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Dominant-party system

February 16, 2024

A dominant-party system, or one-party dominant system, is a political occurrence in which a single political party continuously dominates election results over running opposition groups or parties.[1] Any ruling party staying in power for more than one consecutive term may be considered a dominant party (also referred to as a predominant or hegemonic party).[2] Some dominant parties were called the natural governing party, given their length of time in power.[3][4][5]

Dominant parties, and their domination of a state, develop out of one-sided electoral and party constellations within a multi-party system (particularly under presidential systems of governance), and as such differ from states under a one-party system, which are intricately organized around a specific party. Sometimes the term "de facto one-party state" is used to describe dominant-party systems which, unlike a one-party system, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power, thus resembling a one-party state. Dominant-party systems differ from the political dynamics of other dominant multi-party constellations such as consociationalism, grand coalitions and two-party systems, which are characterized and sustained by narrow or balanced competition and cooperation.

In political literature, more than 130 dominant party systems between 1950 and 2017 were included in a list by A. A. Ostroverkhov.[6] For example, in the post-Soviet states, researchers classify parties such as United Russia and Amanat (Kazakhstan) as dominant parties on the basis that these parties have long held the majority of seats in parliament (although they do not directly form the government or appoint officials to government positions).[7] In Russian political science literature, such associations are often called "parties of power."

It is believed that a system with a dominant party can be either authoritarian or democratic. However, since there is no consensus in the global political science community on a set of mandatory features of democracy (for example, there is a point of view according to which the absence of alternation of power is, in principle, incompatible with democratic norms),[8] it is difficult to separate the two types of one-party dominance.[9]

Theory edit

Dominant-party systems are commonly based on majority rule for proportional representation or majority boosting in semi-proportional representation. Plurality voting systems can result in large majorities for a party with a lower percentage of the vote than in proportional representation systems due to a fractured opposition (resulting in wasted votes and a lower number of parties entering the legislature) and gerrymandering.

Critics of the "dominant party" theory argue that it views the meaning of democracy as given, and that it assumes that only a particular conception of representative democracy (in which different parties alternate frequently in power) is valid.[10] Raymond Suttner, himself a former leader of the African National Congress (ANC), argues that "the dominant party 'system' is deeply flawed as a mode of analysis and lacks explanatory capacity. But it is also a very conservative approach to politics. Its fundamental political assumptions are restricted to one form of democracy, namely electoral politics, and display hostility towards popular politics. This is manifest in the obsession with the quality of electoral opposition, and its sidelining or ignoring of popular political activity organised in other ways. The assumption in this approach is that other forms of organisation and opposition are of limited importance or a separate matter from the consolidation of their version of democracy."[10]

One of the dangers of dominant parties is "the tendency of dominant parties to conflate party and state and to appoint party officials to senior positions irrespective of their having the required qualities."[10] However, in some countries this is common practice even when there is no dominant party.[10] In contrast to one-party systems, dominant-party systems can occur within a context of a democratic system as well as an authoritarian one. In a one-party system other parties are banned, but in dominant-party systems other political parties are tolerated, and (in democratic dominant-party systems) operate without overt legal impediment, but do not have a realistic chance of winning; the dominant party genuinely wins the votes of the vast majority of voters every time (or, in authoritarian systems, claims to). Under authoritarian dominant-party systems, which may be referred to as "electoralism" or "soft authoritarianism", opposition parties are legally allowed to operate, but are too weak or ineffective to seriously challenge power, perhaps through various forms of corruption, constitutional quirks that intentionally undermine the ability for an effective opposition to thrive, institutional and/or organizational conventions that support the status quo, occasional but not omnipresent political repression, or inherent cultural values averse to change.

In some states opposition parties are subject to varying degrees of official harassment and most often deal with restrictions on free speech (such as press laws), lawsuits against the opposition, and rules or electoral systems (such as gerrymandering of electoral districts) designed to put them at a disadvantage. In some cases outright electoral fraud keeps the opposition from power. On the other hand, some dominant-party systems occur, at least temporarily, in countries that are widely seen, both by their citizens and outside observers, to be textbook examples of democracy. An example of a genuine democratic dominant-party system would be the pre-Emergency India, which was almost universally viewed by all as being a democratic state, even though the only major national party at that time was the Indian National Congress. The reasons why a dominant-party system may form in such a country are often debated: supporters of the dominant party tend to argue that their party is simply doing a good job in government and the opposition continuously proposes unrealistic or unpopular changes, while supporters of the opposition tend to argue that the electoral system disfavors them (for example because it is based on the principle of first past the post), or that the dominant party receives a disproportionate amount of funding from various sources and is therefore able to mount more persuasive campaigns. In states with ethnic issues, one party may be seen as being the party for an ethnicity or race with the party for the majority ethnic, racial or religious group dominating, e.g., the African National Congress in South Africa (governing since the end of apartheid in 1994) has strong support amongst Bantu peoples of South Africa and the Ulster Unionist Party governed Northern Ireland from its creation in 1921 until 1972 with the support of the Protestant majority. Similarly, the Apartheid-era National Party in South Africa had the support of Afrikaners who make up the majority of White South Africans while English-speaking white South Africans tended towards more liberal and reform-oriented parties like the Progressive Federal Party.

Sub-national entities are often dominated by one party due to the area's demographic being on one end of the spectrum or espousing a unique local identity. For example, the current elected government of the District of Columbia has been governed by Democrats since its creation in the 1970s, Bavaria by the Christian Social Union since 1957, Madeira by the Social Democrats since 1976, and Alberta by the Progressive Conservatives from 1971 to 2015. On the other hand, where the dominant party rules nationally on a genuinely democratic basis, the opposition may be strong in one or more subnational areas, possibly even constituting a dominant party locally; an example is South Africa, where although the African National Congress is dominant at the national level, the opposition Democratic Alliance is strong to dominant in the Province of Western Cape.

Methods of dominant-party governments edit

In dominant-party governments, they use institutional channels, rather than repression, to influence the population.[11] Coercive distribution can control citizens and economic elites through land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs.[12] Further, they distribute private goods to the winning coalition (people who are necessary for its reign) in order to stay in power.[13] Giving the winning coalition private goods also prevents civil conflict.[14] They also use the education system to teach and uphold compliance. The recruiting, disciplining, and training of teachers allow for authoritarian governments to control teachers into following their objective: to foster compliance from the youth.[15] Another way that they maintain control is through hosting elections. Even though they would not be fair elections, hosting them allows citizens to feel that they have some control and a political outlet.[16] They can also enhance rule within their own state through international collaboration, by supporting and gaining the support, especially economic support, of other similar governments.[17]

Current dominant-party systems edit

Africa edit

Americas edit

Canada edit

Canada's lower house, the House of Commons of the Parliament of Canada, is a multi-party system. Multiple political parties are represented; however, every federal election since World War II has seen in essence only two federal parties win enough seats to form a government: the Liberal Party, and various iterations of a conservative party including the now defunct Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and the modern Conservative Party, which governed from 2006 to 2015.

With the emergence and strengthening of regional, and other non-traditional parties such as the Bloc Québécois following the Meech Lake Accord and the New Democratic Party, which have both served as the Official Opposition, both the Liberal and Conservative Party have relied on unofficial support from these smaller parties when in minority governments.

The Liberal Party of Canada has nonetheless been dominant in federal politics of Canada since its founding. So much so, that critics and academics alike have sometimes described the Liberal Party as "Canada's natural governing party".[26] As of 2022, the Liberal Party of Canada had governed for 86 of the past 126 years. Canada's 23rd prime minister, Justin Trudeau, is the 13th Liberal to serve as prime minister. The party ruled from 1896 to 1911, from 1921 to 1930 (except a few months), from 1935 to 1957, from 1963 to 1984 (except for a brief period from 1979 to 1980) and from 1993 to 2006. In early 2006, the newly formed Conservative Party of Canada were elected, governing until 2015. After a nearly a decade in opposition, the Liberals returned to power following the 2015 election and were subsequently re-elected as minority governments in the 2019 election and the 2021 election.[27]

At the provincial level, dominant party systems were once common with single party governments holding power for decades in BC, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario. However, at present (2022) only the province of Saskatchewan could be described as having a dominant party system.

  •   Saskatchewan has seen the centre-right Saskatchewan Party win four consecutive elections in 2007, 2011, 2016, and 2020; with a majority government secured for the party in each of them. The Saskatchewan Party won 48 of the 61 seats in the 2020 election. Prior to the emergence of the Saskatchewan Party, the province's politics were dominated by the left-leaning, social democratic Saskatchewan NDP (and its predecessor the CCF), which governed from 1944 to 1964, 1971 to 1982 and 1991 to 2007. The Saskatchewan NDP remains the only opposition party in the Saskatchewan Legislature.

United States edit

Main article: Political parties in the United States

As a whole, the US has a two-party system, with the main parties since the mid-19th century being Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Since then, no other parties have held government at a federal level. From the outbreak of the Civil War till the Great Depression, Republicans dominated government, holding the majority in the House for all but 22 years of the period 1861–1933, and in the Senate for all but 10 years during the same period. However, as result of the Great Depression and the popularity of the New Deal, Democrats won back control of the U.S. government, coming to dominate Congress for much of the 20th century, holding the majority in the House for all but 4 years of the period 1933–1995 (including 40 years in a row starting in 1955), and in the Senate for all but 10 years during the same period.

Unlike at the federal level, some states and cities have been dominated by one party for up to several decades. Some parts of the US have differing party systems and third-party representation. Most notably the two main parties in Puerto Rico (home to 3 million Americans) are the New Progressive Party and the Popular Democratic Party, with 3 minor parties represented after the 2020 election.

Dominant-party systems can also exist on Indian reservations. The Seneca Nation of Indians, a tribe with territory within the bounds of the State of New York, has had the Seneca Party as the dominant party in its political system for several decades.

Congress edit
Main article: United States Congress

For 7 decades from the 1860s until the early 1930s, the United States Congress was dominated by the Republican Party. Their dominance peaked during the 40th Congress (1867–1869), when Republicans held a three-quarters supermajority in both chambers. During this period, Democrats only held a majority in the House of Representatives for a total of 22 years. In the Senate, Democrats held a majority for a total of only 10 years. This was largely due to the enduring popularity of the Republicans in the Northern population centers following the Civil War. The Republican majorities fractured in the 1930s to usher in a new era of Democrat domination. For 62 years from 1933 until 1995, the United States Congress was dominated by the Democratic Party. Their dominance peaked during the 75th Congress (1937–1939), when Democrats held a three-quarters supermajority in both chambers. During this period, Republicans only held a majority in the House of Representatives for a total of 4 years: 1947–49 and 1953–55. In the Senate, Republicans held a majority for a total of 10 years: 1947–49, 1953–55, and 1981–87. This was largely due to the enduring popularity of the New Deal introduced by the Democratic Party during the Great Depression, and supported by the New Deal Coalition – a broad coalition of many different types of voters who all supported the Democratic Party's economic policies. The New Deal Coalition fractured in the mid-1960s and by the mid-1990s the Democrats had lost control of Congress in the "Republican Revolution."

Gerrymandering has also been a feature of politics for the House of Representatives, allowing parties to sometimes retain or gain a majority of seats, even when losing the popular vote nationally.

Following the 2020 elections, Democrats retained their majority in the House, although with reduced seats. After winning two runoff elections in the state of Georgia they got an effective 50/50 tie in the Senate (counting two independents who caucus with the Democrats). This meant the Vice President (Kamala Harris, a Democrat) was allowed to cast a vote as a tie-breaker, in the event of a 50–50 tie.

Presidency edit
Main article: United States presidential election

No party has dominated the Presidency since the end of the First Party System in the 1820s. The Democratic-Republican party controlled the Presidency for the longest period (24 years from 1801 until it splintered during and after the election of 1824), and its presidential candidate faced no organized opposition in 1820. Since then no party has had their candidates control the Presidency for more than 20 years in a row (the Democratic Party from 1933 to 1953), and since 1953 no party has controlled the presidency for more than 12 years in a row (the Republican Party from 1981 to 1993). The longest-serving President was Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt who served three consecutive terms from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt was elected to a fourth term but died two months after the inauguration. In 1951, the U.S. ratified the 22nd Amendment which limits a person to two full terms as president but does not prevent candidates from one party from dominating the presidency by winning consecutive elections.

The US uses an Electoral College system to elect its president, where votes in low population states have more weight. As a result, it's possible to win the presidential election while another candidate wins more votes, nationally. In 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016, a Republican candidate won the election and became president, while a Democrat received more votes.

Southern United States edit
Main articles: Solid South and Southern strategy

Historically, the Southern United States was dominated by the Democratic Party, and in particular sub-factions called the Southern Democrats and Solid South. This began prior to the American Civil War but was especially from the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877 to the election of Republican President Herbert Hoover in 1928, who won five of the eleven former Confederate states. Southern Democrats originally supported the enslavement of African Americans, then after the American Civil War and Reconstruction, supported Jim Crow laws designed to heavily oppress and politically disenfranchise millions of black Americans.[28]

In the 1960s, northern Democrats, including Southern Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson and his predecessor John F. Kennedy, supported the civil rights movement and passage of the Civil Rights Act, which alienated the Southern Democrats. Beginning with the 1964 United States presidential election, the Republican Party developed a southern strategy to slowly gain support among the newly disaffected Southern voters, by appealing to conservative cultural values, such as opposition to abortion.[29] This led to the South eventually becoming dominated overall by the Republican Party, although intrastate politics remained under Democratic control until the 2010 midterm elections, where they lost control of several legislatures under continuous Democratic control since Reconstruction.[30]

Urban-rural divide edit
Main article: Urban–rural political divide

In the 21st century, there is increasingly an urban-rural split where large urban areas tend to be dominated by Democrats and rural areas tend to be dominated by Republicans. This tends to hold true despite the overall leanings of the state or territory. That is, rural areas tend to vote Republican even in otherwise Democrat-dominated states, while urban areas tend to vote Democrat even in Republican-dominated states. This trend is increasing over time, with rural areas growing more heavily Republican, and inner city areas growing more heavily Democratic.[31]

Red and blue states edit
Main article: Red states and blue states

Some states have been dominated by a single party for a long period of time. States which have a long record of being dominated by one party are often called red or blue states, after the colour representing their dominant party (red for Republicans, blue for Democrats). Some states lie in the middle, not being heavily dominated by either party. States where elections are especially close are often termed "purple."

Following the 2022 elections, the Republican Party continues to hold a majority of state legislatures and a majority of governorships.

Dominated by the Democratic Party:

Dominated by the Republican Party:

Asia and Oceania edit

Eurasia edit

Europe edit

Formerly dominant parties edit

North America edit

  •   Canada:
    •   British Columbia: The Social Credit Party held power for all but three years between 1952 and 1991, winning 11 of the 12 elections held during this 39-year period. In 1991 the party was defeated by the centre-left BC NDP and its role as the province's main centre-right vehicle was inherited by the BC Liberals who themselves governed from 2001 to 2017 before also being defeated by the NDP.
    •   Alberta: has been home to two lengthy conservative dynasties, that of the Social Credit Party of Alberta which governed from 1935 to 1971 and the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta which governed from 1971 to 2015. In 2015 the Alberta Tories were defeated by the left-leaning Alberta NDP in a seismic electoral upset. In turn, the province's first (and so far only) NDP government was defeated by the newly formed United Conservative Party of Alberta in 2019.
    •   Saskatchewan: The Saskatchewan New Democratic Party (NDP) and its predecessor the Cooperation Commonwealth Federation (CCF) won 12 out of 16 elections between 1944 and 2007. Today, the Saskatchewan NDP is the province's only opposition party with legislative representation.
    •   Newfoundland and Labrador: The Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador held power from confederation in 1949 until Joey Smallwood's resignation as Premier in 1972 during the hung Parliament created by the 1971 Newfoundland general election.
    •   Nova Scotia: The Nova Scotia Liberal Party, in the province of Nova Scotia, held office in an unbroken period from 1882 to 1925. During the period from 1867 to 1956, the party was in power for 76 of 89 years, most of that time with fewer than 5 opposition members.
    •   Ontario: Ontario's party system was once a dominant party system, with the Liberal Party of Ontario being the only political party to form government from 1871 to 1905; and having won the majority of the seats available in all twelve elections from 1871 to 1902. The turn of the 20th century saw a shift in party dominance from the Liberal Party of Ontario to the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario,[note 5] with the latter winning 22 of the 28 elections held in the 20th century.[39][40] From 1943 to 1985, the Progressive Conservatives won 13 consecutive elections, forming the provincial government for 42 years. Known as the 'Big Blue Machine,' the Progressive Conservative government was known for having Red Tory leanings particularly under Premiers Leslie Frost, John Robarts and Bill Davis. Although the Progressive Conservatives won the most seats in the 1985 election, the party was unable to form government for the first time in 42 years, with the Liberal Party forming a minority government with a confidence and supply arrangement with the Ontario New Democratic Party. The 42 year PC dynasty was followed by a decade of political upheavel in which the Liberals were defeated by the NDP in 1990 which in turn was defeated by the PC Party in 1995.[39]
    •   Quebec: The Union Nationale, in the province of Quebec, held office uninterrupted from 1944 until 1960 with Quiet revolution. And nearly with the Quebec Liberal Party throughout province's political history with start from 1897 to 1935, then a second time in 1985 and 1989, and lastly third time in 2003 to 2018 with a short interruption of 2 years when the Parti Québécois won a minority government from 2012 to 2014.
  •   Mexico:
    • The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and its predecessors Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR) (1929–1938) and Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (PRM) (1938–1946) in Mexico held the presidency from 1929 to 2000. The party governed all states until 1989 and controlled both chambers of congress until 1997. As of 2023, the PRI has continued an uninterrupted hold of the governorship in one state: Coahuila.
    • The Liberal Party, later known as the National Porfirist Party, ruled consistently from 1867 to 1911.
  •   United States:
    • During the "Era of Good Feelings," the Democratic-Republican Party dominated national politics with no effective opposition from the Federalist Party or any third parties, allowing James Monroe to run unopposed in the 1820 presidential election. This dominance continued until the rise of the American Whig Party circa 1830.
    • From 1861 to 1932, the Republican Party controlled the Presidency for all but 16 (4 presidential terms) out of 72 years (18 presidential terms), whilst also dominating Congress with majorities in the Senate for all but 10 out of 72 years, and in the House of Representatives for all but 22 out of 72 years.
    • From 1933 to 1995, the Democratic Party held a majority in both Houses of Congress except 1947 to 1949, 1953 to 1955 which Republicans controlled both Houses of Congress and 1981 to 1987 which Republicans controlled the Senate.
    • New England:
      •   New Hampshire had mostly Republican governors from 1857 to 1997 (140 years) – Republicans held the governorship for all but 15 years (were only twice out of office for more than two consecutive years)
      •   Vermont had only Republican governors from 1855 to 1963 (108 years)
    • Southern United States:
      • Until the 1990s, the South (usually defined as coextensive with the former Confederacy) was known as the "Solid South" due to its states' reliable support of the Democratic Party, which at that time had a strong conservative wing. Several states had an unbroken succession of Democratic governors from half a century to over a century.

Caribbean and Central America edit

South America edit

Europe edit

Asia edit

Africa edit

Oceania edit

  •   Australia: The Liberal Party (generally in a near-permanent Coalition with the National Party) held power federally from 1949 to 1972 and from 1975 to 1983 (31 out of 34 years). After the expiry of the 46th Parliament in 2022, the Liberal-National Coalition held power for 20 out of the 26 years between 1996 and 2022. Overall from 1949 to 2022, the Liberal Party held power for 52 out of 73 years. The longest-serving Prime Minister was Robert Menzies, who served from 1939 to 1941 (2 years) as a member of the United Australia Party, and from 1949 to 1966 (16 years) as leader of the Liberal Party.
    •   Northern Territory: The Country Liberal Party held power from the granting of self-government in 1978 to 2001 (23 years).
    •   New South Wales: The Labor Party held power from 1941 to 1965 (24 years), and from 1976 to 1988 and 1995 to 2011 (28 out of 35 years) – in total 52 out of 70 years from 1941 to 2011.
    •   Queensland: The Labor Party held power from 1915 to 1929 and from 1932 to 1957 (39 out of 42 years). The National Party then held power from 1957 to 1989 (32 years) with and without the Liberal Party. These were facilitated by a Labor-designed malapportionment that favoured rural districts. The National Party under Joh Bjelke-Petersen increased the malapportionment with the Bjelkemander, allowing them to rule alone without the Liberals, and used the police to suppress dissent and opposition from Labor. The National Party dominance was ended by a corruption inquiry, Bjelke-Petersen was forced to resign in disgrace, and police and politicians were charged with crimes. Since 1989, Labor has held government aside from a National Party government (1996 to 1998) and Liberal-National Party government (2012 to 2015) (28 years of Labor government out of 33 years).
    •   South Australia: The Liberal and Country League held power from 1933 to 1965 (32 years). The Labor Party held power from 1970 to 1979, from 1982 to 1993 and from 2002 to 2018 (26 out of 38 years).
    •   Tasmania: The Labor Party held power from 1934 to 1969 and from 1972 to 1982 (45 out of 48 years), from 1989 to 1992, and from 1998 to 2014 (16 years) – in total 64 out of 80 years from 1934 to 2014.
    •   Victoria: The National Citizens' Reform League (1902-1909), the Deakinite Liberal Party (1909-1917) and the Nationalist Party (1917-1924) consecutively held power from 1902 to 1924 (22 years). The Country Party then ruled from 1924 to 1927 (3 years), followed by the Nationalist Party from 1928 to 1929 (1 year) in a coalition. The Country Party and the United Australia Party (later as the Liberal and Country Party) held power with and without a coalition from 1932 to 1945 (13 years) and 1947 to 1952 (5 years). The Liberal Party then held power from 1955 to 1982 (27 years). In total, centre-right governments ruled 71 out of 80 years from 1902 to 1982.
    •   Western Australia: The Liberal Party held power from 1947 to 1983 with two one-term interruptions between 1953 and 1956 and 1971 to 1974 (30 out of 36 years).
    •   Australian Capital Territory: The Labor Party has held power since 2001 (in coalition with the ACT Greens since 2012), previously holding government between 1989 and 1995 (24 years out of 30 years since self-government).
  •   New Zealand: The Liberal Party governed from 1891 to 1912.
  •   Samoa: The Human Rights Protection Party governed from 1982 to 2021.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Presidents in Singapore are not allowed to belong to any party
  2. ^ a b c The predecessors of the ÖVP are the Christian Social Party ruled from 1907 to the renaming 1933 and the Fatherland Front ruled from 1933 to the Anschluss 1938.
  3. ^ a b Formerly its predecessors PSI (before 1924), PCI, PDS and DS.
  4. ^ a b Formerly its predecessor People's Alliance (before 1989).
  5. ^ Prior to 1942, the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario was formally known as the Liberal-Conservative Association of Ontario.
  6. ^ Formerly its predecessors People's Labor Party (with SHP), People's Democracy Party, Democratic People's Party, Thousand Hope Candidates and Labour, Democracy and Freedom Bloc.

References edit

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February 16, 2024
dominant, party, system, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, factual, accuracy, compromised, date, information, please, help, update, this, a. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information January 2015 This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards You can help The talk page may contain suggestions February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message A dominant party system or one party dominant system is a political occurrence in which a single political party continuously dominates election results over running opposition groups or parties 1 Any ruling party staying in power for more than one consecutive term may be considered a dominant party also referred to as a predominant or hegemonic party 2 Some dominant parties were called the natural governing party given their length of time in power 3 4 5 Dominant parties and their domination of a state develop out of one sided electoral and party constellations within a multi party system particularly under presidential systems of governance and as such differ from states under a one party system which are intricately organized around a specific party Sometimes the term de facto one party state is used to describe dominant party systems which unlike a one party system allows at least nominally democratic multiparty elections but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power thus resembling a one party state Dominant party systems differ from the political dynamics of other dominant multi party constellations such as consociationalism grand coalitions and two party systems which are characterized and sustained by narrow or balanced competition and cooperation In political literature more than 130 dominant party systems between 1950 and 2017 were included in a list by A A Ostroverkhov 6 For example in the post Soviet states researchers classify parties such as United Russia and Amanat Kazakhstan as dominant parties on the basis that these parties have long held the majority of seats in parliament although they do not directly form the government or appoint officials to government positions 7 In Russian political science literature such associations are often called parties of power It is believed that a system with a dominant party can be either authoritarian or democratic However since there is no consensus in the global political science community on a set of mandatory features of democracy for example there is a point of view according to which the absence of alternation of power is in principle incompatible with democratic norms 8 it is difficult to separate the two types of one party dominance 9 Contents 1 Theory 2 Methods of dominant party governments 3 Current dominant party systems 3 1 Africa 3 2 Americas 3 2 1 Canada 3 2 2 United States 3 2 2 1 Congress 3 2 2 2 Presidency 3 2 2 3 Southern United States 3 2 2 4 Urban rural divide 3 2 2 5 Red and blue states 3 3 Asia and Oceania 3 4 Eurasia 3 5 Europe 4 Formerly dominant parties 4 1 North America 4 2 Caribbean and Central America 4 3 South America 4 4 Europe 4 5 Asia 4 6 Africa 4 7 Oceania 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesTheory editDominant party systems are commonly based on majority rule for proportional representation or majority boosting in semi proportional representation Plurality voting systems can result in large majorities for a party with a lower percentage of the vote than in proportional representation systems due to a fractured opposition resulting in wasted votes and a lower number of parties entering the legislature and gerrymandering Critics of the dominant party theory argue that it views the meaning of democracy as given and that it assumes that only a particular conception of representative democracy in which different parties alternate frequently in power is valid 10 Raymond Suttner himself a former leader of the African National Congress ANC argues that the dominant party system is deeply flawed as a mode of analysis and lacks explanatory capacity But it is also a very conservative approach to politics Its fundamental political assumptions are restricted to one form of democracy namely electoral politics and display hostility towards popular politics This is manifest in the obsession with the quality of electoral opposition and its sidelining or ignoring of popular political activity organised in other ways The assumption in this approach is that other forms of organisation and opposition are of limited importance or a separate matter from the consolidation of their version of democracy 10 One of the dangers of dominant parties is the tendency of dominant parties to conflate party and state and to appoint party officials to senior positions irrespective of their having the required qualities 10 However in some countries this is common practice even when there is no dominant party 10 In contrast to one party systems dominant party systems can occur within a context of a democratic system as well as an authoritarian one In a one party system other parties are banned but in dominant party systems other political parties are tolerated and in democratic dominant party systems operate without overt legal impediment but do not have a realistic chance of winning the dominant party genuinely wins the votes of the vast majority of voters every time or in authoritarian systems claims to Under authoritarian dominant party systems which may be referred to as electoralism or soft authoritarianism opposition parties are legally allowed to operate but are too weak or ineffective to seriously challenge power perhaps through various forms of corruption constitutional quirks that intentionally undermine the ability for an effective opposition to thrive institutional and or organizational conventions that support the status quo occasional but not omnipresent political repression or inherent cultural values averse to change In some states opposition parties are subject to varying degrees of official harassment and most often deal with restrictions on free speech such as press laws lawsuits against the opposition and rules or electoral systems such as gerrymandering of electoral districts designed to put them at a disadvantage In some cases outright electoral fraud keeps the opposition from power On the other hand some dominant party systems occur at least temporarily in countries that are widely seen both by their citizens and outside observers to be textbook examples of democracy An example of a genuine democratic dominant party system would be the pre Emergency India which was almost universally viewed by all as being a democratic state even though the only major national party at that time was the Indian National Congress The reasons why a dominant party system may form in such a country are often debated supporters of the dominant party tend to argue that their party is simply doing a good job in government and the opposition continuously proposes unrealistic or unpopular changes while supporters of the opposition tend to argue that the electoral system disfavors them for example because it is based on the principle of first past the post or that the dominant party receives a disproportionate amount of funding from various sources and is therefore able to mount more persuasive campaigns In states with ethnic issues one party may be seen as being the party for an ethnicity or race with the party for the majority ethnic racial or religious group dominating e g the African National Congress in South Africa governing since the end of apartheid in 1994 has strong support amongst Bantu peoples of South Africa and the Ulster Unionist Party governed Northern Ireland from its creation in 1921 until 1972 with the support of the Protestant majority Similarly the Apartheid era National Party in South Africa had the support of Afrikaners who make up the majority of White South Africans while English speaking white South Africans tended towards more liberal and reform oriented parties like the Progressive Federal Party Sub national entities are often dominated by one party due to the area s demographic being on one end of the spectrum or espousing a unique local identity For example the current elected government of the District of Columbia has been governed by Democrats since its creation in the 1970s Bavaria by the Christian Social Union since 1957 Madeira by the Social Democrats since 1976 and Alberta by the Progressive Conservatives from 1971 to 2015 On the other hand where the dominant party rules nationally on a genuinely democratic basis the opposition may be strong in one or more subnational areas possibly even constituting a dominant party locally an example is South Africa where although the African National Congress is dominant at the national level the opposition Democratic Alliance is strong to dominant in the Province of Western Cape Methods of dominant party governments editIn dominant party governments they use institutional channels rather than repression to influence the population 11 Coercive distribution can control citizens and economic elites through land reform poverty alleviation public health housing education and employment programs 12 Further they distribute private goods to the winning coalition people who are necessary for its reign in order to stay in power 13 Giving the winning coalition private goods also prevents civil conflict 14 They also use the education system to teach and uphold compliance The recruiting disciplining and training of teachers allow for authoritarian governments to control teachers into following their objective to foster compliance from the youth 15 Another way that they maintain control is through hosting elections Even though they would not be fair elections hosting them allows citizens to feel that they have some control and a political outlet 16 They can also enhance rule within their own state through international collaboration by supporting and gaining the support especially economic support of other similar governments 17 Current dominant party systems editAfrica edit nbsp Angola Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola Movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola MPLA 18 19 In power since independence November 11 1975 sole legal party 1975 92 Formerly led by President Jose Eduardo dos Santos in office from September 10 1979 to August 28 2017 and now led by Joao Lourenco Presidential election 1992 dos Santos MPLA PT won 49 6 of the vote As this was not an absolute majority a runoff against Jonas Savimbi 40 1 was required but did not take place Dos Santos remained in office without democratic legitimacy New constitution 2010 popular election of president abolished in favour of a rule that the top candidate of the most voted party in parliamentary elections becomes president Parliamentary election 2017 MPLA 61 11 and 150 of 220 seats nbsp Botswana Botswana Democratic Party BDP 20 Led by President Mokgweetsi Masisi in office since April 1 2018 In power since independence in 1966 21 first elected March 3 1965 Parliamentary election 2019 BDP 52 65 and 38 of 57 seats Local election 2019 BDP 332 of 489 seats nbsp Burundi National Council for the Defense of Democracy Forces for the Defense of Democracy CNDD FDD In power since 2005 Led by President Evariste Ndayishimiye in office since June 18 2020 Presidential election 2020 CNDD FDD 71 45 nbsp Cameroon citation needed Cameroon People s Democratic Movement Rassemblement Democratique et Populaire du Cameroun RDPC Led by President Paul Biya in office since November 6 1982 In power under various names since independence January 1 1960 Sole legal party 1966 1990 Presidential election 2018 Paul Biya RDPC 71 28 Parliamentary election 2020 RDPC 139 of 180 seats nbsp Republic of the Congo citation needed Congolese Party of Labour Parti Congolais du Travail PCT Led by President Denis Sassou Nguesso in office from February 8 1979 to August 31 1992 and since October 15 1997 In power under various names from 1969 to 1992 and since 1997 Sole legal party 1963 1990 Parliamentary election 2017 PCT 90 of 139 seats Presidential election 2016 Denis Sassou Nguesso PCT 60 19 nbsp Djibouti citation needed People s Rally for Progress Rassemblement Populaire pour de Progres RPP Led by President Ismail Omar Guelleh in office since May 8 1999 In power since its formation in 1979 Sole legal party 1979 1992 Parliamentary election 2018 RPP in coalition 87 83 and 57 of 65 seats Presidential election 2016 Ismail Omar Guelleh RPP 87 07 nbsp Equatorial Guinea citation needed Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea Partido Democratico de Guinea Ecuatorial PDGE Led by President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo in office since August 3 1979 In power since its formation in 1987 Sole legal party 1987 1991 Senate election 2017 PDGE 92 00 55 of 70 seats Includes 15 unelected representatives appointed by the president Chamber of People s Representatives election 2017 PDGE 92 00 99 of 100 seats Presidential election 2016 Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo PDGE 93 53 nbsp Ethiopia citation needed Prosperity Party previously Ethiopian People s Revolutionary Democratic Front EPRDF Led by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in office since April 2 2018 In power since May 28 1991 party reorganization 2019 Parliamentary election 2015 500 of 547 seats 546 of 547 seats including allies Regional election 2015 Regional partners 1987 of 1990 seats nbsp Mozambique citation needed Mozambican Liberation Front FRELIMO Led by President Filipe Nyusi in office since January 15 2015 In power since independence June 25 1975 Sole legal party 1975 1990 Presidential election 2019 Filipe Nyusi FRELIMO 73 46 Parliamentary election 2019 FRELIMO 71 28 and 184 of 250 seats nbsp Namibia citation needed South West Africa People s Organisation SWAPO Led by President Hage Geingob in office since March 21 2015 In power since independence March 21 1990 Presidential election 2019 Hage Geingob SWAPO 56 3 Parliamentary election 2019 SWAPO 63 of 96 seats Local elections 2015 SWAPO 112 of 121 seats Regional elections 2015 SWAPO 277 of 378 seats nbsp Nigeria All Progressives Congress Alliance for Democracy has won every election in Lagos State since the end of military rule in Nigeria in 1999 nbsp Rwanda citation needed Rwandan Patriotic Front RPF Led by President Paul Kagame in office since March 24 2000 In power since July 19 1994 Presidential election 2017 Paul Kagame RPF 98 79 Parliamentary election 2018 RPF 73 95 and 40 of 80 seats nbsp South Africa citation needed African National Congress ANC Led by President Cyril Ramaphosa in office since February 15 2018 In power since May 10 1994 Parliamentary election 2019 ANC 57 50 and 230 of 400 seats Municipal elections 2021 ANC 47 52 nbsp South Sudan citation needed Sudan People s Liberation Movement SPLM Led by President Salva Kiir Mayardit in office since July 9 2011 and was President of Southern Sudan since July 30 2005 In power since independence July 9 2011 and in the autonomous Government of Southern Sudan since formation July 9 2005 Presidential election 2010 Salva Kiir Mayardit SPLM 92 99 Parliamentary election 2010 SPLM 160 of 170 seats nbsp Tanzania 22 Chama Cha Mapinduzi CCM Led by President Samia Suluhu Hassan in office since March 19 2021 In power under various names since independence December 9 1961 Sole legal party 1964 1992 Civic election 2014 CCM 74 50 Presidential election 2015 John Magufuli CCM 58 46 Parliamentary election 2015 CCM 252 of 367 seats nbsp Togo citation needed Union for the Republic UNIR Led by President Faure Gnassingbe in office since February 5 2005 In power since its formation in 2012 Presidential election 2020 Faure Gnassingbe UNIR 70 78 Parliamentary election 2018 UNIR 59 of 91 seats nbsp Uganda National Resistance Movement NRM Led by President Yoweri Museveni in office since January 29 1986 In power as de facto dominant party since January 29 1986 as a non party Movement Became de jure dominant party with the return of multi party elections on July 28 2005 Presidential election 2016 Yoweri Museveni NRM 60 62 Parliamentary election 2016 NRM 293 of 426 seats nbsp Western Sahara The Polisario Front is the only political party represented in the government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic headquartered in neighbouring Algeria Legislative election 2012 53 of 53 Seats Other parties are permitted in the Sahrawi constitution but currently none exist effectively making the SADR a one party state The United Nations has designated the Polisario Front to be the sole legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people 23 nbsp Zimbabwe citation needed Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front ZANU PF Formerly led by President Robert Mugabe in office from April 18 1980 to November 21 2017 as president since December 31 1987 and now led by Emmerson Mnangagwa since November 24 2017 In power since independence April 17 1980 Presidential election 2018 Emmerson Mnangagwa ZANU PF 50 8 House of Assembly election 2018 ZANU PF 179 of 270 elective seats Senate election 2018 ZANU PF 43 8 and won 34 of 80 elective seatsAmericas edit nbsp Antigua amp Barbuda The Barbuda People s Movement has ruled the island of Barbuda since 1979 and has won every election for the island s seat in the national House of Representatives except for the 2004 and 2009 elections nbsp Barbados The Barbados Labour Party holds an absolute majority in the House of Assembly since 2018 2022 Barbadian general election Mia Mottley 69 03 won all 30 Assembly seats nbsp Bolivia Movement Toward Socialism MAS from 2006 to 2019 and came back to power in 2020 2020 Bolivian general election Luis Arce 55 10 won 75 chamber seats and 21 senate seats nbsp Brazil nbsp Sao Paulo has been dominated by the Brazilian Social Democracy Party since 1994 until election of Tarcisio de Freitas in 2022 nbsp Bahia the Workers Party has won every gubernatorial election since 2006 nbsp Costa Rica nbsp San Jose Johnny Araya is the Mayor of San Jose since 1998 and is a member of the National Liberation Party Araya only resign his office for a short period of time to be presidential candidate in the 2014 Costa Rican general election and was reelected back to mayor in the following 2016 San Jose mayoral election although using a local party as he was temporarily banned from PLN he returned to PLN soon after the election nbsp Curridabat 21st Century Curridabat has elected all Curridabat mayors since direct mayor elections exist in Costa Rica in 2002 nbsp Dominica Dominica Labour Party Led by Roosevelt Skerrit and Charles Savarin In power since 2000 2019 Dominican general election 58 95 and won 18 of 21 seats nbsp Mexico The National Action Party PAN has dominated politics in the state of Guanajuato since 1991 24 winning every gubernatorial election since 1995 25 nbsp Nicaragua FSLN Led by Daniel Ortega Presidency since 2007 and 1979 1990 mayor of every major city including Managua majorities in most departments Local elections 2012 75 7 and 127 of 153 seats General election 2016 Daniel Ortega 72 5 National election 2016 66 8 Constituency election 2016 65 7 Central American Parliament 2016 68 6 nbsp Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Unity Labor Party Led by Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves In power since 2001 2020 Vincentian general election 49 6 lost popular vote and won 9 of 15 seats nbsp Venezuela United Socialist Party of Venezuela led Great Patriotic Pole In power since 1999 led by Hugo Chavez then Nicolas Maduro 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election won 538 of 545 seats 2017 Venezuelan regional elections 52 7 2017 Venezuelan municipal elections GPP 71 31 and won 306 of 365 seats 2018 Venezuelan presidential election Nicolas Maduro 67 8 2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election GPP claimed 70 of the seats As of 2021 legislative judiciary and executive are de facto controlled by Maduro s partyCanada edit Canada s lower house the House of Commons of the Parliament of Canada is a multi party system Multiple political parties are represented however every federal election since World War II has seen in essence only two federal parties win enough seats to form a government the Liberal Party and various iterations of a conservative party including the now defunct Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and the modern Conservative Party which governed from 2006 to 2015 With the emergence and strengthening of regional and other non traditional parties such as the Bloc Quebecois following the Meech Lake Accord and the New Democratic Party which have both served as the Official Opposition both the Liberal and Conservative Party have relied on unofficial support from these smaller parties when in minority governments The Liberal Party of Canada has nonetheless been dominant in federal politics of Canada since its founding So much so that critics and academics alike have sometimes described the Liberal Party as Canada s natural governing party 26 As of 2022 update the Liberal Party of Canada had governed for 86 of the past 126 years Canada s 23rd prime minister Justin Trudeau is the 13th Liberal to serve as prime minister The party ruled from 1896 to 1911 from 1921 to 1930 except a few months from 1935 to 1957 from 1963 to 1984 except for a brief period from 1979 to 1980 and from 1993 to 2006 In early 2006 the newly formed Conservative Party of Canada were elected governing until 2015 After a nearly a decade in opposition the Liberals returned to power following the 2015 election and were subsequently re elected as minority governments in the 2019 election and the 2021 election 27 At the provincial level dominant party systems were once common with single party governments holding power for decades in BC Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba and Ontario However at present 2022 only the province of Saskatchewan could be described as having a dominant party system nbsp Saskatchewan has seen the centre right Saskatchewan Party win four consecutive elections in 2007 2011 2016 and 2020 with a majority government secured for the party in each of them The Saskatchewan Party won 48 of the 61 seats in the 2020 election Prior to the emergence of the Saskatchewan Party the province s politics were dominated by the left leaning social democratic Saskatchewan NDP and its predecessor the CCF which governed from 1944 to 1964 1971 to 1982 and 1991 to 2007 The Saskatchewan NDP remains the only opposition party in the Saskatchewan Legislature United States edit Main article Political parties in the United States As a whole the US has a two party system with the main parties since the mid 19th century being Democratic Party and the Republican Party Since then no other parties have held government at a federal level From the outbreak of the Civil War till the Great Depression Republicans dominated government holding the majority in the House for all but 22 years of the period 1861 1933 and in the Senate for all but 10 years during the same period However as result of the Great Depression and the popularity of the New Deal Democrats won back control of the U S government coming to dominate Congress for much of the 20th century holding the majority in the House for all but 4 years of the period 1933 1995 including 40 years in a row starting in 1955 and in the Senate for all but 10 years during the same period Unlike at the federal level some states and cities have been dominated by one party for up to several decades Some parts of the US have differing party systems and third party representation Most notably the two main parties in Puerto Rico home to 3 million Americans are the New Progressive Party and the Popular Democratic Party with 3 minor parties represented after the 2020 election Dominant party systems can also exist on Indian reservations The Seneca Nation of Indians a tribe with territory within the bounds of the State of New York has had the Seneca Party as the dominant party in its political system for several decades Congress edit Main article United States Congress For 7 decades from the 1860s until the early 1930s the United States Congress was dominated by the Republican Party Their dominance peaked during the 40th Congress 1867 1869 when Republicans held a three quarters supermajority in both chambers During this period Democrats only held a majority in the House of Representatives for a total of 22 years In the Senate Democrats held a majority for a total of only 10 years This was largely due to the enduring popularity of the Republicans in the Northern population centers following the Civil War The Republican majorities fractured in the 1930s to usher in a new era of Democrat domination For 62 years from 1933 until 1995 the United States Congress was dominated by the Democratic Party Their dominance peaked during the 75th Congress 1937 1939 when Democrats held a three quarters supermajority in both chambers During this period Republicans only held a majority in the House of Representatives for a total of 4 years 1947 49 and 1953 55 In the Senate Republicans held a majority for a total of 10 years 1947 49 1953 55 and 1981 87 This was largely due to the enduring popularity of the New Deal introduced by the Democratic Party during the Great Depression and supported by the New Deal Coalition a broad coalition of many different types of voters who all supported the Democratic Party s economic policies The New Deal Coalition fractured in the mid 1960s and by the mid 1990s the Democrats had lost control of Congress in the Republican Revolution Gerrymandering has also been a feature of politics for the House of Representatives allowing parties to sometimes retain or gain a majority of seats even when losing the popular vote nationally Following the 2020 elections Democrats retained their majority in the House although with reduced seats After winning two runoff elections in the state of Georgia they got an effective 50 50 tie in the Senate counting two independents who caucus with the Democrats This meant the Vice President Kamala Harris a Democrat was allowed to cast a vote as a tie breaker in the event of a 50 50 tie Presidency edit Main article United States presidential election No party has dominated the Presidency since the end of the First Party System in the 1820s The Democratic Republican party controlled the Presidency for the longest period 24 years from 1801 until it splintered during and after the election of 1824 and its presidential candidate faced no organized opposition in 1820 Since then no party has had their candidates control the Presidency for more than 20 years in a row the Democratic Party from 1933 to 1953 and since 1953 no party has controlled the presidency for more than 12 years in a row the Republican Party from 1981 to 1993 The longest serving President was Democrat Franklin D Roosevelt who served three consecutive terms from 1933 to 1945 Roosevelt was elected to a fourth term but died two months after the inauguration In 1951 the U S ratified the 22nd Amendment which limits a person to two full terms as president but does not prevent candidates from one party from dominating the presidency by winning consecutive elections The US uses an Electoral College system to elect its president where votes in low population states have more weight As a result it s possible to win the presidential election while another candidate wins more votes nationally In 1876 1888 2000 and 2016 a Republican candidate won the election and became president while a Democrat received more votes Southern United States edit Main articles Solid South and Southern strategy Historically the Southern United States was dominated by the Democratic Party and in particular sub factions called the Southern Democrats and Solid South This began prior to the American Civil War but was especially from the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877 to the election of Republican President Herbert Hoover in 1928 who won five of the eleven former Confederate states Southern Democrats originally supported the enslavement of African Americans then after the American Civil War and Reconstruction supported Jim Crow laws designed to heavily oppress and politically disenfranchise millions of black Americans 28 In the 1960s northern Democrats including Southern Democratic President Lyndon B Johnson and his predecessor John F Kennedy supported the civil rights movement and passage of the Civil Rights Act which alienated the Southern Democrats Beginning with the 1964 United States presidential election the Republican Party developed a southern strategy to slowly gain support among the newly disaffected Southern voters by appealing to conservative cultural values such as opposition to abortion 29 This led to the South eventually becoming dominated overall by the Republican Party although intrastate politics remained under Democratic control until the 2010 midterm elections where they lost control of several legislatures under continuous Democratic control since Reconstruction 30 Urban rural divide edit Main article Urban rural political divide In the 21st century there is increasingly an urban rural split where large urban areas tend to be dominated by Democrats and rural areas tend to be dominated by Republicans This tends to hold true despite the overall leanings of the state or territory That is rural areas tend to vote Republican even in otherwise Democrat dominated states while urban areas tend to vote Democrat even in Republican dominated states This trend is increasing over time with rural areas growing more heavily Republican and inner city areas growing more heavily Democratic 31 Red and blue states edit Main article Red states and blue states Some states have been dominated by a single party for a long period of time States which have a long record of being dominated by one party are often called red or blue states after the colour representing their dominant party red for Republicans blue for Democrats Some states lie in the middle not being heavily dominated by either party States where elections are especially close are often termed purple Following the 2022 elections the Republican Party continues to hold a majority of state legislatures and a majority of governorships Dominated by the Democratic Party nbsp California had Republican governors as late as 2011 except 1975 1983 and 1999 2003 but has voted for Democrats in national races and has a legislature dominated by the Democrats since the 1990s Due to the top two primary election many statewide and local races are contested by two members of the Democratic Party in the general election United States presidential election 2020 Joe Biden Democratic 63 48 and won 55 electoral votes United States Senate election 2022 Democrats 60 89 State Assembly election 2022 Democrats 60 86 and won 62 out of 80 seats United States House of Representatives elections Democrats 63 28 and won 40 of 53 seats nbsp District of Columbia has been continuously governed by Democrats since the Home Rule Act of 1973 was passed In presidential elections in DC the lowest share of the vote a Democratic candidate has ever gotten is 74 9 Jimmy Carter in 1980 nbsp Hawaii has been dominated by Democrats since the Democratic Revolution of 1954 Beforehand the then Territory of Hawaii was dominated by Republicans and a sugar oligarchy nbsp Maryland has elected a Republican governor as recently as 2018 but has voted for Democrats in federal elections since 1992 with large margins and has a legislature dominated by Democrats since the 1920s nbsp New York has an overwhelmingly Democratic population Democrats have controlled all statewide offices since 2006 not counting the governor a Republican was last elected statewide in 2002 nbsp Oregon while once a heavily Republican state has had only one Republican governor since 1975 has voted Democrat in every presidential election since 1988 and had no Republican statewide elected officials from 2002 until the election of Dennis Richardson as Oregon Secretary of State in 2016 Dominated by the Republican Party nbsp Texas dominated by Republicans since the mid 1990s albeit with increasingly narrow margins federally After being a part of the Solid South for most of its existence Texas started voting Republican leaning in Presidential elections since the 1972 election The down ballot effect of this wasn t felt until the 1990s and early 2000s when Republicans won control over every legislative body the Governor s office and the Texan congressional delegations Considered a Republican stronghold and is often considered as the Republican equivalent of California nbsp Alabama dominated by Republicans since the mid 1990s nbsp Idaho has been dominated by Republicans for most of its existence with no Democratic governors since 1994 and only two years in which the State Senate was tied evenly since 1960 nbsp Mississippi dominated by Republicans since the mid 1990s nbsp South Carolina dominated by Republicans since the mid 1990s nbsp South Dakota has been dominated by Republicans for most of its existence aside from a few Democratic and Populist governments and coalitions with Republicans with only three elected high officials and two years of State Senate dominance since 1979 nbsp Utah has been dominated by Republicans for most of its existence except for Democratic dominance during the Fifth Party System and between 1917 and 1920 the 1890s and between 1959 and 1984 nbsp Wyoming has been controlled by Republicans for most of its existence with only four years where a house of the legislature has been Democratic since 1939 and mostly Republican governors during that period Asia and Oceania edit nbsp Bangladesh Awami League AL Led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in office since 6 January 2009 In power since 2008 2018 Bangladeshi general election 81 93 and 259 of 300 seats nbsp Cambodia Cambodian People s Party CPP Led by Prime Minister Hun Sen in office since 14 January 1985 In power since 1993 sole legal party 1979 1992 2022 Cambodian communal elections 99 46 and 11 510 of 11 572 councillors 2018 Cambodian Senate election 95 95 and 58 of 58 seats 2023 Cambodian general election 82 30 and 120 of 125 seats nbsp India Gujarat Since 1998 the Bharatiya Janata Party has consecutively ruled the state legislature of Gujarat Odisha Since 2000 the Biju Janata Dal has dominated the state legislature of Odisha without interruption nbsp Indonesia nbsp Central Java Dominated by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle since 2003 nbsp Depok City Led by Prosperous Justice Party politicians since 2005 nbsp West Sumatra The Prosperous Justice Party won every gubernatorial elections in 2010 2015 and 2020 nbsp Malaysia nbsp Kelantan Led by Parti Islam Se Malaysia PAS under various coalitions Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah Barisan Alternatif Pakatan Rakyat Gagasan Sejahtera Perikatan Nasional since 1990 PAS also lead the state government as a single party from 1955 to 1973 and as a component party of Barisan Nasional from 1973 to 1978 when they were expelled from BN in the aftermath of the 1977 Kelantan Emergency 32 nbsp Pahang Led by Barisan Nasional and its predecessor Perikatan since 1955 Currently lead a coalition government with Pakatan Harapan after the 2022 Pahang state election nbsp Penang Led by Pakatan Harapan and its predecessor Pakatan Rakyat since 2008 Currently led a government coalition with Barisan Nasional after the 2023 state election nbsp Sarawak Led by Gabungan Parti Sarawak and its predecessors BN Sarawak Sarawak Alliance since independence 1963 nbsp Selangor Led by Pakatan Harapan and its predecessor Pakatan Rakyat since 2008 Currently lead a government coalition with Barisan Nasional after the 2023 state election nbsp Negeri Sembilan Led by Pakatan Harapan since 2018 Currently lead a government coalition with Barisan Nasional after the 2023 state election nbsp Terengganu Led by Parti Islam Se Malaysia PAS under various coalitions Gagasan Sejahtera Perikatan Nasional since 2018 PAS also lead the state government as a single party from 1959 to 1961 and as a component party of Barisan Alternatif from 1999 to 2004 nbsp Japan Liberal Democratic Party LDP Led by Prime Minister Fumio Kishida in office since 4 October 2021 In power 1955 1993 1994 2009 and since 2012 governed in coalition with Komeito since 1999 Was also briefly out of power in 1993 due to an oppositional coalition Parliamentary election 2021 Lower house LDP 262 Governing coalition 294 of 465 seats nbsp Palestinian National Authority West Bank Government Fatah Led by President Mahmoud Abbas in office since 15 January 2005 as Chairman of the PLO since 26 October 2004 In power since 1994 2005 Palestinian presidential election Mahmoud Abbas 62 52 Gaza Strip Government Hamas Led by Chairman of the Political Bureau Ismail Haniyeh in office since 6 May 2017 as Prime Minister from 29 March 2006 to 2 June 2014 In power since 2007 2006 Palestinian legislative election 74 of 132 seats and 44 45 nbsp Singapore People s Action Party PAP Led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in office since 12 August 2004 In power since 5 June 1959 33 Parliamentary election 2020 PAP won 61 2 of the popular vote and 83 out of 93 seats Presidential election 2023 Former PAP member Tharman Shanmugaratnam won 70 4 of the vote note 1 nbsp Syria National Progressive Front NPF a coalition of 10 parties led by the Arab Socialist Ba ath Party Syria Region Baath Party Led by President Bashar al Assad in office since 17 July 2000 In power since 8 March 1963 Presidential election 2021 Bashar al Assad 95 1 Parliamentary election 2020 Baath Party won 167 of 250 seats National Progressive Front 183 of 250 nbsp Tajikistan citation needed People s Democratic Party of Tajikistan is headed by President Emomalii Rahmon In power since 1994 Presidential election in 2013 won by Emomali Rahmon 83 92 Since the Parliamentary election in 2020 holds 47 seats in Assembly of Representatives nbsp Turkmenistan citation needed Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is headed by Kasymguly Babaev since August 18 2013 Presidential election in 2017 won by Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow 97 69 Parliamentary election 2018 55 of 125 seats in the Assembly of Turkmenistan In power since independence in 1990 Sole legal party until 2012Eurasia edit nbsp Azerbaijan New Azerbaijan Party YAP has been in power essentially continuously since 1993 Parliamentary election 2020 72 of 125 seats Presidential election 2018 Ilham Aliyev 86 02 nbsp Georgia 34 35 Georgian Dream GD has been in power with an overall majority in Parliament since 2012 Parliamentary election 2020 48 22 and 90 of 150 seats Presidential election 2018 Salome Zourabichvili 59 5 endorsed by GD GD amended the constitution to abolish popular vote for the presidency by 2024 36 Municipality mayors 64 of 65 nbsp Kazakhstan citation needed Amanat Parliamentary election in 2016 82 20 and 84 of 107 seats in the Majilis Presidential election in 2022 Kassym Jomart Tokayev 81 31 nbsp Russia United Russia Led by Dmitry Medvedev President 2008 2012 Prime Minister 2012 2020 In power since 2003 Presidential election 2018 Vladimir Putin 76 7 endorsed by United Russia and several other parties but ran as an independent Parliamentary election 2021 49 82 and 324 of 450 seats Governors 60 of 85 nbsp South Ossetia United Ossetia Led by Anatoliy Bibilov In power since 2014 a continuation of the governing 2001 2014 Unity Party now defunct Parliamentary election 2014 44 84 and 20 of 34 seats Presidential election 2017 Anatoliy Bibilov 54 80 nbsp Turkey Justice and Development Party Led by Recep Tayyip Erdogan President 2014 present Prime Minister 2003 2014 In power since 2002 Presidential election 2023 Recep Tayyip Erdogan 52 18 Parliamentary election 2023 35 61 and 268 of 600 seatsEurope edit nbsp Austria nbsp Lower Austria Austrian People s Party Led by Johanna Mikl Leitner Governor since 2017 In power since 1945 note 2 State election 2023 VPNO 39 93 and won 23 of 56 seats European Parliament election 2019 OVP 40 1 2019 Austrian legislative election OVP 42 3 nbsp Tyrol Austrian People s Party Led by Anton Mattle Governor since 2022 In power since 1945 State election 2022 TVP 34 71 and won 14 of 36 seats European Parliament election 2019 OVP 42 6 2019 Austrian legislative election OVP 45 8 nbsp Vienna Social Democratic Party of Austria Led by Michael Ludwig Mayor since 2018 In power since 1945 State election 2020 SPO 41 62 and won 46 of 100 seats 2019 Austrian legislative election SPO 27 1 European Parliament election 2019 SPO 30 3 nbsp Vorarlberg Austrian People s Party Led by Markus Wallner Governor since 2011 In power since 1945 State election 2019 VVP 43 53 and won 17 of 36 seats European Parliament election 2019 OVP 34 6 2019 Austrian legislative election OVP 36 6 nbsp Upper Austria Austrian People s Party Led by Thomas Stelzer Governor since 2017 In power since 1945 State election 2021 OOVP 37 61 and won 22 of 56 seats 2019 Austrian legislative election OVP 36 8 European Parliament election 2019 OVP 35 1 nbsp Estonia The Estonian Reform Party has won the last five parliamentary elections in Estonia since 2007 They have held the prime minister s position from 2002 to 2003 from 2005 to 2016 and from 2021 onwards In power since 1999 with a hiatus from 2016 to 2021 Estonian Reform Party has won all national and local elections in Tartu the second biggest city since 1995 Holding mayor s position since 1996 Estonian Centre Party has held the mayorship in Tallinn since 2005 having won a majority of the city council seats there four consecutive times In 2021 they received 38 out of 79 seats and formed a coalition nbsp Germany nbsp Bavaria Christian Social Union in Bavaria CSU Led by Markus Soder Minister President since 2018 In power since 1946 with a sole hiatus from 1954 to 1957 From 1966 to 2003 and 2013 to 2018 CSU ruled with an absolute majority Its share of votes peaked in 1974 at 62 From 2003 to 2008 CSU held a two thirds supermajority in the Bavarian Landtag Since the 2010s the CSU s dominance has somewhat eroded 31 7 in the 2021 German federal election 37 2 in the 2018 Bavarian state election but it is still considered impossible to form a government led by another party in Bavaria nbsp Saxony Christian Democratic Union CDU 37 In power since the establishment of the state in 1990 CDU ruled with an absolute majority until 2004 and even a two thirds supermajority in the Landtag from 1994 to 2004 Its popularity peaked at 56 9 in the 1999 election In the 2010s CDU s dominance eroded significantly In the 2017 German federal election Saxony s CDU came in second place for the first time in the history of the state reaching 26 9 behind the far right Alternative fur Deutschland Due to the irreconcilability of left wing and right wing opposition parties it is still considered impossible to form a state government led by another party than CDU nbsp Hungary Fidesz KDNP In power since 2010 won in the European Parliament election 2009 14 of 22 of seats for Hungary Led by Viktor Orban Prime Minister since 2010 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election 54 13 and qualified majority 135 of 199 seats European Parliament election 2019 52 56 and 13 of 21 of seats for Hungary nbsp Italy nbsp Emilia Romagna Democratic Party note 3 In power since 2007 Regional election 2020 PD 34 7 and 23 of 50 seats European Parliament election 2019 PD 31 2 Chamber of Deputies 2022 PD 28 1 nbsp Lombardy Centre right coalition In power since 1994 Came in second place in Lombardy to the Democratic Party in the European Parliament election 2014 FI LN FdI 34 3 Regional election 2018 CDX 51 23 and won 49 of 80 seats Presidential election 2018 Attilio Fontana 49 7 Chamber of Deputies election 2018 CDX 46 9 Senate election 2018 CDX 47 2 nbsp Tuscany Democratic Party note 3 In power since 2007 Regional election 2015 PD 48 1 and 25 of 41 seats European Parliament election 2014 PD 52 5 Chamber of Deputies election 2018 PD 29 6 Senate election 2018 PD 30 5 nbsp South Tyrol South Tyrolean People s Party In power since 1948 The German Association dominated from 1921 and before that it was part of Tyrol 1924 Italian general election German Association part of Lists of Slavs and Germans 80 Provincial elections 2013 SVP 45 7 and 17 of 35 seats European Parliament election 2014 SVP 48 0 Chamber of Deputies election 2018 SVP 48 8 Senate election 2018 SVP 49 8 nbsp Veneto Centre right coalition In power since 1994 Came in second place in Veneto to the Democratic Party in the European Parliament election 2014 FI LN FdI 33 2 Regional election 2015 CDX 52 2 and won 29 of 51 seats Presidential election 2015 Luca Zaia 50 1 Chamber of Deputies election 2018 CDX 48 1 Senate election 2018 CDX 48 2 nbsp Moldova nbsp Transnistria Self declared state Obnovlenie In power since 2005 Parliamentary election 2020 Renewal 27 79 and 29 of 33 seats Presidential election 2016 Vadim Krasnoselsky as independent candidate 59 16 nbsp Poland Poland A and B Law and Justice Dominates in Southeast Poland has controlled the Presidency and Constitutional Tribunal Poland since 2015 Civic Platform Dominates in Warsaw and Northwest Poland nbsp Portugal nbsp Madeira the Social Democratic Party has dominated political life in the autonomous region of Madeira since the first regional elections in 1976 Alberto Joao Jardim served as President of the Regional Government uninterruptedly from 1978 to 2015 Local elections 2013 PSD 34 81 European Parliament election 2014 in Madeira PSD 31 0 Regional election 2015 PSD 48 56 and 25 of 47 seats 2015 Portuguese legislative election in Madeira PSD 37 8 and 3 of 6 seats nbsp San Marino The Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party PDCS have always had a plurality of seats in the Grand and General Council since 1951 However it has not consistently formed the government From 2016 to 2020 it was in opposition The predecessor of the PDCS the Sammarinese People s Party was already biggest party in 1920 General election 2019 PDCS 33 35 nbsp Serbia Serbian Progressive Party In power since 2012 Led by Aleksandar Vucic two term Prime Minister 2014 2017 and President 2017 present Parliamentary election 2022 SNS 44 27 and 120 of 250 seats 2020 Vojvodina provincial election SNS 61 58 and 76 of 120 Presidential election 2022 Aleksandar Vucic 60 01 nbsp Spain nbsp Basque Country Basque Nationalist Party in power in the Basque Government from 1979 to 2009 and again since 2012 Basque election 2020 PNV 38 7 31 of 75 seats Spanish Parliament election November 2019 PNV 32 0 6 of 18 seats nbsp Castilla La Mancha Spanish Socialist Workers Party in power in the Castilian Manchegan Government from 1982 to 2011 and again since 2015 Castilian Manchegan election 2019 PSOE 44 1 19 of 33 seats Spanish Parliament election November 2019 PSOE 33 1 9 of 21 seats nbsp Castile and Leon People s Party note 4 in power in the Castile and Leon Government continuously since 1987 Castilian Leonese election 2022 PP 31 4 31 of 81 seats Spanish Parliament election November 2019 PP 31 6 13 of 31 seats nbsp Community of Madrid People s Party in power in the Government of the Community of Madrid continuously since 1995 Madrilenian election 2021 PP 44 8 65 of 136 seats Spanish Parliament election November 2019 PP 26 9 10 of 37 seats nbsp Extremadura Spanish Socialist Workers Party in power in the Extremaduran Government from 1983 to 2011 and again since 2015 Extremaduran election 2019 PSOE 46 8 34 of 65 seats Spanish Parliament election November 2019 PSOE 38 3 5 of 10 seats nbsp Galicia People s Party note 4 in power in the Galician Government from 1982 to 1987 from 1990 to 2005 and again since 2009 Galician election 2020 PP 47 6 41 of 75 seats Spanish Parliament election November 2019 PP 31 9 10 of 23 seats nbsp Ukraine nbsp Kharkiv Kernes Bloc Successful Kharkiv a party formed from members of the Party of Regions previously dominant in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine led by the mayor of Kharkiv Hennadiy Kernes who was elected three times in a row in elections with a result of more than 50 of the vote 38 nbsp United Kingdom Conservative Party Governing party in the Parliament of the United Kingdom for most of the 20th century and in government since 2010 nbsp Scotland Scottish National Party Has been the largest party in the Scottish Parliament since 2007 It has also won the majority of seats to the House of Commons in Scotland in every election since 2015 nbsp Wales Welsh Labour Has won the majority of seats to the House of Commons in Wales in every election since 1922 It has also been the largest party in the Senedd formerly known as the National Assembly for Wales until 2020 since its inception in 1999 nbsp London London Labour Has won the majority of seats to the House of Commons in London in every election since 1997 It has also been the largest party in the London Assembly for most of its existence with exception to 2008 12 Formerly dominant parties editNorth America edit nbsp Canada nbsp British Columbia The Social Credit Party held power for all but three years between 1952 and 1991 winning 11 of the 12 elections held during this 39 year period In 1991 the party was defeated by the centre left BC NDP and its role as the province s main centre right vehicle was inherited by the BC Liberals who themselves governed from 2001 to 2017 before also being defeated by the NDP nbsp Alberta has been home to two lengthy conservative dynasties that of the Social Credit Party of Alberta which governed from 1935 to 1971 and the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta which governed from 1971 to 2015 In 2015 the Alberta Tories were defeated by the left leaning Alberta NDP in a seismic electoral upset In turn the province s first and so far only NDP government was defeated by the newly formed United Conservative Party of Alberta in 2019 nbsp Saskatchewan The Saskatchewan New Democratic Party NDP and its predecessor the Cooperation Commonwealth Federation CCF won 12 out of 16 elections between 1944 and 2007 Today the Saskatchewan NDP is the province s only opposition party with legislative representation nbsp Newfoundland and Labrador The Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador held power from confederation in 1949 until Joey Smallwood s resignation as Premier in 1972 during the hung Parliament created by the 1971 Newfoundland general election nbsp Nova Scotia The Nova Scotia Liberal Party in the province of Nova Scotia held office in an unbroken period from 1882 to 1925 During the period from 1867 to 1956 the party was in power for 76 of 89 years most of that time with fewer than 5 opposition members nbsp Ontario Ontario s party system was once a dominant party system with the Liberal Party of Ontario being the only political party to form government from 1871 to 1905 and having won the majority of the seats available in all twelve elections from 1871 to 1902 The turn of the 20th century saw a shift in party dominance from the Liberal Party of Ontario to the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario note 5 with the latter winning 22 of the 28 elections held in the 20th century 39 40 From 1943 to 1985 the Progressive Conservatives won 13 consecutive elections forming the provincial government for 42 years Known as the Big Blue Machine the Progressive Conservative government was known for having Red Tory leanings particularly under Premiers Leslie Frost John Robarts and Bill Davis Although the Progressive Conservatives won the most seats in the 1985 election the party was unable to form government for the first time in 42 years with the Liberal Party forming a minority government with a confidence and supply arrangement with the Ontario New Democratic Party The 42 year PC dynasty was followed by a decade of political upheavel in which the Liberals were defeated by the NDP in 1990 which in turn was defeated by the PC Party in 1995 39 nbsp Quebec The Union Nationale in the province of Quebec held office uninterrupted from 1944 until 1960 with Quiet revolution And nearly with the Quebec Liberal Party throughout province s political history with start from 1897 to 1935 then a second time in 1985 and 1989 and lastly third time in 2003 to 2018 with a short interruption of 2 years when the Parti Quebecois won a minority government from 2012 to 2014 nbsp Mexico The Institutional Revolutionary Party PRI and its predecessors Partido Nacional Revolucionario PNR 1929 1938 and Partido de la Revolucion Mexicana PRM 1938 1946 in Mexico held the presidency from 1929 to 2000 The party governed all states until 1989 and controlled both chambers of congress until 1997 As of 2023 the PRI has continued an uninterrupted hold of the governorship in one state Coahuila The Liberal Party later known as the National Porfirist Party ruled consistently from 1867 to 1911 nbsp United States During the Era of Good Feelings the Democratic Republican Party dominated national politics with no effective opposition from the Federalist Party or any third parties allowing James Monroe to run unopposed in the 1820 presidential election This dominance continued until the rise of the American Whig Party circa 1830 From 1861 to 1932 the Republican Party controlled the Presidency for all but 16 4 presidential terms out of 72 years 18 presidential terms whilst also dominating Congress with majorities in the Senate for all but 10 out of 72 years and in the House of Representatives for all but 22 out of 72 years From 1933 to 1995 the Democratic Party held a majority in both Houses of Congress except 1947 to 1949 1953 to 1955 which Republicans controlled both Houses of Congress and 1981 to 1987 which Republicans controlled the Senate New England nbsp New Hampshire had mostly Republican governors from 1857 to 1997 140 years Republicans held the governorship for all but 15 years were only twice out of office for more than two consecutive years nbsp Vermont had only Republican governors from 1855 to 1963 108 years Southern United States Until the 1990s the South usually defined as coextensive with the former Confederacy was known as the Solid South due to its states reliable support of the Democratic Party which at that time had a strong conservative wing Several states had an unbroken succession of Democratic governors from half a century to over a century nbsp Alabama 1874 1987 113 years nbsp Arkansas 1874 1967 93 years nbsp Florida 1877 1967 90 years nbsp Georgia 1872 2003 131 years nbsp Louisiana 1877 1980 103 years nbsp Mississippi 1876 1992 116 years nbsp North Carolina 1901 1973 72 years nbsp Oklahoma 1907 1963 56 years nbsp South Carolina 1876 1975 99 years nbsp Tennessee 1923 1971 48 years nbsp Texas 1874 1979 105 years nbsp Virginia 1869 1970 101 years Caribbean and Central America edit nbsp Antigua and Barbuda The Antigua Labour Party in Antigua and Barbuda 1960 1971 and 1976 2004 They are currently ruling but may not be yet considered dominant nbsp Barbados The Barbados Labour Party in the Barbados from 1994 to 2008 They are currently ruling but may not be yet considered dominant The Democratic Labour Party from 1961 to 1976 nbsp Bahamas The Progressive Liberal Party in the Bahamas from 1967 to 1992 nbsp Bermuda The United Bermuda Party in Bermuda from 1968 to 1998 nbsp Costa Rica The National Republican Party ruled Costa Rica between 1932 and 1948 The National Liberation Party is often referred as the hegemonic or dominant party between 1953 and 1983 as it won most elections it held the majority in the Legislative Assembly between 1953 and 1978 held consecutive governments several times and was only defeated in 1958 1966 and 1978 thanks to the entire right wing opposition nominating a common candidate in coalition Only after 1983 with the merge of the Unity Coalition into the Social Christian Unity Party Costa Rica started its two party system Non Partisan Liberals dominated Costa Rican presidency from 1846 to 1868 nbsp Dominican Republic The Blue Party from 1879 to 1899 The Dominican Liberation Party from 2004 to 2020 nbsp El Salvador The Liberal Party PL held the presidency from 1871 to 1903 The National Democratic Party PDN held the presidency from 1913 to 1931 The National Pro Patria Party PNPP held the presidency from 1933 to 1944 The National Conciliation Party PCN held the presidency from 1962 to 1979 The Nationalist Republican Alliance ARENA held the presidency from 1989 to 2009 nbsp Guatemala The Conservative Party in Guatemala from 1851 and 1871 The Liberal Party in Guatemala from 1871 and 1920 1921 and 1926 1931 and 1944 nbsp Honduras National Party governs from 1933 to 1956 from 2010 to 2022 nbsp Nicaragua The Partido Liberal Nacionalista of the Somoza family held effective control from the 1930s to 1979 It was never the sole legal party but elections were often fraught with accusations of fraud and improbable results Conservative Party ruled from 1857 to 1893 nbsp Puerto Rico The Popular Democratic Party in Puerto Rico from 1949 to 1969 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago People s National Movement ruled from 1956 to 1986 South America edit nbsp Argentina The National Autonomist Party PAN of Argentina from 1874 to 1916 The Federal Party from 1829 to 1852 nbsp San Luis The conservative Liberal Democratic Party ruled the province between 1922 and 1943 The Justicialist Party has won every gubernatorial election between 1973 and 2019 nbsp Neuquen Neuquen People s Movement has won every gubernatorial election since 1962 and until the 2023 gubernatorial election nbsp Santa Cruz The Justicialist Party has won every gubernatorial election between 1973 and 2019 nbsp Bolivia Liberal Party ruled from 1899 to 1920 The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement MNR in Bolivia from 1952 to 1964 nbsp Brazil The National Renewal Alliance Party ARENA in Brazil from 1965 to 1979 nbsp Chile From 1829 to 1871 a successive number of parties Pelucones to Conservative to National Party governed Chile From 1990 to 2010 the Concertacion Coalition hold presidency nbsp Colombia The Liberal Party of Colombia from 1861 to 1886 and later on from 1886 to 1900 as the brief successor party National Party and Colombian Conservative Party from 1900 to 1930 nbsp Ecuador Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party ruled from 1895 to 1925 PAIS Alliance ruled from 2007 to 2021 nbsp Guyana The People s National Congress from 1964 to 1992 The People s Progressive Party from 1992 to 2015 nbsp Paraguay The Colorado Party of Paraguay 1880 1904 and 1948 2008 They were the sole legal party from 1947 to 1962 Liberal Party from 1912 to 1936 nbsp Uruguay The Colorado Party of Uruguay between 1865 and 1959 nbsp Venezuela Conservative Party ruled from 1830 to 1851 Fifth Republic Movement ruled from 1999 until its merging with the newly created United Socialist Party of Venezuela in 2007 which has been the ruling party since then Europe edit nbsp Armenia The Republican Party of Armenia controlled the country from 1999 until 2018 when it lost all of its seats in parliament after the 2018 Armenian revolution and the 2018 parliamentary election nbsp Austria The Austrian People s Party ruled as the dominant governing coalition leader from 1945 to 1970 and the Social Democratic Party of Austria under a similar arrangement from 1970 to 2000 nbsp Austria Hungary The Cisleithania Minister Presidency was dominated by the Constitutional Party from 1871 to 1893 nbsp Vienna The Social Democratic Workers Party of Austria predecessor of the SPO in power since 1945 dominated Vienna between 1911 and 1934 nbsp Lower Austria The Christian Social Party predecessor of the OVP in power since 1945 dominated Lower Austria between 1907 and 1934 nbsp Upper Austria The Christian Social Party predecessor of the OVP dominated Upper Austria between 1907 and 1934 nbsp Vorarlberg The Christian Social Party predecessor of the OVP dominated Vorarlberg between 1907 and 1934 nbsp Tyrol The Christian Social Party predecessor of the OVP dominated Tyrol between 1907 and 1934 nbsp Salzburg The Salzburger Volkspartei the OVP and their predecessors dominated Salzburg between 1919 and 2004 note 2 nbsp Styria The Steirische Volkspartei the OVP and their predecessors dominated Styria between 1907 and 2005 note 2 nbsp Belgium The Catholic Party sent Prime Ministers from 1884 to 1937 The Catholic People s Party sent Prime Ministers from 1979 to 1999 nbsp Flanders The Christian Social Party and the Christen Democratisch en Vlaams dominated Flanders from at least 1968 to 1999 nbsp Bulgaria GERB was the ruling party from 2009 to 2021 with an exception from 2013 to 2014 It is the biggest Bulgarian party nbsp Croatia The Croatian Democratic Union was in power from the first multi party elections in 1990 when Croatia was still a constituent republic of SFR Yugoslavia until it lost the parliamentary and presidential elections in 2000 For most of the 1990s the party had an absolute majority in both the Chamber of Representatives and the Chamber of Counties while its chairman Franjo Tuđman was President of Croatia under a de facto superpresidential system of government until his death in 1999 nbsp Denmark The National Landowners and later the Hojre ruled Denmark from 1874 to 1901 nbsp Finland The Agrarian League later the Centre Party dominated the Presidency under Urho Kekkonen from 1956 to 1982 nbsp France During the tenure of Napoleon III first as president 1848 to 1852 then as Emperor from 1852 to 1870 the Bonapartists were a loose ruling political organization Since the Fifth Republic the main presidential parties Les Republicains centre right or the Parti Socialiste centre left were the biggest parties in over half of the presidential elections until both parties lost dominance in France since 2017 as centrist politician Emmanuel Macron of En Marche became president with French right wing leader Marine Le Pen as the main opponent Both parties have taken dominance since the 2017 French presidential election nbsp Georgia The Union of Citizens of Georgia was the dominant political force from its establishment in 1995 to its dissolution and overthrow in 2003 in the Rose Revolution during which the party s leader and President Eduard Shevardnadze was ousted nbsp Germany The Christian Democratic Union ruled West Germany and later a unified Germany from its establishment in 1949 to 1969 and again from 1982 to 1998 and from 2005 to 2021 nbsp Baden Wurttemberg The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ruled from 1953 to 2011 and was the biggest party until 2016 except in Wurttemberg Baden for 1950 1952 but is still the biggest party at the German federal elections 41 and European Parliament elections 42 In the predecessor state of Baden the Centre Party was the biggest party during the Weimar era until 1930 nbsp Bavaria The Bavarian Patriot Party until 1887 the Centre Party until 1918 and the Bavarian People s Party were the biggest parties in the Bavarian Landtag from 1869 43 to 1933 and ruled from 1920 to 1933 nbsp Saar not part of Germany at the time The Centre Party won every Landesrat election from 1922 to 1935 nbsp Saar Protectorate not part of Germany at the time The Saarland Christian People s Party held the majority from 1947 to 1955 which was broken by the similar CDU in 1955 nbsp Saarland The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ruled from the return of the Saar to West Germany in 1959 to 1980 In the Landtag elections the CDU reached between 36 6 in 1955 and 49 1 in 1975 44 the CDU also dominated federal elections except in 1972 45 and in the 1979 European Parliament election the CDU CSU won 46 4 46 nbsp Thuringia From the establishment of the state the Christian Democratic Union of Germany ruled without interruption until 2014 with an absolute majority from 1999 to 2009 Since 2014 it has been in opposition nbsp Hungary nbsp Hungary The Deak Party which merged with the Left Centre to form the Liberal Party in 1875 ruled Hungary from 1867 to 1905 and the National Party of Work between 1910 and 1918 47 nbsp Hungary The Unity Party and the Party of National Unity renamed Party of Hungarian Life in 1939 governed the Kingdom of Hungary from 1922 to 1944 47 nbsp Hungary After the elected Prime Minister Ferenc Nagy was forced into exile in May 1947 the Hungarian Communist Party became the Hungary s de facto ruling party until formally declaring the country to be a single party state in August 1949 48 nbsp Ireland Ireland s Fianna Fail was the largest party in Dail Eireann between 1932 and 2011 and in power for 61 of those 79 years However the party were heavily defeated in the 2011 Irish general election coming third nbsp Italy Italy s Christian Democracy dominated Italian politics for almost 50 years as the major party in every coalition that governed the country from 1944 until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992 1994 The main opposition to the Christian democratic governments was the Italian Communist Party nbsp Emilia Romagna The Italian Socialist Party dominated the region from 1909 until the rise of Fascism nbsp Emilia Romagna The Italian Communist Party dominated the region from 1946 until 1991 nbsp Emilia Romagna The Democratic Party of the Left dominated the region from 1991 until 1998 nbsp Emilia Romagna The Democrats of the Left dominated the region from 1998 until 2007 nbsp Tuscany The Italian Communist Party dominated the region from 1946 until 1953 and then from 1963 until 1991 nbsp Tuscany The Democratic Party of the Left dominated the region from 1991 until 1998 nbsp Tuscany The Democrats of the Left dominated the region from 1998 until 2007 nbsp Liechtenstein The Progressive Citizens Party governed from 1928 to 1970 nbsp Luxembourg The Christian Social People s Party CSV with its predecessor Party of the Right governed Luxembourg continuously from 1915 to 2013 except for 1974 1979 However Luxembourg has a coalition system and the CSV has been in coalition with at least one of the other two leading parties for all but four years It has always won a plurality of seats in parliamentary elections although it lost the popular vote in 1964 and 1974 nbsp Malta The Nationalist Party dominated the Maltese political scene from 1988 to 2013 when the Labour Party won the government in the 2013 general election nbsp Monaco Rally amp Issues governed the National Assembly from 1962 to 2003 nbsp Montenegro The Democratic Party of Socialists DPS ruled Montenegro from 1990 to 2020 having been defeated in the 2020 election nbsp Norway The Norwegian Labour Party ruled from 1935 to 1965 including the 5 years of Government in exile during World War II though it has been the biggest party in Norway since 1927 and has been in power many other times nbsp Portugal The Portuguese Republican Party during most of the Portuguese First Republic s existence 1910 1926 After the coup that put an end to Portugal s constitutional monarchy in 1910 the electoral system which had always ensured victory to the party in government was left unchanged Before 1910 it had been the reigning monarch s responsibility to ensure that no one party remain too long in government usually by disbanding Parliament and calling for new elections The republic s constitution added no such proviso and the Portuguese Republican Party was able to keep the other minor republican parties monarchic parties had been declared illegal from winning elections On the rare occasions when it was ousted from power it was overthrown by force and it was again by the means of a counter coup that it returned to power until its final fall with the republic itself in 1926 As a semi presidential republic Portugal s President has significant residual power From 1986 to 2006 the Presidency was in the hand of the Socialist Party since 2006 the Presidents were members of the Social Democratic Party nbsp Spain nbsp Andalusia The PSOE A party the Andalusian branch of nationwide PSOE was the ruling party in the Andalusian Autonomous Government continuously between 1978 and 2019 being also the most voted party in all elections for the Parliament of Andalusia during that interval except one 2012 After the 2018 Andalusian election a right to centre coalition led by the People s Party entered office and in 2022 the People s Party achieved an absolute majority nbsp Catalonia The Convergence and Union coalition federated political party after 2001 in Catalonia governed the autonomous Catalan government from 1980 to 2003 under the leadership of Jordi Pujol with parliamentary absolute majority or in coalition with other smaller parties The party later governed again from 2010 until its dissolution in 2015 nbsp Valencian Community The People s Party of the Valencian Community the Valencian branch of nationwide People s Party was the ruling party in the Valencian Autonomous Government between 1995 and 2015 being the most voted party in all elections for the Valencian Parliament during that interval After the 2015 Valencian elections a left to centre coalition entered office nbsp Switzerland From 1848 to 1891 the Free Democratic Party held all seven seats of the Federal Council thus having full control of the Swiss Directorial Government nbsp Sweden The Swedish Social Democratic Party in Sweden governed from 1932 to 2006 except for some months in 1936 1936 1939 and 1951 1957 in coalition with the Farmers League 1939 1945 at the head of a government of national unity 1976 1982 and 1991 1994 The party is still the largest party in Sweden and has been so in every general election since 1917 hence the largest party even before the universal suffrage was introduced in 1921 The former Prime Minister and party leader Tage Erlander led the Swedish government for an uninterrupted tenure of 23 years 1946 1969 the longest in any democracy so far Since 2006 the party support has declined but in 2014 it returned to government although its centre left coalition had no majority nbsp Turkey In Turkey s single party period lasting until 1945 the Republican People s Party CHP was the major political organisation of the single party state However the CHP faced two opposition parties during this period both established upon the request of the founder of the Republic of Turkey and CHP leader Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in efforts to allegedly jump start multiparty democracy in Turkey 49 The pro Kurdish Peoples Democratic Party note 6 was the dominant party in the mainly Kurdish southeast from 1991 until the 2016 Turkish coup d etat attempt which resulted in massive purges and the takeover of municipalities by the state The landslide election victories of the Justice and Development Party led to the party gaining majority in parliament between 2002 and 2018 50 Since the 2018 parliamentary election the party has minority in the parliament and is in a coalition 51 nbsp United Kingdom The Conservative and Unionist Party currently in government since 2010 previously held sole power or as the largest coalition partner from 1916 to 1923 from 1924 to 1929 from 1931 to 1945 from 1951 to 1964 from 1970 to 1974 and from 1979 to 1997 Its predecessor the Tories governed from 1783 to 1806 and 1807 to 1830 The Whigs dominated the Kingdom of Great Britain s politics from 1714 to 1762 during the Whig supremacy nbsp Scotland Scottish Labour won every election to the House of Commons in Scotland from 1964 to 2015 where it was heavily defeated and reduced to 1 seat 52 It controlled the Scottish Parliament from its inception in 1999 until the 2007 election where it lost to the SNP 53 nbsp Northern Ireland The Ulster Unionist Party won every election between 1921 and 1972 in the former devolved administration of Northern Ireland 54 nbsp FR Yugoslavia The Socialist Party of Serbia controlled the country from 1992 to 2000 Asia edit nbsp Afghanistan In Afghanistan the People s Democratic Party of Afghanistan was the only legal political party from 1978 until 1987 when other parties were allowed while the PDPA remained the dominant political party until 1992 nbsp Bangladesh In Bangladesh the Awami League was the country s predominant political party between 1972 and 1975 and from 2009 to present After the military coup of 1975 the Bangladesh Nationalist Party BNP became the dominant political force between 1977 and 1982 Under the autocratic regime of General Hussain Muhammad Ershad the Jatiya Party was the dominant party between 1986 and 1990 Currently Bangladesh Awami League again has become the dominant political force since 2008 nbsp Burma The Anti Fascist People s Freedom League in Burma now Myanmar from 1948 to 1962 The Union Solidarity and Development Party from 2011 to 2016 as a military junta from 1988 to 2011 nbsp Cambodia The Democratic Party was the dominant party in Cambodia from 1946 to 1955 The Sangkum in Cambodia was the dominant party under Prince Norodom Sihanouk as head of government from 1955 to 1970 Under the Khmer Republic the Social Republican Party was the dominant party under General Lon Nol from 1972 to 1975 nbsp Republic of China The Kuomintang established a de facto one party state in the Republic of China on the mainland and subsequently on Taiwan until political liberalization and the lifting of martial law in the late 1980s The Kuomintang continued to dominate the political system until the victory of the opposition Democratic Progressive Party in the 2000 presidential election The Kuomintang maintained control of the Legislative Yuan until 2016 nbsp India The Indian National Congress had continuously ruled the parliament of India and various state legislatures since independence in 1947 to 1977 and 1980 to 1989 West Bengal The Left Front comprising parties such as the Communist Party of India Marxist the Communist Party of India All India Forward Bloc and the Revolutionary Socialist Party had ruled the state legislature of West Bengal for 34 years winning election for seven consecutive times from 1977 to 2011 55 nbsp Indonesia The Golkar acronym of Golongan Karya or Functional Groups organization in power from 1971 to 1999 in support for President Suharto nbsp Iran The Iran Novin Party dominated Iran s parliament cabinet and local councils from 1964 until Iran became a one party state in 1975 nbsp Israel Mapai in Israel was the dominant party from the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 and before 1944 they won the Assembly of Representatives since 1925 until merging into present day Israeli Labor Party in 1968 The Labor Party started losing influence in the 1970s particularly following the Yom Kippur War and eventually lost power in the 1977 election The Labor Party continued to participate in several coalition governments until 2009 nbsp South Korea Conservative parties Liberal Party South Korea in power 1948 1960 Democratic Republican Party South Korea in power 1962 1980 Democratic Justice Party in power 1980 1990 Democratic Liberal Party South Korea in power 1990 1995 New Korea Party in power 1995 1997 and Saenuri Party in power 2008 2017 nbsp Sri Lanka United National Party governed from 1977 to 1994 and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party governed from 1994 to 2015 nbsp Malaysia Barisan Nasional BN in power from 1974 to 2018 defeated in 2018 election Also in a coalition government with Perikatan Nasional from 2020 to 2022 in the wake of 2020 Malaysian political crisis with BN leading from 2021 to 2022 Its predecessor Perikatan also held power from 1955 to 1973 After the 2022 Malaysian general election despite currently in a coalition government led by Pakatan Harapan BN is no longer dominant in the Malaysian politics nbsp Johor Barisan Nasional and its predecessor Perikatan in power from 1954 to 2018 defeated in 2018 election Regained power in the wake of 2020 Malaysian political crisis and won the 2022 Johor state election nbsp Kedah Barisan Nasional and its predecessor Perikatan in power from 1955 to 2008 defeated in 2008 election Regained power in the 2013 state elections but defeated again in the 2018 election nbsp Kelantan Barisan Nasional in power from 1978 when they won the 1978 state election in Kelantan and governed in a coalition with BERJASA until 1990 when BN were defeated in that year s election nbsp Melaka Barisan Nasional and its predecessor Perikatan in power from 1955 to 2018 defeated in 2018 election Regained power in the wake of 2020 Malaysian political crisis and won the 2021 Melaka state election nbsp Negeri Sembilan Barisan Nasional and its predecessor Perikatan in power from 1955 to 2018 defeated in 2018 election Currently BN is in a government coalition led by Pakatan Harapan after the 2023 state election nbsp Penang Barisan Nasional in power from 1974 to 2008 under main component party in Penang Gerakan defeated in 2008 election Gerakan as a single party also won state election in 1969 winning it from BN predecessor Perikatan who held power in the state from 1955 nbsp Perak Barisan Nasional in power from 1974 to 2008 defeated in 2008 election BN regained power in 2009 as a result of 2009 Perak constitutional crisis and won the 2013 Perak state election BN would lose the Perak government again after defeat in the 2018 state election but regained power in the wake of 2020 Malaysian political crisis Its predecessor Perikatan also held power from 1955 to 1969 Currently lead a coalition government with Pakatan Harapan after the 2022 Perak state election nbsp Perlis Barisan Nasional and its predecessor Perikatan in power from 1955 to 2022 defeated in 2022 election 56 nbsp Sabah Barisan Nasional in power from 1976 to 1985 led by component party BERJAYA 1986 to 1990 led by component party PBS and from 1994 to 2018 led by component party UMNO Sabah Currently BN is in a coalition government with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah GRS after the 2020 Sabah state election PBS also led the state government as a single party from 1985 to 1986 and as part of Gagasan Rakyat coalition from 1990 to 1994 Before BN Perikatan Sabah Sabah Alliance holds power in Sabah from its independence in 1963 to 1976 nbsp Selangor Barisan Nasional in power from 1974 to 2008 defeated in 2008 election Its predecessor Perikatan also held power from 1955 to 1969 nbsp Terengganu Barisan Nasional and its predecessor Perikatan in power from 1955 to 2018 with exception to 1959 1961 and 1999 2004 when the state government were controlled by Parti Islam Se Malaysia PAS Defeated in the 2018 election nbsp Northern Cyprus The National Unity Party governed from 1983 to 2005 nbsp Philippines The Nacionalista Party in the Philippines was the dominant party during various times in the nation s history from 1916 1941 and on 1945 From 1978 to 1986 Kilusang Bagong Lipunan operated as a dominant party nbsp Thailand The Thai Rak Thai Party was the first political party to surpass the majority in the House of Representatives During the general election it became a dominant party until a coup d etat ousted Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and the dissolution of the House in 2006 nbsp Yemen General People s Congress In power effectively from 1982 1982 1990 sole legal party to 2015 ceded effective control after Houthi takeover of Sana a Africa edit nbsp Algeria The National Liberation Front had governed Algeria from 1962 to 1992 from 1992 to 1994 sole legal party 1962 to 1989 and from 1999 to 2019 The current president Abdelmadjid Tebboune is affiliated with FLN but its partisan power is significantly weakened after the 2021 parliamentary elections nbsp Burkina Faso The Congress for Democracy and Progress from 1996 to 2014 under Blaise Compaore who ruled first as an independent after a coup from 1987 to 1989 then leads Organization for Popular Democracy Labour Movement from 1989 to 1996 nbsp Burundi Union for National Progress UPRONA from 1962 to 1993 from 1974 to 1992 as sole legal party nbsp Central African Republic the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa ruled from 1960 to 1981 from 1962 to 1980 as sole legal party nbsp Chad Patriotic Salvation Movement Mouvement Patriotique de Salut de SMPS governed from 1990 to 2021 nbsp Egypt The National Democratic Party NDP of Egypt under various names from 1952 to 2011 as Arab Socialist Union sole legal party 1953 1978 nbsp The Gambia The People s Progressive Party in The Gambia from 1962 to 1994 The Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction under Yahya Jammeh from 1996 to 2017 with Jammeh ruling first under a Junta after a coup from 1994 to 1996 nbsp Guinea Bissau African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde PAIGC governed from 1974 to 1999 from 1974 to 1991 as the sole legal party nbsp Ivory Coast Democratic Party of Ivory Coast governed from 1960 to 1999 from 1960 to 1990 as the sole legal party nbsp Kenya The Kenya African National Union in Kenya from 1963 to 2002 sole legal party 1982 1991 nbsp Liberia True Whig Party ruled consecutively from 1878 to 1980 in a de facto one party state manner though the country never explicitly banned opposition parties nbsp Nigeria People s Democratic Party PDP was in power from May 29 1999 till May 29 2015 when the opposition party All Progressives Congress APC won the presidential election in 2015 nbsp Rhodesia The Rhodesian Front in Rhodesia now Zimbabwe under the leadership of Ian Smith from 1965 to 1980 nbsp Senegal The Socialist Party in Senegal from 1960 to 2000 sole legal party 1966 1974 nbsp Seychelles United Seychelles Party ruled from 1977 to 2020 from 1977 to 1991 as sole legal party nbsp Sierra Leone The All People s Congress Party ruled from 1968 to 1992 from 1978 to 1991 as sole legal party nbsp South Africa The National Party in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 nbsp Sudan National Congress from 1998 to 2019 1998 to 2005 as sole legal party nbsp Tunisia The Democratic Constitutional Rally in Tunisia 1956 2011 as the sole legal party between 1963 and 1981 nbsp Zambia The Movement for Multiparty Democracy from 1991 to 2011 Oceania edit nbsp Australia The Liberal Party generally in a near permanent Coalition with the National Party held power federally from 1949 to 1972 and from 1975 to 1983 31 out of 34 years After the expiry of the 46th Parliament in 2022 the Liberal National Coalition held power for 20 out of the 26 years between 1996 and 2022 Overall from 1949 to 2022 the Liberal Party held power for 52 out of 73 years The longest serving Prime Minister was Robert Menzies who served from 1939 to 1941 2 years as a member of the United Australia Party and from 1949 to 1966 16 years as leader of the Liberal Party nbsp Northern Territory The Country Liberal Party held power from the granting of self government in 1978 to 2001 23 years nbsp New South Wales The Labor Party held power from 1941 to 1965 24 years and from 1976 to 1988 and 1995 to 2011 28 out of 35 years in total 52 out of 70 years from 1941 to 2011 nbsp Queensland The Labor Party held power from 1915 to 1929 and from 1932 to 1957 39 out of 42 years The National Party then held power from 1957 to 1989 32 years with and without the Liberal Party These were facilitated by a Labor designed malapportionment that favoured rural districts The National Party under Joh Bjelke Petersen increased the malapportionment with the Bjelkemander allowing them to rule alone without the Liberals and used the police to suppress dissent and opposition from Labor The National Party dominance was ended by a corruption inquiry Bjelke Petersen was forced to resign in disgrace and police and politicians were charged with crimes Since 1989 Labor has held government aside from a National Party government 1996 to 1998 and Liberal National Party government 2012 to 2015 28 years of Labor government out of 33 years nbsp South Australia The Liberal and Country League held power from 1933 to 1965 32 years The Labor Party held power from 1970 to 1979 from 1982 to 1993 and from 2002 to 2018 26 out of 38 years nbsp Tasmania The Labor Party held power from 1934 to 1969 and from 1972 to 1982 45 out of 48 years from 1989 to 1992 and from 1998 to 2014 16 years in total 64 out of 80 years from 1934 to 2014 nbsp Victoria The National Citizens Reform League 1902 1909 the Deakinite Liberal Party 1909 1917 and the Nationalist Party 1917 1924 consecutively held power from 1902 to 1924 22 years The Country Party then ruled from 1924 to 1927 3 years followed by the Nationalist Party from 1928 to 1929 1 year in a coalition The Country Party and the United Australia Party later as the Liberal and Country Party held power with and without a coalition from 1932 to 1945 13 years and 1947 to 1952 5 years The Liberal Party then held power from 1955 to 1982 27 years In total centre right governments ruled 71 out of 80 years from 1902 to 1982 nbsp Western Australia The Liberal Party held power from 1947 to 1983 with two one term interruptions between 1953 and 1956 and 1971 to 1974 30 out of 36 years nbsp Australian Capital Territory The Labor Party has held power since 2001 in coalition with the ACT Greens since 2012 previously holding government between 1989 and 1995 24 years out of 30 years since self government nbsp New Zealand The Liberal Party governed from 1891 to 1912 nbsp Samoa The Human Rights Protection Party governed from 1982 to 2021 See also editLoyal opposition Multi party system Party of power Separation of powers Soft despotism Two party system Types of democracyNotes edit Presidents in Singapore are not allowed to belong to any party a b c The predecessors of the OVP are the Christian Social Party ruled from 1907 to the renaming 1933 and the Fatherland Front ruled from 1933 to the Anschluss 1938 a b Formerly its predecessors PSI before 1924 PCI PDS and DS a b Formerly its predecessor People s Alliance before 1989 Prior to 1942 the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario was formally known as the Liberal Conservative Association of Ontario Formerly its predecessors People s Labor Party with SHP People s Democracy Party Democratic People s Party Thousand Hope Candidates and Labour Democracy and Freedom Bloc References edit Ostroverkhov A A 2017 In Searching for Theory of One Party Dominance World Experience of Studying Dominant Party Systems II Politeia 87 4 133 149 p 136 doi 10 30570 2078 5089 2017 87 4 133 149 Ostroverkhov A A 2017 In Searching for Theory of One Party Dominance World Experience of Studying Dominant Party Systems I Politeia 86 3 136 153 p 148 doi 10 30570 2078 5089 2017 86 3 136 153 Natural Governing Party The Dictionary of Canadian Politics Campbell Strategies 2022 Retrieved December 5 2022 The Wonder Boy Hoover An Extraordinary Life in 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