Æ (lowercase: æ) is a character formed from the letters a and e, originally a ligature representing the Latin diphthong ae. It has been promoted to the status of a letter in some languages, including Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese. It was also used in Old Swedish before being changed to ä. Today, the International Phonetic Alphabet uses it to represent the near-open front unrounded vowel (the sound represented by the 'a' in the English word cat). Diacritic variants include Ǣ/ǣ, Ǽ/ǽ, Æ̀/æ̀, Æ̂/æ̂ and Æ̃/æ̃.[a]
| Æ | |
|---|---|
| Æ æ | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Typographic ligature |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage | [æ] [ai] [i] [e] |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Other | |
| This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
As a letter of the Old English Latin alphabet, it was called æsc, "ash tree",[1] after the Anglo-Saxon futhorc rune ᚫ which it transliterated; its traditional name in English is still ash, or æsh if the ligature is included.
Languages
Latin
In Classical Latin, the combination AE denotes the diphthong [ae̯], which had a value similar to the long i in fine as pronounced in most dialects of Modern English.[2] Both classical and present practice is to write the letters separately, but the ligature was used in medieval and early modern writings, in part because æ was reduced to the simple vowel [ɛ] during the Roman Empire. In some medieval scripts, the ligature was simplified to ę, an e with ogonek, called the e caudata (Latin for "tailed e"). That was further simplified into a plain e, which may have influenced or been influenced by the pronunciation change. However, the ligature is still relatively common in liturgical books and musical scores.
French
In the modern French alphabet, æ (called a "e-dans-l'a" ("e in the a")) is used to spell Latin and Greek borrowings like curriculum vitæ, et cætera, ex æquo, tænia, and the first name Lætitia. It is mentioned in the name of Serge Gainsbourg's song Elaeudanla Téïtéïa, a reading of the French spelling of the name Lætitia: "L, A, E dans l'A, T, I, T, I, A."[citation needed]
English
In English, usage of the ligature varies between different places and contexts, but it is fairly rare. In modern typography, if technological limitations make the use of æ difficult (such as in use of typewriters, telegraphs, or ASCII), the digraph ae is often used instead.
In the United States, the issue of the ligature is sidestepped in many cases by use of a simplified spelling with "e", as happened with œ as well. Usage, however, may vary; for example, medieval is now more common than mediaeval (and the now old-fashioned mediæval) even in the United Kingdom,[3] but archaeology is preferred over archeology, even in the US.[4]
Given their long history, ligatures are sometimes used to show archaism or in literal quotations of historic sources; for instance, in those contexts, words such as dæmon and æther are often so spelled.
The ligature is seen on gravestones of the 19th century, short for ætate ("at the age (of)"): "Æ xxYs, yyMs, zzDs." It is also common[citation needed] in formal typography (invitations, resolutions, announcements, and some government documents); for example, the Court Circular has continued to use the spelling orthopædic[5][better source needed] well into the 21st century.
In numismatics, "Æ" is used as an abbreviation for "bronze",[6] derived from the Latin aes (aere in the ablative, "from bronze").
In Old English, æ represented a sound between a and e (/æ/), very much like the short a of cat in many dialects of Modern English. If long vowels are distinguished from short vowels, the long version /æː/ is marked with a macron (ǣ) or, less commonly, an acute (ǽ).
Other Germanic languages
In Old Norse, æ represents the long vowel /ɛː/. The short version of the same vowel, /ɛ/, if it is distinguished from /e/, is written as ę.
In most varieties of Faroese, æ is pronounced as follows:
- [ɛa] when simultaneously stressed and occurring either word-finally, before a vowel letter, before a single consonant letter, or before the consonant-letter groups kl, kr, pl, pr, tr, kj, tj, sj, and those consisting of ð and one other consonant letter, except for ðr when pronounced like gr (except as below)
- a rather open [eː] when directly followed by the sound [a], as in ræðast (silent ð) and frægari (silent g)
- [a] in all other cases
One of its etymological origins is Old Norse é (the other is Old Norse æ), which is particularly evident in the dialects of Suðuroy, where Æ is [eː] or [ɛ]:
- æða (eider): Southern [eːa], Northern Faroese [ɛava]
- ætt (family, direction): Southern [ɛtː], Northern Faroese [atː]
In Icelandic, æ represents the diphthong [ai], which can be long or short.
In Danish and Norwegian, æ is a separate letter of the alphabet that represents a monophthong. It follows z and precedes ø and å. In Norwegian, there are four ways of pronouncing the letter:
- /æː/ as in æ (the name of the letter), bær, Solskjær, læring, æra, Ænes, ærlig, tærne, Kværner, Dæhlie, særs, ærfugl, lært, trær ("trees")
- /æ/ as in færre, æsj, nærmere, Færder, Skjærvø, ærverdig, vært, lærd, Bræin (where æi is pronounced as a diphthong /æi/)
- /eː/ as in Sæther, Næser, Sæbø, gælisk, spælsau, bevæpne, sæd, æser, Cæsar, væte, trær ("thread(s)" [verb])
- /e/ as in Sæth, Næss, Brænne, Bækkelund, Vollebæk, væske, trædd
In many northern, western, and southwestern Norwegian dialects and in the western Danish dialects of Thy and Southern Jutland, the word "I" (Norwegian: jeg, Danish: jeg) is pronounced /æː/.[citation needed] Thus, when this word is written as it is pronounced in these dialects (rather than the standard), it is often spelled with the letter "æ".
In western and southern Jutish dialects of Danish, æ is also the proclitic definite article: æ hus (the house), as opposed to Standard Danish and all other Nordic varieties which have enclitic definite articles (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian: huset; Icelandic, Faroese: húsið [the house]).
The equivalent letter in German, Swedish, and Finnish is ä, but it is not located at the same place within the alphabet. In German, it is not a separate letter from "A" but in Swedish, it is the second-to-last letter (between å and ö).
In the normalized spelling of Middle High German, æ represents a long vowel [ɛː]. The actual spelling in the manuscripts varies, however.
Ossetic
Ossetic used the letter æ when it was written using the Latin script from 1923 to 1938. Since then, Ossetian has used a Cyrillic alphabet with an identical-looking letter (Ӕ and ӕ). It is pronounced as a mid-central vowel (schwa).
South American languages
The letter æ is used in the official orthography of Kawésqar spoken in Chile and also in that of the Fuegian language Yaghan.
International Phonetic Alphabet
The symbol [æ] is also used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to denote a near-open front unrounded vowel like in the word cat in many dialects of Modern English, which is the sound that was most likely represented by the Old English letter. In the IPA, it is always in lowercase. U+10783 𐞃 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL AE is a superscript IPA letter[7]
The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) uses four additional æ-related symbols, see Unicode table below.[8]
Cyrillic
The Latin letters are frequently used in place of the Cyrillic Ӕ and ӕ in Cyrillic texts (such as on Ossetian sites on the Internet).
Typing the character
- The HTML entities are
Æandæ - Windows: Alt+0198 or Alt+146 for uppercase, Alt+0230 or Alt+145 for lowercase.
- In the TeX typesetting system, ӕ is produced by
\ae. - Microsoft Word: Ctrl+⇧ Shift+& followed by A or a.
- X: Composeae and ComposeAE can be used.
- In all versions of the Mac OS (Systems 1 through 7, Mac OS 8 and 9, and the current OS X): æ: ⌥ Option+' (apostrophe key), Æ: ⌥ Option+⇧ Shift+'.
- On the iPhone, iPod touch and iPad, as well as phones running Google's Android OS or Windows Mobile OS and on the Kindle Touch and Paperwhite: hold down "A" until a small menu is displayed.
- On US-International keyboards, Æ is accessible with AltGr+z (X sometimes uses AltGr+a.
- The Icelandic keyboard layout has a separate key for Æ (and Ð, Þ and Ö).
- The Norwegian keyboard layout also has a separate key for Æ, rightmost of the letters, to the right of Ø and below Å.
Unicode
- U+00C6 Æ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE
- U+00E6 æ LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
- U+01E2 Ǣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE WITH MACRON
- U+01E3 ǣ LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH MACRON
- U+01FC Ǽ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE WITH ACUTE
- U+01FD ǽ LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH ACUTE
- U+06D5 ە ARABIC LETTER AE
- U+0E41 แ THAI CHARACTER SARA AE
- U+1162 ᅢ HANGUL JUNGSEONG AE
- U+16C5 ᛅ RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-AR AE
- U+17C2 ែ KHMER VOWEL SIGN AE
- U+19B6 ᦶ NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AE
- U+1A1B ᨛ BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN AE
- U+1A6F ᩯ TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AE
- U+1B86 ᮆ SUNDANESE LETTER AE
- U+1D01 ᴁ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL AE (UPA)
- U+1D02 ᴂ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED AE (UPA)
- U+1D2D ᴭ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL AE (UPA)
- U+1D46 ᵆ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED AE (UPA)
- U+1DD4 ᷔ COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
- U+3150 ㅐ HANGUL LETTER AE
- U+318E ㆎ HANGUL LETTER ARAEAE
- U+A4EF ꓯ LISU LETTER AE
- U+A79A Ꞛ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VOLAPUK AE
- U+A79B ꞛ LATIN SMALL LETTER VOLAPUK AE
- U+FFC3 ￃ HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER AE
- U+10783 𐞃 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL AE (IPA)
- U+10B06 𐬆 AVESTAN LETTER AE
- U+10C02 𐰂 OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AE
- U+16F73 𖽳 MIAO VOWEL SIGN AE
- U+1E2AB 𞊫 TOTO LETTER AE
- U+1E2AC 𞊬 TOTO LETTER BREATHY AE
See also
- AE (Cyrillic)
- Ae (digraph)
- Å
- Ä
- Ę
- Ø
- Ö
- Œ
- Near-open front unrounded vowel (represented by æ in the IPA)
- Ə
- Ansuz rune
- List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature
- Anavae
- Aespa
Footnotes
Notes
- ^ More information may be found at their entries on Wiktionary ( ǣ, ᴂ, etc.), and on the appendix page there entitled Variations of ae.
References
- ^ Harrison, James A.; Baskervill, W. M., eds. (1885). "æsc". A Handy Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on Groschopp's Grein. A. S. Barnes. p. 11.
- ^ James Morwood (1999). Latin Grammar, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860199-9, p. 3
- ^ The spelling medieval is given priority in both Oxford and Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Accessed September 22, 2014.
- ^ Merriam-Webster Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Accessed September 22, 2014.
- ^ Online search, February 2021[permanent dead link]
- ^ David Sear. Greek Imperial Coins and Their Values. Spink Books, 1982. ISBN 9781912667352 p. xxxv.
- ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
Further reading
- Robert Bringhurst (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style, page 271. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-205-5