2018 Malaysian general election

General elections were held in Malaysia on Wednesday, 9 May 2018.^[1] At stake were all 222 seats in the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of parliament. The 13th Parliament was dissolved by Prime Minister Najib Razak on 7 April 2018. It would have been automatically dissolved on 24 June 2018, five years after the first meeting of the first session of the 13th Parliament of Malaysia on 24 June 2013.^[2]

2018 Malaysian general election

← 2013 9 May 2018 (2018-05-09) 2022 →
← outgoing members elected members →
All 222 seats in the Dewan Rakyat 112 seats needed for a majority
Registered	14,940,624
Turnout	82.32%
First party Second party Third party   Leader Mahathir Mohamad Najib Razak Abdul Hadi Awang Party BERSATU UMNO PAS Alliance Pakatan Harapan Barisan Nasional Gagasan Sejahtera Last election 36.10%, 68 seats^[b] 47.38%, 133 seats 15.07%, 21 seats^[a] Seats won 113 79 18 Seat change 45 54 3 Popular vote 5,518,638 4,080,797 2,041,186 Percentage 45.67% 33.77% 16.89% Swing 9.57pp 13.61pp 1.83pp   Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Shafie Apdal Jeffrey Kitingan Party Warisan STAR Alliance Pakatan Harapan United Sabah Alliance Last election – – Seats won 8 1 Seat change New New Popular vote 280,520 67,175 Percentage 2.32% 0.56% Swing New New
Results by constituencies Results by constituencies, winner% Results by states
Prime Minister before election Najib Razak BN Elected Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad PH

In an unprecedented victory, the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition, which had been the country's federal opposition prior to the elections, won a majority in the Dewan Rakyat together with the Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN), with PH and WARISAN together winning 121 seats.^[3][4] The elections marked the first time in Malaysia's history that the ruling party was voted out of power. The Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition had previously enjoyed an uninterrupted reign over the country since Malaya's independence in 1957, but this came to an end following the elections.^[3][5] PH's leader, Mahathir Mohamad, who previously served as Malaysia's Prime Minister from 1981 to 2003, was sworn in for the second time on 10 May, a day after the elections. At 93 years of age, Mahathir was also the world's oldest elected head of government.^[6] Barisan Nasional (BN), led by Najib, held onto 79 seats and became the new federal opposition, along with Gagasan Sejahtera (GS), which won 18 seats. The United Sabah Alliance (USA) won one seat, while three seats were won by independent politicians.^[7][8] The elections were widely regarded as one of the greatest political upsets worldwide in 2018.^[9]

In the simultaneous state elections held for 12 of the state legislative assemblies, PH retained Penang and Selangor with larger majorities, while gaining Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Johor, Kedah and Perak from BN. WARISAN also seized Sabah from BN, which retained only two states – Perlis and Pahang. GS held onto Kelantan while gaining Terengganu from BN. State-level elections were not held in Sarawak, as the state had held its elections separately in 2016. However, as a consequence of the elections, Sarawak-based BN component parties left the coalition to form Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS), thereby taking over the state from BN.^[10]

Following the elections, Mahathir secured a royal pardon for the jailed PH leader, Anwar Ibrahim, and indicated that he would give way to the latter within the next few years.^[11] Meanwhile, Najib resigned as BN's chairman on 12 May and was succeeded as Leader of the Opposition by his party colleague, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi.^[12] Investigations within Malaysia into the 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) scandal, which had been halted during Najib's tenure, were resumed in the aftermath of the elections, resulting in several ongoing criminal indictments against the former Prime Minister.^[13][14][15] However, PH only ruled for 22 months before being replaced by a new Government named Perikatan Nasional, a coalition led by Muhyiddin Yassin after BERSATU left the Pakatan Harapan coalition together with ex-PKR members to join with Barisan Nasional (BN), Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) and again replaced back to Barisan Nasional led by Ismail Sabri Yaakob 17 months later.^[16][17]

Background

In the previous general elections in 2013, the incumbent Barisan Nasional government was re-elected for the thirteenth consecutive time, but with a decreased mandate and losing the majority vote. Barisan Nasional chairman, Najib Razak, was re-elected as Prime Minister to a second term. The main opposition, Pakatan Rakyat, led by Anwar Ibrahim, won the majority vote but was unable to win enough seats to form the government due to Malaysia's first-past-the-post voting system and alleged gerrymandering. The elections marked the first time Barisan Nasional lost the majority vote in the party's history.

Electoral system

Elections in Malaysia exists at two levels: the federal level and the state level. Federal elections are held to elect members of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of Parliament, while state elections are held to elect members of the 13 State Legislative Assemblies of Malaysia. The heads of executive branch at both the federal and state levels, the Prime Minister and Menteri Besar/Chief Ministers respectively, are indirectly elected, usually filled by a member of the majority party/coalition in the respective legislatures

The Dewan Rakyat is made up of 222 members of parliament, elected for a five-year term; these seats are distributed between the thirteen Malaysian states in proportion to the states' voting population. Members are elected from single-member constituencies that each elects one representative to the Dewan Rakyat using the first-past-the-post voting system. If one party obtains a majority of seats, then that party is entitled to form the Government, with its leader as Prime Minister. If the election results in no single party having a majority, there is a hung parliament. In this case, the options for forming the Government are either a minority government or a coalition. Malaysia does not practice compulsory voting and automatic voter registration. The voting age is above 21^[18][19] although the age of majority in the country is 18.^[20]

The redistribution of electoral boundaries for the entire country had been presented to and passed by the Dewan Rakyat, and subsequently gazetted on 29 March 2018 after obtaining the royal consent of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong ahead of the 14th general election.^[21] Elections are conducted by the Election Commission of Malaysia (EC), which is under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Department.

Date and cost

The Constitution of Malaysia requires a general election to be held at the end of five (5) years from the date of the first Parliament of Malaysia proceeding after a general election unless it is dissolved earlier by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong due to a motion of no-confidence or at the request of the Prime Minister. Whenever Parliament (Dewan Rakyat) is dissolved, a general election shall be held within sixty (60) days from the date of the dissolution and Parliament shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than one hundred and twenty (120) days from that date (Article 55 of the Constitution of Malaysia).^[22]

Timetable

The key dates are listed below in Malaysia Standard Time (GMT+8):

28 March	Prime Minister Najib Razak tabled the Election Commission's redelineation report in the Dewan Rakyat^[23]
6 April	Najib Razak announced his intention to dissolve the Malaysian Parliament^[24]
7 April	Formal dissolution of Parliament^[25]
10 April	Election Commission chairman Hashim Abdullah announced that the general election would take place on 9 May 2018^[1]
28 April	Nomination process of candidates for the general election begins, and the deadline (10am) for the delivery of candidate nomination papers^[26]^[27]
28 April	Official 11-day campaigning period begins^[28]
5 May	Early voting begins^[29]
9 May	Polling day
10 May	Inauguration of the new Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad at Istana Negara^[30]

Cost

The cost to the taxpayer of organising the election was RM500 million – RM100 million more than the previous general election.^[1]

Part of the spending was spent on indelible ink, which costed around RM4.8 million for a total of 100,000 bottles of 60mL ink imported from Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited in India.^[31]

Election spending

Before the campaign, there were no limits to what a political party, candidate, or third party (corporations, unions, special interest groups, etc.) can spend: Spending rules are only in force after the writs have been dropped and the campaign has begun. Malaysian election law set election spending limit at RM200,000 for each parliamentary candidate and half of the latter for each state legislature candidate.^[32]

Dissolution of state legislative assemblies

While any state may dissolve its assembly independently of the Federal Parliament, the traditional practice is for most state assemblies to be dissolved at the same time as Parliament. In accordance with Malaysian law, the parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of each state (Dewan Undangan Negeri) would automatically dissolve on the fifth anniversary of the first sitting, and elections must be held within sixty days of the dissolution, unless dissolved prior to that date by their respective Heads of State on the advice of their Heads of Government.

Below are the dates of which the legislative assembly of each state dissolved:

State legislatives assemblies	First legislative day	Expected last legislative day	Expected election day (on or before)	Dissolution day
Kelantan	13 June 2013	13 June 2018	13 August 2018	7 April 2018^[33]
Terengganu	16 June 2013	16 June 2018	16 August 2018	9 April 2018^[34]
Negeri Sembilan	17 June 2013	17 June 2018	17 August 2018	7 April 2018^[35]
Johor	20 June 2013	20 June 2018	20 August 2018	7 April 2018^[36]
Selangor	21 June 2013	21 June 2018	21 August 2018	9 April 2018^[37]
Kedah	23 June 2013	23 June 2018	23 August 2018	7 April 2018^[33]
Perlis	28 June 2013	28 June 2018	28 August 2018	7 April 2018^[38]
Penang	28 June 2013	28 June 2018	28 August 2018	10 April 2018^[39]
Perak	28 June 2013	28 June 2018	28 August 2018	9 April 2018^[40]
Pahang	1 July 2013	1 July 2018	1 September 2018	7 April 2018^[33]
Malacca	1 July 2013	1 July 2018	1 September 2018	7 April 2018^[41]
Sabah	13 June 2013	13 June 2018	13 September 2018	7 April 2018^[42]

The Sarawak State Legislative Assembly was not dissolved as the last elections were held in 2016 and the term of the state assembly is due to end in 2021.

Parties and leaders

Altogether 53 parties were eligible to contest in the elections and get on the ballot and can therefore elect a representative in the Dewan Rakyat.^[43] Furthermore, there are several independent candidates running in single-member constituencies.

The leader of the party commanding a majority of support in the Dewan Rakyat is the person who is called on by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to form a government as Prime Minister, while the leader of the largest party not in government becomes the Leader of the Opposition.

The table below lists parties which were represented in the 13th Dewan Rakyat.

Name				Ideology	Leader(s)	Seats contested	2013 result		Seats in 13th Dewan Rakyat
							Votes (%)	Seats
	BN		Barisan Nasional National Front	National conservatism	Najib Razak	222	47.38%	133 / 222	130 / 222
	PH^[c]		Pakatan Harapan Alliance of Hope	Reformism / Progressivism	Mahathir Mohamad	204	36.1%	67 / 222	72 / 222
	GS		Gagasan Sejahtera Ideas of Prosperity	Islamic conservatism	Abdul Hadi Awang	158	14.78%	21 / 222	13 / 222
	WARISAN		Parti Warisan Sabah Sabah Heritage Party	Sabah Regionalism	Mohd. Shafie Apdal	17	New Party	0 / 222	2 / 222
	PSM		Parti Sosialis Malaysia Socialist Party of Malaysia	Democratic socialism	Mohd. Nasir Hashim	4	0.19%	1 / 222	1 / 222
	Independents			–	–	24	–	0 / 222	2 / 222

Last election pendulum

The previous General Election witnessed 133 governmental seats and 89 non-governmental seats filled the Dewan Rakyat. The government side had 44 safe seats and 34 fairly safe seats, while theopposition had 33 safe seats and 18 fairly safe seats.

Extended content

GOVERNMENT SEATS Marginal Mas Gading Nogeh Gumbek SPDP 40.6 Keningau Joseph Pairin Kitingan PBS 43.8 Pensiangan Joseph Kurup PBRS 44.3 Kota Marudu Maximus Johnity Ongkili PBS 45.9 Cameron Highlands Palanivel K. Govindasamy MIC 46.2 Tenom Raime Unggi UMNO 46.7 Baram Anyi Ngau SPDP 48.9 Ranau Ewon Ebin UPKO 49.2 Bentong Liow Tiong Lai MCA 49.4 Beaufort Azizah Mohd Dun UMNO 49.4 Labis Chua Tee Yong MCA 49.5 Sungai Besar Noriah Kasnon UMNO 49.6 Kuala Selangor Irmohizam Ibrahim UMNO 49.6 Pasir Gudang Normala Abdul Samad UMNO 49.6 Bagan Serai Noor Azmi Ghazali UMNO 49.7 Hulu Selangor Kamalanathan Panchanathan MIC 49.9 Ketereh Annuar Musa UMNO 50.1 Machang Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub UMNO 50.1 Tebrau Khoo Soo Seang MCA 50.1 Kota Belud Abdul Rahman Dahlan UMNO 50.1 Jerai Jamil Khir Baharom UMNO 50.2 Segamat Subramaniam Sathasivam MIC 50.3 Kuala Kangsar Wan Mohammad Khair-il Anuar Wan Ahmad UMNO 50.4 Arau Shahidan Kassim UMNO 50.6 Bera Ismail Sabri Yaakob UMNO 50.6 Titiwangsa Johari Abdul Ghani UMNO 50.6 Ledang Hamim Samuri UMNO 50.7 Tasek Gelugor Shabudin Yahaya UMNO 50.8 Setiawangsa Ahmad Fauzi Zahari UMNO 50.8 Tuaran Madius Tangau UPKO 50.8 Kulim- Bandar Baharu Abd. Aziz Sheikh Fadzir UMNO 51.0 Muar Razali Ibrahim UMNO 51.0 Pulai Nur Jazlan Mohamed UMNO 51.0 Balik Pulau Hilmi Yahaya UMNO 51.1 Pendang Othman Abdul UMNO 51.5 Merbok Ismail Daut UMNO 51.9 Bagan Datok Ahmad Zahid Hamidi UMNO 52.1 Sabak Bernam Mohd Fasiah Mohd Fakeh UMNO 52.1 Baling Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim UMNO 52.5 Sik Mansor Abd Rahman UMNO 52.6 Sepanggar Jumat Idris UMNO 52.6 Saratok William Ikom SPDP 52.6 Jerlun Othman Aziz UMNO 52.8 Tanjong Malim Ong Ka Chuan MCA 53.0 Tanah Merah Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz UMNO 53.1 Sekijang Anuar Abdul Manap UMNO 53.2 Jerantut Ahmad Nazlan Idris UMNO 53.7 Kepala Batas Reezal Merican Naina Merican UMNO 53.8 Padang Rengas Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz UMNO 53.8 Tawau Mary Yap Kain Ching PBS 53.8 Kangar Shaharuddin Ismail UMNO 53.9 Sri Aman Masir Kujat PRS 54.4 Tanjong Karang Noh Omar UMNO 54.5 Padang Terap Mahdzir Khalid UMNO 54.6 Lubok Antu William Nyallau Badak PRS 54.7 Tanjong Piai Wee Jeck Seng MCA 55.0 Lipis Abdul Rahman Mohamad UMNO 55.1 Tambun Ahmad Husni Hanadzlah UMNO 55.3 Larut Hamzah Zainudin UMNO 55.6 Johor Bahru Shahrir Abdul Samad UMNO 55.8 Fairly safe Batu Sapi Linda Tsen Thau Lin PBS 56.0 Besut Idris Jusoh UMNO 56.1 Setiu Che Mohamad Zulkifly Jusoh UMNO 56.1 Tapah Saravanan Murugan MIC 56.1 Sri Gading Aziz Kaprawi UMNO 56.4 Jeli Mustapa Mohamed UMNO 56.5 Hulu Terengganu Jailani Johari UMNO 56.5 Kemaman Ahmad Shabery Cheek UMNO 56.9 Parit Mohd Zaim Abu Hassan UMNO 56.9 Jempol Mohd Isa Abdul Samad UMNO 56.9 Simpang Renggam Liang Teck Meng GERAKAN 57.0 Pasir Salak Tajuddin Abdul Rahman UMNO 57.4 Kuala Krau Ismail Mohamed Said UMNO 57.5 Bintulu Tiong King Sing SPDP 57.6 Lenggong Shamsul Anuar Nasarah UMNO 58.1 Selangau Joseph Entulu Belaun PRS 58.1 Silam Nasrun Mansur UMNO 58.2 Julau Joseph Salang Gandum PRS 58.3 Kubang Pasu Mohd Johari Baharum UMNO 58.4 Paya Besar Abdul Manan Ismail UMNO 58.4 Jelebu Zainuddin Ismail UMNO 58.4 Ayer Hitam Wee Ka Siong MCA 58.4 Kanowit Aaron Ago Dagang PRS 58.5 Putatan Marcus Mojigoh UPKO 58.7 Maran Ismail Muttalib UMNO 59.1 Alor Gajah Koh Nai Kwong MCA 59.2 Jasin Ahmad Hamzah UMNO 59.5 Kimanis Anifah Aman UMNO 59.5 Padang Besar Zahidi Zainul Abidin UMNO 59.6 Safe Kudat Abdul Rahim Bakri UMNO 60.2 Tampin Shaziman Abu Mansor UMNO 60.4 Gerik Hasbullah Osman UMNO 60.6 Parit Sulong Noraini Ahmad UMNO 60.9 Gua Musang Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah UMNO 61.0 Kuala Pilah Hasan Malek UMNO 61.0 Libaran Juslie Ajirol UMNO 61.2 Tangga Batu Abu Bakar Mohamad Diah UMNO 61.4 Hulu Rajang Ugak Kumbong PRS 61.8 Rembau Khairy Jamaluddin UMNO 62.1 Mambong James Dawos Mamit PBB 62.8 Sembrong Hishammuddin Hussein UMNO 63.7 Sibuti Ahmad Lai Bujang UMNO 63.8 Papar Rosnah Abdul Rashid Shirlin UMNO 63.9 Kalabakan Abdul Ghapur Salleh UMNO 64.0 Pagoh Muhyiddin Yassin UMNO 64.8 Pontian Ahmad Maslan UMNO 65.0 Rompin Jamaluddin Jarjis UMNO 65.5 Labuan Rozman Isli UMNO 65.6 Kinabatangan Bung Moktar Radin UMNO 67.0 Langkawi Nawawi Ahmad UMNO 67.2 Sipitang Sapawi Ahmad UMNO 67.3 Putrajaya Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor UMNO 69.0 Masjid Tanah Mas Ermieyati Samsudin UMNO 69.7 Beluran Ronald Kiandee UMNO 69.7 Mersing Abdul Latiff Ahmad UMNO 70.2 Lawas Henry Sum Agong PBB 70.6 Limbang Hasbi Habibollah PBB 72.8 Serian Richard Riot Jaem SUPP 73.5 Tenggara Halimah Mohamed Sadique UMNO 73.7 Pekan Najib Razak UMNO 75.2 Batang Lupar Rohani Abdul Karim PBB 75.4 Mukah Leo Michael Toyad PBB 75.5 Betong Douglas Uggah Embas PBB 75.9 Kota Samarahan Rubiah Wang PBB 76.8 Kapit Alexander Nanta Linggi PBB 77.1 Petra Jaya Fadillah Yusof PBB 77.8 Semporna Mohd Shafie Apdal UMNO 81.1 Pengerang Azalina Othman Said UMNO 81.9 Kota Tinggi Noor Ehsanuddin Mohd Harun Narrashid UMNO 82.4 Santubong Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar PBB 84.4 Batang Sadong Nancy Shukri PBB 85.5 Igan Wahab Dolah PBB 85.8 Tanjong Manis Norah Abdul Rahman PBB 87.4 NON-GOVERNMENT SEATS Marginal Alor Setar Gooi Hsiao-Leung PKR 47.4 Sepang Mohamed Hanipa Maidin PAS 49.1 Bachok Ahmad Marzuk Shaary PAS 49.5 Kuala Nerus Mohd Khairuddin Aman Razali PAS 49.9 Telok Kemang Kamarul Bahrin Abbas PKR 49.9 Temerloh Nasrudin Hassan PAS 50.1 Batu Pahat Mohd Idris Jusi PKR 50.1 Bukit Gantang Idris Ahmad PAS 50.2 Sarikei Wong Ling Biu DAP 50.4 Pasir Puteh Nik Mazian Nik Mohamad PAS 50.8 Lembah Pantai Nurul Izzah Anwar PKR 51.0 Sandakan Wong Tien Fatt DAP 51.0 Miri Michael Teo Yu Keng PKR 51.0 Kuala Krai Mohd Hatta Ramli PAS 51.2 Gombak Mohamed Azmin Ali PKR 51.4 Dungun Wan Hassan Mohd Ramli PAS 51.9 Sungai Siput Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj PKR 51.9 Raub Ariff Sabri Abdul Aziz DAP 52.1 Sibu Oscar Ling Chai Yew DAP 52.1 Pokok Sena Mahfuz Omar PAS 52.2 Kuala Langat Abdullah Sani Abdul Hamid PKR 52.2 Seremban Loke Siew Fook DAP 52.2 Kuala Kedah Azman Ismail PKR 52.3 Marang Abdul Hadi Awang PAS 52.6 Bukit Katil Shamsul Iskandar Md. Akin PKR 52.6 Padang Serai Surendran Nagarajan PKR 53.0 Bakri Er Teck Hwa DAP 53.4 Kluang Liew Chin Tong DAP 54.0 Kuantan Fuziah Salleh PKR 54.1 Wangsa Maju Tan Kee Kwong PKR 54.4 Sungai Petani Johari Abdul PKR 54.7 Kampar Ko Chung Sen DAP 54.7 Lumut Mohamad Imran Abdul Hamid PKR 54.8 Kapar Manivannan Gowindasamy PKR 55.1 Beruas Ngeh Koo Ham DAP 55.5 Shah Alam Khalid Samad PAS 55.7 Tumpat Kamarudin Jaffar PAS 55.8 Pasir Mas Nik Mohamad Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz PAS 55.8 Fairly safe Kuala Terengganu Raja Kamarul Bahrin Shah PAS 56.0 Indera Mahkota Fauzi Abdul Rahman PKR 56.1 Telok Intan Seah Leong Peng DAP 56.3 Bandar Tun Razak Abdul Khalid Ibrahim PKR 56.4 Selayang William Leong Jee Keen PKR 56.7 Rantau Panjang Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff PAS 56.9 Nibong Tebal Mansor Othman PKR 57.1 Hulu Langat Che Rosli Che Mat PAS 57.1 Gelang Patah Lim Kit Siang DAP 57.2 Batu Chua Tian Chang PKR 57.9 Kulai Teo Nie Ching DAP 57.9 Taiping Nga Kor Ming DAP 58.5 Gopeng Lee Boon Chye PKR 58.5 Permatang Pauh Wan Azizah Wan Ismail PKR 58.6 Ampang Zuraida Kamarudin PKR 58.8 Subang Sivarasa K. Rasiah PKR 58.8 Parit Buntar Mujahid Yusof Rawa PAS 58.9 Lanang Alice Lau Kiong Yieng DAP 59.3 Safe Kota Bharu Takiyuddin Hassan PAS 61.5 Penampang Ignatius Dorell Leiking PKR 61.8 Kota Melaka Sim Tong Him DAP 62.3 Petaling Jaya Selatan Hee Loy Sian PKR 63.0 Pengkalan Chepa Izani Husin PAS 63.2 Bayan Baru Sim Tze Tzin PKR 63.4 Stampin Julian Tan Kok Ping DAP 63.7 Klang Charles Anthony R. Santiago DAP 63.9 Kota Raja Siti Mariah Mahmud PAS 63.9 Segambut Lim Lip Eng DAP 64.6 Kubang Kerian Ahmad Baihaki Atiqullah PAS 64.7 Rasah Teo Kok Seong DAP 65.1 Kelana Jaya Wong Chen PKR 65.8 Pandan Rafizi Ramli PKR 65.9 Puchong Gobind Singh Deo DAP 66.7 Serdang Ong Kian Ming DAP 67.1 Jelutong Jeff Ooi Chuan Aun DAP 70.3 Ipoh Barat Kulasegaran Murugeson DAP 72.2 Kota Kinabalu Wong Sze Phin DAP 72.2 Bukit Bintang Fong Kui Lun DAP 72.8 Batu Kawan Kasthuriraani Patto DAP 73.1 Bandar Kuching Chong Chieng Jen DAP 73.8 Ipoh Timor Su Keong Siong DAP 75.5 Batu Gajah Sivakumar Varatharaju Naidu DAP 76.7 Bukit Bendera Zairil Khir Johari DAP 77.2 Bagan Lim Guan Eng DAP 77.8 Bukit Gelugor Karpal Singh Ram Singh DAP 80.1 Bukit Mertajam Steven Sim Chee Kiong DAP 80.5 Cheras Tan Kok Wai DAP 81.2 Petaling Jaya Utara Tony Pua Kiam Wee DAP 81.3 Kepong Tan Seng Giaw DAP 81.8 Tanjong Ng Wei Aik DAP 82.8 Seputeh Teresa Kok Suh Sim DAP 85.7

Opinion polls

Date	Pollster	Sample	BN	PH	GS	Others	Lead
May 2018	Merdeka Center	1,579	37.3%	43.4%	19.3%	-	6.1%
April 2018	Merdeka Center	1,206 ^[1]	40.3%	43.7%	16%	-	3.4%
January 2017	IM	104,340	27%	41%	21%	14% (Und.)	14%
26-30 Aug 2016	IDE	31,341 ^[2]	29%	59%	12%	-	30%
5 May 2013	General election	11,257,147	47.38%	50.87%	15.1%	-	1.32%

Note also that in the 2013 general election, the current component parties of Pakatan Harapan and Gagasan Sejahtera were competing together under an informal coalition, Pakatan Rakyat. In 2015, disagreements between those component parties over the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and their desire to implement hudud law prompted a split, with PAS leaving to form the Gagasan Sejahtera coalition. The remaining parties in Pakatan Rakyat, together with PAS splinter party Amanah and former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's PPBM, formed the Pakatan Harapan coalition. Hence, while Pakatan Rakyat won the popular vote in 2013, the component parties forming Pakatan Harapan did not.

Notes

1. ^ - Survey presented findings of Peninsular Malaysia respondents only.
2. ^ - Survey presented findings of Selangor respondents only

Politicians not standing

Members of Parliament not standing for re-election

MP	Seat	First elected	Party		Reason	Ref
Shaharuddin Ismail	Kangar	2013		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[44]
Gooi Hsiao-Leung	Alor Setar	2013		People's Justice Party	Transferred to Bukit Tengah state seat	^[45]
Ismail Daut	Merbok	2013		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[46]
N. Surendran	Padang Serai	2013		People's Justice Party	Dropped by party	^[47]
Izani Husin	Pengkalan Chepa	2013		Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party	Transferred to Kijang state seat	^[48]
Ahmad Baihaki Atiqullah	Kubang Kerian	2013		Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party	Dropped by party	^[48]
Nik Mazian Nik Mohamad	Pasir Putih	2013		Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party	Dropped by party	^[48]
Che Mohamad Zulkifly Jusoh	Setiu	2013		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[49]
Jailani Johari	Hulu Terengganu	2013		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[49]
Zairil Khir Johari	Bukit Bendera	2013		Democratic Action Party	Transferred to Tanjong Bunga state seat	^[50]
Ng Wei Aik	Tanjong	2013		Democratic Action Party	Dropped by party	^[51]
Jeff Ooi	Jelutong	2008		Democratic Action Party	Dropped by party	^[51]
Mohd Zaim Abu Hassan	Parit	2013		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[52]
Ko Chung Sen	Kampar	2013		Democratic Action Party	Transferred to Kepayang state seat	^[53]
Mohamad Imran Abdul Hamid	Lumut	2013		People's Justice Party	Transferred to Bukit Chandan state seat	^[54]
Ong Ka Chuan	Tanjong Malim	2008		Barisan Nasional	Not selected	^[55]
G. Palanivel	Cameron Highlands	2013		Independent	Not seeking re-election	^[56]
Ariff Sabri Abdul Aziz	Raub	2013		Democratic Action Party	Health concerns	^[57]
Tengku Azlan	Jerantut	1999		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[58]
Fauzi Abdul Rahman	Indera Mahkota	2013		People's Justice Party	Transferred to Sungai Lembing state seat	^[59]
Abdul Manan Ismail	Paya Besar	2008		Barisan Nasional	Death	^[60]
Rafizi Ramli	Pandan	2013		People's Justice Party	Court conviction	^[61]
Hee Loy Sian	Petaling Jaya Selatan	2008		People's Justice Party	Transferred to Kajang state seat	^[62]
G. Manivannan	Kapar	2013		People's Justice Party	Transferred to Hutan Melintang state seat	^[63]
Siti Mariah Mahmud	Kota Raja	2008		National Trust Party	Transferred to Seri Serdang state seat	^[62]
Tan Seng Giaw	Kepong	1982		Democratic Action Party	Dropped by party	^[64]
Tian Chua	Batu	2008		People's Justice Party	Failed in the nomination process	^[65]
Ahmad Fauzi Zahari	Setiawangsa	2013		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[66]
Abdul Khalid Ibrahim	Bandar Tun Razak	2008		Independent	Retired from politics	^[67]
Mohd Isa Abdul Samad	Jempol	2013		Barisan Nasional	Corruption investigations	^[68]
Teo Kok Seong	Rasah	2013		Democratic Action Party	Transferred to Bahau state seat	^[69]
Kamarul Baharin Abbas	Telok Kemang	2008		People's Justice Party	Dropped by party	^[70]
Koh Nai Kwong	Alor Gajah	2013		Barisan Nasional	Transferred to Machap Jaya state seat	^[71]
Abu Bakar Mohamad Diah	Tangga Batu	2013		Barisan Nasional	Transferred to Paya Rumput state seat	^[72]
Sim Tong Him	Kota Melaka	2008		Independent	Transferred to Kota Laksamana state seat	^[73]
Anuar Abdul Manap	Sekijang	2013		Barisan Nasional	Transferred to Kemelah state seat	^[74]
Er Teck Hwa	Bakri	2008		Democratic Action Party	Dropped by party	^[75]
Mohd Idris Jusi	Batu Pahat	2013		People's Justice Party	Dropped by party	^[76]
Noor Ehsanuddin Mohd Harun	Kota Tinggi	2013		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[77]
Khoo Soo Seang	Tebrau	2013		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[78]
Normala Abdul Samad	Pasir Gudang	2013		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[77]
Jumat Idris	Sepanggar	2013		Barisan Nasional	Party membership suspended	^[79]
Wong Sze Phin	Kota Kinabalu	2013		Democratic Action Party	Transferred to Sri Tanjung state seat	^[80]
Sapawi Ahmad	Sipitang	2008		Barisan Nasional	Transferred to Sindumin state seat	^[81]
Joseph Pairin Kitingan	Keningau	1986		Barisan Nasional	Not seeking re-election	^[82]
Raime Unggi	Tenom	2004		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[83]
Joseph Kurup	Pensiangan	2008		Barisan Nasional	Not seeking re-election	^[84]
Juslie Ajirol	Libaran	1999		Barisan Nasional	Transferred to Gum-Gum state seat	^[81]
Julian Tan Kok Ping	Stampin	2013		Democratic Action Party	Retired from politics	^[85]
James Dawos Mamit	Mambong	1999		Barisan Nasional	Health concerns	^[86]
William Nyallau Badak	Lubok Antu	2008		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[87]
Douglas Uggah Embas	Betong	1986		Barisan Nasional	Unable to contest due to PBB's single-seat policy	^[88]
William Ikom Mawan	Saratok	2013		Barisan Nasional	Unable to contest due to PBB's single-seat policy	^[89]
Norah Abdul Rahman	Tanjong Manis	2008		Barisan Nasional	Health concerns	^[90]
Wahab Dolah	Igan	2004		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[91]
Leo Michael Toyad	Mukah	1982		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[91]
Joseph Entulu Belaun	Selangau	2004		Barisan Nasional	Dropped by party	^[92]
Ahmad Lai Bujang	Sibuti	2008		Barisan Nasional	Health concerns	^[93]

Endorsements

Main article: Endorsements in the Malaysian general election, 2018

Newspapers, organisations and individuals endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election.

Conduct

There had been many controversies even before the general election began, mostly regarding gerrymandering and the electoral boundary re-delineation in favour of the Barisan Nasional coalition. The body regulating elections in Malaysia, the Election Commission of Malaysia (which is under the control of the Prime Minister's Department), was criticised by election watchdogs, including Bersih, the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia and various other organisations for electoral malpractices, arbitrary decisions and a lack of transparency.^[94][95][96]

Gerrymandering

Opposition parties, non-governmental organisations and even politicians from the ruling party accused the government of gerrymandering, manipulating the composition of electoral seats in favour of Barisan Nasional.^[97] The opposition claims that the manipulation primarily involves merging opposition-dominated areas into large, single seats and dividing BN-favouring areas among several, smaller seats so as to favour rural voters who are more inclined to support the ruling party.^[98] An analyst with electoral reform group Tindak Malaysia estimates that this latest redelineation process would allow Barisan Nasional to regain control with just 33% of the vote.^[99]

The Electoral Integrity Project (EIP), an independent academic project based at Harvard University and the University of Sydney that studies election integrity and assigns PEI scores (Global Perceptions of Electoral Integrity) to countries across the world, had in its most recent research paper published in November 2017, ranked Malaysia's election integrity at 142nd out of 158 countries, just above Zimbabwe (143th), Vietnam (147th) and Afghanistan (150th).^[100]

Polling day on midweek

Many Malaysians protested the Election Commission's decision to set the Polling Day on midweek (Wednesday, 9 May) rather than to set it on a weekend (i.e. Saturday) as it had been in the previous General Elections. Some of them, including Pakatan Harapan chairman Mahathir Mohamad,^[101] PAS deputy president Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man^[102] and Bersih chairperson Maria Chin,^[103] viewed such a decision to be unfair, undemocratic, and an attempt to discourage people overseas or interstate from returning to their hometowns to vote.^[104] In response, Najib Razak declared Wednesday a national holiday.

Overseas ballot issues

Since the 2013 elections, overseas voting has been open to the majority of Malaysian registered voters living abroad.^[105] However, registered overseas Malaysian voters were reported to have received their ballots late, some even on election day, despite the election commission requiring their ballots to be returned before the close of polling stations to be counted as valid.^[106] As a result, many of these overseas voters organised on social media to bring theirs and other ballots back through casual couriers.^[107][108] The Election Commission of Malaysia currently denies trying to stop overseas Malaysians to vote.

Nomination Day controversies

Controversies erupted after six candidates for the opposition coalition, Pakatan Harapan, were disqualified from running under suspicious circumstances on Nomination Day (Saturday 28 April 2018).^[109] The most prominent disqualification was that of PKR vice-president Chua Tian Chang, who the local returning officer prevented from defending his Batu parliamentary seat due to an earlier court conviction, despite a High Court judgement which made clear he was eligible to continue as an MP. A subsequent High Court appeal was thrown out, under the claim that they did not have jurisdiction over election-related matters.^[110] Chua and his party are consequently endorsing independent candidate, 22-year-old P. Prabakaran, for the seat.^[111]

Meanwhile, in Rantau, Negeri Sembilan, the state's Chief Minister Mohamad Hasan was re-elected unopposed after opposition candidate Dr. Streram Sinnasamy was prevented from entering the nomination centre, ostensibly as he did not have an entry pass, despite his claim that he was never issued one and despite the fact that there are no laws requiring candidates to have entry passes.^[112] Four other opposition candidates were barred for being undischarged bankrupts, despite claims that earlier checks with the authorities had confirmed their ability to participate.^[109]

Lawyers and other political analysts criticised these returning officers for a "gross abuse of power" that went beyond their primary role (to assist with filing nomination papers) and deprived several candidates of the chance to exercise their democratic right. They claim that incidents like this contribute to the perception that Malaysian elections are inherently unfair and weaken the rule of law.^[113] Pakatan Harapan chairman Mahathir Mohamad confirmed that he would appeal these decisions to the courts, alleging an "abuse of power" by "officers who are willing to do illegal things on orders".^[114]

Alleged vote-buying

The ruling coalition, Barisan Nasional, faced criticism for alleged vote-buying. The Nikkei Asian Review noted that measures like cash bonuses being handed out to civil servants and pensioners, key components of its support base, occurred just before the dissolution of the lower house of Parliament,^[115] with other measures announced during the campaign trail including "special aid" of RM500 (US$127) and reserved social housing units for employees of government-linked company DRB-HICOM^[116] as well as minimum wage increases.^[117]

Within constituencies, Barisan Nasional MPs came under significant criticism from electoral watchdog Bersih, with seven out of ten individuals named in their "Election Offenses Hall of Shame" being from Barisan Nasional component parties. Musa Aman, Noh Omar, Hamzah Zainudin and Shahanim Mohd Yusuf (BN-UMNO) as well as P. Kamalanathan and Jaspal Singh (BN-MIC) were publicly reprimanded for handing out free food, petrol, furniture, groceries and motorcycles in their respective constituencies, in what was widely seen as an attempt to sway the vote in favour of them.^[118]

Controversy also erupted over Barisan Nasional's battle for the Sekinchan constituency, considered a marginal seat held by opposition party DAP, where an election event organised by Datuk Seri Jamal Yunos (the UMNO chief for Sungai Besar) in support of local candidate Lee Yee Yuan (BN-MCA) included an all-you-can-eat buffet, chances to win a motorcycle and a RM25,000 (US$6,345) cash prize, as well as a promise of a RM2,000 (US$508) payment for every voter if they are elected.^[119] All payments, along with a claimed RM150,000 in donations and a Mercedes-Benz C200 to be offered at the next event, were claimed to have been donated by "successful businessmen" in the small fishing village (population: 20,000) who wanted to show their "gratitude" to BN.^[120] While Yunos denies any wrongdoing, claiming that he is not a candidate but is "only conveying contributions from certain individuals," the Sekinchan DAP branch lodged a police report against him for alleged vote-buying.^[121]

Yunos also faced controversy for being caught on video handing out RM50 (US$13) notes from a bag at a function in the Sungai Leman Bendang Utara village, which is also part of Sekinchan. He claimed that those being paid were "party workers" responsible for "putting up flags, buntings and other materials," a claim that media were unable to independently verify. Media outlet Malaysiakini noted that most of those being paid were not dressed in Barisan Nasional colours, and that significant numbers of senior citizens and children were present at the event.^[122]

The main opposition alliance, Pakatan Harapan, was also not immune to allegations of vote-buying. Pakatan Harapan's manifesto, particularly, lists as a key promise the abolition of Malaysia's 6% GST and increasing minimum wages, which journalists and financial analysts claim amounts to pork-barrel populism that could negatively affect Malaysian government finances.^[115][123] Bersih also included Afif Bahardin (PH-PKR) on their Election Offenses Hall of Shame for utilising Penang state government programmes to give handouts such as hampers to voters in his constituency of Seberang Jaya.^[124]

Additionally, Ahmad Yakob, the Menteri Besar of Kelantan, was singled out for criticism after "repeatedly using Kelantan state government resources" to benefit the campaign of his party, PAS (competing as the main component of the Gagasan Sejahtera coalition), including by handing out cash to religious leaders in a state government hall covered in PAS flags.^[118]

Release of results

On polling night, the announcement of results took longer than usual, as it was alleged that the Election Commission officers were delaying their signing of Form 14 for announcing the results. This was later revealed in an interview between Mahathir and The Mekong Review, where he revealed that there were attempts to get winning PH candidates to cross over to BN and PAS, fearing that PH "were not going to respect the position of Islam as much as the previous government had". He added that they had already won as early as 8.30 pm but did not receive the official announcement until 2 AM.^[125]

Election observers

The Election Commission (EC) invited 14 countries to participate in the polls as foreign observers, comprising representatives of election management bodies from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Commonwealth of Nations, Asian and European countries as well as a study and support centre for the Malaysian Commonwealth Studies Centre based in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Seven countries agreed to send representatives to observe the elections, namely Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Thailand and Timor-Leste.^[126] The invitation was also extended to India, Pakistan and Uzbekistan of which nine countries observers arrived on 7 May.^[127] The EC also appointed 1,236 election observers from 14 local non-governmental organisations.^[128]

Results

Main article: Results of the 2018 Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency

The nationwide counting of votes began at 17:00 on 9 May.^[129] The decision to close the polling stations at 17:00 was met with protests by disgruntled would-be voters who contended that, given the longer-than-usual queues, the Election Commission (EC) could have extended the polling hours, as had been done in the previous elections.^[130][131]

The first unofficial result came from the constituency of Baram in Sarawak, which was won by Barisan Nasional (BN).^[132] Despite BN's early lead, by 20:30, Pakatan Harapan (PH) and BN were almost neck and neck.^[133] The states of Sarawak and Sabah, long regarded as BN's "fixed deposits", witnessed a significant swing in favour of PH and the Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) respectively.^{[134][135][136]} In a further blow to BN's chances, several leaders of BN's component parties, such as Subramaniam Sathasivam (MIC), Liow Tiong Lai (MCA) and Mah Siew Keong (Gerakan), were defeated in their respective constituencies by PH candidates.^[129][137] Mahathir Mohamad, PH's Prime Ministerial candidate, secured the constituency of Langkawi by 21:45.^[129] As the night wore on, it was reported that PH also retained the states of Penang and Selangor with larger majorities.^[138][139]

Stunned by the rapidly deteriorating turn of events, federal authorities attempted to stymie the release of unofficial election results. At 21:13, the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) ordered Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to block Malaysiakini and its sister websites, which were providing live updates of the poll counting, on the grounds that the updates "may affect national stability, public order and harmony, and economic stability".^[140] Meanwhile, unmarked cars, allegedly carrying fake ballot boxes, were spotted entering some of the counting stations. Enraged onlookers tried to stop the cars, leading to sporadic rioting.^[141] The most serious rioting occurred in the town of Ayer Hitam in Johor; the rioters in the town were eventually dispersed by the Royal Malaysia Police's Federal Reserve Unit (FRU).^[142]

At about 23:20, Mahathir claimed during a press conference at the Sheraton Hotel in Petaling Jaya that PH had already exceeded the simple majority of 112 seats needed to form the federal government.^[143][144] He added that PH had successfully wrested the states of Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Johor and Kedah from BN. However, Mahathir alleged that some EC officers were refusing to sign Form 14 in their respective constituencies, which is required for the results to be announced. He further warned that although "Malaysians are not violent people, they should not take this lying down".^[144]

Following the press conference, the EC started releasing the official election results just after midnight.^[145] However, the official results were continuously delayed and announced only gradually, as the counting of votes was said to be still ongoing in several places.^[146] At about 02:30, right after unofficial results had confirmed PH's simple majority, Mahathir, flanked by several PH leaders, gave another press conference, announcing that the Istana Negara (National Palace) had summoned the leader of the People's Justice Party (PKR) - the party whose logo was used by PH in the polls - and that he would be sworn in as the nation's seventh Prime Minister later that day.^[129][144]

Tellingly, BN's victory celebrations at Kuala Lumpur's Putra World Trade Centre, which had been customary in the event of a BN electoral victory, did not materialise.^[147] Instead, BN's top echelons held a closed door meeting at the private residence of the outgoing Prime Minister and BN chief, Najib Razak.^[147][148] This sparked fears that the defeated incumbent government would resort to martial law to cling to federal power.^[149] When informed of the coalition's impending defeat, a distraught Najib asked "do people really hate me that much?", while another BN politician told the press after the meeting that "whatever it is, we need to respect the will of the people".^[147][150] In any event, martial law was never touched upon in the meeting.^[148]

The EC announced the full official election results shortly before 05:00, where it was revealed that the states of Sabah and Perak were left with hung legislative assemblies.^[146][151] Meanwhile, the Gagasan Sejahtera (GS) coalition, led by the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), was not only able to retain Kelantan, it also captured the state of Terengganu from BN. Najib finally conceded defeat during a press conference at 11:00.^[152]

Party or alliance				Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Pakatan Harapan		People's Justice Party	2,046,394	16.94	47	+17
			Democratic Action Party	2,098,068	17.36	42	+4
			Malaysian United Indigenous Party	718,648	5.95	13	New
			National Trust Party	655,528	5.43	11	New
		Total		5,518,638	45.67	113	+45
	Sabah Heritage Party (Pakatan Harapan ally)			280,520	2.32	8	+8
	Barisan Nasional		United Malays National Organisation	2,525,713	20.90	54	–34
			Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu	220,479	1.82	13	–1
			Parti Rakyat Sarawak	59,218	0.49	3	–3
			Malaysian Indian Congress	167,061	1.38	2	–2
			Progressive Democratic Party	59,853	0.50	2	–2
			Malaysian Chinese Association	653,346	5.41	1	–6
			Sarawak United Peoples' Party	122,540	1.01	1	0
			United Sabah Party	58,351	0.48	1	–3
			UPKO	57,062	0.47	1	–2
			Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah	11,783	0.10	1	0
			Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia	128,973	1.07	0	–1
			Liberal Democratic Party	8,996	0.07	0	0
			People's Progressive Party	7,422	0.06	0	0
		Total		4,080,797	33.77	79	–54
	Gagasan Sejahtera		Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party	2,032,080	16.82	18	–3
			Malaysia National Alliance Party	9,025	0.07	0	New
			Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front	81	0.00	0	0
		Total		2,041,186	16.89	18	–3
	Love Malaysia Party (Gagasan Sejahtera ally)			502	0.00	0	0
	United Sabah Alliance		Sabah People's Hope Party	37,708	0.31	0	New
			Homeland Solidarity Party	21,361	0.18	1	New
			Sabah Progressive Party	6,090	0.05	0	0
			Sabah People's Unity Party	2,016	0.02	0	New
		Total		67,175	0.56	1	+1
	Love Sabah Party			8,603	0.07	0	New
	Socialist Party of Malaysia			3,782	0.03	0	New
	Parti Rakyat Malaysia			2,372	0.02	0	New
	Malaysian United Party			2,102	0.02	0	New
	State Reform Party			1,299	0.01	0	0
	Sabah Native Co-operation Party			1,173	0.01	0	New
	Parti Rakyat Gabungan Jaksa Pendamai			1,005	0.01	0	New
	Penang Front Party			892	0.01	0	New
	Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru			538	0.00	0	New
	Parti Bumi Kenyalang			392	0.00	0	New
	People's Alternative Party			302	0.00	0	New
	Independents			71,153	0.59	3	+3
Total				12,082,431	100.00	222	0
Valid votes				12,082,431	98.24
Invalid/blank votes				217,083	1.76
Total votes				12,299,514	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				14,940,624	82.32
Source: Election Commission of Malaysia

By state

State / federal territory	Barisan Nasional					Pakatan Harapan + Warisan					Gagasan Sejahtera					Other / Independent
	Votes	%	Seats	%	±	Votes	%	Seats	%	±	Votes	%	Seats	%	±	Votes	%	Seats	%	±
Johor	581,662	38.6	8	31	13	819,518	54.4	18	69	13	105,375	6.99	0	0		818	0.05	0	0
Kedah	282,273	30.0	2	13	8	362,256	38.5	10	67	6	295,413	31.4	3	20	2	360	0.04	0	0
Kelantan	320,384	39.1	5	36		101,136	12.3	0	0		393,450	48.0	9	64		5373	0.65	0	0
Malacca	157,339	38.1	2	33	2	218,415	52.9	4	67	2	35,733	8.65	0	0		1415	0.34	0	0
Negeri Sembilan	179,518	36.1	3	38	2	267,951	53.9	5	63	2	49,478	9.95	0	0		302	0.06	0	0
Pahang	285,912	43.2	9	64	1	204,965	30.9	5	36	2	170,605	25.8	0	0	1	976	0.15	0	0
Penang	177,631	22.5	2	15	1	543,298	68.8	11	85	1	65,005	8.24	0	0		3191	0.40	0	0
Perak	395,355	33.2	11	46	1	597,901	50.3	13	54	5	193,551	16.3	0	0	2	2460	0.21	0	0
Perlis	46,885	38.8	2	67	1	46,194	38.2	1	33	1	27,701	22.9	0	0		0	0	0	0
Sabah	335,587	39.8	10	40	12	416,455	51.2	14	56	11	13,295	1.58	0	0		75,611	0.09	1	3.34	1
Selangor	427,443	20.8	2	9	3	1,312,053	63.8	20	91	7	312,898	15.2	0	0	4	3527	0.17	0	0
Terengganu	252,461	40.7	2	25	2	59,834	9.64	0	0	1	308,252	49.7	6	75	3	0	0	0	0
Sarawak	462,090	52.5	19	61	6	381,863	43.4	10	32	4	10,591	1.20	0	0		3234	0.37	2	0	2
WP Kuala Lumpur	153,945	22.1	0	0	2	486,974	69.9	10	100	2	54,569	7.83	0	0		1019	0.15	0	0
WP Labuan	10,164	47.6	1	100		8,714	40.8	0	0		1,555	7.28	0	0		925	4.33	0	0
WP Putrajaya	12,148	49.5	1	100		8,776	35.7	0	0		3,634	14.8	0	0		0	0	0	0
Total	4,080,797	35.6	79	32.9	54	5,615,822	45.56	122	54.9	55	2,051,188	16.99	18	8.11	4	99,211	0.82	3	1.35	3

Seats

  Pakatan Harapan (55.86%)

  Barisan Nasional (35.59%)

  Gagasan Sejahtera (8.10%)

  Other / Independent (0.44%)

Seats that changed allegiance

No.	Seat	Previous Party (2013)		Current Party (2018)
P002	Kangar		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P004	Langkawi		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P005	Jerlun		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P006	Kubang Pasu		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P008	Pokok Sena		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P011	Pendang		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)
P012	Jerai		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)
P013	Sik		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)
P014	Merbok		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P018	Kulim-Bandar Baharu		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P034	Setiu		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)
P040	Kemaman		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)
P053	Balik Pulau		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P057	Parit Buntar		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P059	Bukit Gantang		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
P062	Sungai Siput		Socialist Party of Malaysia		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P063	Tambun		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P077	Tanjong Malim		Barisan Nasional (MCA)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P088	Temerloh		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P089	Bentong		Barisan Nasional (MCA)		Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P093	Sungai Besar		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P094	Hulu Selangor		Barisan Nasional (MIC)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P096	Kuala Selangor		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P101	Hulu Langat		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P108	Shah Alam		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P111	Kota Raja		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P113	Sepang		Gagasan Sejahtera (PAS)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P115	Batu		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		Independent
P118	Setiawangsa		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P119	Titiwangsa		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P129	Kuala Pilah		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P133	Tampin		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P135	Alor Gajah		Barisan Nasional (MCA)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P136	Tangga Batu		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P140	Segamat		Barisan Nasional (MIC)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P141	Sekijang		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P142	Labis		Barisan Nasional (MCA)		Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P143	Pagoh		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P144	Ledang		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P146	Muar		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P149	Sri Gading		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P151	Simpang Renggam		Barisan Nasional (GERAKAN)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P158	Tebrau		Barisan Nasional (MCA)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P159	Pasir Gudang		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P160	Johor Bahru		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P161	Pulai		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P165	Tanjung Piai		Barisan Nasional (MCA)		Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU)
P169	Kota Belud		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		WARISAN
P171	Sepanggar		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		WARISAN
P173	Putatan		Barisan Nasional (UPKO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P174	Penampang		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)		WARISAN
P175	Papar		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		WARISAN
P179	Ranau		Barisan Nasional (UPKO)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P180	Keningau		Barisan Nasional (PBS)		United Sabah Alliance (STAR)
P181	Tenom		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P185	Batu Sapi		Barisan Nasional (PBS)		WARISAN
P188	Silam		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		WARISAN
P189	Semporna		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		WARISAN
P190	Tawau		Barisan Nasional (PBS)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P191	Kalabakan		Barisan Nasional (UMNO)		WARISAN
P192	Mas Gading		Barisan Nasional (PDP)		Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P198	Puncak Borneo		Barisan Nasional (PBB)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P203	Lubok Antu		Barisan Nasional (PRS)		Independent
P205	Saratok		Barisan Nasional (PDP)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P209	Julau		Barisan Nasional (PRS)		Independent
P214	Selangau		Barisan Nasional (PRS)		Pakatan Harapan (PKR)

Aftermath

Pakatan's victory triggered nationwide celebrations, marking the end of a 61-year rule by Barisan Nasional (and preceding Alliance Party).^[153] Mahathir Mohamad was sworn in as the Prime Minister on the night of 10 May at the Istana Negara by Yang di Pertuan Agong Muhammad V, triggering more nationwide celebrations.^[154]

Defections and state government formations

The general election resulted in a hung parliament in the 60-seat Sabah State Legislative Assembly, after Barisan Nasional and the Warisan-Pakatan pact both won 29 seats in the election. This made the Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR) as the 'kingmakers', as the party won two state seats, giving them the power to give either bloc the mandate to form the state government. Considering that STAR is an opposition party, it was wildly expected for them to support a Warisan-led government. However, the party's leadership chose to support a Barisan government instead, sparking mass protests across the state by opposition supporters.^[155] As such, Barisan Nasional, with the support of STAR, formed the next Sabah state government, with Musa Aman chosen as Chief Minister.^[156] However, the formation of government didn't last long after one of Barisan's component parties, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (now United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation; UPKO), which won five state seats, withdrew from the coalition and announced support for a Warisan-led government in Sabah.^[157] Warisan president, Shafie Apdal, was later sworn in as the new Sabah Chief Minister the day after.^[158] On the same day, another Sabah-based Barisan Nasional component party, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), also announced their withdrawal from the coalition, citing their poor performance in the election, losing in every constituency they contested in.^[159]

The day afterwards, another two Sabah-based Barisan Nasional component party, the United Sabah People's Party (PBRS) and the United Sabah Party (PBS), also announced that they had left Barisan. PBRS stated that they would seek an alliance with Pakatan Harapan and would apply for membership in the ruling party coalition,^[160] while PBS stated that they are seeking to form a new Sabah-based coalition, compromising of all Sabah Opposition parties.^[161] In 2020, after vowing for new coalitions, made for all Sabah-based parties, the Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) finally created to take over Shafie's WARISAN+ government, having secure simple majority under Hajiji Noor, former Sabah UMNO member.

Meanwhile, the general election also resulted in a hung parliament in the 59-seat Perak State Legislative Assembly, in which Pakatan won 29 seats, two short of a majority, while Barisan and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) each won 27 and 3 seats. This would mean neither of the three parties would have enough seats to form the Perak state government.^[151] PAS proposed the formation of a unity government compromising of all sides in the State Legislative Assembly, but was rejected by Pakatan.^[162] However, Pakatan succeeded in forming the state government after two Barisan assemblymen announced their support for Pakatan to form the state government,^[163] thus ending the hung parliament status-quo. Their action resulted in the two assemblymen having their UMNO membership dropped,^[164] meaning they would have to stand as an Independent in the Perak State Legislative Assembly. Perak Pakatan chairman, Ahmad Faizal Azumu, was later sworn in as the new Menteri Besar of Perak on 12 May.^[165]

On the same day, three Johor BN assemblymen announced that they had left the coalition to join PPBM. Their defection gives Pakatan a total of 39 seats, giving them a two-thirds majority in the 56-seat State Legislative Assembly.^[166] Subsequently, two Independent MPs, Lubok Antu MP, Jugah Muyang, and Julau MP, Larry Sng Wei Shien, announced that they had joined PKR.^[167] Jugah Muyang won in a three-cornered fight against both Barisan and PKR, while the latter was endorsed by Pakatan against Barisan Nasional.^[168] A third Independent MP, Prabakaran Parameswaran, who won in the constituency of Batu, announced that he had joined PKR in the day afterwards, thus increasing Pakatan's total tally in the Dewan Rakyat to 125.^[169] He was endorsed by Pakatan Harapan during the general election after the coalition's original candidate, Tian Chua, was disqualified from contesting due to a RM2,000 fine.^[170] On the following day, an Independent Perak assemblyman, Zainol Fadzi Paharudin, who was one of the two Barisan assemblymen who had their UMNO membership dropped for supporting a Pakatan government, announced that he had joined PPBM,^[171] His defection from Barisan to Pakatan increases the coalition's tally in the Perak State Legislative Assembly to 30 seats, enough to form a simple majority.

On 19 May the disputed president of the People's Progressive Party (myPPP), M. Kayveas, declared that the party had left Barisan Nasional.^[172] However, Kayveas' statement was denied by the party's deputy secretary-general, Simon Sabapathy, who insisted that the party was still part of the coalition and that Kayveas' announcement was invalid as he was no longer the president of the party,^[173] after he was supposedly sacked by the party on April.^[174] This resulted in a party leadership crisis, as the party's leadership was split between the party's former president, M. Kayveas, who's pursuing to make the party leave Barisan, and the party's current president, Maglin Dennis D'Cruz, who wants the party to remain in Barisan. Eventually, Kayveas won the struggle, and announced that myPPP had left Barisan.^[172] The party would eventually be de-registered by the Registrar of Societies in January 2019, amid the leadership dispute.^[175]

Nearly a month after the General Election, on 12 June, another four BN component parties, the United Bumiputera Heritage Party (PBB), the Sarawak People's Party (PRS), the Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) announced their withdrawal from Barisan Nasional and the formation of a new Sarawak-based coalition, the Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS).^[10] The four parties altogether had 19 seats in the Dewan Rakyat and 72 seats in the 82-seat Sarawak State Legislative Assembly, thus decreasing Barisan's seat tally even further. Two weeks later, on 24 June, the Malaysian People's Movement Party (Gerakan) became the latest party to leave Barisan Nasional.^[176]

The election resulted in a mass defection of UMNO MPs from the party, mostly becoming independents, some eventually changing their alliance and joining PH. On 24 June, the MP of Bagan Serai, Noor Azmi Ghazali, announced his withdrawal from the coalition to become an Independent Member of Parliament, and expressed interest to join the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (PPBM), a component party of Pakatan Harapan.^[177] Three days later, UMNO's Bukit Gantang MP, Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal, announced his departure from the party to also become an Independent Member of Parliament.^[178] Further on 1 July, UMNO's Masjid Tanah MP, Mas Ermieyati Samsudin left the party to become an Independent Parliamentarian after disappointment with the party's election result.^[179] Two more defections occurred in the month of September. UMNO's Jeli MP, Mustapa Mohamed, left the party on 18 September,^[180] proceeded by UMNO's Kimanis MP, Anifah Aman,^[181] the day after. On 11 October, UMNO's Labuan MP, Rozman Isli, left the party and joined Warisan, citing for the benefit of Labuan.^[182] Another series of defections occurred in December. On 12 December, five Sabah UMNO MPs and nine of the state assemblypersons left the party to become independents, pledging support for Pakatan.^[183] On 14 December, six UMNO MPs, Hamzah Zainudin (Larut), Ikmal Hisham Abdul Aziz (Tanah Merah), Abdul Latiff Ahmad (Mersing), Rosol Wahid (Hulu Terengganu), Mohd Fasiah Mohd Fakeh (Sabak Bernam) and Shabudin Yahaya (Tasik Gelugor) altogether left the party due to disappointment with UMNO's current leadership.^[184] The series of defections and parties withdrawing from Barisan Nasional leaves the coalition with only three component parties, UMNO, MCA and MIC (the original three parties that formed the Alliance Party), a decrease of ten parties from the 13 they had prior to the election, and 40 seats, a substantial decrease from the 79 seats they won in the election, with the formations of Sarawak-based GPS in 2018 and Sabah-based GRS in 2020, separately governing both states.

Party leadership changes

After facing a defeat in the election, losing nearly a third of its seats in the Dewan Rakyat, former Prime Minister Najib Razak announced his resignation as president of UMNO and chairman of Barisan Nasional on 12 May.^[185] Party deputy president Ahmad Zahid Hamidi took over the role as acting president of UMNO and chairman of Barisan Nasional, while vice-president Hishammuddin Hussein took over the duties of acting deputy president and deputy chairman of Barisan.^[186] Najib's resignation resulted in a party leadership election, in which seven candidates eyed to become the party's new president. The result was that Zahid won the party leadership elections. He and former Negeri Sembilan Menteri Besar Mohamad Hasan are now president and vice president of UMNO respectively.^[187]

2020 political crisis

Main article: 2020 Malaysian political crisis

PH government, however, served just 22 months before the take over of administration by PN, led by Muhyiddin Yassin, who was sworned in as the 8th Prime Minister on 1 March 2020. This came after PH lost its majority in the Dewan Rakyat following the withdrawal of Muhyiddin's party PPBM from PH, as well as defection of MPs led by Azmin Ali from PKR.^[188][189] Change in government of states of Johor, Malacca and Perak, followed suit. Kedah, on the other hand, is still governed by PH in spite of PPBM's withdrawal from PH until 17 May 2020 when PN took over of state government.^{[190][191][192][193]}

Popular culture

• Rise: Ini Kalilah was a 2018 Malaysian political drama film based on the actual events on 9 May 2018 in the aftermath of the 14th General Election.^[194][195]
• The election is also the subject of the 2019 documentary film M for Malaysia.

Notes

See also

•  Politics portal
•  Malaysia portal

• List of candidates in the 2018 Malaysian general election
• List of Malaysian electoral districts
• 2018 Malaysian state elections
• 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

Further reading

• Lynette H. Ong. 2021. The Street and the Ballot Box: Interactions Between Social Movements and Electoral Politics in Authoritarian Contexts. Cambridge University press
• Kai Ostwald & Steven Olive. 2020. "Four arenas: Malaysia’s 2018 election, reform, and democratization." Democratization.
• Sebastian Dettman (2020) Authoritarian innovations and democratic reform in the “New Malaysia”, Democratization.

Notes

1. Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front
2. People's Justice Party and Democratic Action Party
3. Pakatan Harapan contested under the PKR logo as their logo was not approved by the Registrar of Societies

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February 04, 2023