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Purges in Turkey following the 2016 Turkish coup attempt

February 16, 2024

Since 2016, the government of Turkey has conducted a series of purges, enabled by a state of emergency in reaction to the failed coup attempt in 15 July that year.[1][2][3][4] The purges began with the arrest of Turkish Armed Forces personnel reportedly linked to the coup attempt but arrests were expanded to include other elements of the Turkish military, as well as civil servants and private citizens. These later actions reflected a power struggle between secularist and Islamist political elites in Turkey,[18] affected people who were not active in nor aware of the coup, but who the government claimed were connected with the Gülen movement, an opposition group which the government blamed for the coup. Possession of books authored by Gülen was considered valid evidence of such a connection and cause for arrest.[19]

2016–present purges in Turkey
Part of Turkish government–Gülen movement conflict
Ankara
Istanbul
Purges in Turkey following the 2016 Turkish coup attempt (Turkey)
Date16 July 2016 – ongoing (disputed)[1][2][3][4]
(7 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
Location
  • Nationwide; cities with high civil servant populations (Ankara, Istanbul)
StatusOngoing
  • Over 160,000 judges, teachers, police and civil servants suspended or dismissed, together with about 77,000 formally arrested.[5][6][7]
Parties
Lead figures

Fethullah Gülen
(alleged by Turkey)

Units involved
Casualties and losses
None

Tens of thousands of public servants and soldiers were purged in the first week following the coup.[20] For example, on 16 July 2016, just one day after the coup was foiled, 2,745 judges were dismissed and detained.[21][22] This was followed by the dismissal, detention or suspension of over 100,000 officials,[23][24][25] a figure that had increased to over 110,000 by early November 2016,[26] over 125,000 after the 22 November decree,[27] reaching at least 135,000 with the January decrees, about 160,000 after the suspensions and arrests decree of April 29[28] and 180,000 after a massive dismissal decree in July 2018. Collectively about 10% of Turkey's 2 million public employees were removed as a result of the purges.[10] Purged citizens are prevented from working again for the government, which has led in many cases to destitution.[29]

In the business sector, the government forcefully seized assets of over a thousand companies, worth between $11[30] and $50–60 billion,[31] on the charge of being related to Gülen and the coup.[30][32] Goods and services produced by such companies were subject to boycott by the public.[33]

The purges also extend to the media, with television channels, newspapers and other media outlets that were seen as critical of the government being shut down, critical journalists being arrested and Wikipedia being blocked, from April 2017 to January 2020.[34][35][36][37][38][39] Since early September 2016, the post-coup emergency state extended to purging Kurdish groups,[40] including the dismissal of over 11,000 Kurdish teachers[41][42][43][44][45][46] and dozens of elected mayors[45][47][48][49] and arrest of the co-chairs of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)[50][51][52] for alleged links with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[53] In August 2018, the Turkish Parliament approved a new "anti-terror" law to replace the state of emergency.[54][55][56]

Background edit

In January 2014, during a major corruption inquiry in Turkey, 96 judges and prosecutors, including the chief prosecutor of İzmir, Huseyin Bas, were transferred to new locations, ending the investigations. Bas was transferred to Samsun. Altogether 120 judges and prosecutors were reassigned.[57] At the time, The Daily Telegraph described the events as "the biggest purge of the judiciary in [Turkey's] history".[58][59] From 2014 to mid-2016, repeated purges of civilian, military and judicial officials took place in Turkey, mainly aimed at followers of Fethullah Gülen, a former colleague of the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[60]

Sectors affected edit

During the first post-coup speech Erdoğan could address to the nation upon landing at Atatürk airport, he said, "This uprising is a gift from God to us because this will be a reason to cleanse our army".[61][62][63]

An extensive purge of the Turkish civil service began with Erdoğan warning his opponents that "they will pay a heavy price for this."[64] The New York Times described the purges as a "counter-coup" and expected Erdoğan to "become more vengeful and obsessed with control than ever, exploiting the crisis not just to punish mutinous soldiers but to further quash whatever dissent is left in Turkey".[64]

On 18 July, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry urged Turkish authorities to halt the increasing crackdown on its citizens, indicating that the crackdown was meant to "suppress dissent". French Foreign Minister and former Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault voiced concern, warning against a "political system which turns away from democracy".[65]

The United Nations have been reported as failing to condemn the coup and resulting violence, due to disagreement between Egypt and other Security Council members on the wording of a resolution in that direction.[66]

Military edit

 
General Bekir Ercan Van (far left), the commander of Incirlik Air Base, was stated of complicity in the attempted coup.

Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım announced on 16 July 2016 that 2,839 soldiers of various ranks had been arrested.[67] Among those arrested were at least 34 generals or admirals.[68] A number of students of the Kuleli Military High School, enough to fill five buses, were also arrested.[69] By 18 July 2016, a total of 103 generals and admirals have been detained by Turkish authorities in connection with the coup.[70][71]

Yasemin Özata Çetinkaya, the governor of Sinop Province, was removed from her duty and her husband, a colonel in the Turkish army, arrested.[72] Turkish military conducted a raid on the Turkish Air Force Academy in Istanbul as well.[73]

Major General Cahit Bakir, who commanded Turkish forces under NATO in Afghanistan, and Brigadier General Sener Topuc, responsible for education and aid in Afghanistan, have been detained by authorities in Dubai in connection with Turkey's failed coup.[74]

General Bekir Ercan Van, the commander of Incirlik Air Base, which the U.S. uses to carry out airstrikes against ISIL, was arrested by Turkish authorities for his stated role in plotting the failed military coup. He sought asylum from the United States but was denied.[75]

Police and judiciary edit

 
The building of the Turkish Court of Cassation in Ankara.

On 16 July 2016, the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors of Turkey (HSYK) removed 2,745 Turkish judges from duty and ordered their detention.[21][22][76] Of these judges, 541 were in administrative judiciary and 2,204 were in criminal judiciary. This amounted to approximately 36% of all judges in Turkey at the time.[77] Two judges from the Constitutional Court of Turkey, Alparslan Altan and Erdal Tercan [tr], were detained by Turkish authorities for stated ties with the Gülen movement,[78] while 5 members of the HSYK had their membership revoked and 10 members of the Turkish Council of State were arrested on charges of being members of the parallel state.[79] Furthermore, arrest warrants were issued for 48 members of the Council of State and 140 members of the Court of Cassation.

By 18 July 2016, the Turkish government had suspended 8,777 government officials across the country for stated links to the coup perpetrators. Among those suspended include 7,899 police officers, 614 gendarmerie officers, 47 district governors and 30 regional governors.[80] As of 19 July 2016, 755 judges and prosecutors had been arrested in relation to the coup attempt.[81]

In January 2019, former chairman of Turkey's Judges and Prosecutors Association (YARSAV[82]), recipient of human rights awards and judge Murat Arslan have been condemned to 10 years in prison for "participation to a terrorist organisation". No violent action or call for violence was reported, the statement being based on an anonymous denunciation and the presence of ByLock on his smartphone, an application he denies having installed on his phone.[83]

Politics edit

 
Opposition politicians Selahattin Demirtas and Figen Yüksekdağ had been arrested on terrorism charges

Following the July 2016 attempt coup and first purges of the military, the Turkish government used the state of emergency to introduce amendments into Turkey's municipalities law.[84] Articles 45 and 57 were introduced, which allow to remove an elected mayor from his duty. Before only a final conviction was reason enough to remove a mayor.[84] Hüseyin Avni Mutlu, ex-governor of İstanbul, was dismissed on 19 July 2016.[85] Deputy Mayor of Istanbul's Şişli District, Cemil Candaş (tr), was shot in the head in his office by an unidentified assailant on 18 July 2016. Meanwhile, Turkish parliament was evacuated due to unidentified security concerns.[86]

Elections and HDP harassment edit

In the 2014 Turkish local elections, the sister party of the HDP, the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) won 97 district municipalities out of 1351 and 2 metropolitan municipalities out of 30. Starting in September 2016, the purges pushed upon the largely Kurdish political formations HDP and BDP. About a third of the HDP members, more than 11,000 people were detained, more than 3000 of them were formally arrested,[87] while also 94 democratically elected mayors have been expelled from their posts.[88] 2014's elected mayors were removed, detained, and subjected to politically motivated prosecutions.[89] Elected mayors were replaced by government's appointees.[84] Municipal councils were not formally dissolved, but were not gathered anymore to hold their democratic and managerial functions.[89]

In October 2018, President Erdogan vowed to seize all municipalities the HDP could win in the 2019 Turkish local elections.[90][89] By March 2020, out of the 65 municipalities won by social-democrate HDP during the 2019 Turkish local elections, 46 municipalities (69%) had been seized by Turkish government.[91] The dismissal and municipal seizures are believed to be purely politically motivated, using ill-defined accusation of terrorism.[91] Local human right activist comment that "terrorism in Turkey [is] so vague, broad, and ambiguous that anybody critical of the government can easily be criminalized as a terrorist"[91] while dismissals, arrests, prosecutions, and condemnations are based on "trumped-up terrorism charges".[89] Since 2014, over 90 municipalities have been seized.[91] Dismissed mayors, part of the HDP movement who repeatedly stated opposition to PKK-TSK violences,[92] were later arrested on charges of "membership to a terror organization."[91] These removals have been described as a violation of people's democratic vote.[89]

The at the time HDP co-heads Selahattin Demirtaş and Figen Yüksekdağ were jailed and the prosecution was seeking up to 142 years for Demirtaş and 83 years for Yüksekdaĝ imprisonment. The main charge is the allegation of "managing a terrorist organization [(the HDP)]".[93][94] As of May 2020, both politicians remain arrested.[95]

Civil service edit

Following a series of arrests and purges throughout the government, Prime Minister Yıldırım announced on 18 July 2016 that annual leave for all civil servants was suspended, and all those on leave were to return to work. Over three million civil servants were affected. In addition, public sector employees were banned from leaving the country.[96]

By the evening of 19 July 2016, the number of public sector employees suspended had reached 49,321. In the Ministry of Finance, more than 1500 employees were suspended. In the Prime Ministry, 257 employees, including six advisers, were suspended. The Presidency of Religious Affairs suspended 492 employees, among them three provincial muftis. The numbers of suspended personnel in the National Intelligence Organization and Ministry of Family and Social Policy were 100 and 393 respectively.[97][98]

On 20 July 2016, the Youth and Sports Minister Akif Çağatay Kılıç announced that 245 personnel within his ministry had been laid off. The Energy Ministry reports 300 employees were let go, and the Customs Ministry indicated 184 employees were dismissed.[99]

Education edit

Main article: List of educational institutions shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges

Immediate purge edit

By far the greatest purge was in the Ministry of National Education, where 15,200 education ministry officials were suspended.[41] The licenses of 21,000 teachers in the private sector were also cancelled.[41] The Council of Higher Education asked all deans of state and private universities, numbering 1577, to resign. 626 educational institutions, mostly private, were shut down.[100] For example, in Burdur, one school, one cram school and four student hostels were shut down on 20 July.[101] In addition, a travel ban was placed on academics, preventing them from leaving the country.[102]

On 23 July 2016, Turkish authorities shut down 1,043 private schools, 1,229 charities and foundations, 19 trade unions, 15 universities and 35 medical institutions in his first emergency decree under the newly adopted emergency legislation.[103]

Forced cultural changes edit

Academics have reported pre-2016 coup's changes in academic leadership, and sharp growing pressure after the 2013 Gezi park protests and 2016 coup.[104] Dean and academic management have pressured professors and students to align with conservative values and teachings.[104] Activities, associations and student clubs have been closed under similar pressure. Conservative students are empowered to denounce non-conservative activities.[104] Academic grants and tenures are reported to be filtered according to political affiliations and connections.[104] Teachers have reported a forced change in political, academic, and critical culture, with firing and exclusion of traditional academic profiles, with worries about the long-term effect of such change and academic purge on the expertise and tone of both Turkey's researches and governmental statutes, culture and policies.[104] While private university are technically allowed to hire purged academics, many reports private university been scared to hire them, increasing the economic exclusion.[104] Academics have been subjects to travel bans.[104]

Petitioners edit

About one thousand scholars and human right experts who had earlier petitioned for the end of military operations in South East Turkey, Afrin and Syria have faced systematic punitive consequences via public agencies, including interrogations, judicial prosecutions, firing from jobs, arrests, trials and condemnations for "terrorist propaganda".[105] The signatories have been subject to 2000 routine judicial hearings with usual 15 months suspended jail sentence, with no acquittal reported and about 30 actual imprisonments.[104]

Media edit

Main articles: Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état and List of media outlets shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges
See also: Media freedom in Turkey
 
Turkish journalists protesting imprisonment of their colleagues on Human Rights Day, 10 December 2016

The licenses of 24 radio and television channels and the press cards of 34 journalists reported of being linked to Gülen were revoked.[106][107] Two people were arrested for praising the coup attempt and insulting the Turkish President Erdoğan on social media.[108] On 25 July, Nazlı Ilıcak was taken into custody.[109]

On 27 July 2016, Erdoğan shut down 16 television channels, 23 radio stations, 45 daily newspapers, 15 magazines and 29 publishing houses in another emergency decree under the newly adopted emergency legislation. The closed outlets include Gülen-affiliated Cihan News Agency, Samanyolu TV and the previously leading newspaper Zaman (including its English-language version Today's Zaman),[110] but also the opposition daily newspaper Taraf which was known to be in close relations with the Gulen Movement.[111]

In late October 2015, Turkish authorities shut down 15 media outlets, including one of the world's only women's news agencies, and detained the editor-in-chief of the prominent secularist Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet, "on accusations that they committed crimes on behalf of Kurdish militants and a network linked to the US-based cleric Fethullah Gülen".[112]

Turkey has imprisoned more than 160 journalists,[113] making it the world's biggest jailer of journalists.[114] In May 2018, at a press conference with British PM Theresa May, Turkish President Erdoğan called Turkey's jailed journalists "terrorists".[113]

Traveling edit

See also: Turkish passport

Government authorities had revoked almost 11,000 passports by 22 July;[citation needed] by 30 July, more than 50,000 passports were cancelled.[115]

Extradition edit

In August 2016 Turkish President Erdoğan gave the United States an ultimatum, demanding the extradition of Fethullah Gülen, the cleric said to be behind the failed 15 July coup attempt.[116][117] Turkey demanded that Greece extradite eight Turkish soldiers who had fled there after the coup.[118] On 11 August 2016, Bulgaria extradited Abdullah Büyük, a Turkish businessman being linked with the Gülen movement.[119]

Purges by numbers edit

 
U.S. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel shakes hands in 2014 with General Erdal Öztürk, later arrested in connection with the failed coup.

Initial purges edit

The bulk of the purges happened in the 10 days following the coup. The government releasing data documenting the issue :

Header text Suspended Arrested Notes Reference/Date
Turkish Armed Forces 1,684 96 2016-07-27
2016-07-20
Turkish Land Forces 1,069 N/A 87 generals
Turkish Naval Forces 154 N/A 32 admirals
Turkish Air Force 461 N/A 30 generals
Ministry of the Interior 8,777 N/A 2016-07-18
Ministry of Health 5,581 N/A 115 managers, 1504 doctors 2016-07-28
Ministry of Culture and Tourism 110 N/A 2016-07-26
Ministry of National Education 15,200 N/A 2016-07-19
MNE licensed Education institutions 21,000 N/A
Ministry of Development 82 N/A 2016-07-25
Ministry of Economy 15 N/A 2016-07-25
Ministry of Forest and Water Management 197 N/A 2016-07-25
Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications 529 N/A 2016-07-25
Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology 560 N/A 2016-07-25
Ministry of Family and Social Policy 599 N/A 2016-07-25
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning 70 N/A 2016-07-25
Turkish Universities 5,342 N/A 2016-08-12
İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality 768 N/A 2016-07-29
Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors 648 N/A 2016-08-10
Totals 81,494 20,355 2016-08-13
2016-08-17

Later purges, mass suspensions and mass arrests edit

2016 edit

On 26 July 2016, European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker announced that Turkey's EU membership process would come to an end if the death penalty was returned in Turkey.[120] On 4 August 2016, the Istanbul 1st Criminal Court of Peace issued an arrest warrant for U.S.-based cleric Fethullah Gülen.[121] On 17 August 2016, the government dismissed 2,300 more officers from the police force, 136 military officers and 196 employees from the information technology authority.[122]

On 18 August 2016, arrest warrants were issued for 187 suspects, including CEOs of leading companies in Turkey, with prosecutors also ordering the seizure of their assets.[123]

On 2 September 2016, Turkey announced a purge of about 11,500 teachers with stated links to PKK.[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] The move was denounced by Kurdish and Turkish opposition parties for lacking due process and evidences. An anonymous former Turkish diplomat said the move sharply weakened the pacifist wing of Kurdish voices, pushing the Kurdish movement toward more radical means.[53]

On 12 September 2016, Turkey removed two dozen elected mayors, members of the opposition Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), for stated links to Kurdish militants.[45][47][124][125]

 
Turkish journalists Can Dündar and Erdem Gül were arrested facing sentences up to life imprisonment.

On 4 October 2016, Turkish authorities suspend nearly 12,800 more police officers from duty over their suspected links with U.S.-based cleric Fethullah Gulen.[126]

On 29 October 2016, by decree, Turkey dismissed 10,131 more civil servants, while about 15 more media outlets were closed for stated ties to terrorist organizations and U.S.-based cleric Fethullah Gülen.[127][128]

In early November 2016, security forces began mass arrests of opposition Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) MPs, including co-leaders Selahattin Demirtaş and Figen Yüksekdağ.[50][51][52] Internet and social web services were blocked across southeastern Turkey.[50][51] Out of 59 HDP's MPs, 15 were researched, 12 MPs were detained, 2 MPs were travelling abroad, and one not located.[129]

On 22 November 2016, a decree announced 15,726 dismissals (security forces: 7,600, ministry of interior: 2,700, education: 1,200).[130] People were affected for being "related, belonging to or in contact with terror organizations and structures that are considered by the National Security Council as acting against national security."[27] Passports of these affected people were canceled.[27]
With this decree 550 associations, 9 medias, and 19 private medical structures have been closed.[130] The financial assets and properties of those organizations were to be seized by the Turkish Treasury.[27] On 24 November 2016, the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for a temporary freeze of the full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[131] On 12 December 2016, in reaction to prior Istanbul double bombing and Kurdistan Freedom Falcons (TAK) states, 118 HDP officials and supporters were arrested.[132]

On 21 December 2016, Turkey suspended another 1,980 teachers and school employees for stated connections to the coup attempt.[133]

On 25 December 2016, Turkey probes around 10,000 social media users for reportedly insulting government officials or supporting "terror-related activity."[134]

2017 edit

On 7 January 2017, and via three decrees, 8,390 more civil servants were dismissed (2,687 police officers, 1,699 civil servants from the justice ministry, 838 health officials, and hundreds others from other ministries, 631 academics, 8 members of the Council of State).[135]

In early February 2017, the Turkish government dismissed more than 4,400 public servants from their jobs,[136] including over 300 university teachers.[137]

On 14 February 2017, the Turkish government arrested 834 people with stated links with PKK. The mass arrest has been linked to the constitutional referendum, to which most Kurdish factions are opposed.[138]

After the April 16 referendum, 38 activists denouncing irregularities were detained.[139]

On 26 April 2017, 1009 police officers were reported of being a secret Gulenist network within the Turkish police force, and were detained.[139] 9,100 policemen have been suspended[140]

On 29 April 2017, Turkey blocked Wikipedia and dismissed 3,974 more civil servants.[28] The NYT qualified the move as "an expand[ing] crackdown on dissent and free expression".[141]

On 5 June, the Turkish interior ministry announces that 130 people, living outside the country and suspected of militant links, will lose their citizenship unless they return to Turkey within three months and meet government standards. Named suspects include U.S.-based cleric Fethullah Gülen, and Peoples' Democratic Party leaders Faysal Sarıyıldız, Tuğba Hezer Öztürk, and Özdal Üçer [tr].[142]

15 June 2017, UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals judge Aydin Sedaf Akay was sentenced to 7½ years on charges of "membership in [to the Gulen movement, itself] a terrorist organization", despite Mr. Akay having diplomatic immunity due to his position at the UN MICT.[143] On 6 July 2017, the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for the suspension of full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[144] On 15 July, 7,400 more police were dismissed.[145]

On 24 December 2017, a decree announce the dismissal of 2,700 public officers.[146][147]

2018 edit

 
The purges have gotten attention in the United States due to the Turkish government's attempts to arrest and extradite NBA player Enes Kanter, who is both a Gulenist and an outspoken critic of Erdoğan. Kanter did not attend team and league functions held abroad as he feared for his safety if he ever left the United States.

Turkey detained over 800 social media users and nearly 100 politicians and journalists who opposed the Turkish invasion of the Kurdish-controlled enclave of Afrin.[148]

On 8 July 2018, right before Erdogan new presidency with enlarged executive powers and the promised end of the state of emergency, 18,632 public officiers were dismissed by decree.[149] Among them, 9,000-plus are police officers, 6,000-plus are members of the Turkish military,[149] and over 1,000 are from judiciary,[150] about 650 are teachers and about 200 academics.[151] Three newspapers, one TV channel and 12 associations were also shut down.[151]

On 25 July 2018, Turkey passed new anti-terrorism bill to replace emergency rule.[54] According to the Human Rights Watch, the new law "will allow authorities under the presidency, for the next three years, to dismiss judges and all other public officials arbitrarily. It also would allow the authorities to restrict movement within Turkey, ban public assemblies, and allow police to hold some suspects for up to 12 days without charge and repeatedly detain them in the same investigation."[152] CHP parliamentary group leader Özgür Özel said that "With this bill, with the measures in this text, the state of emergency will not be extended for three months but for three years. They make it look like they are lifting the emergency, but in fact they are continuing it."[55]

On 14 August 2018, Turkish police arrested another German citizen on terrorism-related charges. German authorities said nine German nationals are currently in detention in Turkey for "political reasons."[153]

2019 edit

On 12 February, Turkey issued 1,112 more detention orders, under the charge of organizing the 2016 Turkey coup.[154]

According to Turkish government data from March 2019, about 500,000 people were detained since the coup attempt, of which about 30,000 were in custody at the time of the information.[155] Erdogan reported in April 2019 of 31,000 employees of the police, as well as 15,000 members of the military, who had been removed from office since the coup d'état.[155] According to Anadolu, in the first week of July 2019, 282 people were arrested throughout Turkey.[155] The week before, at the end of June, there were 200 arrests.[155] On 13 March 2019, the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for a halt to the full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[156] On 28 July 2019, another German citizen, Osman B, was arrested on charges of running a "terror propaganda" using his Facebook account. He was arrested at a Turkish airport, while he was traveling for a family holiday.[157] On 19 August 2019, the Turkish Ministry of Interior appointed trustees to the Diyarbakır, Mardin and Van metropolitan municipalities.[158] In October 2019, Turkish police detained more than 120 online critics of the Turkish invasion of the Kurdish areas in Syria.[159][160] Turkish prosecutor opened an investigation into "terrorist propaganda" against MPs Sezai Temelli and Pervin Buldan, co-leaders of the pro-Kurdish HDP party.[161] Turkey arrested at least 151 members of the HDP, including district officials.[162] Turkish authorities have also detained web editor of opposition BirGün newspaper and managing editor of the online news portal Diken.[163]

2020 edit

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey, the Turkish parliament approved a bill which could enable the release of up to 100,000 prisoners, including people responsible for deaths.[164] Political prisoners,[165] journalists,[166] are excluded from the pardon despite overcrowding and unsanitary living conditions already posing a severe health threat.[167]

The Turkish Interior Ministry has arrested social media users whose posts were "targeting officials and spreading panic and fear" by suggesting that COVID-19 "had spread widely in Turkey and that officials had taken insufficient measures".[168] Several journalists, who were each reporting for local media, were detained for how they covered the pandemic.[169]

Authorities had arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens by 2020.[170]

2021 edit

In February, following a failed operation in which 13 Turkey soldiers died, Turkey arrested 700 opposition members, maneuvering to shift blame onto the opposition and Americans.[171]

2022 edit

In 2022, Turkey demands the extradition of many members of the Gülen movement and PKK from Finland and Sweden, of which Sweden wants to become a NATO member.[172] However, the two countries rejected Turkey's extradition requests.[173] On 18 May 2022, Turkey quickly blocked Finland and Sweden's applications for accelerated membership in NATO.[174] In June 2022, the access of Deutsche Welle and Voice of America was completely blocked in Turkey.[175] On 30 June 2022, Turkey announced that it would not approve NATO membership if members of the Gülen movement and PKK are not extradited from Finland and Sweden.[176]

2023 edit

On 29 January 2023, Turkey announced that it requested the extradition of 130 people suspected of being members of the Gülen movement and PKK in order for Finland and Sweden to approve them for NATO membership.[177] On 13 September 2023, the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call not to restart full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[178]

Human rights edit

Human rights in Turkey are governed by international law treaties, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that Turkey signed in 2000, that take precedence over Turkish legislation according to Article 90 of the 1982 Constitution.[179] After protesters chanted for reintroduction of the death penalty,[180] abolished by Turkey in 2004, Erdoğan stated that this was a possibility that would be discussed in parliament, and that in a democracy, the will of the people must be respected.[181][182] On 21 July, the Turkish government announced that it would suspend the European Convention on Human Rights during a temporary state of emergency.[183]

On 24 July 2016, Amnesty International called for the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture to make an emergency visit to Turkey to see the conditions in which the detainees were held.[184]

Identification methods edit

Johannes Hahn, the European Commissioner dealing with Turkey's bid to become a member state of the European Union (EU), said that it appears Turkey's government had prepared arrest lists of political opponents before the coup attempt and had been waiting for the right time to act.[185] The usage of social medias monitoring is suspected.

Anonymous-and-paid denunciations by secret witnesses are officially declared as the main source for identifying suspects. Most of the over 140 thousands people affected by the purges were affected following denunciations by coworkers and other citizens.[186] The system have been legalized via a 31 August 2015's decree by the Ministry of interior.[186] The rewarded anonymous denunciation's grid is public and online, divided in 5 category according to the threat, and pointing to major suspects, mainly Kurds, then Gulenist, then Islamists (ISIS).[186]

About 11 millions citizens or one in 6 adults are reported to be under investigation online.[187]

Fetometer edit

Reports of a scoring system for Turkey citizens and foreigners to assess their relationships to the Gulen networks and crack down on them emerged.[188][189] The system, already in use on Turkey civil public servants and some military branch, allows Turkey governments to assess the relationship of citizens to Gulenist networks and likelihood for them to be part of it.[188] In the field of education, the Turkish National Education Ministry used a Fetometer software to assess the relation of 993 books used in teaching with a set of Gulenist phrases and concepts. 100 books were assessed "inconvenient", 12 were "certainly Gulenist" and now banned by the Ministry. The phrases and concepts looked for were dialogue, respect for human beings, the golden generation, horizon man, hope and dedication.[190]

Detainees' conditions edit

 
Selahattin Demirtaş's presidential campaign being launched outside Edirne prison where he is incarcerated, 25 May 2018

According to Amnesty International, during the July 2016 purges, detainees were denied food for up to three days and water for up to two days, were denied medical treatment, were reportedly raped with police truncheons or fingers, and were subjected to other forms of torture.[184] Amnesty said that three hundred male soldiers held in the Ankara police headquarters were beaten during their detention, with injuries including bruises, cuts and broken bones. Forty soldiers were unable to walk because of their injuries, and two were unable to stand.[184] Amnesty also said that detainees' shirts were covered in blood during their interrogations by prosecutors and that detainees during the purges were mostly prevented from contacting their families and lawyers.[184]

Given overcrowded conditions, the Turkish government published a decree on 16 August announcing that 38,000 inmates whose criminal offense pre-dated 1 July were now eligible for sentence reduction.[191] Inmates with two years or less to serve are eligible, while inmates who have served half of their sentence can ask for parole. The decree applies to crimes committed before 1 July 2016, excluding convictions for murder, domestic violence, sexual abuse, terrorism or crimes against the state.[191]

Prosecution of lawyers edit

Between July 2016 and June 2019, out of more than 1500 prosecuted lawyers, 599 were arrested and 311 were sentenced to an average of about six years in prison.[192] 34 lawyers associations in Turkey were shut down, and lawyers were forced to testify against their own clients.[192] A law was enacted which forbade lawyers charged with terror related offenses to represent clients accused in terror-related offenses.[192] Communications between lawyers and their respective clients arrested in pre-trial detention was enabled to be recorded.[192]

Arrest of human rights activists edit

Turkish human rights lawyer Orhan Kemal Cengiz was detained for three days in July 2016. He was "provisionally released" and remains subject to a travel ban.[193][194] Serdar Kuni, a doctor from Cizre, who assisted the respected Human Rights Foundation in documenting violations in the town, and arrested on poorly defined charges of "being a member of a terrorist organization" for treating injured locals.[195]

On 6 June 2017, Taner Kılıç, the Chair of Amnesty International Turkey, and another 22 lawyers were detained in İzmir by the Turkish police on the suspicion of having links with the Fethullah Gülen movement and later charged with "membership of a terrorist organisation". The detention and prosecution was condemned by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch who asked for his immediate release. Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch, stated that "detaining Kılıç on suspicion of terrorist offenses looks like a tactic aimed at discrediting his legitimate human rights work."[196][197][198]

Nightwatchmen system edit

The bekçi or Nightwatchmen auxiliary police force has been used in the 1990s to monitor the South Eastern regions against PKK activities.[199]

Bekçi forces have traditionally served as neighborhood watchmen in Turkey.[199]

In 2008, the 8,000 active bekçis were absorbed into regular police force and the system abolished.[199]

Following the 2016 Coup and a large-scale operation in southeastern regions, the Turkish government reinstated the bekçi force, hiring 2,400 officers to patrol the regions' Kurdish-majority cities of Sirnak, Hakkari, Urfa, Mardin and Diyarbakir.[199] The bekçi guards have since been gradually extended to the entire country.[199]

Nightwatchmen's are described as local young men, with Standart watchmen training.[200]

Bekçi guards can be equipped with whistles, batons, and carry guns (Jan. 2020).[200]

They have the authority to check citizens' identity, body search them, and use of lethal force is under legislative discussion.[200]

Bekçi guards have been qualified as the Turkish version of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.[201]

International edit

The Turkish government have been looking for opponents in foreign countries as well.[29]

School closures edit

About 1,000 Gülen movement schools exist worldwide, with 300 of them in Turkey. Turkey requested closure of affiliated schools in 50 countries.[202]

Foreign operations and abductions edit

Turkey has led a hunt of political opponents abroad.[208][209] Private planes are used to illegally abduct gulenists on foreign territories, without agreements with local jurisdictions.[210][unreliable source?]

Reactions edit

The purges were criticized by Western governments and human rights groups. Human Rights Watch warned the Turkish government against "[using] the coup attempt to justify a witch-hunt against those it regards as opponents".[60] Andrew Gardner, Amnesty International's researcher for Turkey, said: "We are witnessing a crackdown of exceptional proportions in Turkey at the moment. While it is understandable, and legitimate, that the government wishes to investigate and punish those responsible for this bloody coup attempt, they must abide by the rule of law and respect freedom of expression."[211]

Conversely, the purges were praised by Judicial Commission of Indonesia chairman Aidul Fitriciada Azhari. Azhari pointed to the purges as a positive example of external oversight of a judicial system and the exercise of executive power by a judicial commission, referring to the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors.[212]

Accession of Turkey to the European Union edit

Main article: Accession of Turkey to the European Union

Johannes Hahn, the European Commissioner dealing with Turkey's bid to become a member state of the European Union (EU), said that it appeared Turkey's government had prepared arrest lists of political opponents before the coup attempt and had been waiting for the right time to act.[185] EU High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini condemned the purges, saying: "What we're seeing especially in the fields of universities, media, the judiciary, is unacceptable."[213]

Horst Seehofer, the minister-president of Bavaria, urged the EU to suspend Turkey's accession negotiations: "If one sees how Turkey is dismantling the rule of law... then these (EU membership) negotiations must be stopped immediately. No democratic constitutional state acts like this."[214]

On 24 November 2016 the European Parliament voted 497 to 37 in favour of a non binding freeze on membership talks with Turkey in response to "disproportionate repressive measures taken in Turkey since the failed military coup attempt."[215]

University associations edit

The Czech University Council compared negatively the purges of educational institutions in Turkey to events which took place under the Communist regime in former Czechoslovakia.[216]

The European University Association (EUA) joined by the European University Foundations (EUF) "strongly and unconditionally" condemned the forced resignation of hundreds of deans from higher education institutions in Turkey in the wake of the failed coup attempt in the country, and called on all European governments, universities and scholars to speak out against these developments and to support democracy in Turkey, including institutional autonomy and academic freedom for scholars and students.[217][218][219]

Europe edit

 
Free Deniz Yücel campaign in Frankfurt, 21 May 2017
 
Italian Wikipedia against Turkey's censorship
 
Demonstration in support of arrested journalist Aslı Erdoğan in Kraków, Poland

Belgian Foreign Minister Didier Reynders said Turkish authorities' reaction to the failed coup needed to be "proportionate," and that he was alarmed by the arrests of judges and calls for reinstatement of the death penalty against coup participants.[220]

French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault voiced concern, warning against a "political system which turns away from democracy" in response to the purges.[65]

British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson described the Gülen movement as a "cult" and expressed his support for the post-coup purges. Johnson said: "what happened in July [2016] was deeply violent, deeply anti-democratic, deeply sinister and it was totally right that it was crushed."[221]

United States edit

U.S. President Barack Obama said he was concerned by pictures showing the rough treatment of some of the arrested coup plotters, some of whom appeared stripped to their underwear and handcuffed behind their backs.[222] U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry urged Turkish authorities to halt the crackdown on its citizens, expressing concern that the aim of the crackdown was to "suppress dissent."[65]

The commander of U.S. Central Command, General Joseph Votel, said that several of the U.S. military's closest partners in the Turkish military have been jailed.[223] In response, Erdoğan said Votel was being on the side of coup plotters.[224] On 29 July, Votel said in a statement: "Any reporting that I had anything to do with the recent unsuccessful coup attempt in Turkey is unfortunate and completely inaccurate. ... We appreciate Turkey's continuing cooperation and look forward to our future partnership in the counter-ISIL fight."[225]

On 1 August 2018, President Donald Trump's administration sanctioned two top Turkish government officials, Turkish Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül and Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu, over the detention of American pastor Andrew Brunson.[226][227] The indictment stated that American pastor had ties with Gülen's network.[227] Daniel Glaser, the former Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing under President Barack Obama, said: "It's certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a NATO ally. "I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody, so I think it falls within the scope of the Global Magnitsky Act."[228]

United Nations edit

In July 2016, the U.S., with the support of Britain, drafted language for the United Nations Security Council that would have expressed grave concern over the situation, called upon on all parties to "respect the democratically elected government of Turkey" and the rule of law, and urged the parties to show restraint and avoid violence. However, Egypt blocked the proposed statement.[229] Egyptian diplomats said that the council is "in no position to qualify, or label [the Turkish] government—or any other government for that matter—as democratically elected or not". Objection by the United States and the UK—permanent members of the Security Council—led to Egypt proposing a new statement calling for all sides to "respect the democratic and constitutional principles and the rule of law", which was rejected, preventing the condemnation of the coup attempt by the Security Council.[229]

In August 2016, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein decried the purge. Zeid said that while he opposed the coup attempt, the wide-ranging purge showed a "thirst for revenge" that was alarming.[230] Later that month, a group of experts in the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a joint statement saying that the purges may violate international law,[231] specifically Turkey's obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[232] The statement said: "While we understand the sense of crisis in Turkey, we are concerned that the government's steps to limit a broad range of human rights guarantees go beyond what can be justified in light of the current situation. Turkey is going through a critical period. Derogation measures must not be used in a way that will push the country deeper into crisis."[231]

In March 2018 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report on the impact of the state of emergency on human rights in Turkey. The report indicates interference of the executive with the work of the judiciary and curtailment of parliamentary oversight over the executive branch of government; arbitrary mass dismissals of civil servants and private sector employees; arbitrary closure of civil society organizations, including prominent human rights NGOs and media; arbitrary detention of people arrested under state of emergency measures; the use of torture and ill-treatment during pre-trial detention; restrictions of the rights to freedoms of expression and of movement; arbitrary expropriation of private property; and methods of collective punishment targeting family members of individuals suspected of offences under the state of emergency. OHCHR said that the routine extensions of the state of emergency may lead to an enduring system of governing characterized by a large number of arbitrary decisions that profoundly affect the lives of many individuals and families.[233]

Analysis edit

Historical light edit

Can Dündar, Editor-in-chief of the Turkish daily Cumhuriyet, described the purges as part of a historical pattern of political power in Turkey shifting back and forth between the secular military versus religious institutions, with democrats in the middle having little power to prevent the repeated oscillations, but worse than previous cycles. He described the 2016 purges as "the biggest witch-hunt in Turkey's history".[234] Historians and analysts including Henri J. Barkey, Director of the Middle East Program of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, compared the 2016 Turkish purges to Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution that started in 1966 and the Iranian Cultural Revolution in which Iranian academia was purged during 1980–1987.[235] The government of Turkey has been analysed to blame Western forces and raise anti-Americanism in order to distract the public from real intranational tensions, as well as to take an upper ground for negotiations.[236][237][238] According to the New York Times, "Searching for historical parallels, analysts have made comparisons with Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communist witch hunt in 1950s America, the Stalinist purges of the 1930s and the Cultural Revolution in China in the 1960s and '70s."[23] Other comparisons have been made with Hitler's use of the Reichstag fire to consolidate his power, and with Atatürk's use of the 1926 assassination plot on his life to purge Turkey of his political opponents and rivals.[239]

Political sciences edit

Academics are now discussing "Turkey's democracy collapse"[240] and its "authoritarian turn".[241] It has been argued that solid political position encourage leaders to crack down and double down on oppositions parties while less secure governing groups are more inclined into deescalation and appeasement.[242] AKP's political alliances with both wealthy business world via privileged and urban poor via redistribution of public resources, providing non-competitive elections, reduced elected officials political tolerance for oppositions and reduced the costs of cracking down on them.[240] This AKP-hegemonic political landscape, associated calculations and observable room for repressive actions lead to increase authoritarianism from Turkish government through "securitization of dissent, mounting repression, and systematic violation of civil liberties".[240] Turkey is described as a case of "competitive authoritarianism",[240] a regime in which democratic elections occurs under the guidance of an authoritarian government and where the main party guaranteed to win.

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

  • Reality Check: The numbers behind the crackdown in Turkey, BBC, 18 June 2018
  • Turkey Purge | Monitoring human rights abuses in Turkey's post-coup crackdown – multi-lingual (including English) detailed documentation of the purges
    • URLs of Turkish government decrees detailing purges

February 16, 2024
purges, turkey, following, 2016, turkish, coup, attempt, since, 2016, government, turkey, conducted, series, purges, enabled, state, emergency, reaction, failed, coup, attempt, july, that, year, purges, began, with, arrest, turkish, armed, forces, personnel, r. Since 2016 the government of Turkey has conducted a series of purges enabled by a state of emergency in reaction to the failed coup attempt in 15 July that year 1 2 3 4 The purges began with the arrest of Turkish Armed Forces personnel reportedly linked to the coup attempt but arrests were expanded to include other elements of the Turkish military as well as civil servants and private citizens These later actions reflected a power struggle between secularist and Islamist political elites in Turkey 18 affected people who were not active in nor aware of the coup but who the government claimed were connected with the Gulen movement an opposition group which the government blamed for the coup Possession of books authored by Gulen was considered valid evidence of such a connection and cause for arrest 19 2016 present purges in TurkeyPart of Turkish government Gulen movement conflictAnkaraIstanbulPurges in Turkey following the 2016 Turkish coup attempt Turkey Date16 July 2016 ongoing disputed 1 2 3 4 7 years 6 months 3 weeks and 5 days LocationNationwide cities with high civil servant populations Ankara Istanbul StatusOngoing Over 160 000 judges teachers police and civil servants suspended or dismissed together with about 77 000 formally arrested 5 6 7 PartiesGovernment of Turkey Turkish Armed Forces Turkish Land Forces Turkish Air Force Turkish Naval Forces Turkish Gendarmerie JITEM Special Forces Command General Directorate of Security Riot Police Police Special Operation Department Ministry of Foreign Affairs National Defense Ministry of the Interior Gulen movementStated supporters of Fethullah Gulen in civil service education journalism judiciary and militaryPeace at Home CouncilGulen movement and PKK supportersLater extended to opposition HDP and DBP supportersLead figuresRecep Tayyip Erdogan Binali Yildirim Hulusi Akar Umit Dundar Yasar Guler Fethullah Gulen alleged by Turkey Units involvedLoyalists of the Turkish Armed Forces 8 National Intelligence Organization Turkish parliament Judiciary in Turkey National PoliceCasualties and lossesNone Over 80 000 arrested or detained 150 000 dismissed 9 nearing 10 of public employees 10 15 846 detained 11 10 012 soldiers 1 481 judiciary members 12 13 8 133 of the detained had been arrested 14 15 16 17 15 universities 1 043 private schools 1 229 charities and foundations 19 trade unions 35 medical institutions 16 television channels 23 radio stations 45 daily newspapers 15 magazines and 29 publishing houses were shut down Tens of thousands of public servants and soldiers were purged in the first week following the coup 20 For example on 16 July 2016 just one day after the coup was foiled 2 745 judges were dismissed and detained 21 22 This was followed by the dismissal detention or suspension of over 100 000 officials 23 24 25 a figure that had increased to over 110 000 by early November 2016 26 over 125 000 after the 22 November decree 27 reaching at least 135 000 with the January decrees about 160 000 after the suspensions and arrests decree of April 29 28 and 180 000 after a massive dismissal decree in July 2018 Collectively about 10 of Turkey s 2 million public employees were removed as a result of the purges 10 Purged citizens are prevented from working again for the government which has led in many cases to destitution 29 In the business sector the government forcefully seized assets of over a thousand companies worth between 11 30 and 50 60 billion 31 on the charge of being related to Gulen and the coup 30 32 Goods and services produced by such companies were subject to boycott by the public 33 The purges also extend to the media with television channels newspapers and other media outlets that were seen as critical of the government being shut down critical journalists being arrested and Wikipedia being blocked from April 2017 to January 2020 34 35 36 37 38 39 Since early September 2016 the post coup emergency state extended to purging Kurdish groups 40 including the dismissal of over 11 000 Kurdish teachers 41 42 43 44 45 46 and dozens of elected mayors 45 47 48 49 and arrest of the co chairs of the Peoples Democratic Party HDP 50 51 52 for alleged links with the Kurdistan Workers Party PKK 53 In August 2018 the Turkish Parliament approved a new anti terror law to replace the state of emergency 54 55 56 Contents 1 Background 2 Sectors affected 2 1 Military 2 2 Police and judiciary 2 3 Politics 2 4 Elections and HDP harassment 2 5 Civil service 2 6 Education 2 6 1 Immediate purge 2 6 2 Forced cultural changes 2 6 3 Petitioners 2 7 Media 2 8 Traveling 3 Extradition 4 Purges by numbers 4 1 Initial purges 4 2 Later purges mass suspensions and mass arrests 4 2 1 2016 4 2 2 2017 4 2 3 2018 4 2 4 2019 4 2 5 2020 4 2 6 2021 4 2 7 2022 4 2 8 2023 5 Human rights 5 1 Identification methods 5 1 1 Fetometer 5 2 Detainees conditions 5 3 Prosecution of lawyers 5 4 Arrest of human rights activists 5 5 Nightwatchmen system 6 International 6 1 School closures 6 2 Foreign operations and abductions 7 Reactions 7 1 Accession of Turkey to the European Union 7 2 University associations 7 3 Europe 7 4 United States 7 5 United Nations 8 Analysis 8 1 Historical light 8 2 Political sciences 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksBackground editIn January 2014 during a major corruption inquiry in Turkey 96 judges and prosecutors including the chief prosecutor of Izmir Huseyin Bas were transferred to new locations ending the investigations Bas was transferred to Samsun Altogether 120 judges and prosecutors were reassigned 57 At the time The Daily Telegraph described the events as the biggest purge of the judiciary in Turkey s history 58 59 From 2014 to mid 2016 repeated purges of civilian military and judicial officials took place in Turkey mainly aimed at followers of Fethullah Gulen a former colleague of the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan 60 Sectors affected editDuring the first post coup speech Erdogan could address to the nation upon landing at Ataturk airport he said This uprising is a gift from God to us because this will be a reason to cleanse our army 61 62 63 An extensive purge of the Turkish civil service began with Erdogan warning his opponents that they will pay a heavy price for this 64 The New York Times described the purges as a counter coup and expected Erdogan to become more vengeful and obsessed with control than ever exploiting the crisis not just to punish mutinous soldiers but to further quash whatever dissent is left in Turkey 64 On 18 July U S Secretary of State John Kerry urged Turkish authorities to halt the increasing crackdown on its citizens indicating that the crackdown was meant to suppress dissent French Foreign Minister and former Prime Minister Jean Marc Ayrault voiced concern warning against a political system which turns away from democracy 65 The United Nations have been reported as failing to condemn the coup and resulting violence due to disagreement between Egypt and other Security Council members on the wording of a resolution in that direction 66 Military edit nbsp General Bekir Ercan Van far left the commander of Incirlik Air Base was stated of complicity in the attempted coup Prime Minister Binali Yildirim announced on 16 July 2016 that 2 839 soldiers of various ranks had been arrested 67 Among those arrested were at least 34 generals or admirals 68 A number of students of the Kuleli Military High School enough to fill five buses were also arrested 69 By 18 July 2016 a total of 103 generals and admirals have been detained by Turkish authorities in connection with the coup 70 71 Yasemin Ozata Cetinkaya the governor of Sinop Province was removed from her duty and her husband a colonel in the Turkish army arrested 72 Turkish military conducted a raid on the Turkish Air Force Academy in Istanbul as well 73 Major General Cahit Bakir who commanded Turkish forces under NATO in Afghanistan and Brigadier General Sener Topuc responsible for education and aid in Afghanistan have been detained by authorities in Dubai in connection with Turkey s failed coup 74 General Bekir Ercan Van the commander of Incirlik Air Base which the U S uses to carry out airstrikes against ISIL was arrested by Turkish authorities for his stated role in plotting the failed military coup He sought asylum from the United States but was denied 75 Police and judiciary edit nbsp The building of the Turkish Court of Cassation in Ankara On 16 July 2016 the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors of Turkey HSYK removed 2 745 Turkish judges from duty and ordered their detention 21 22 76 Of these judges 541 were in administrative judiciary and 2 204 were in criminal judiciary This amounted to approximately 36 of all judges in Turkey at the time 77 Two judges from the Constitutional Court of Turkey Alparslan Altan and Erdal Tercan tr were detained by Turkish authorities for stated ties with the Gulen movement 78 while 5 members of the HSYK had their membership revoked and 10 members of the Turkish Council of State were arrested on charges of being members of the parallel state 79 Furthermore arrest warrants were issued for 48 members of the Council of State and 140 members of the Court of Cassation By 18 July 2016 the Turkish government had suspended 8 777 government officials across the country for stated links to the coup perpetrators Among those suspended include 7 899 police officers 614 gendarmerie officers 47 district governors and 30 regional governors 80 As of 19 July 2016 update 755 judges and prosecutors had been arrested in relation to the coup attempt 81 In January 2019 former chairman of Turkey s Judges and Prosecutors Association YARSAV 82 recipient of human rights awards and judge Murat Arslan have been condemned to 10 years in prison for participation to a terrorist organisation No violent action or call for violence was reported the statement being based on an anonymous denunciation and the presence of ByLock on his smartphone an application he denies having installed on his phone 83 Politics edit nbsp Opposition politicians Selahattin Demirtas and Figen Yuksekdag had been arrested on terrorism chargesFollowing the July 2016 attempt coup and first purges of the military the Turkish government used the state of emergency to introduce amendments into Turkey s municipalities law 84 Articles 45 and 57 were introduced which allow to remove an elected mayor from his duty Before only a final conviction was reason enough to remove a mayor 84 Huseyin Avni Mutlu ex governor of Istanbul was dismissed on 19 July 2016 85 Deputy Mayor of Istanbul s Sisli District Cemil Candas tr was shot in the head in his office by an unidentified assailant on 18 July 2016 Meanwhile Turkish parliament was evacuated due to unidentified security concerns 86 Elections and HDP harassment edit In the 2014 Turkish local elections the sister party of the HDP the Peace and Democracy Party BDP won 97 district municipalities out of 1351 and 2 metropolitan municipalities out of 30 Starting in September 2016 the purges pushed upon the largely Kurdish political formations HDP and BDP About a third of the HDP members more than 11 000 people were detained more than 3000 of them were formally arrested 87 while also 94 democratically elected mayors have been expelled from their posts 88 2014 s elected mayors were removed detained and subjected to politically motivated prosecutions 89 Elected mayors were replaced by government s appointees 84 Municipal councils were not formally dissolved but were not gathered anymore to hold their democratic and managerial functions 89 In October 2018 President Erdogan vowed to seize all municipalities the HDP could win in the 2019 Turkish local elections 90 89 By March 2020 out of the 65 municipalities won by social democrate HDP during the 2019 Turkish local elections 46 municipalities 69 had been seized by Turkish government 91 The dismissal and municipal seizures are believed to be purely politically motivated using ill defined accusation of terrorism 91 Local human right activist comment that terrorism in Turkey is so vague broad and ambiguous that anybody critical of the government can easily be criminalized as a terrorist 91 while dismissals arrests prosecutions and condemnations are based on trumped up terrorism charges 89 Since 2014 over 90 municipalities have been seized 91 Dismissed mayors part of the HDP movement who repeatedly stated opposition to PKK TSK violences 92 were later arrested on charges of membership to a terror organization 91 These removals have been described as a violation of people s democratic vote 89 The at the time HDP co heads Selahattin Demirtas and Figen Yuksekdag were jailed and the prosecution was seeking up to 142 years for Demirtas and 83 years for Yuksekdaĝ imprisonment The main charge is the allegation of managing a terrorist organization the HDP 93 94 As of May 2020 both politicians remain arrested 95 Civil service edit Following a series of arrests and purges throughout the government Prime Minister Yildirim announced on 18 July 2016 that annual leave for all civil servants was suspended and all those on leave were to return to work Over three million civil servants were affected In addition public sector employees were banned from leaving the country 96 By the evening of 19 July 2016 the number of public sector employees suspended had reached 49 321 In the Ministry of Finance more than 1500 employees were suspended In the Prime Ministry 257 employees including six advisers were suspended The Presidency of Religious Affairs suspended 492 employees among them three provincial muftis The numbers of suspended personnel in the National Intelligence Organization and Ministry of Family and Social Policy were 100 and 393 respectively 97 98 On 20 July 2016 the Youth and Sports Minister Akif Cagatay Kilic announced that 245 personnel within his ministry had been laid off The Energy Ministry reports 300 employees were let go and the Customs Ministry indicated 184 employees were dismissed 99 Education edit Main article List of educational institutions shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges Immediate purge edit By far the greatest purge was in the Ministry of National Education where 15 200 education ministry officials were suspended 41 The licenses of 21 000 teachers in the private sector were also cancelled 41 The Council of Higher Education asked all deans of state and private universities numbering 1577 to resign 626 educational institutions mostly private were shut down 100 For example in Burdur one school one cram school and four student hostels were shut down on 20 July 101 In addition a travel ban was placed on academics preventing them from leaving the country 102 On 23 July 2016 Turkish authorities shut down 1 043 private schools 1 229 charities and foundations 19 trade unions 15 universities and 35 medical institutions in his first emergency decree under the newly adopted emergency legislation 103 Forced cultural changes edit Academics have reported pre 2016 coup s changes in academic leadership and sharp growing pressure after the 2013 Gezi park protests and 2016 coup 104 Dean and academic management have pressured professors and students to align with conservative values and teachings 104 Activities associations and student clubs have been closed under similar pressure Conservative students are empowered to denounce non conservative activities 104 Academic grants and tenures are reported to be filtered according to political affiliations and connections 104 Teachers have reported a forced change in political academic and critical culture with firing and exclusion of traditional academic profiles with worries about the long term effect of such change and academic purge on the expertise and tone of both Turkey s researches and governmental statutes culture and policies 104 While private university are technically allowed to hire purged academics many reports private university been scared to hire them increasing the economic exclusion 104 Academics have been subjects to travel bans 104 Petitioners edit About one thousand scholars and human right experts who had earlier petitioned for the end of military operations in South East Turkey Afrin and Syria have faced systematic punitive consequences via public agencies including interrogations judicial prosecutions firing from jobs arrests trials and condemnations for terrorist propaganda 105 The signatories have been subject to 2000 routine judicial hearings with usual 15 months suspended jail sentence with no acquittal reported and about 30 actual imprisonments 104 Media edit Main articles Turkey s media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d etat and List of media outlets shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges See also Media freedom in Turkey nbsp Turkish journalists protesting imprisonment of their colleagues on Human Rights Day 10 December 2016The licenses of 24 radio and television channels and the press cards of 34 journalists reported of being linked to Gulen were revoked 106 107 Two people were arrested for praising the coup attempt and insulting the Turkish President Erdogan on social media 108 On 25 July Nazli Ilicak was taken into custody 109 On 27 July 2016 Erdogan shut down 16 television channels 23 radio stations 45 daily newspapers 15 magazines and 29 publishing houses in another emergency decree under the newly adopted emergency legislation The closed outlets include Gulen affiliated Cihan News Agency Samanyolu TV and the previously leading newspaper Zaman including its English language version Today s Zaman 110 but also the opposition daily newspaper Taraf which was known to be in close relations with the Gulen Movement 111 In late October 2015 Turkish authorities shut down 15 media outlets including one of the world s only women s news agencies and detained the editor in chief of the prominent secularist Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet on accusations that they committed crimes on behalf of Kurdish militants and a network linked to the US based cleric Fethullah Gulen 112 Turkey has imprisoned more than 160 journalists 113 making it the world s biggest jailer of journalists 114 In May 2018 at a press conference with British PM Theresa May Turkish President Erdogan called Turkey s jailed journalists terrorists 113 Traveling edit See also Turkish passport Government authorities had revoked almost 11 000 passports by 22 July citation needed by 30 July more than 50 000 passports were cancelled 115 Extradition editIn August 2016 Turkish President Erdogan gave the United States an ultimatum demanding the extradition of Fethullah Gulen the cleric said to be behind the failed 15 July coup attempt 116 117 Turkey demanded that Greece extradite eight Turkish soldiers who had fled there after the coup 118 On 11 August 2016 Bulgaria extradited Abdullah Buyuk a Turkish businessman being linked with the Gulen movement 119 Purges by numbers edit nbsp U S Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel shakes hands in 2014 with General Erdal Ozturk later arrested in connection with the failed coup Initial purges edit The bulk of the purges happened in the 10 days following the coup The government releasing data documenting the issue Header text Suspended Arrested Notes Reference DateTurkish Armed Forces 1 684 96 2016 07 272016 07 20Turkish Land Forces 1 069 N A 87 generalsTurkish Naval Forces 154 N A 32 admiralsTurkish Air Force 461 N A 30 generalsMinistry of the Interior 8 777 N A 2016 07 18Ministry of Health 5 581 N A 115 managers 1504 doctors 2016 07 28Ministry of Culture and Tourism 110 N A 2016 07 26Ministry of National Education 15 200 N A 2016 07 19MNE licensed Education institutions 21 000 N AMinistry of Development 82 N A 2016 07 25Ministry of Economy 15 N A 2016 07 25Ministry of Forest and Water Management 197 N A 2016 07 25Ministry of Transport Maritime Affairs and Communications 529 N A 2016 07 25Ministry of Science Industry and Technology 560 N A 2016 07 25Ministry of Family and Social Policy 599 N A 2016 07 25Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning 70 N A 2016 07 25Turkish Universities 5 342 N A 2016 08 12Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 768 N A 2016 07 29Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors 648 N A 2016 08 10Totals 81 494 20 355 2016 08 132016 08 17Later purges mass suspensions and mass arrests edit 2016 edit On 26 July 2016 European Commission President Jean Claude Juncker announced that Turkey s EU membership process would come to an end if the death penalty was returned in Turkey 120 On 4 August 2016 the Istanbul 1st Criminal Court of Peace issued an arrest warrant for U S based cleric Fethullah Gulen 121 On 17 August 2016 the government dismissed 2 300 more officers from the police force 136 military officers and 196 employees from the information technology authority 122 On 18 August 2016 arrest warrants were issued for 187 suspects including CEOs of leading companies in Turkey with prosecutors also ordering the seizure of their assets 123 On 2 September 2016 Turkey announced a purge of about 11 500 teachers with stated links to PKK 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 The move was denounced by Kurdish and Turkish opposition parties for lacking due process and evidences An anonymous former Turkish diplomat said the move sharply weakened the pacifist wing of Kurdish voices pushing the Kurdish movement toward more radical means 53 On 12 September 2016 Turkey removed two dozen elected mayors members of the opposition Peoples Democratic Party HDP for stated links to Kurdish militants 45 47 124 125 nbsp Turkish journalists Can Dundar and Erdem Gul were arrested facing sentences up to life imprisonment On 4 October 2016 Turkish authorities suspend nearly 12 800 more police officers from duty over their suspected links with U S based cleric Fethullah Gulen 126 On 29 October 2016 by decree Turkey dismissed 10 131 more civil servants while about 15 more media outlets were closed for stated ties to terrorist organizations and U S based cleric Fethullah Gulen 127 128 In early November 2016 security forces began mass arrests of opposition Peoples Democratic Party HDP MPs including co leaders Selahattin Demirtas and Figen Yuksekdag 50 51 52 Internet and social web services were blocked across southeastern Turkey 50 51 Out of 59 HDP s MPs 15 were researched 12 MPs were detained 2 MPs were travelling abroad and one not located 129 On 22 November 2016 a decree announced 15 726 dismissals security forces 7 600 ministry of interior 2 700 education 1 200 130 People were affected for being related belonging to or in contact with terror organizations and structures that are considered by the National Security Council as acting against national security 27 Passports of these affected people were canceled 27 With this decree 550 associations 9 medias and 19 private medical structures have been closed 130 The financial assets and properties of those organizations were to be seized by the Turkish Treasury 27 On 24 November 2016 the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for a temporary freeze of the full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey 131 On 12 December 2016 in reaction to prior Istanbul double bombing and Kurdistan Freedom Falcons TAK states 118 HDP officials and supporters were arrested 132 On 21 December 2016 Turkey suspended another 1 980 teachers and school employees for stated connections to the coup attempt 133 On 25 December 2016 Turkey probes around 10 000 social media users for reportedly insulting government officials or supporting terror related activity 134 2017 edit On 7 January 2017 and via three decrees 8 390 more civil servants were dismissed 2 687 police officers 1 699 civil servants from the justice ministry 838 health officials and hundreds others from other ministries 631 academics 8 members of the Council of State 135 In early February 2017 the Turkish government dismissed more than 4 400 public servants from their jobs 136 including over 300 university teachers 137 On 14 February 2017 the Turkish government arrested 834 people with stated links with PKK The mass arrest has been linked to the constitutional referendum to which most Kurdish factions are opposed 138 After the April 16 referendum 38 activists denouncing irregularities were detained 139 On 26 April 2017 1009 police officers were reported of being a secret Gulenist network within the Turkish police force and were detained 139 9 100 policemen have been suspended 140 On 29 April 2017 Turkey blocked Wikipedia and dismissed 3 974 more civil servants 28 The NYT qualified the move as an expand ing crackdown on dissent and free expression 141 On 5 June the Turkish interior ministry announces that 130 people living outside the country and suspected of militant links will lose their citizenship unless they return to Turkey within three months and meet government standards Named suspects include U S based cleric Fethullah Gulen and Peoples Democratic Party leaders Faysal Sariyildiz Tugba Hezer Ozturk and Ozdal Ucer tr 142 15 June 2017 UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals judge Aydin Sedaf Akay was sentenced to 7 years on charges of membership in to the Gulen movement itself a terrorist organization despite Mr Akay having diplomatic immunity due to his position at the UN MICT 143 On 6 July 2017 the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for the suspension of full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey 144 On 15 July 7 400 more police were dismissed 145 On 24 December 2017 a decree announce the dismissal of 2 700 public officers 146 147 2018 edit nbsp The purges have gotten attention in the United States due to the Turkish government s attempts to arrest and extradite NBA player Enes Kanter who is both a Gulenist and an outspoken critic of Erdogan Kanter did not attend team and league functions held abroad as he feared for his safety if he ever left the United States Turkey detained over 800 social media users and nearly 100 politicians and journalists who opposed the Turkish invasion of the Kurdish controlled enclave of Afrin 148 On 8 July 2018 right before Erdogan new presidency with enlarged executive powers and the promised end of the state of emergency 18 632 public officiers were dismissed by decree 149 Among them 9 000 plus are police officers 6 000 plus are members of the Turkish military 149 and over 1 000 are from judiciary 150 about 650 are teachers and about 200 academics 151 Three newspapers one TV channel and 12 associations were also shut down 151 On 25 July 2018 Turkey passed new anti terrorism bill to replace emergency rule 54 According to the Human Rights Watch the new law will allow authorities under the presidency for the next three years to dismiss judges and all other public officials arbitrarily It also would allow the authorities to restrict movement within Turkey ban public assemblies and allow police to hold some suspects for up to 12 days without charge and repeatedly detain them in the same investigation 152 CHP parliamentary group leader Ozgur Ozel said that With this bill with the measures in this text the state of emergency will not be extended for three months but for three years They make it look like they are lifting the emergency but in fact they are continuing it 55 On 14 August 2018 Turkish police arrested another German citizen on terrorism related charges German authorities said nine German nationals are currently in detention in Turkey for political reasons 153 2019 edit On 12 February Turkey issued 1 112 more detention orders under the charge of organizing the 2016 Turkey coup 154 According to Turkish government data from March 2019 about 500 000 people were detained since the coup attempt of which about 30 000 were in custody at the time of the information 155 Erdogan reported in April 2019 of 31 000 employees of the police as well as 15 000 members of the military who had been removed from office since the coup d etat 155 According to Anadolu in the first week of July 2019 282 people were arrested throughout Turkey 155 The week before at the end of June there were 200 arrests 155 On 13 March 2019 the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for a halt to the full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey 156 On 28 July 2019 another German citizen Osman B was arrested on charges of running a terror propaganda using his Facebook account He was arrested at a Turkish airport while he was traveling for a family holiday 157 On 19 August 2019 the Turkish Ministry of Interior appointed trustees to the Diyarbakir Mardin and Van metropolitan municipalities 158 In October 2019 Turkish police detained more than 120 online critics of the Turkish invasion of the Kurdish areas in Syria 159 160 Turkish prosecutor opened an investigation into terrorist propaganda against MPs Sezai Temelli and Pervin Buldan co leaders of the pro Kurdish HDP party 161 Turkey arrested at least 151 members of the HDP including district officials 162 Turkish authorities have also detained web editor of opposition BirGun newspaper and managing editor of the online news portal Diken 163 2020 edit Due to the COVID 19 pandemic in Turkey the Turkish parliament approved a bill which could enable the release of up to 100 000 prisoners including people responsible for deaths 164 Political prisoners 165 journalists 166 are excluded from the pardon despite overcrowding and unsanitary living conditions already posing a severe health threat 167 The Turkish Interior Ministry has arrested social media users whose posts were targeting officials and spreading panic and fear by suggesting that COVID 19 had spread widely in Turkey and that officials had taken insufficient measures 168 Several journalists who were each reporting for local media were detained for how they covered the pandemic 169 Authorities had arrested or imprisoned more than 90 000 Turkish citizens by 2020 170 2021 edit In February following a failed operation in which 13 Turkey soldiers died Turkey arrested 700 opposition members maneuvering to shift blame onto the opposition and Americans 171 2022 edit In 2022 Turkey demands the extradition of many members of the Gulen movement and PKK from Finland and Sweden of which Sweden wants to become a NATO member 172 However the two countries rejected Turkey s extradition requests 173 On 18 May 2022 Turkey quickly blocked Finland and Sweden s applications for accelerated membership in NATO 174 In June 2022 the access of Deutsche Welle and Voice of America was completely blocked in Turkey 175 On 30 June 2022 Turkey announced that it would not approve NATO membership if members of the Gulen movement and PKK are not extradited from Finland and Sweden 176 2023 edit On 29 January 2023 Turkey announced that it requested the extradition of 130 people suspected of being members of the Gulen movement and PKK in order for Finland and Sweden to approve them for NATO membership 177 On 13 September 2023 the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call not to restart full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey 178 Human rights editHuman rights in Turkey are governed by international law treaties including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that Turkey signed in 2000 that take precedence over Turkish legislation according to Article 90 of the 1982 Constitution 179 After protesters chanted for reintroduction of the death penalty 180 abolished by Turkey in 2004 Erdogan stated that this was a possibility that would be discussed in parliament and that in a democracy the will of the people must be respected 181 182 On 21 July the Turkish government announced that it would suspend the European Convention on Human Rights during a temporary state of emergency 183 On 24 July 2016 Amnesty International called for the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture to make an emergency visit to Turkey to see the conditions in which the detainees were held 184 Identification methods edit Johannes Hahn the European Commissioner dealing with Turkey s bid to become a member state of the European Union EU said that it appears Turkey s government had prepared arrest lists of political opponents before the coup attempt and had been waiting for the right time to act 185 The usage of social medias monitoring is suspected Anonymous and paid denunciations by secret witnesses are officially declared as the main source for identifying suspects Most of the over 140 thousands people affected by the purges were affected following denunciations by coworkers and other citizens 186 The system have been legalized via a 31 August 2015 s decree by the Ministry of interior 186 The rewarded anonymous denunciation s grid is public and online divided in 5 category according to the threat and pointing to major suspects mainly Kurds then Gulenist then Islamists ISIS 186 About 11 millions citizens or one in 6 adults are reported to be under investigation online 187 Fetometer edit Reports of a scoring system for Turkey citizens and foreigners to assess their relationships to the Gulen networks and crack down on them emerged 188 189 The system already in use on Turkey civil public servants and some military branch allows Turkey governments to assess the relationship of citizens to Gulenist networks and likelihood for them to be part of it 188 In the field of education the Turkish National Education Ministry used a Fetometer software to assess the relation of 993 books used in teaching with a set of Gulenist phrases and concepts 100 books were assessed inconvenient 12 were certainly Gulenist and now banned by the Ministry The phrases and concepts looked for were dialogue respect for human beings the golden generation horizon man hope and dedication 190 Detainees conditions edit nbsp Selahattin Demirtas s presidential campaign being launched outside Edirne prison where he is incarcerated 25 May 2018According to Amnesty International during the July 2016 purges detainees were denied food for up to three days and water for up to two days were denied medical treatment were reportedly raped with police truncheons or fingers and were subjected to other forms of torture 184 Amnesty said that three hundred male soldiers held in the Ankara police headquarters were beaten during their detention with injuries including bruises cuts and broken bones Forty soldiers were unable to walk because of their injuries and two were unable to stand 184 Amnesty also said that detainees shirts were covered in blood during their interrogations by prosecutors and that detainees during the purges were mostly prevented from contacting their families and lawyers 184 Given overcrowded conditions the Turkish government published a decree on 16 August announcing that 38 000 inmates whose criminal offense pre dated 1 July were now eligible for sentence reduction 191 Inmates with two years or less to serve are eligible while inmates who have served half of their sentence can ask for parole The decree applies to crimes committed before 1 July 2016 excluding convictions for murder domestic violence sexual abuse terrorism or crimes against the state 191 Prosecution of lawyers edit Between July 2016 and June 2019 out of more than 1500 prosecuted lawyers 599 were arrested and 311 were sentenced to an average of about six years in prison 192 34 lawyers associations in Turkey were shut down and lawyers were forced to testify against their own clients 192 A law was enacted which forbade lawyers charged with terror related offenses to represent clients accused in terror related offenses 192 Communications between lawyers and their respective clients arrested in pre trial detention was enabled to be recorded 192 Arrest of human rights activists edit Turkish human rights lawyer Orhan Kemal Cengiz was detained for three days in July 2016 He was provisionally released and remains subject to a travel ban 193 194 Serdar Kuni a doctor from Cizre who assisted the respected Human Rights Foundation in documenting violations in the town and arrested on poorly defined charges of being a member of a terrorist organization for treating injured locals 195 On 6 June 2017 Taner Kilic the Chair of Amnesty International Turkey and another 22 lawyers were detained in Izmir by the Turkish police on the suspicion of having links with the Fethullah Gulen movement and later charged with membership of a terrorist organisation The detention and prosecution was condemned by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch who asked for his immediate release Hugh Williamson Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch stated that detaining Kilic on suspicion of terrorist offenses looks like a tactic aimed at discrediting his legitimate human rights work 196 197 198 Nightwatchmen system edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2020 The bekci or Nightwatchmen auxiliary police force has been used in the 1990s to monitor the South Eastern regions against PKK activities 199 Bekci forces have traditionally served as neighborhood watchmen in Turkey 199 In 2008 the 8 000 active bekcis were absorbed into regular police force and the system abolished 199 Following the 2016 Coup and a large scale operation in southeastern regions the Turkish government reinstated the bekci force hiring 2 400 officers to patrol the regions Kurdish majority cities of Sirnak Hakkari Urfa Mardin and Diyarbakir 199 The bekci guards have since been gradually extended to the entire country 199 Nightwatchmen s are described as local young men with Standart watchmen training 200 Bekci guards can be equipped with whistles batons and carry guns Jan 2020 200 They have the authority to check citizens identity body search them and use of lethal force is under legislative discussion 200 Bekci guards have been qualified as the Turkish version of Iran s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 201 International editThe Turkish government have been looking for opponents in foreign countries as well 29 School closures edit About 1 000 Gulen movement schools exist worldwide with 300 of them in Turkey Turkey requested closure of affiliated schools in 50 countries 202 Somalia closed the Gulen affiliated schools 203 Azerbaijan closed 13 education centres 11 high schools and also Qafqaz University associated with Gulen movement 204 205 Pakistan Turkey requested closure of Gulen movement schools 206 Sudan closed Gulen movement schools by Turkish request 207 Foreign operations and abductions edit Turkey has led a hunt of political opponents abroad 208 209 Private planes are used to illegally abduct gulenists on foreign territories without agreements with local jurisdictions 210 unreliable source Reactions editThe purges were criticized by Western governments and human rights groups Human Rights Watch warned the Turkish government against using the coup attempt to justify a witch hunt against those it regards as opponents 60 Andrew Gardner Amnesty International s researcher for Turkey said We are witnessing a crackdown of exceptional proportions in Turkey at the moment While it is understandable and legitimate that the government wishes to investigate and punish those responsible for this bloody coup attempt they must abide by the rule of law and respect freedom of expression 211 Conversely the purges were praised by Judicial Commission of Indonesia chairman Aidul Fitriciada Azhari Azhari pointed to the purges as a positive example of external oversight of a judicial system and the exercise of executive power by a judicial commission referring to the Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors 212 Accession of Turkey to the European Union edit Main article Accession of Turkey to the European Union Johannes Hahn the European Commissioner dealing with Turkey s bid to become a member state of the European Union EU said that it appeared Turkey s government had prepared arrest lists of political opponents before the coup attempt and had been waiting for the right time to act 185 EU High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini condemned the purges saying What we re seeing especially in the fields of universities media the judiciary is unacceptable 213 Horst Seehofer the minister president of Bavaria urged the EU to suspend Turkey s accession negotiations If one sees how Turkey is dismantling the rule of law then these EU membership negotiations must be stopped immediately No democratic constitutional state acts like this 214 On 24 November 2016 the European Parliament voted 497 to 37 in favour of a non binding freeze on membership talks with Turkey in response to disproportionate repressive measures taken in Turkey since the failed military coup attempt 215 University associations edit The Czech University Council compared negatively the purges of educational institutions in Turkey to events which took place under the Communist regime in former Czechoslovakia 216 The European University Association EUA joined by the European University Foundations EUF strongly and unconditionally condemned the forced resignation of hundreds of deans from higher education institutions in Turkey in the wake of the failed coup attempt in the country and called on all European governments universities and scholars to speak out against these developments and to support democracy in Turkey including institutional autonomy and academic freedom for scholars and students 217 218 219 Europe edit nbsp Free Deniz Yucel campaign in Frankfurt 21 May 2017 nbsp Italian Wikipedia against Turkey s censorship nbsp Demonstration in support of arrested journalist Asli Erdogan in Krakow PolandBelgian Foreign Minister Didier Reynders said Turkish authorities reaction to the failed coup needed to be proportionate and that he was alarmed by the arrests of judges and calls for reinstatement of the death penalty against coup participants 220 French Foreign Minister Jean Marc Ayrault voiced concern warning against a political system which turns away from democracy in response to the purges 65 British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson described the Gulen movement as a cult and expressed his support for the post coup purges Johnson said what happened in July 2016 was deeply violent deeply anti democratic deeply sinister and it was totally right that it was crushed 221 United States edit U S President Barack Obama said he was concerned by pictures showing the rough treatment of some of the arrested coup plotters some of whom appeared stripped to their underwear and handcuffed behind their backs 222 U S Secretary of State John Kerry urged Turkish authorities to halt the crackdown on its citizens expressing concern that the aim of the crackdown was to suppress dissent 65 The commander of U S Central Command General Joseph Votel said that several of the U S military s closest partners in the Turkish military have been jailed 223 In response Erdogan said Votel was being on the side of coup plotters 224 On 29 July Votel said in a statement Any reporting that I had anything to do with the recent unsuccessful coup attempt in Turkey is unfortunate and completely inaccurate We appreciate Turkey s continuing cooperation and look forward to our future partnership in the counter ISIL fight 225 On 1 August 2018 President Donald Trump s administration sanctioned two top Turkish government officials Turkish Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gul and Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu over the detention of American pastor Andrew Brunson 226 227 The indictment stated that American pastor had ties with Gulen s network 227 Daniel Glaser the former Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing under President Barack Obama said It s certainly the first time I can think of the U S sanctioning a NATO ally I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody so I think it falls within the scope of the Global Magnitsky Act 228 United Nations edit In July 2016 the U S with the support of Britain drafted language for the United Nations Security Council that would have expressed grave concern over the situation called upon on all parties to respect the democratically elected government of Turkey and the rule of law and urged the parties to show restraint and avoid violence However Egypt blocked the proposed statement 229 Egyptian diplomats said that the council is in no position to qualify or label the Turkish government or any other government for that matter as democratically elected or not Objection by the United States and the UK permanent members of the Security Council led to Egypt proposing a new statement calling for all sides to respect the democratic and constitutional principles and the rule of law which was rejected preventing the condemnation of the coup attempt by the Security Council 229 In August 2016 United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra ad Al Hussein decried the purge Zeid said that while he opposed the coup attempt the wide ranging purge showed a thirst for revenge that was alarming 230 Later that month a group of experts in the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a joint statement saying that the purges may violate international law 231 specifically Turkey s obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 232 The statement said While we understand the sense of crisis in Turkey we are concerned that the government s steps to limit a broad range of human rights guarantees go beyond what can be justified in light of the current situation Turkey is going through a critical period Derogation measures must not be used in a way that will push the country deeper into crisis 231 In March 2018 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report on the impact of the state of emergency on human rights in Turkey The report indicates interference of the executive with the work of the judiciary and curtailment of parliamentary oversight over the executive branch of government arbitrary mass dismissals of civil servants and private sector employees arbitrary closure of civil society organizations including prominent human rights NGOs and media arbitrary detention of people arrested under state of emergency measures the use of torture and ill treatment during pre trial detention restrictions of the rights to freedoms of expression and of movement arbitrary expropriation of private property and methods of collective punishment targeting family members of individuals suspected of offences under the state of emergency OHCHR said that the routine extensions of the state of emergency may lead to an enduring system of governing characterized by a large number of arbitrary decisions that profoundly affect the lives of many individuals and families 233 Analysis editHistorical light edit Can Dundar Editor in chief of the Turkish daily Cumhuriyet described the purges as part of a historical pattern of political power in Turkey shifting back and forth between the secular military versus religious institutions with democrats in the middle having little power to prevent the repeated oscillations but worse than previous cycles He described the 2016 purges as the biggest witch hunt in Turkey s history 234 Historians and analysts including Henri J Barkey Director of the Middle East Program of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars compared the 2016 Turkish purges to Mao Zedong s Cultural Revolution that started in 1966 and the Iranian Cultural Revolution in which Iranian academia was purged during 1980 1987 235 The government of Turkey has been analysed to blame Western forces and raise anti Americanism in order to distract the public from real intranational tensions as well as to take an upper ground for negotiations 236 237 238 According to the New York Times Searching for historical parallels analysts have made comparisons with Joseph McCarthy s anti Communist witch hunt in 1950s America the Stalinist purges of the 1930s and the Cultural Revolution in China in the 1960s and 70s 23 Other comparisons have been made with Hitler s use of the Reichstag fire to consolidate his power and with Ataturk s use of the 1926 assassination plot on his life to purge Turkey of his political opponents and rivals 239 Political sciences edit Academics are now discussing Turkey s democracy collapse 240 and its authoritarian turn 241 It has been argued that solid political position encourage leaders to crack down and double down on oppositions parties while less secure governing groups are more inclined into deescalation and appeasement 242 AKP s political alliances with both wealthy business world via privileged and urban poor via redistribution of public resources providing non competitive elections reduced elected officials political tolerance for oppositions and reduced the costs of cracking down on them 240 This AKP hegemonic political landscape associated calculations and observable room for repressive actions lead to increase authoritarianism from Turkish government through securitization of dissent mounting repression and systematic violation of civil liberties 240 Turkey is described as a case of competitive authoritarianism 240 a regime in which democratic elections occurs under the guidance of an authoritarian government and where the main party guaranteed to win See also editList of arrested journalists in Turkey List of arrested mayors in Turkey List of media outlets shut down in the 2016 Turkish purges Censorship in Turkey Human rights in Turkey Media freedom in Turkey Freedom of speech in TurkeyReferences edit a b Turkey s State Of Emergency Ends While Erdogan s Power Grows And Purge Continues NPR 26 July 2018 a b Turkey ends state of emergency but eyes tough terror bill Deutsche Welle 19 August 2018 a b Turkey Ends Emergency Rule But Erdogan s War on Enemies Not Over Bloomberg 18 July 2018 a b 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Retrieved 22 July 2016 Turkey s New Anti Americanism The New York Times 4 August 2016 Retrieved 7 August 2016 Handout Presidential Palace 2 August 2016 Erdogan Says West Supports Terrorism The New York Times Associated Press Retrieved 7 August 2016 Turks Can Agree on One Thing U S Was Behind Failed Coup The New York Times 3 August 2016 Retrieved 7 August 2016 Stefan Ihrig Measured Terror History Today Volume 67 Issue 2 February 2017 1 a b c d Esen Berk Gumuscu Sebnem 11 May 2020 Why did Turkish democracy collapse A political economy account of Turkish government s authoritarianism Party Politics 135406882092372 doi 10 1177 1354068820923722 hdl 11693 75894 ISSN 1354 0688 S2CID 219458590 Erensu Sinan Alemdaroglu Ayca April 2018 Dialectics of Reform and Repression Unpacking Turkey s Authoritarian Turn Review of Middle East Studies 52 1 16 28 doi 10 1017 rms 2018 8 ISSN 2151 3481 S2CID 159013147 Aytac S Erdem Schiumerini Luis Stokes Susan March 2017 Protests and Repression in New Democracies Perspectives on Politics 15 1 62 82 doi 10 1017 S1537592716004138 ISSN 1537 5927 S2CID 151877655 External links editReality Check The numbers behind the crackdown in Turkey BBC 18 June 2018 Turkey Purge Monitoring human rights abuses in Turkey s post coup crackdown multi lingual including English detailed documentation of the purges URLs of Turkish government decrees detailing purgesPortal nbsp Turkey Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Purges in Turkey following the 2016 Turkish coup attempt amp oldid 1201989838, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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