moore, Michael Caine,[47] Sean Connery,[48] Daniel Day-Lewis, Gary Oldman, and Kate Winslet.[49] Some of the films with the largest ever box office returns have been made in the United Kingdom, including the third and fourth highest-grossing film series (Harry Potter and James Bond).[50]

The first moving picture was shot in Leeds by Louis Le Prince in 1888[51][52] and the first moving pictures developed on celluloid film were made in Hyde Park, London in 1889 by British inventor William Friese Greene,[53] who patented the process in 1890.

Two of the top eight highest-grossing films worldwide of all time[when?] have some British historical, cultural or creative dimensions: Titanic (1997), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), made in New Zealand, and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2005). Adding four more Harry Potter films and one more Lord of the Rings movie, plus the Tim Burton version of Alice in Wonderland (2010), and more than half of the top twenty most financially successful[when?] films, had a substantial British dimension.[54][original research?]

British influence can also be seen with the 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films, which include Alice in Wonderland (1951), Peter Pan (1953), One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), The Sword in the Stone (1963), and The Jungle Book (1967).[55] Disney first became interested in live-action films as a means of using financial reserves which had built up in Britain, and could not be repatriated owing to exchange controls, by making two films from Scottish and English sources. These were Treasure Island (1950) and The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), which were both successes at the box office. The studio continued to draw on British source material for its animated films after Walt Disney's death in 1967, with the cartoon feature films Robin Hood (1973), The Rescuers (1976) and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977), one of many Disney to draw on A. A. Milne's characters.

In the 1970s and 1980s, British studios established a reputation[citation needed] for great special effects in films such as Superman (1978), Alien (1979), and Batman (1989). Some of this reputation was founded on the core of talent brought together for the filming of 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) who subsequently worked together on series and feature films for Gerry Anderson. The Bristol-based Aardman Animations is known for its stop-motion animation.

In late 1998, Channel 4 launched their free-to-air film channel Film4 – a channel specifically designed to show films. It broadcasts from 11:00am BST and competes with pay television film network Sky Cinema.

The London-based visual effects company Framestore, with Tim Webber the visual effects supervisor, have worked on the films The Dark Knight (2008) and Gravity (2013), with new techniques involved in Gravity taking three years to complete.[56]

Philippines

Cinema of the Philippines began with the introduction of the first moving pictures to the country on August 31, 1897, at the Salón de Pertierra in Manila. The following year, local scenes were shot on film for the first time by a Spaniard, Antonio Ramos, using the Lumiere Cinematograph.[57] While most early filmmakers and producers in the country were mostly wealthy enterprising foreigners and expatriates, on September 12, 1919, Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden), a movie based on a popular musical play, was the first movie made and shown by Filipino filmmaker José Nepomuceno.[58] Dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Cinema," his work marked the start of cinema as an art form in the Philippines.[59]

Poland

Main article: Cinema of Poland
Further information: Polish Film School and HollyŁódź

The history of Cinema of Poland is almost as long as the history of cinematography, and it has universally recognized achievements, even though Polish films tend to be less commercially available than films from several other European nations.

After World War II, the communist government built an auteur-based national cinema, trained hundreds of new directors and empowered them to make films. Filmmakers like Roman Polański, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Agnieszka Holland, Andrzej Wajda, Andrzej Żuławski, Andrzej Munk, and Jerzy Skolimowski impacted the development of Polish film-making. In more recent years, the industry has been producer-led with finance being the key to a film being made, and with many independent filmmakers of all genres, Polish productions tend to be more inspired by American film.

The Polish Film School was under heavy influence of Italian neorealists. It took advantage of the liberal changes in Poland after 1956 Polish October to portray the complexity of Polish history during World War II and German occupation. Among the most important topics were the generation of former Home Army soldiers and their role in post-war Poland and the national tragedies like the German concentration camps and the Warsaw Uprising. The political changes allowed the group to speak more openly of the recent history of Poland. However, the rule of censorship was still strong when it comes to history after 1945 and there were very few films on the contemporary events. This marked the major difference between the members of the Polish Film School and Italian neorealists.

The Polish Film School was the first to underline the national character of Poles and one of the first artistic movements in Central Europe to openly oppose the official guidelines of Socialist realism. The members of the movement tend to underline the role of individual as opposed to collectivity. There were two trends within the movement: young directors such as Andrzej Wajda generally studied the idea of heroism, while another group (the most notable being Andrzej Munk) analysed the Polish character via irony, humor and a dissection of national myths.

Nigeria

Main article: Cinema of Nigeria

The cinema of Nigeria, often referred to informally as Nollywood is the cinema of Nigeria. The Nigerian Film Industry is the largest movie industry globally in terms of output, and is the third largest, in terms of overall revenues generated.[60][61] Cinema of Nigeria Its history dates back to as early as the late 19th century and into the colonial era in the early 20th century. The history and development of the Nigerian motion picture industry is sometimes generally classified in four main eras: the Colonial era, Golden Age, Video film era and the emerging New Nigerian cinema.[62]

Film as a medium first arrived in Nigeria in the late 19th century, in the form of peephole viewing of motion picture devices.[63] These were soon replaced in the early 20th century with improved motion picture exhibition devices, with the first set of films screened at the Glover Memorial Hall in Lagos from 12 to 22 August 1903.[64][65] The earliest feature film made in Nigeria is 1926's Palaver produced by Geoffrey Barkas; the film was also the first film ever to feature Nigerian actors in a speaking role.[66][67] As of 1954, mobile cinema vans played to at least 3.5 million people in Nigeria, and films being produced by the Nigerian Film Unit were screened for free at the 44 available cinemas. The first film entirely copyrighted to the Nigerian Film unit is Fincho (1957) by Sam Zebba; which is also the first Nigerian film to be shot in colour.[68]

After Nigeria's independence in 1960, the cinema business rapidly expanded, with new cinema houses being established.[65] As a result, Nigerian films in theaters increased in the late 1960s into the 1970s, especially productions from Western Nigeria, owing to former theater practitioners such as Hubert Ogunde and Moses Olaiya transitioning into the big screen.[69] In 1972, the Indigenization Decree was issued by Yakubu Gowon, which demands the transfer of ownership of about a total of 300 film theaters from their foreign owners to Nigerians, which resulted in more Nigerians playing active roles in the cinema and film.[70] The oil boom of 1973 through 1978 also contributed immensely to the spontaneous boost of the cinema culture in Nigeria, as the increased purchasing power in Nigeria made a wide range of citizens to have disposable income to spend on cinema going and on home television sets.[citation needed] After several moderate performing films, Papa Ajasco (1984) by Wale Adenuga became the first blockbuster, grossing approximately ₦61,000 (approx. 2015 ₦21,552,673) in three days. A year later, Mosebolatan (1985) by Moses Olaiya also went ahead to gross ₦107,000 (approx. 2015 ₦44,180,499) in five days.[65]

Egypt

Main article: Cinema of Egypt

Since 1976, Cairo has held the annual Cairo International Film Festival (CIFF), which is accredited by the International Federation of Film Producers Association. In 1996, the Egyptian Media Production City (EMPC) was inaugurated in 6th of October City south of Cairo, although by 2001, only one of 29 planned studios was operational.[71] Censorship, formerly an obstacle to freedom of expression, has decreased remarkably by 2012, when the Egyptian cinema had begun to tackle boldly issues ranging from sexual issues[72] to heavy government criticism.[73]

The 1940s, 1950s and the 1960s are generally considered the golden age of Egyptian cinema. As in the West, films responded to the popular imagination, with most falling into predictable genres (happy endings being the norm), and many actors making careers out of playing strongly typed parts. In the words of one critic, "If an Egyptian film intended for popular audiences lacked any of these prerequisites, it constituted a betrayal of the unwritten contract with the spectator, the results of which would manifest themselves in the box office."[74] Since the 1990s, Egypt's cinema has gone in separate directions. Smaller art films attract some international attention but sparse attendance at home. Popular films, often broad comedies such as What A Lie!, and the extremely profitable works of comedian Mohamed Saad, battle to hold audiences either drawn to Western films or, increasingly, wary of the perceived immorality of film.[75]

Iran

Main article: Cinema of Iran

The cinema of Iran (Persian: سینمای ایران) or cinema of Persia refers to the cinema and film industries in Iran which produce a variety of commercial films annually. Iranian art films have garnered international fame and now enjoy a global following.[76]

Along with China, Iran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s, according to Jamsheed Akrami.[77] Some critics now[when?] rank Iran as the world's most important national cinema, artistically, with a significance that invites comparison to Italian neorealism and similar movements in past decades.[76] German filmmaker Werner Herzog has praised Iranian cinema as one of the world's most important artistic cinemas.[78]

Japan

Main article: Cinema of Japan

Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries in the world; as of 2010, it was the fourth largest by number of feature films produced.[79] Movies have been produced in Japan since 1897, when the first foreign cameramen arrived.[citation needed]

In a Sight & Sound list of the best films produced in Asia, Japanese works made up eight of the top 12, with Tokyo Story (1953) ranked number one.[citation needed] Tokyo Story also topped the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll of The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time, dethroning Citizen Kane,[80][81] while Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai (1954) was voted the greatest foreign-language film of all time in BBC's 2018 poll of 209 critics in 43 countries.[82] Japan has won the Academy Award for the Best Foreign Language Film four times (Rashomon, Gate of Hell, Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto, and Departures), more than any other Asian country.[when?]

Korea

Main article: Cinema of Korea
Further information: Cinema of South Korea and Cinema of North Korea

The term cinema of Korea (or Korean cinema) encompasses the motion picture industries of North and South Korea. As with all aspects of Korean life during the past century, the film industry has often been at the mercy of political events, from the late Joseon dynasty to the Korean War to domestic governmental interference. While both countries have relatively robust film industries today[when?][citation needed], only South Korean films have achieved wide international acclaim. North Korean films tend to portray their communist or revolutionary themes.

South Korean films enjoyed a "Golden age" during the late 1950s, and 1960s. By 2005 South Korea had become one of few nations to watch more domestic than imported films in theaters[83] due largely to laws placing limits on the number of foreign films able to be shown per theater per year.[84] In the theaters, Korean films must be played for 73 days per year since 2006. On cable TV 25% domestic film quota will be reduced to 20% after KOR-US FTA.[85] The cinema of South Korea had a total box office gross in the country in 2015 of ₩884 billion and had 113,000,000 admissions, 52% of the total admissions.[citation needed]

Hong Kong

Main article: Cinema of Hong Kong
Further information: Cinema of China and East Asian cinema
 
Zhuangzi Tests His Wife (1913) is credited as the first Hong Kong feature film

Hong Kong is a filmmaking hub for the Chinese-speaking world (including the worldwide diaspora) and East Asia in general. For decades it was the third largest motion picture industry in the world (after Bollywood and Hollywood) and the second largest exporter of films.[86] Despite an industry crisis starting in the mid-1990s and Hong Kong's return to Chinese sovereignty in July 1997 Hong Kong film has retained much of its distinctive identity and continues to play a prominent part on the world cinema stage. Unlike many film industries, Hong Kong has enjoyed little to no direct government support, through either subsidies or import quotas. It has always been a thoroughly commercial cinema, concentrating on crowd-pleasing genres, like comedy and action, and heavily reliant on formulas, sequels and remakes. Typically of commercial cinemas, its heart is a highly developed star system, which in this case also features substantial overlap with the pop music industry.

Turkey

The Turkish film market stands out in the pan-European landscape as the only market where national films regularly outperform US films.[87] In 2013, it had 1.2 million number of admissions and 87 feature films were released.[88] Between 2004 and 2014, the estimated 12.9 million admissions generated on non-national European markets only accounted for 7% of total admissions to Turkish films in Europe (including Turkey). This was the third lowest share among the 30 European markets for which such data are available and clearly illustrates the strong dependence of Turkish films on the domestic market, a feature which is shared by Polish and Russian films.[89]

In 2014, Kış Uykusu (Winter's Sleep) won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Film.[90] In 2013, Turkey still ranked behind the Netherlands in terms of box office with just over EUR 200 million as Europe's eight largest box office market ahead of Sweden and Switzerland with a clear gap to the top 6 markets all of which registered GBO between EUR 504 million (Spain) up to over EUR 1 billion in France, the UK, Germany and the Russian Federation.[91] Cinema going is comparatively cheap in Turkey. In 2013 a cinema ticket cost on average EUR 4.0 in Turkey, and this was estimated to be the lowest average ticket price – measured in Euro – in Europe, marginally cheaper than in several Central and Eastern European markets like Croatia, Romania, Lithuania or Bulgaria (subject to exchange rates).[92]

Pakistan

Main article: Cinema of Pakistan
Further information: Lollywood

The cinema of Pakistan, or simply Pakistani cinema (Urdu: پاکستانی سنیما), refers to Pakistan's film industry. Most of the feature films shot in Pakistan are in Urdu, the national language, but may also include films in English, the official language, and regional languages such as Punjabi, Pashto, Balochi, and Sindhi. Lahore has been described as the epicentre of Pakistani cinema, giving rise to the term "Lollywood"as portmanteau of Lahore and Hollywood.

Before the separation of Bangladesh, Pakistan had three main film production centres: Lahore, Karachi and Dhaka. The regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, VCRs, film piracy, the introduction of entertainment taxes, strict laws based upon ultra-conservative jurisprudence, was an obstacle to the industry's growth.[93] Once thriving, the cinema in Pakistan had a sudden collapse in the 1980s and by the 2000s "an industry that once produced an average of 80 films annually was now struggling to even churn out few movies." However, with the boom in the Television Industry in Karachi which gave rise to bigger privately owned media houses led to revival of Pakistan Film Industry. Karachi, now is the biggest production center of Film Industry in Pakistan which produces Urdu, English and Sindhi language Pakistani Cinema. Lahore is the second big film producer now (mostly Urdu and Punjabi movies) followed by Peshawar where mostly Pashto films are produced. Films are also being produced on a very small scale from Islamabad (Urdu and English movies) and Quetta (Balochi movies).Pakistani films are gaining its market in the local cticuit and international markets like Gulf countries, UK-Europe, US-North America and Far-East. Many Pakistani movies made their ways to Oscars' foreign language film category i.e. Jaago Hua Sawera-The Day Shall Dawn (1953), The Veil (Ghoonghat) (1963), Zinda Bhaag (2013), Dukhtar (2014), Moor (2015), Mah-e-Mir (2016), Saawan (2017), Cake (2018), Lal Kabootar (2019). Two Pakistani documentary films won the Oscars' for the best documentary film, these are, Saving Face (2012) and A Girl in the River (2016). Pakistani movies especially Urdu movies revolve around family drama, romance, love stories, comedy, thriller, social matters, political issues. In contemporary era some Pakistani films have gained international acclaim, these include, Khuda Kay Liye (In the name of God), Bol, Verna, Zinda Bhaag, Load-Wedding, Wrong Number, Cake, Teefa in Trouble, Lal Kabootar, Mah-e-Meer, Moor, Baaji.

Punjabi cinema is mostly themed on romance, family drama and action while Pashto cinema revolves around action and tribal feuds.

Major Film Awards include Lux Style Awards, ARY Film Awards, Nigar Awards and National Film Awards.

Bangladesh

Main article: Cinema of Bangladesh

The cinema of Bangladesh is the Bengali language film industry based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The industry often has been a significant film industry since the early 1970s. The word "Dhollywood" is a portmanteau of the words Dhaka and Hollywood. The dominant style of Bangladeshi cinema is Melodramatic cinema, which developed from 1947 to 1990 and characterizes most films to this day. Cinema was introduced in Bangladesh in 1898 by Bradford Bioscope Company, credited to have arranged the first film release in Bangladesh. Between 1913 and 1914, the first production company named Picture House was opened. A short silent film titled Sukumari (The Good Girl) was the first produced film in the region during 1928. The first full-length film The Last Kiss, was released in 1931. From the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan, Dhaka is the center of Bangladeshi film industry, and generated the majority share of revenue, production and audiences. The 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and the first half of the 1990s were the golden years for Bangladeshi films as the industry produced many successful films. The Face and the Mask, the first Bengali language Bangladeshi full-length feature film was produced in 1956.[94][95] Matir Moina, a 2002 film by Tarek Masud, became the first Bangladeshi film to be honored at Cannes Film Festival.

Indonesia

Main article: Cinema of Indonesia

The biggest film studios in Southeast Asia has been soft opened on 5 November 2011 on 10 hectares of land in Nongsa, Batam Island, Indonesia. Infinite Frameworks (IFW) is a Singapore-based company (closed to Batam Island) which is owned by a consortium with 90 percent of it hold by Indonesian businessman and film producer, Mike Wiluan.[96] In 2010–2011, due to the substantial increase in value added tax applied to foreign films, cinemas no longer had access to many foreign films, including Oscar-winning films. Foreign films include major box offices from the west, and other major film producers of the world. This caused a massive ripple effect on the country's economy. It is assumed that this increased the purchase of unlicensed DVDs. However, even copyright violating DVDs took longer to obtain. The minimum cost to view a foreign film not screened locally, was 1 million Rupiah. This was equivalent to US$100, as it includes a plane ticket to Singapore.[97]

Malaysia

Main article: Cinema of Malaysia

The cinema of Malaysia consists of feature films produced in Malaysia, shot in the languages English, Tamil, Malay, Mandarin and Cantonese.

Malaysia produces about 60 feature films annually, and between 300 and 400 television dramas and serials a year apart from the in-house productions by the individual television stations. The country also holds its own annual national level film awards, known as the Malaysia Film Festival. There are about 150 cinemas and cineplexes in Malaysia, showing not only local films but also foreign films.

Trinidad and Tobago

Further information: List of Trinidad and Tobago films

Trinidad and Tobago's film sector began emerging in the late 1950s to early 1960s and by the late 1970s, there were a handful of local productions, both feature film and television.[98] The first full-length feature film to be produced in Trinidad and Tobago was The Right and the Wrong (1970) by Indian director/writer/producer, Harbance Kumar. The screenplay was written by the Trinidadian playwright, Freddie Kissoon.[99] The rest of the 20th century saw a couple more feature films being made in the country, with Bim (1974), being singled out by Bruce Paddington as "one of the most important films to be produced in Trinidad and Tobago ... . and one of the classics of Caribbean cinema."[100] It was one of the first films to feature an almost entirely Trinidadian cast and crew.[101] There was a rise in Trinidadian film production in the 2000s. Films such as Ivan the Terrible (2004), SistaGod (2006), I'm Santana: The Movie (2012) and God Loves the Fighter (2013) were released both locally and internationally. SistaGod had its world premiere at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival.[102]

The Trinidad and Tobago Film Company is the national agency that was established in 2006 to further development of the film industry. Trinidad and Tobago puts on a number of film festivals which are organized by different committees and organizations. These include the Secondary Schools Short Film Festival and Smartphone Film Festival organized by Trinidad and Tobago Film Company. There is also an annual Trinidad and Tobago Film Festival which runs for two weeks in the latter half of September.

Nepal

Main article: Cinema of Nepal

Nepali film does not have a very long film history, but the industry has its own place in the cultural heritage of the country. It is often referred to as 'Nepali Chalchitra' (which translates to "Nepali films" in English). The terms Kollywood and Kallywood are also used, as a portmanteau of "Kathmandu" and "Hollywood"; "Kollywood" however is more frequently used to refer to Tamil cinema.[citation needed] Chhakka Panja has been considered the highest-grossing film of all time in Nepali film industry and Kohinoor the second highest. The Nepali films The Black Hen (2015) and Kagbeni (2006) received international acclaim.[citation needed] The Nepali feature film White Sun (Seto Surya) received the Best Film award at the 27th Singapore International Film Festival (SGIFF) in 2016.

History

Main article: History of film
 
A still from The Story of the Kelly Gang (Australia, 1906; 80 min.)

Les frères Lumière released the first projection with the Cinematograph, in Paris on 28 December 1895. The French film industry in the late 19th century and early 20th century was the world's most important. Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinématographe and their L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat in Paris in 1895 is considered by many historians as the official birth of cinematography. The first feature film to be made was the 1906 Australian silent The Story of the Kelly Gang, an account of the notorious gang led by Ned Kelly that was directed and produced by the Melburnians Dan Barry and Charles Tait. It ran, continuously, for eighty minutes.[103]

In the early 1910s, the film industry had fully emerged with D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation. Also in the early 1900s motion picture production companies from New York and New Jersey started moving to California because of the good weather and longer days. Although electric lights existed at that time, none were powerful enough to adequately expose film; the best source of illumination for movie production was natural sunlight. Besides the moderate, dry climate, they were also drawn to the state because of its open spaces and wide variety of natural scenery.

Introduction of film industry

In 1900, Charles Pathé began film production under the Pathé-Frères brand, with Ferdinand Zecca hired to actually make the films. By 1905, Pathé was the largest film company in the world, a position it retained until World War I. Léon Gaumont began film production in 1896, supervised by Alice Guy.[104]

Besides American Mutoscope, there were also numerous smaller producers in the United States, and some of them established a long-term presence in the new century. American Vitagraph, one of these minor producers, built studios in Brooklyn, and expanded its operations in 1905.

The first successful permanent theatre showing only films was "The Nickelodeon", which was opened in Pittsburgh in 1905.[105] By then, there were enough films several minutes long available to fill a programme running for at least half an hour, and which could be changed weekly when the local audience became bored with it. Other exhibitors in the United States quickly followed suit, and within two years, there were 8,000 of these nickelodeons in operation across the United States. The American experience led to a worldwide boom in the production and exhibition of films from 1906 onwards.

Movie theaters became popular entertainment venues and social hubs in the early 20th century, much like cabarets and other theaters.[106]

 
Poster for a Biograph Studios release from 1913

By 1907, purpose-built cinemas for motion pictures were being opened across the United States, Britain and France. The films were often shown with the accompaniment of music provided by a pianist, though there could be more musicians. There were also a very few larger cinemas in some of the biggest cities. Initially, the majority of films in the programmes were Pathé films, but this changed fairly quickly as the American companies cranked up production. The programme was made up of just a few films, and the show lasted around 30 minutes. The reel of film, of maximum length 1,000 feet (300 m), which usually contained one individual film, became the standard unit of film production and exhibition in this period. The programme was changed twice or more a week, but went up to five changes of programme a week after a couple of years. In general, cinemas were set up in the established entertainment districts of the cities. In 1907, Pathé began renting their films to cinemas through film exchanges rather than selling the films outright.[107]

The litigation over patents between all the major American film-making companies had continued, and at the end of 1908 they decided to pool their patents and form a trust to use them to control the American film business. The companies concerned were Pathé, Edison, Biograph, Vitagraph, Lubin, Selig, Essanay, Kalem, and the Kleine Optical Company, a major importer of European films. The George Eastman company, the only manufacturer of film stock in the United States, was also part of the combine, which was called the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), and Eastman Kodak agreed to only supply the members with film stock. License fees for distributing and projecting films were extracted from all distributors and exhibitors. The producing companies that were part of the trust were allocated production quotas (two reels, i.e. films, a week for the biggest ones, one reel a week for the smaller), which were supposed to be enough to fill the programmes of the licensed exhibitors. But the market was bigger than that, for although 6,000 exhibitors signed with the MPPC, about 2,000 others did not. A minority of the exchanges (i.e. distributors) stayed outside the MPPC, and in 1909 these independent exchanges immediately began to fund new film producing companies. By 1911 there were enough independent and foreign films available to programme all the shows of the independent exhibitors, and in 1912 the independents had nearly half of the market. The MPPC had effectively been defeated in its plan to control the whole United States market, and the government anti-trust action, which only now started against the MPPC, was not really necessary to defeat it.[107]

In the early 20th century, before Hollywood, the United States motion picture industry was mainly based in Fort Lee, New Jersey across the Hudson River from New York City.[108][109][110] In need of a winter headquarters, moviemakers were attracted to Jacksonville, Florida due to its warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheaper labor, earning the city the title of "The Winter Film Capital of the World."[111] New York-based Kalem Studios was the first to open a permanent studio in Jacksonville in 1908.[112] Over the course of the next decade, more than 30 silent film companies established studios in town, including Metro Pictures (later MGM), Edison Studios, Majestic Films, King-Bee Film Company, Vim Comedy Company, Norman Studios, Gaumont Studios and the Lubin Manufacturing Company.[citation needed] The first motion picture made in Technicolor and the first feature-length color movie produced in the United States, The Gulf Between, was also filmed on location in Jacksonville in 1917.

Jacksonville was especially important to the African American film industry. One notable individual in this regard is the European American producer Richard Norman, who created a string of films starring black actors in the vein of Oscar Micheaux and the Lincoln Motion Picture Company.[111] In contrast to the degrading parts offered in certain white films such as The Birth of a Nation, Norman and his contemporaries sought to create positive stories featuring African Americans in what he termed "splendidly assuming different roles."[113][114]

Jacksonville's mostly conservative residents, however, objected to the hallmarks of the early movie industry, such as car chases in the streets, simulated bank robberies and fire alarms in public places, and even the occasional riot. In 1917, conservative Democrat John W. Martin was elected mayor on the platform of taming the city's movie industry.[111] By that time, southern California was emerging as the major movie production center, thanks in large part to the move of film pioneers like William Selig and D.W. Griffith to the area. These factors quickly sealed the demise of Jacksonville as a major film destination.[citation needed]

Another factor for the industry's move west was that up until 1913, most American film production was still carried out around New York, but due to the monopoly of Thomas A. Edison, Inc.'s film patents and its litigious attempts to preserve it, many filmmakers moved to Southern California, starting with Selig in 1909.[115][116] The sunshine and scenery was important for the production of Westerns, which came to form a major American film genre with the first cowboy stars, G.M. Anderson ("Broncho Billy") and Tom Mix. Selig pioneered the use of (fairly) wild animals from a zoo for a series of exotic adventures, with the actors being menaced or saved by the animals. Kalem Company sent film crews to places in America and abroad to film stories in the actual places they were supposed to have happened.[117] Kalem also pioneered the female action heroine from 1912, with Ruth Roland playing starring roles in their Westerns.[118][better source needed]

In France, Pathé retained its dominant position, followed still by Gaumont, and then other new companies that appeared to cater to the film boom. A film company with a different approach was Film d'Art. Film d'Art was set up at the beginning of 1908 to make films of a serious artistic nature. Their declared programme was to make films using only the best dramatists, artists and actors.[119] The first of these was L'Assassinat du Duc de Guise (The Assassination of the Duc de Guise), a historical subject set in the court of Henri III. This film used leading actors from the Comédie-Française, and had a special accompanying score written by Camille Saint-Saëns. The other French majors followed suit, and this wave gave rise to the English-language description of films with artistic pretensions aimed at a sophisticated audience as "art films". By 1910, the French film companies were starting to make films as long as two, or even three reels, though most were still one reel long. This trend was followed in Italy, Denmark, and Sweden.[120]

In Britain, the Cinematograph Act 1909 was the first primary legislation to specifically regulate the film industry. Film exhibitions often took place in temporary venues and the use of highly flammable cellulose nitrate for film, combined with limelight illumination, created a significant fire hazard. The Act specified a strict building code which required, amongst other things, that the projector be enclosed within a fire resisting enclosure.[121]

 
The Babelsberg Studio near Berlin was the first large-scale film studio in the world (founded 1912) and the forerunner to Hollywood. It still produces global blockbusters every year.

The Babelsberg Studio near Berlin in Germany was the first large-scale film studio in the world, founded 1912, and the forerunner to Hollywood with its several establishments of large studios in the early 20th century.

Hollywood

Further information: Cinema of the United States

The first movie studio in Hollywood area, Nestor Studios, was founded in 1911 by Al Christie for David Horsley. Other East Coast studios had already moved production to Los Angeles. Over time, Hollywood came to be so strongly associated with the film industry that the word "Hollywood" is now used colloquially to refer to the entire American film industry.

In 1913 Cecil B. DeMille, in association with Jesse Lasky, leased a barn with studio facilities in Hollywood where The Squaw Man (1914) was made. It is now the location of the Hollywood Heritage Museum.

The Charlie Chaplin Studios were built in 1917. The site was also used by Kling Studios, for the Superman TV series; Red Skelton, who used the sound stages for his CBS TV variety show; and CBS, which filmed the TV series Perry Mason there. It has also been owned by Herb Alpert's A&M Records and Tijuana Brass Enterprises. It is currently The Jim Henson Company, home of the Muppets. In 1969 The Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Board named it a historical cultural monument.

The noted Hollywood Sign originally read "Hollywoodland". It was erected in 1923 to advertise a new housing development in the hills above Hollywood. In 1949 the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce stepped in and removed the last four letters and repaired the others. It is a registered trademark and cannot be used without the permission of the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce.

The first Academy Awards presentation ceremony took place on 16 May 1929.

The period between the years 1927 (the effective end of the silent era) to 1948 is considered the age of the "Hollywood studio system", or the Golden Age of Hollywood. In a landmark 1948 court decision, the Supreme Court ruled that movie studios could not own theaters and play only the movies of their studio and movie stars; thus an era of Hollywood history ended.

Indian cinema

Main article: Hindi cinema
 
A shot from Raja Harishchandra (1913), the first film of Bollywood.

Bollywood is the Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), Maharashtra, India. The term is often incorrectly used to refer to the whole of Indian cinema; however, it is only a part of the total Indian film industry, which includes other production centres producing films in multiple languages.[122] Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world.[123][124][125]

Bollywood is formally referred to as Hindi cinema.[126] Linguistically, Bollywood films tend to use vernacular Hindustani, mutually intelligible to self-identified speakers of both Hindi and Urdu,[127][128][129] while modern Bollywood films also increasingly incorporate elements of Hinglish.[127]

The Wrestlers (1899) and The Man and His Monkeys (1899), directed and produced by Harischandra Sakharam Bhatawdekar (H. S. Bhatavdekar), were the first two films made by Indian filmmakers, which were both short films. He was also the first Indian filmmaker to direct and produce the first documentary and news related film, titled The Landing of Sir M.M. Bhownuggree.

The 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times: India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, or used the struggle for Indian independence as a backdrop for their plots.[130]

In 1937 Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another colour film, a version of Mother India.

Following India's independence, the period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the "Golden Age" of Hindi cinema.[131][132][133] Defining key figures during this time included Raj Kapoor, Guru Dutt,[134] Mehboob Khan,[135][136][137] and Dilip Kumar.[138][139]

The 1970s was when the name "Bollywood" was coined,[140][141] and when the quintessential conventions of commercial Bollywood films were established.[142] Key to this was the emergence of the masala film genre, which combines elements of multiple genres (action, comedy, romance, drama, melodrama, musical). The masala film was pioneered in the early 1970s by filmmaker Nasir Hussain,[143] along with screenwriter duo Salim–Javed, pioneering the Bollywood blockbuster format.[142]

Tollywood is the Bengali language Film Industry of India. Started by Royal Bioscope Company in 1898 by Hiralal Sen, along with Matilal Sen, Deboki Lal Sen, and Bholanath Gupta. Combining live theater performances of actors, the Bengali industry was notable for using sound as an important part of the drama in its Bioscope format whose cinematic language was extremely different from Western silent films. This was followed by Jamshedji Framji Madan of the Elphinstone Bioscope Company who also controlled Madan Theatre Company. J J Madan became managing director of Madan Theatres after the death of his father in 1923 and Madan Theatres reached a peak in late 1920s when it owned 127 theaters and controlled half of the country's box office. Madan Theatres produced a number of popular and landmark films till 1937, parallel to works of '20s Bengali stars like Dhirendra Nath Ganguly who started the Indo British Film Co. – the first Bengali-owned production company in 1918. The rise of the industry followed in 1930s to 1940s when a diversity of films were made. Many prints were destroyed by fire. The prints and records of films from 1937 to 1947 films were majorly destroyed but this period in Bengal served as the age of political films in India which was supremely influential for the struggle for Indian Independence. After 1947, The industry saw a new era of creative studio-system collaborators who made films under the name of Agradoot. This saw a renaissance of commercial films and musicals where stars like Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen mesmerized the audience with their captivating screen presence and subdued performances. Ritwick Ghatak, Satyajit Ray, Tapan Sinha, Mrinal Sen and Rituparno Ghosh were the other notable directors whose works influenced world cinema beyond an incomparable degree. The name of the industry was coined after the place Tollygunge, which also served as a cheeky tribute to Hollywood.

Cairo

Main article: Cinema of Egypt
 
Poster for the Egyptian film Yahya el hub (1938).

The cinema of Egypt refers to the flourishing film industry based in Cairo which is known to be the Hollywood of the MENA region.[144] In 1896, a limited number of silent films was made in Egypt beginning in 1896; 1927's Laila was notable as the first full-length feature. Cairo's film industry became a regional force with the coming of sound. Between 1930 and 1936, various small studios produced at least 44 feature films. In 1936, Studio Misr, financed by industrialist Talaat Harb, emerged as the leading Egyptian equivalent to Hollywood's major studios, a role the company retained for three decades.[145]

Historians disagree in determining the beginning of cinema in Egypt. Some say in 1896, when the first film was watched in Egypt, while others date the beginning from 20 June 1907 with a short documentary film about the visit of Khedive Abbas Hilmi II to the Institute of Mursi Abul-Abbas in Alexandria. In 1917, the director Mohammed Karim established a production company in Alexandria. The company produced two films: Dead Flowers and Honor the Bedouin, which were shown in the city of Alexandria in early 1918.

Since 1976, the capital has held the annual Cairo International Film Festival, which has been accredited by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations.[146] There is also another 12 festivals. Of the more than 4,000 short and feature-length films made in MENA region since 1908, more than three-quarters were Egyptian films.[147][148][149] Egyptian films are typically spoken in the Egyptian Arabic dialect. Since then, more than 4,000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production. Historian Samir Kassir notes (2004) that Misr Studios in particular, "despite their ups and downs, were to make Cairo the third capital of the world's film industry, after Hollywood and Bombay but ahead of Italy's Cinecittà."[150] Egypt is the most productive country in the Middle East in the field of film production, and the one with the most developed media system.[151]

Nollywood

Main article: Nollywood

Nollywood is a sobriquet that originally referred to the Nigerian film industry.[152] The origin of the term dates back to the early 2000s, traced to an article in The New York Times.[153][154] Due to the history of evolving meanings and contexts, there is no clear or agreed-upon definition for the term, which has made it a subject of several controversies. The origin of the term "Nollywood" remains unclear; Jonathan Haynes traced the earliest usage of the word to a 2002 article by Matt Steinglass in the New York Times, where it was used to describe Nigerian cinema.[153][154] Charles Igwe noted that Norimitsu Onishi also used the name in a September 2002 article he wrote for the New York Times.[155][156] The term continues to be used in the media to refer to the Nigerian film industry, with its definition later assumed to be a portmanteau of the words "Nigeria" and "Hollywood", the American major film hub.[157][158][159][64]

Definition of which films are considered Nollywood has always been a subject of debate. Alex Eyengho defined Nollywood as "the totality of activities taking place in the Nigerian film industry, be it in English, Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo, Itsekiri, Edo, Efik, Ijaw, Urhobo or any other of the over 300 Nigerian languages". He further stated that "the historical trajectory of Nollywood started since the pre and post independent Nigeria, with the theatrical (stage) and cinematic (celluloid) efforts of the likes of Chief Hubert Ogunde, Chief Amata, Baba Sala, Ade Love, Eddie Ugbomah and a few others".[158] The Influence of the Nigerian movie industry often referred to informally as Nollywood has influence all Africa countries.

By the end of 2013, the film industry reportedly hit a record-breaking revenue of ₦1.72 trillion (US$4.1 billion). As of 2014, the industry was worth ₦853.9 billion (US$5.1 billion) Making It The Third Most Valuable Film Industry In The World behind the United States and India. It contributed about 1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods.[160][161]

Economics

Main article: Economics of the arts and literature
 
Discounted DVD home video film releases sold in the Netherlands

Profitability of a film studio is crucially dependent on picking the right film projects and involving the right management and creative teams (cast, direction, visual design, score, photography, costume, set design, editing, and many additional specialties), but it also depends heavily on choosing the right scale and approach to film promotion, control over receipts through technologies such as digital rights management (DRM), sophisticated accounting practices, and management of ancillary revenue streams; in the extreme, for a major media franchise centered on film, the film might itself be only one large component of many large contributions to total franchise revenue.

The film industry is a brutally competitive winner-take-all market driven by wildly fluctuating "nonlinear processes".[162] Box office revenue is highly concentrated in a small number of very successful films, and film industry market share is also highly concentrated in the film studios lucky enough to make such films.[162] But the market is "extremely volatile" and it is impossible to predict in advance who will become the market winner at any given moment "or how long their domination will last".[162] The dominant films and film studios "change places dramatically and often".[162]

Statistics

Largest industries by number of film productions

The following is a list of the top 15 countries by the number of feature films (fiction, animation and documentary) produced, according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, unless otherwise noted.[3]

Rank Country Films Year
1   India 2,446 2019[163]
2   Nigeria 1,599 2019[citation needed]
3   China 874 2017
4   Japan 689 2019[164]
5   United States 660 2017
6   South Korea 339 2016
7   France 300 2017
8   United Kingdom 285 2017
9   Spain 241 2017
10   Germany 233 2017
11   Argentina 220 2015
12   Mexico 176 2017[165]
13   Italy 173 2017
14   Brazil 160 2017
15   Turkey 148 2017

Largest markets by box office revenue

The following countries are the largest box office markets in terms of the gross box office revenue, according to the THEME Report 2020 by the MPA (Motion Picture Association).[166][167]

Rank Country Box office revenue
(billion US$)		 Year Box office from
national films[168]
— World 21.4 2021[169] —
1   China 7.4 2021[170] 62% (2018)[171]
2   United States &   Canada 4.5 2021[169] 88.8% (2015)
—   Europe 3.8 2021[172] —
3   Japan 1.4 2021[173] 79.3% (2021)[164]
4   United Kingdom &   Ireland 0.8 2021[174] 44.3% (2017)
5   France 0.7 2021[175] 36.2% (2017)
6   South Korea 0.5 2021[176] 52.2% (2015)
7   India 0.4 2020[167] 85% (2015)
8   Germany 0.4 2020[167] 26.3% (2017)[177]
9   Russia & the CIS 0.3 2020[167] 17.4% (2015)
10   Australia 0.3 2020[167]

Largest markets by number of box office admissions

The following countries are the largest box office markets in terms of the number of tickets sold in 2019.[4]

Rank Country Number of admissions
(millions of tickets)		 Year
1   China 1,650 2019
2   India 1,514 2019
3   United States 1,170 2019
4   Mexico 352 2019
5   South Korea 239 2019
6   Russia 209 2019
7   France 205 2019
8   Japan 194 2019[164]
9   Brazil 177 2019
10   United Kingdom 175 2019

See also

Footnotes

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Bibliography

  • Allen J. Scott (2005) On Hollywood: The Place The Industry, Princeton University Press
  • Robertson, Patrick (1988) The Guinness Book of Movie Facts & Feats. London: Guinness Publishing Limited
  • Arnab Jan Deka (27 October 1996) Fathers of Indian Cinema Bhatawdekar and Torney, Dainik Asam
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  • Firoze Rangoonwalla (1979) A Pictorial History of Indian Cinema, The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited
  • Barkin, Jordan. 25 April 2021. "When you enjoy Oscar Night, America Wins". USA Today.

External links

  • Movie Making Manual wikibook

January 05, 2023
film, industry, film, industry, motion, picture, industry, comprises, technological, commercial, institutions, filmmaking, film, production, companies, film, studios, cinematography, animation, film, production, screenwriting, production, post, production, fil. The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking i e film production companies film studios cinematography animation film production screenwriting pre production post production film festivals distribution and actors Though the expense involved in making films almost immediately led film production to concentrate under the auspices of standing production companies advances in affordable filmmaking equipment as well as an expansion of opportunities to acquire investment capital from outside the film industry itself have allowed independent film production to evolve A film crew in the mid 20th century In 2019 the global box office was worth 42 2 billion 1 When including box office and home entertainment revenue the global film industry was worth 136 billion in 2018 2 Hollywood is the world s oldest national film industry and largest in terms of box office gross revenue Indian cinema is the largest national film industry in terms of the number of films produced with 2 446 feature films produced annually as of 2019 update 3 As of 2021 update Chinese cinema has the highest annual ticket sales with 1 156 million tickets sold 4 Contents 1 Modern film industry 1 1 United States 1 2 France 1 3 China 1 4 India 1 5 United Kingdom 1 6 Philippines 1 7 Poland 1 8 Nigeria 1 9 Egypt 1 10 Iran 1 11 Japan 1 12 Korea 1 13 Hong Kong 1 14 Turkey 1 15 Pakistan 1 16 Bangladesh 1 17 Indonesia 1 18 Malaysia 1 19 Trinidad and Tobago 1 20 Nepal 2 History 2 1 Introduction of film industry 2 2 Hollywood 2 3 Indian cinema 2 4 Cairo 2 5 Nollywood 3 Economics 4 Statistics 4 1 Largest industries by number of film productions 4 2 Largest markets by box office revenue 4 3 Largest markets by number of box office admissions 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 Bibliography 8 External linksModern film industry EditThe worldwide theatrical market had a box office of US 42 2 billion in 2019 The top three continents regions by box office gross were Asia Pacific with US 17 8 billion the U S and Canada with US 11 4 billion and Europe the Middle East and North Africa with US 10 3 billion As of 2019 update the largest markets by box office were in decreasing order the United States China India Japan South Korea the United Kingdom and France 5 As of 2019 update the countries with the largest number of film productions were India Nigeria and the United States 6 In Europe significant centers of movie production are Italy France Germany Spain and the United Kingdom 7 United States Edit Main article Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign The cinema of the United States often generally referred to as Hollywood has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century The United States cinema Hollywood is the oldest film industry in the world and also the largest film industry in terms of revenue Hollywood is the primary nexus of the U S film industry with established film study facilities such as the American Film Institute LA Film School and NYFA being established in the area 8 However four of the six major film studios are owned by East Coast companies The major film studios of Hollywood including Metro Goldwyn Mayer 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures are the primary source of the most commercially successful movies in the world 9 10 such as The Sound of Music 1965 Star Wars 1977 Titanic 1997 and Avatar 2009 American film studios today collectively generate several hundred films every year making the United States one of the most prolific producers of films in the world Only The Walt Disney Company which owns the Walt Disney Studios is fully based in Southern California 11 And while Sony Pictures Entertainment is headquartered in Culver City California its parent company the Sony Corporation is headquartered in Tokyo Japan Most shooting now when takes place in California New York Louisiana Georgia and North Carolina New Mexico especially in the Albuquerque and Santa Fe areas had been an increasingly popular state for filming Breaking Bad the television show was set there and movies such as No Country for Old Men and Rust were shot there citation needed Between 2009 and 2015 Hollywood consistently grossed 10 billion or more annually 12 Hollywood s award ceremony the Academy Awards officially known as The Oscars is held by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences AMPAS every year and as of 2019 more than 3 000 Oscars have been awarded 13 Nestor studio 1911 On 27 October 1911 Nestor Film Company established Hollywood s first permanent film studio The California weather allowed for year round filming In 1912 Universal Studios was formed merging Nestor and several other motion picture companies including Independent Moving Pictures IMP France Edit Main article Cinema of France France is the birthplace of cinema and was responsible for many of its significant contributions to the art form and the film making process itself 14 Several important cinematic movements including the Nouvelle Vague began in the country It is noted for having a particularly strong film industry due in part to protections afforded by the French government 14 French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations Directors from nations such as Poland Roman Polanski Krzysztof Kieslowski and Andrzej Zulawski Argentina Gaspar Noe and Edgardo Cozarinsky Russia Alexandre Alexeieff Anatole Litvak Austria Michael Haneke and Georgia Gela Babluani Otar Iosseliani are prominent in the ranks of French cinema Conversely some French directors have had careers in other countries such as Luc Besson Jacques Tourneur or Francis Veber in the United States Another element supporting this fact is that Paris has the highest density of cinemas in the world measured by the number of movie theaters per inhabitant 15 and that in most downtown Paris movie theaters foreign movies which would be secluded to art houses cinemas in other places are shown alongside mainstream works Philippe Binant realized on 2 February 2000 the first digital cinema projection in Europe with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments in Paris 16 Paris also boasts the Cite du cinema a major studio north of the city and Disney Studio a theme park devoted to the cinema and the third theme park near the city behind Disneyland and Parc Asterix 17 In 2015 France saw a record breaking 300 feature length films produced 18 US and UK films only represented 44 9 of total admissions in 2014 This is largely due to the commercial strength of domestic productions which accounted for 44 5 of admissions in 2014 35 5 in 2015 35 3 in 2016 19 In the mid 2000s the French film industry was described as being closer to being entirely self sufficient than any other country in Europe recovering around 80 90 of their budget in revenues generated from the domestic market 20 In 2018 French films had an international box office of 237m with 40 million admissions down 52 from 2017 with Italy being the top foreign market 21 China Edit Main article Cinema of China Old Chinese Cinema in Qufu Shandong The cinema of China is one of three distinct historical threads of Chinese language cinema together with the cinema of Hong Kong and the cinema of Taiwan Cinema was introduced in China in 1896 and the first Chinese film Dingjun Mountain was made in 1905 with the film industry being centered on Shanghai in the first decades China is the home of the largest film studio in the world the Hengdian World Studios and in 2010 it had the third largest film industry by number of feature films produced annually For the next decade the production companies were mainly foreign owned and the domestic film industry was centered on Shanghai a thriving entrepot and the largest city in the Far East In 1913 the first independent Chinese screenplay The Difficult Couple was filmed in Shanghai by Zheng Zhengqiu and Zhang Shichuan 22 As the Sixth Generation clarification needed gained international exposure many subsequent films were joint ventures and projects with international backers but remained quite resolutely low key and low budget citation needed Jia s Platform 2000 was funded in part by Takeshi Kitano s production house 23 while his Still Life was shot on HD video Still Life was a surprise addition and Golden Lion winner of the 2006 Venice International Film Festival Still Life which concerns provincial workers around the Three Gorges region sharply contrasts with the works of Fifth Generation Chinese directors like Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige who were at the time producing House of Flying Daggers 2004 and The Promise 2005 It featured no star of international renown and was acted mostly by non professionals In 2012 the country became the second largest market in the world by box office receipts In 2014 the gross box office in China was 29 6 billion US 4 82 billion with domestic films having a share of 55 24 China has also become a major hub of business for Hollywood studios 25 26 In 2018 China s gross box office was US 8 9 Billion 27 In 2013 China s gross box office was 21 8 billion US 3 6 billion the second largest film market in the world by box office receipts 28 It increased to 4 8 Billion in 2014 box office grosser in film industry 29 Due to the COVID 19 pandemic in 2020 China overtook North America as world s biggest box office being the first country to achieve this status 30 China retained this status in 2021 However in 2022 North America once again overtook China as the global box office s biggest market 31 India Edit Main article Cinema of India Further information Bollywood Kannada cinema Malayalam cinema Tamil cinema Telugu cinema Cinema of West Bengal and Marathi film industry A scene from Raja Harishchandra 1913 credited as the first full length Indian motion picture India is the largest producer of films in the world and second oldest film industry in the world 32 The country is home to one of the most important city in the global film industry Mumbai previously Bombay In 2009 India produced a total of 2 961 films on celluloid this figure includes 1 288 feature films 33 Besides being the largest producer of films in the world India also has the largest number of admissions 34 Indian film industry is multi lingual and the largest in the world in terms of ticket sales but 3rd largest in terms of revenue mainly due to having among the lowest ticket prices in the world 35 The industry is viewed mainly by a vast film going Indian public and Indian films have been when gaining increasing popularity in the rest of the world notably in countries with large numbers of expatriate Indians citation needed Indian film industry is also the dominant source of films and entertainment in its neighboring countries of South Asia The largest film and most popular industry in India is the Hindi film industry followed by Tamil cinema and Telugu cinema The Hindi film industry mostly concentrated in Mumbai Bombay and is commonly referred to as Bollywood a portmanteau of Bombay and Hollywood The Tamil film industry i e Kollywood is mostly concentrated in Chennai Sandalwood industry is Kannada cinema concentrated in Bengaluru The Mollywood industry concentrated in the state of Kerala refers to the Malayalam cinema Tollywood Telugu cinema is concentrated in Hyderabad By 2021 Telugu cinema Tollywood has overtaken Hindi cinema Bollywood and emerged as the largest film industry in India in terms of box office 36 37 Besides the mainstream commercial movies India also offers a different approach to cinema the parallel cinema The parallel cinema movement originated in West Bengal around the 1950s Parallel cinema is a blanket term designated to a certain type of films that stray away from the conventions of popular mainstream cinema Parallel cinema has assumed various forms throughout the years Filmmakers associated with parallel cinema are Satyajit Ray Mrinal Sen Ritwik Ghatak Parallel films are characterized by their rejection of popular forms like the songs and fight sequences their affinity for rural settings use of method actors and toned down colour palettes Some examples of such movies are Raincoat Dhobi Ghat Mithya Indian films have garnered popularity not only in the domestic market but also in the international markets with Dangal having an overseas gross revenue of 260 million Secret Superstar and Bajrangi Bhaijaan with a gross revenue of 80 4 million and Baahubali The Beginning and Baahubali 2 The Conclusion a recent blockbuster from Tollywood Telugu cinema was shot simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu 38 The other largest film industries are Malayalam cinema Bangla cinema cinema of West Bengal and Marathi cinema which are located in Kochi Kolkata and Mumbai respectively The remaining majority portion is spread across northern western eastern and southern India with Gujarati Punjabi Odia Bhojpuri Assamese Cinema However there are several smaller centres of Indian film industries in regional languages centred in the states where those languages are spoken Indian cinema encloses a number of several artforms like Indian classical music folk music of different regions throughout the country Indian classical dance folk dance and much more Bollywood Kollywood and Tollywood is the largest portion of the Indian film industry and is viewed all over the Indian Subcontinent and is increasingly when popular in UK United States Australia New Zealand Southeast Asia Africa the Gulf countries European countries East Asia and China The largest film studio complex in the world is Ramoji Film City located at Hyderabad India which opened in 1996 and measures 674 ha 1 666 acres Comprising 47 sound stages it has permanent sets ranging from railway stations to temples 39 By 1986 India s annual film output had increased from 741 films produced annually to 833 films annually making India the world s largest film producer 40 As of 2014 update Bollywood represents 45 of Indian net box office revenue while Tamil amp Telugu cinema represent 36 and the rest of the regional film industries constitute 21 of Indian cinema 41 United Kingdom Edit Main article Cinema of the United Kingdom William Friese Greene London IMAX has the largest cinema screen in Britain with a total screen size of 520m 42 The United Kingdom has had a significant film industry for over a century While film production reached an all time high in 1936 43 the golden age of British cinema is usually thought to have occurred in the 1940s during which the directors David Lean 44 Michael Powell with Emeric Pressburger 45 and Carol Reed 46 produced their most highly acclaimed work Many British actors have achieved worldwide fame and critical success such as Maggie Smith Roger Moore Michael Caine 47 Sean Connery 48 Daniel Day Lewis Gary Oldman and Kate Winslet 49 Some of the films with the largest ever box office returns have been made in the United Kingdom including the third and fourth highest grossing film series Harry Potter and James Bond 50 The first moving picture was shot in Leeds by Louis Le Prince in 1888 51 52 and the first moving pictures developed on celluloid film were made in Hyde Park London in 1889 by British inventor William Friese Greene 53 who patented the process in 1890 Two of the top eight highest grossing films worldwide of all time when have some British historical cultural or creative dimensions Titanic 1997 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 2011 The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King 2003 made in New Zealand and Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man s Chest 2005 Adding four more Harry Potter films and one more Lord of the Rings movie plus the Tim Burton version of Alice in Wonderland 2010 and more than half of the top twenty most financially successful when films had a substantial British dimension 54 original research British influence can also be seen with the English Cycle of Disney animated films which include Alice in Wonderland 1951 Peter Pan 1953 One Hundred and One Dalmatians 1961 The Sword in the Stone 1963 and The Jungle Book 1967 55 Disney first became interested in live action films as a means of using financial reserves which had built up in Britain and could not be repatriated owing to exchange controls by making two films from Scottish and English sources These were Treasure Island 1950 and The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men 1952 which were both successes at the box office The studio continued to draw on British source material for its animated films after Walt Disney s death in 1967 with the cartoon feature films Robin Hood 1973 The Rescuers 1976 and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh 1977 one of many Disney to draw on A A Milne s characters In the 1970s and 1980s British studios established a reputation citation needed for great special effects in films such as Superman 1978 Alien 1979 and Batman 1989 Some of this reputation was founded on the core of talent brought together for the filming of 2001 A Space Odyssey 1968 who subsequently worked together on series and feature films for Gerry Anderson The Bristol based Aardman Animations is known for its stop motion animation In late 1998 Channel 4 launched their free to air film channel Film4 a channel specifically designed to show films It broadcasts from 11 00am BST and competes with pay television film network Sky Cinema The London based visual effects company Framestore with Tim Webber the visual effects supervisor have worked on the films The Dark Knight 2008 and Gravity 2013 with new techniques involved in Gravity taking three years to complete 56 Philippines Edit Cinema of the Philippines began with the introduction of the first moving pictures to the country on August 31 1897 at the Salon de Pertierra in Manila The following year local scenes were shot on film for the first time by a Spaniard Antonio Ramos using the Lumiere Cinematograph 57 While most early filmmakers and producers in the country were mostly wealthy enterprising foreigners and expatriates on September 12 1919 Dalagang Bukid Country Maiden a movie based on a popular musical play was the first movie made and shown by Filipino filmmaker Jose Nepomuceno 58 Dubbed as the Father of Philippine Cinema his work marked the start of cinema as an art form in the Philippines 59 Poland Edit Main article Cinema of Poland Further information Polish Film School and HollyLodz Off Plus Camera Film Festival in Krakow 2012 with Andrzej Seweryn Daniel Olbrychski and Wojciech Pszoniak on stage The history of Cinema of Poland is almost as long as the history of cinematography and it has universally recognized achievements even though Polish films tend to be less commercially available than films from several other European nations After World War II the communist government built an auteur based national cinema trained hundreds of new directors and empowered them to make films Filmmakers like Roman Polanski Krzysztof Kieslowski Agnieszka Holland Andrzej Wajda Andrzej Zulawski Andrzej Munk and Jerzy Skolimowski impacted the development of Polish film making In more recent years the industry has been producer led with finance being the key to a film being made and with many independent filmmakers of all genres Polish productions tend to be more inspired by American film The Polish Film School was under heavy influence of Italian neorealists It took advantage of the liberal changes in Poland after 1956 Polish October to portray the complexity of Polish history during World War II and German occupation Among the most important topics were the generation of former Home Army soldiers and their role in post war Poland and the national tragedies like the German concentration camps and the Warsaw Uprising The political changes allowed the group to speak more openly of the recent history of Poland However the rule of censorship was still strong when it comes to history after 1945 and there were very few films on the contemporary events This marked the major difference between the members of the Polish Film School and Italian neorealists The Polish Film School was the first to underline the national character of Poles and one of the first artistic movements in Central Europe to openly oppose the official guidelines of Socialist realism The members of the movement tend to underline the role of individual as opposed to collectivity There were two trends within the movement young directors such as Andrzej Wajda generally studied the idea of heroism while another group the most notable being Andrzej Munk analysed the Polish character via irony humor and a dissection of national myths Nigeria Edit Main article Cinema of Nigeria The cinema of Nigeria often referred to informally as Nollywood is the cinema of Nigeria The Nigerian Film Industry is the largest movie industry globally in terms of output and is the third largest in terms of overall revenues generated 60 61 Cinema of Nigeria Its history dates back to as early as the late 19th century and into the colonial era in the early 20th century The history and development of the Nigerian motion picture industry is sometimes generally classified in four main eras the Colonial era Golden Age Video film era and the emerging New Nigerian cinema 62 Film as a medium first arrived in Nigeria in the late 19th century in the form of peephole viewing of motion picture devices 63 These were soon replaced in the early 20th century with improved motion picture exhibition devices with the first set of films screened at the Glover Memorial Hall in Lagos from 12 to 22 August 1903 64 65 The earliest feature film made in Nigeria is 1926 s Palaver produced by Geoffrey Barkas the film was also the first film ever to feature Nigerian actors in a speaking role 66 67 As of 1954 mobile cinema vans played to at least 3 5 million people in Nigeria and films being produced by the Nigerian Film Unit were screened for free at the 44 available cinemas The first film entirely copyrighted to the Nigerian Film unit is Fincho 1957 by Sam Zebba which is also the first Nigerian film to be shot in colour 68 After Nigeria s independence in 1960 the cinema business rapidly expanded with new cinema houses being established 65 As a result Nigerian films in theaters increased in the late 1960s into the 1970s especially productions from Western Nigeria owing to former theater practitioners such as Hubert Ogunde and Moses Olaiya transitioning into the big screen 69 In 1972 the Indigenization Decree was issued by Yakubu Gowon which demands the transfer of ownership of about a total of 300 film theaters from their foreign owners to Nigerians which resulted in more Nigerians playing active roles in the cinema and film 70 The oil boom of 1973 through 1978 also contributed immensely to the spontaneous boost of the cinema culture in Nigeria as the increased purchasing power in Nigeria made a wide range of citizens to have disposable income to spend on cinema going and on home television sets citation needed After several moderate performing films Papa Ajasco 1984 by Wale Adenuga became the first blockbuster grossing approximately 61 000 approx 2015 21 552 673 in three days A year later Mosebolatan 1985 by Moses Olaiya also went ahead to gross 107 000 approx 2015 44 180 499 in five days 65 Egypt Edit Main article Cinema of Egypt Since 1976 Cairo has held the annual Cairo International Film Festival CIFF which is accredited by the International Federation of Film Producers Association In 1996 the Egyptian Media Production City EMPC was inaugurated in 6th of October City south of Cairo although by 2001 only one of 29 planned studios was operational 71 Censorship formerly an obstacle to freedom of expression has decreased remarkably by 2012 when the Egyptian cinema had begun to tackle boldly issues ranging from sexual issues 72 to heavy government criticism 73 The 1940s 1950s and the 1960s are generally considered the golden age of Egyptian cinema As in the West films responded to the popular imagination with most falling into predictable genres happy endings being the norm and many actors making careers out of playing strongly typed parts In the words of one critic If an Egyptian film intended for popular audiences lacked any of these prerequisites it constituted a betrayal of the unwritten contract with the spectator the results of which would manifest themselves in the box office 74 Since the 1990s Egypt s cinema has gone in separate directions Smaller art films attract some international attention but sparse attendance at home Popular films often broad comedies such as What A Lie and the extremely profitable works of comedian Mohamed Saad battle to hold audiences either drawn to Western films or increasingly wary of the perceived immorality of film 75 Iran Edit Main article Cinema of Iran The cinema of Iran Persian سینمای ایران or cinema of Persia refers to the cinema and film industries in Iran which produce a variety of commercial films annually Iranian art films have garnered international fame and now enjoy a global following 76 Along with China Iran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s according to Jamsheed Akrami 77 Some critics now when rank Iran as the world s most important national cinema artistically with a significance that invites comparison to Italian neorealism and similar movements in past decades 76 German filmmaker Werner Herzog has praised Iranian cinema as one of the world s most important artistic cinemas 78 Japan Edit Main article Cinema of Japan Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries in the world as of 2010 it was the fourth largest by number of feature films produced 79 Movies have been produced in Japan since 1897 when the first foreign cameramen arrived citation needed In a Sight amp Sound list of the best films produced in Asia Japanese works made up eight of the top 12 with Tokyo Story 1953 ranked number one citation needed Tokyo Story also topped the 2012 Sight amp Sound directors poll of The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time dethroning Citizen Kane 80 81 while Akira Kurosawa s Seven Samurai 1954 was voted the greatest foreign language film of all time in BBC s 2018 poll of 209 critics in 43 countries 82 Japan has won the Academy Award for the Best Foreign Language Film four times Rashomon Gate of Hell Samurai I Musashi Miyamoto and Departures more than any other Asian country when Korea Edit Main article Cinema of Korea Further information Cinema of South Korea and Cinema of North Korea The term cinema of Korea or Korean cinema encompasses the motion picture industries of North and South Korea As with all aspects of Korean life during the past century the film industry has often been at the mercy of political events from the late Joseon dynasty to the Korean War to domestic governmental interference While both countries have relatively robust film industries today when citation needed only South Korean films have achieved wide international acclaim North Korean films tend to portray their communist or revolutionary themes South Korean films enjoyed a Golden age during the late 1950s and 1960s By 2005 South Korea had become one of few nations to watch more domestic than imported films in theaters 83 due largely to laws placing limits on the number of foreign films able to be shown per theater per year 84 In the theaters Korean films must be played for 73 days per year since 2006 On cable TV 25 domestic film quota will be reduced to 20 after KOR US FTA 85 The cinema of South Korea had a total box office gross in the country in 2015 of 884 billion and had 113 000 000 admissions 52 of the total admissions citation needed Hong Kong Edit Main article Cinema of Hong Kong Further information Cinema of China and East Asian cinema Zhuangzi Tests His Wife 1913 is credited as the first Hong Kong feature film Hong Kong is a filmmaking hub for the Chinese speaking world including the worldwide diaspora and East Asia in general For decades it was the third largest motion picture industry in the world after Bollywood and Hollywood and the second largest exporter of films 86 Despite an industry crisis starting in the mid 1990s and Hong Kong s return to Chinese sovereignty in July 1997 Hong Kong film has retained much of its distinctive identity and continues to play a prominent part on the world cinema stage Unlike many film industries Hong Kong has enjoyed little to no direct government support through either subsidies or import quotas It has always been a thoroughly commercial cinema concentrating on crowd pleasing genres like comedy and action and heavily reliant on formulas sequels and remakes Typically of commercial cinemas its heart is a highly developed star system which in this case also features substantial overlap with the pop music industry Turkey Edit The Turkish film market stands out in the pan European landscape as the only market where national films regularly outperform US films 87 In 2013 it had 1 2 million number of admissions and 87 feature films were released 88 Between 2004 and 2014 the estimated 12 9 million admissions generated on non national European markets only accounted for 7 of total admissions to Turkish films in Europe including Turkey This was the third lowest share among the 30 European markets for which such data are available and clearly illustrates the strong dependence of Turkish films on the domestic market a feature which is shared by Polish and Russian films 89 In 2014 Kis Uykusu Winter s Sleep won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Film 90 In 2013 Turkey still ranked behind the Netherlands in terms of box office with just over EUR 200 million as Europe s eight largest box office market ahead of Sweden and Switzerland with a clear gap to the top 6 markets all of which registered GBO between EUR 504 million Spain up to over EUR 1 billion in France the UK Germany and the Russian Federation 91 Cinema going is comparatively cheap in Turkey In 2013 a cinema ticket cost on average EUR 4 0 in Turkey and this was estimated to be the lowest average ticket price measured in Euro in Europe marginally cheaper than in several Central and Eastern European markets like Croatia Romania Lithuania or Bulgaria subject to exchange rates 92 Pakistan Edit Main article Cinema of Pakistan Further information Lollywood The cinema of Pakistan or simply Pakistani cinema Urdu پاکستانی سنیما refers to Pakistan s film industry Most of the feature films shot in Pakistan are in Urdu the national language but may also include films in English the official language and regional languages such as Punjabi Pashto Balochi and Sindhi Lahore has been described as the epicentre of Pakistani cinema giving rise to the term Lollywood as portmanteau of Lahore and Hollywood Before the separation of Bangladesh Pakistan had three main film production centres Lahore Karachi and Dhaka The regime of Muhammad Zia ul Haq VCRs film piracy the introduction of entertainment taxes strict laws based upon ultra conservative jurisprudence was an obstacle to the industry s growth 93 Once thriving the cinema in Pakistan had a sudden collapse in the 1980s and by the 2000s an industry that once produced an average of 80 films annually was now struggling to even churn out few movies However with the boom in the Television Industry in Karachi which gave rise to bigger privately owned media houses led to revival of Pakistan Film Industry Karachi now is the biggest production center of Film Industry in Pakistan which produces Urdu English and Sindhi language Pakistani Cinema Lahore is the second big film producer now mostly Urdu and Punjabi movies followed by Peshawar where mostly Pashto films are produced Films are also being produced on a very small scale from Islamabad Urdu and English movies and Quetta Balochi movies Pakistani films are gaining its market in the local cticuit and international markets like Gulf countries UK Europe US North America and Far East Many Pakistani movies made their ways to Oscars foreign language film category i e Jaago Hua Sawera The Day Shall Dawn 1953 The Veil Ghoonghat 1963 Zinda Bhaag 2013 Dukhtar 2014 Moor 2015 Mah e Mir 2016 Saawan 2017 Cake 2018 Lal Kabootar 2019 Two Pakistani documentary films won the Oscars for the best documentary film these are Saving Face 2012 and A Girl in the River 2016 Pakistani movies especially Urdu movies revolve around family drama romance love stories comedy thriller social matters political issues In contemporary era some Pakistani films have gained international acclaim these include Khuda Kay Liye In the name of God Bol Verna Zinda Bhaag Load Wedding Wrong Number Cake Teefa in Trouble Lal Kabootar Mah e Meer Moor Baaji Punjabi cinema is mostly themed on romance family drama and action while Pashto cinema revolves around action and tribal feuds Major Film Awards include Lux Style Awards ARY Film Awards Nigar Awards and National Film Awards Bangladesh Edit Main article Cinema of Bangladesh The cinema of Bangladesh is the Bengali language film industry based in Dhaka Bangladesh The industry often has been a significant film industry since the early 1970s The word Dhollywood is a portmanteau of the words Dhaka and Hollywood The dominant style of Bangladeshi cinema is Melodramatic cinema which developed from 1947 to 1990 and characterizes most films to this day Cinema was introduced in Bangladesh in 1898 by Bradford Bioscope Company credited to have arranged the first film release in Bangladesh Between 1913 and 1914 the first production company named Picture House was opened A short silent film titled Sukumari The Good Girl was the first produced film in the region during 1928 The first full length film The Last Kiss was released in 1931 From the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan Dhaka is the center of Bangladeshi film industry and generated the majority share of revenue production and audiences The 1960s 1970s 1980s and the first half of the 1990s were the golden years for Bangladeshi films as the industry produced many successful films The Face and the Mask the first Bengali language Bangladeshi full length feature film was produced in 1956 94 95 Matir Moina a 2002 film by Tarek Masud became the first Bangladeshi film to be honored at Cannes Film Festival Indonesia Edit Main article Cinema of Indonesia The biggest film studios in Southeast Asia has been soft opened on 5 November 2011 on 10 hectares of land in Nongsa Batam Island Indonesia Infinite Frameworks IFW is a Singapore based company closed to Batam Island which is owned by a consortium with 90 percent of it hold by Indonesian businessman and film producer Mike Wiluan 96 In 2010 2011 due to the substantial increase in value added tax applied to foreign films cinemas no longer had access to many foreign films including Oscar winning films Foreign films include major box offices from the west and other major film producers of the world This caused a massive ripple effect on the country s economy It is assumed that this increased the purchase of unlicensed DVDs However even copyright violating DVDs took longer to obtain The minimum cost to view a foreign film not screened locally was 1 million Rupiah This was equivalent to US 100 as it includes a plane ticket to Singapore 97 Malaysia Edit Main article Cinema of Malaysia The cinema of Malaysia consists of feature films produced in Malaysia shot in the languages English Tamil Malay Mandarin and Cantonese Malaysia produces about 60 feature films annually and between 300 and 400 television dramas and serials a year apart from the in house productions by the individual television stations The country also holds its own annual national level film awards known as the Malaysia Film Festival There are about 150 cinemas and cineplexes in Malaysia showing not only local films but also foreign films Trinidad and Tobago Edit Further information List of Trinidad and Tobago films Trinidad and Tobago s film sector began emerging in the late 1950s to early 1960s and by the late 1970s there were a handful of local productions both feature film and television 98 The first full length feature film to be produced in Trinidad and Tobago was The Right and the Wrong 1970 by Indian director writer producer Harbance Kumar The screenplay was written by the Trinidadian playwright Freddie Kissoon 99 The rest of the 20th century saw a couple more feature films being made in the country with Bim 1974 being singled out by Bruce Paddington as one of the most important films to be produced in Trinidad and Tobago and one of the classics of Caribbean cinema 100 It was one of the first films to feature an almost entirely Trinidadian cast and crew 101 There was a rise in Trinidadian film production in the 2000s Films such as Ivan the Terrible 2004 SistaGod 2006 I m Santana The Movie 2012 and God Loves the Fighter 2013 were released both locally and internationally SistaGod had its world premiere at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival 102 The Trinidad and Tobago Film Company is the national agency that was established in 2006 to further development of the film industry Trinidad and Tobago puts on a number of film festivals which are organized by different committees and organizations These include the Secondary Schools Short Film Festival and Smartphone Film Festival organized by Trinidad and Tobago Film Company There is also an annual Trinidad and Tobago Film Festival which runs for two weeks in the latter half of September Nepal Edit Main article Cinema of Nepal Nepali film does not have a very long film history but the industry has its own place in the cultural heritage of the country It is often referred to as Nepali Chalchitra which translates to Nepali films in English The terms Kollywood and Kallywood are also used as a portmanteau of Kathmandu and Hollywood Kollywood however is more frequently used to refer to Tamil cinema citation needed Chhakka Panja has been considered the highest grossing film of all time in Nepali film industry and Kohinoor the second highest The Nepali films The Black Hen 2015 and Kagbeni 2006 received international acclaim citation needed The Nepali feature film White Sun Seto Surya received the Best Film award at the 27th Singapore International Film Festival SGIFF in 2016 History EditMain article History of film A still from The Story of the Kelly Gang Australia 1906 80 min Les freres Lumiere released the first projection with the Cinematograph in Paris on 28 December 1895 The French film industry in the late 19th century and early 20th century was the world s most important Auguste and Louis Lumiere invented the cinematographe and their L Arrivee d un train en gare de La Ciotat in Paris in 1895 is considered by many historians as the official birth of cinematography The first feature film to be made was the 1906 Australian silent The Story of the Kelly Gang an account of the notorious gang led by Ned Kelly that was directed and produced by the Melburnians Dan Barry and Charles Tait It ran continuously for eighty minutes 103 In the early 1910s the film industry had fully emerged with D W Griffith s The Birth of a Nation Also in the early 1900s motion picture production companies from New York and New Jersey started moving to California because of the good weather and longer days Although electric lights existed at that time none were powerful enough to adequately expose film the best source of illumination for movie production was natural sunlight Besides the moderate dry climate they were also drawn to the state because of its open spaces and wide variety of natural scenery Introduction of film industry Edit In 1900 Charles Pathe began film production under the Pathe Freres brand with Ferdinand Zecca hired to actually make the films By 1905 Pathe was the largest film company in the world a position it retained until World War I Leon Gaumont began film production in 1896 supervised by Alice Guy 104 Besides American Mutoscope there were also numerous smaller producers in the United States and some of them established a long term presence in the new century American Vitagraph one of these minor producers built studios in Brooklyn and expanded its operations in 1905 The Pathe Brothers by Adrien Barrere The first successful permanent theatre showing only films was The Nickelodeon which was opened in Pittsburgh in 1905 105 By then there were enough films several minutes long available to fill a programme running for at least half an hour and which could be changed weekly when the local audience became bored with it Other exhibitors in the United States quickly followed suit and within two years there were 8 000 of these nickelodeons in operation across the United States The American experience led to a worldwide boom in the production and exhibition of films from 1906 onwards Movie theaters became popular entertainment venues and social hubs in the early 20th century much like cabarets and other theaters 106 Poster for a Biograph Studios release from 1913 By 1907 purpose built cinemas for motion pictures were being opened across the United States Britain and France The films were often shown with the accompaniment of music provided by a pianist though there could be more musicians There were also a very few larger cinemas in some of the biggest cities Initially the majority of films in the programmes were Pathe films but this changed fairly quickly as the American companies cranked up production The programme was made up of just a few films and the show lasted around 30 minutes The reel of film of maximum length 1 000 feet 300 m which usually contained one individual film became the standard unit of film production and exhibition in this period The programme was changed twice or more a week but went up to five changes of programme a week after a couple of years In general cinemas were set up in the established entertainment districts of the cities In 1907 Pathe began renting their films to cinemas through film exchanges rather than selling the films outright 107 The litigation over patents between all the major American film making companies had continued and at the end of 1908 they decided to pool their patents and form a trust to use them to control the American film business The companies concerned were Pathe Edison Biograph Vitagraph Lubin Selig Essanay Kalem and the Kleine Optical Company a major importer of European films The George Eastman company the only manufacturer of film stock in the United States was also part of the combine which was called the Motion Picture Patents Company MPPC and Eastman Kodak agreed to only supply the members with film stock License fees for distributing and projecting films were extracted from all distributors and exhibitors The producing companies that were part of the trust were allocated production quotas two reels i e films a week for the biggest ones one reel a week for the smaller which were supposed to be enough to fill the programmes of the licensed exhibitors But the market was bigger than that for although 6 000 exhibitors signed with the MPPC about 2 000 others did not A minority of the exchanges i e distributors stayed outside the MPPC and in 1909 these independent exchanges immediately began to fund new film producing companies By 1911 there were enough independent and foreign films available to programme all the shows of the independent exhibitors and in 1912 the independents had nearly half of the market The MPPC had effectively been defeated in its plan to control the whole United States market and the government anti trust action which only now started against the MPPC was not really necessary to defeat it 107 In the early 20th century before Hollywood the United States motion picture industry was mainly based in Fort Lee New Jersey across the Hudson River from New York City 108 109 110 In need of a winter headquarters moviemakers were attracted to Jacksonville Florida due to its warm climate exotic locations excellent rail access and cheaper labor earning the city the title of The Winter Film Capital of the World 111 New York based Kalem Studios was the first to open a permanent studio in Jacksonville in 1908 112 Over the course of the next decade more than 30 silent film companies established studios in town including Metro Pictures later MGM Edison Studios Majestic Films King Bee Film Company Vim Comedy Company Norman Studios Gaumont Studios and the Lubin Manufacturing Company citation needed The first motion picture made in Technicolor and the first feature length color movie produced in the United States The Gulf Between was also filmed on location in Jacksonville in 1917 Jacksonville was especially important to the African American film industry One notable individual in this regard is the European American producer Richard Norman who created a string of films starring black actors in the vein of Oscar Micheaux and the Lincoln Motion Picture Company 111 In contrast to the degrading parts offered in certain white films such as The Birth of a Nation Norman and his contemporaries sought to create positive stories featuring African Americans in what he termed splendidly assuming different roles 113 114 Jacksonville s mostly conservative residents however objected to the hallmarks of the early movie industry such as car chases in the streets simulated bank robberies and fire alarms in public places and even the occasional riot In 1917 conservative Democrat John W Martin was elected mayor on the platform of taming the city s movie industry 111 By that time southern California was emerging as the major movie production center thanks in large part to the move of film pioneers like William Selig and D W Griffith to the area These factors quickly sealed the demise of Jacksonville as a major film destination citation needed Another factor for the industry s move west was that up until 1913 most American film production was still carried out around New York but due to the monopoly of Thomas A Edison Inc s film patents and its litigious attempts to preserve it many filmmakers moved to Southern California starting with Selig in 1909 115 116 The sunshine and scenery was important for the production of Westerns which came to form a major American film genre with the first cowboy stars G M Anderson Broncho Billy and Tom Mix Selig pioneered the use of fairly wild animals from a zoo for a series of exotic adventures with the actors being menaced or saved by the animals Kalem Company sent film crews to places in America and abroad to film stories in the actual places they were supposed to have happened 117 Kalem also pioneered the female action heroine from 1912 with Ruth Roland playing starring roles in their Westerns 118 better source needed In France Pathe retained its dominant position followed still by Gaumont and then other new companies that appeared to cater to the film boom A film company with a different approach was Film d Art Film d Art was set up at the beginning of 1908 to make films of a serious artistic nature Their declared programme was to make films using only the best dramatists artists and actors 119 The first of these was L Assassinat du Duc de Guise The Assassination of the Duc de Guise a historical subject set in the court of Henri III This film used leading actors from the Comedie Francaise and had a special accompanying score written by Camille Saint Saens The other French majors followed suit and this wave gave rise to the English language description of films with artistic pretensions aimed at a sophisticated audience as art films By 1910 the French film companies were starting to make films as long as two or even three reels though most were still one reel long This trend was followed in Italy Denmark and Sweden 120 In Britain the Cinematograph Act 1909 was the first primary legislation to specifically regulate the film industry Film exhibitions often took place in temporary venues and the use of highly flammable cellulose nitrate for film combined with limelight illumination created a significant fire hazard The Act specified a strict building code which required amongst other things that the projector be enclosed within a fire resisting enclosure 121 The Babelsberg Studio near Berlin was the first large scale film studio in the world founded 1912 and the forerunner to Hollywood It still produces global blockbusters every year The Babelsberg Studio near Berlin in Germany was the first large scale film studio in the world founded 1912 and the forerunner to Hollywood with its several establishments of large studios in the early 20th century Hollywood Edit Further information Cinema of the United States The first movie studio in Hollywood area Nestor Studios was founded in 1911 by Al Christie for David Horsley Other East Coast studios had already moved production to Los Angeles Over time Hollywood came to be so strongly associated with the film industry that the word Hollywood is now used colloquially to refer to the entire American film industry In 1913 Cecil B DeMille in association with Jesse Lasky leased a barn with studio facilities in Hollywood where The Squaw Man 1914 was made It is now the location of the Hollywood Heritage Museum The Charlie Chaplin Studios were built in 1917 The site was also used by Kling Studios for the Superman TV series Red Skelton who used the sound stages for his CBS TV variety show and CBS which filmed the TV series Perry Mason there It has also been owned by Herb Alpert s A amp M Records and Tijuana Brass Enterprises It is currently The Jim Henson Company home of the Muppets In 1969 The Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Board named it a historical cultural monument The noted Hollywood Sign originally read Hollywoodland It was erected in 1923 to advertise a new housing development in the hills above Hollywood In 1949 the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce stepped in and removed the last four letters and repaired the others It is a registered trademark and cannot be used without the permission of the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce The first Academy Awards presentation ceremony took place on 16 May 1929 The period between the years 1927 the effective end of the silent era to 1948 is considered the age of the Hollywood studio system or the Golden Age of Hollywood In a landmark 1948 court decision the Supreme Court ruled that movie studios could not own theaters and play only the movies of their studio and movie stars thus an era of Hollywood history ended Indian cinema Edit Main article Hindi cinema A shot from Raja Harishchandra 1913 the first film of Bollywood Bollywood is the Hindi language film industry based in Mumbai formerly known as Bombay Maharashtra India The term is often incorrectly used to refer to the whole of Indian cinema however it is only a part of the total Indian film industry which includes other production centres producing films in multiple languages 122 Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world 123 124 125 Bollywood is formally referred to as Hindi cinema 126 Linguistically Bollywood films tend to use vernacular Hindustani mutually intelligible to self identified speakers of both Hindi and Urdu 127 128 129 while modern Bollywood films also increasingly incorporate elements of Hinglish 127 The Wrestlers 1899 and The Man and His Monkeys 1899 directed and produced by Harischandra Sakharam Bhatawdekar H S Bhatavdekar were the first two films made by Indian filmmakers which were both short films He was also the first Indian filmmaker to direct and produce the first documentary and news related film titled The Landing of Sir M M Bhownuggree The 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times India was buffeted by the Great Depression World War II the Indian independence movement and the violence of the Partition Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues or used the struggle for Indian independence as a backdrop for their plots 130 In 1937 Ardeshir Irani of Alam Ara fame made the first colour film in Hindi Kisan Kanya The next year he made another colour film a version of Mother India Following India s independence the period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s is regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema 131 132 133 Defining key figures during this time included Raj Kapoor Guru Dutt 134 Mehboob Khan 135 136 137 and Dilip Kumar 138 139 The 1970s was when the name Bollywood was coined 140 141 and when the quintessential conventions of commercial Bollywood films were established 142 Key to this was the emergence of the masala film genre which combines elements of multiple genres action comedy romance drama melodrama musical The masala film was pioneered in the early 1970s by filmmaker Nasir Hussain 143 along with screenwriter duo Salim Javed pioneering the Bollywood blockbuster format 142 Tollywood is the Bengali language Film Industry of India Started by Royal Bioscope Company in 1898 by Hiralal Sen along with Matilal Sen Deboki Lal Sen and Bholanath Gupta Combining live theater performances of actors the Bengali industry was notable for using sound as an important part of the drama in its Bioscope format whose cinematic language was extremely different from Western silent films This was followed by Jamshedji Framji Madan of the Elphinstone Bioscope Company who also controlled Madan Theatre Company J J Madan became managing director of Madan Theatres after the death of his father in 1923 and Madan Theatres reached a peak in late 1920s when it owned 127 theaters and controlled half of the country s box office Madan Theatres produced a number of popular and landmark films till 1937 parallel to works of 20s Bengali stars like Dhirendra Nath Ganguly who started the Indo British Film Co the first Bengali owned production company in 1918 The rise of the industry followed in 1930s to 1940s when a diversity of films were made Many prints were destroyed by fire The prints and records of films from 1937 to 1947 films were majorly destroyed but this period in Bengal served as the age of political films in India which was supremely influential for the struggle for Indian Independence After 1947 The industry saw a new era of creative studio system collaborators who made films under the name of Agradoot This saw a renaissance of commercial films and musicals where stars like Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen mesmerized the audience with their captivating screen presence and subdued performances Ritwick Ghatak Satyajit Ray Tapan Sinha Mrinal Sen and Rituparno Ghosh were the other notable directors whose works influenced world cinema beyond an incomparable degree The name of the industry was coined after the place Tollygunge which also served as a cheeky tribute to Hollywood Cairo Edit Main article Cinema of Egypt Poster for the Egyptian film Yahya el hub 1938 The cinema of Egypt refers to the flourishing film industry based in Cairo which is known to be the Hollywood of the MENA region 144 In 1896 a limited number of silent films was made in Egypt beginning in 1896 1927 s Laila was notable as the first full length feature Cairo s film industry became a regional force with the coming of sound Between 1930 and 1936 various small studios produced at least 44 feature films In 1936 Studio Misr financed by industrialist Talaat Harb emerged as the leading Egyptian equivalent to Hollywood s major studios a role the company retained for three decades 145 Historians disagree in determining the beginning of cinema in Egypt Some say in 1896 when the first film was watched in Egypt while others date the beginning from 20 June 1907 with a short documentary film about the visit of Khedive Abbas Hilmi II to the Institute of Mursi Abul Abbas in Alexandria In 1917 the director Mohammed Karim established a production company in Alexandria The company produced two films Dead Flowers and Honor the Bedouin which were shown in the city of Alexandria in early 1918 Since 1976 the capital has held the annual Cairo International Film Festival which has been accredited by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations 146 There is also another 12 festivals Of the more than 4 000 short and feature length films made in MENA region since 1908 more than three quarters were Egyptian films 147 148 149 Egyptian films are typically spoken in the Egyptian Arabic dialect Since then more than 4 000 films have been produced in Egypt three quarters of the total Arab production Historian Samir Kassir notes 2004 that Misr Studios in particular despite their ups and downs were to make Cairo the third capital of the world s film industry after Hollywood and Bombay but ahead of Italy s Cinecitta 150 Egypt is the most productive country in the Middle East in the field of film production and the one with the most developed media system 151 Nollywood Edit Main article Nollywood Nollywood is a sobriquet that originally referred to the Nigerian film industry 152 The origin of the term dates back to the early 2000s traced to an article in The New York Times 153 154 Due to the history of evolving meanings and contexts there is no clear or agreed upon definition for the term which has made it a subject of several controversies The origin of the term Nollywood remains unclear Jonathan Haynes traced the earliest usage of the word to a 2002 article by Matt Steinglass in the New York Times where it was used to describe Nigerian cinema 153 154 Charles Igwe noted that Norimitsu Onishi also used the name in a September 2002 article he wrote for the New York Times 155 156 The term continues to be used in the media to refer to the Nigerian film industry with its definition later assumed to be a portmanteau of the words Nigeria and Hollywood the American major film hub 157 158 159 64 Definition of which films are considered Nollywood has always been a subject of debate Alex Eyengho defined Nollywood as the totality of activities taking place in the Nigerian film industry be it in English Yoruba Hausa Igbo Itsekiri Edo Efik Ijaw Urhobo or any other of the over 300 Nigerian languages He further stated that the historical trajectory of Nollywood started since the pre and post independent Nigeria with the theatrical stage and cinematic celluloid efforts of the likes of Chief Hubert Ogunde Chief Amata Baba Sala Ade Love Eddie Ugbomah and a few others 158 The Influence of the Nigerian movie industry often referred to informally as Nollywood has influence all Africa countries By the end of 2013 the film industry reportedly hit a record breaking revenue of 1 72 trillion US 4 1 billion As of 2014 the industry was worth 853 9 billion US 5 1 billion Making It The Third Most Valuable Film Industry In The World behind the United States and India It contributed about 1 4 to Nigeria s economy this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods 160 161 Economics EditMain article Economics of the arts and literature Discounted DVD home video film releases sold in the Netherlands Profitability of a film studio is crucially dependent on picking the right film projects and involving the right management and creative teams cast direction visual design score photography costume set design editing and many additional specialties but it also depends heavily on choosing the right scale and approach to film promotion control over receipts through technologies such as digital rights management DRM sophisticated accounting practices and management of ancillary revenue streams in the extreme for a major media franchise centered on film the film might itself be only one large component of many large contributions to total franchise revenue The film industry is a brutally competitive winner take all market driven by wildly fluctuating nonlinear processes 162 Box office revenue is highly concentrated in a small number of very successful films and film industry market share is also highly concentrated in the film studios lucky enough to make such films 162 But the market is extremely volatile and it is impossible to predict in advance who will become the market winner at any given moment or how long their domination will last 162 The dominant films and film studios change places dramatically and often 162 Statistics EditLargest industries by number of film productions Edit The following is a list of the top 15 countries by the number of feature films fiction animation and documentary produced according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics unless otherwise noted 3 Rank Country Films Year1 India 2 446 2019 163 2 Nigeria 1 599 2019 citation needed 3 China 874 20174 Japan 689 2019 164 5 United States 660 20176 South Korea 339 20167 France 300 20178 United Kingdom 285 20179 Spain 241 201710 Germany 233 201711 Argentina 220 201512 Mexico 176 2017 165 13 Italy 173 201714 Brazil 160 201715 Turkey 148 2017Largest markets by box office revenue Edit The following countries are the largest box office markets in terms of the gross box office revenue according to the THEME Report 2020 by the MPA Motion Picture Association 166 167 Rank Country Box office revenue billion US Year Box office fromnational films 168 World 21 4 2021 169 1 China 7 4 2021 170 62 2018 171 2 United States amp Canada 4 5 2021 169 88 8 2015 Europe 3 8 2021 172 3 Japan 1 4 2021 173 79 3 2021 164 4 United Kingdom amp Ireland 0 8 2021 174 44 3 2017 5 France 0 7 2021 175 36 2 2017 6 South Korea 0 5 2021 176 52 2 2015 7 India 0 4 2020 167 85 2015 8 Germany 0 4 2020 167 26 3 2017 177 9 Russia amp the CIS 0 3 2020 167 17 4 2015 10 Australia 0 3 2020 167 Largest markets by number of box office admissions Edit The following countries are the largest box office markets in terms of the number of tickets sold in 2019 4 Rank Country Number of admissions millions of tickets Year1 China 1 650 20192 India 1 514 20193 United States 1 170 20194 Mexico 352 20195 South Korea 239 20196 Russia 209 20197 France 205 20198 Japan 194 2019 164 9 Brazil 177 201910 United Kingdom 175 2019See also Edit Film portalList of cinema of the world List of entertainment industry dynasties Independent film Outline of film TelevisionFootnotes Edit MPA 2019 Global Box Office and Home Entertainment Motion Picture Association 2020 Global Movie Production amp Distribution Industry Industry Market Research Report IBISWorld August 2018 Retrieved 22 January 2019 a b UIS Statistics UNESCO Institute for Statistics UNESCO Retrieved 3 May 2019 a b Leading film markets worldwide by number of tickets sold 2021 Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 Retrieved 14 December 2017 MPA 2019 Global Box Office and Home Entertainment Motion Picture Association 2020 Robinson Daniel B 2 April 2018 The trend shift of the modern film industry No April 18 San Fran amp co Lindale Avenue Retrieved 2 April 2018 European Audiovisual Observatory PDF Press release European Audiovisual Observatory Council of Europe Retrieved 11 May 2009 New York Film Academy Los Angeles www nyfa edu Kerrigan Finola 2010 Film Marketing Oxford Butterworth Heinemann p 18 ISBN 9780750686839 Retrieved 4 February 2022 Davis Glyn Dickinson Kay Patti Lisa Villarejo Amy 2015 Film Studies A Global Introduction Abingdon Routledge p 299 ISBN 9781317623380 Retrieved 24 August 2020 Donckels William Disney Raises SoCal Annual Pass Prices 30 to Keep Locals Out Technorati com Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 Retrieved 28 November 2012 Number of total movies in 2014 are taken from http www boxofficemojo com yearly chart yr 2014 Archived 7 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Oscar Statuette Oscars org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 25 July 2014 Retrieved 8 November 2019 a b Alan Riding 28 February 1995 The Birthplace Celebrates Film s Big 1 0 0 The New York Times Archived 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National Science and Media Museum 28 February 2013 Aḵẖtar Javid Kabir Nasreen Munni 2002 Talking Films Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar Oxford University Press p 49 ISBN 9780195664621 JA I write dialogue in Urdu but the action and descriptions are in English Then an assistant transcribes the Urdu dialogue into Devnagari because most people read Hindi But I write in Urdu Not only me I think most of the writers working in this so called Hindi cinema write in Urdu Gulzar or Rajinder Singh Bedi or Inder Raj Anand or Rahi Masoom Raza or Vahajat Mirza who wrote dialogue for films like Mughal e Azam and Gunga Jumna and Mother India So most dialogue writers and most song writers are from the Urdu discipline even today Film World Film World T M Ramachandran 10 65 1974 I feel that the Government should eradicate the age old evil of certifying Urdu films as Hindi ones It is a known fact that Urdu has been willingly accepted and used by the film industry Two eminent Urdu writers 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2022 US films take biggest market share at South Korea box office for the first time in a decade German Box Office 2017 Revenues Rebound to 1 2 Billion The Hollywood Reporter 4 January 2018 Bibliography EditAllen J Scott 2005 On Hollywood The Place The Industry Princeton University Press Robertson Patrick 1988 The Guinness Book of Movie Facts amp Feats London Guinness Publishing Limited Arnab Jan Deka 27 October 1996 Fathers of Indian Cinema Bhatawdekar and Torney Dainik Asam Sanjit Narwekar 1995 Marathi Cinema In Retrospect Maharashtra Film Stage amp Cultural Development Corporation Ltd Firoze Rangoonwalla 1979 A Pictorial History of Indian Cinema The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited Barkin Jordan 25 April 2021 When you enjoy Oscar Night America Wins USA Today External links EditMovie Making Manual wikibook Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Film industry amp oldid 1130091924, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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