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Wikipedia

Senegal

January 06, 2023

Not to be confused with Sinegal.
This article is about the country. For the river, see Senegal River.

Senegal,[c] officially the Republic of Senegal,[d] is a country in West Africa, on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds the Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country. Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegal's economic and political capital is Dakar.

Republic of Senegal
République du Sénégal (French)
Motto: "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (French)
"One People, One Goal, One Faith"
Anthem: 
"Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons"
"Everyone, strum your koras, strike the balafons"
Location of Senegal (dark green)
Capital
and largest city
Dakar
14°40′N 17°25′W / 14.667°N 17.417°W / 14.667; -17.417
Official languagesFrench
Lingua franca
List:
National languages
List:
Ethnic groups
(2019)[1]
Religion
(2020)[2]
Demonym(s)Senegalese
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic[3]
• President
Macky Sall
Amadou Ba
Amadou Mame Diop
LegislatureNational Assembly
Independence
• Republic established
25 November 1957
• from France[a]
4 April 1960
• Withdrawal from
the Mali Federation
20 August 1960
• from France[b]
20 June 1960
• as Senegal
22 September 1960
• from the United Kingdom
18 February 1965
• dissolution of the Senegambia Confederation
30 September 1989
Area
• Total
196,712 km2 (75,951 sq mi) (86th)
• Water (%)
2.1
Population
• 2021 estimate
17,196,308[4] (72nd)
• 2016 census
16,624,000[5] (73rd)
• Density
68.7/km2 (177.9/sq mi) (134th)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
$72.703 billion[6] (106th)
• Per capita
 $4,113[6] (156th)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
$27.542 billion[6][7] (111th)
• Per capita
$1,558[6] (157th)
Gini (2011)40.3[8]
medium
HDI (2021) 0.511[9]
low · 170th
CurrencyWest African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
Date formatmm/dd/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+221
ISO 3166 codeSN
Internet TLD.sn

Senegal is notably the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World, or Afro-Eurasia.[12] It owes its name to the Senegal River, which borders it to the east and north. The climate is typically Sahelian, though there is a rainy season. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi) and has a population of around 17 million.[13][14] The state is a unitary presidential republic; since the country's foundation in 1960, it has been recognized as one of the most stable countries on the African continent.[15]

The state was formed as part of the independence of French West Africa from French colonial rule. Because of this history, French is the official language, but it is understood only by a minority of the population.[16] Over 30 languages are spoken in Senegal, and Wolof is the most widely spoken one, with 80% of the population speaking it as a first or second language,[17] acting as Senegal's lingua franca alongside French. Like other post-colonial African states, the country includes a wide mix of ethnic and linguistic communities, with the largest being the Wolof, Fula, and Serer people. Senegalese people are predominantly Muslim.[18]

Senegal is classified as a heavily indebted poor country, with relatively low HDI ranked 170th in the Human Development index. Most of the population is on the coast and works in agriculture or other food industries; other major industries include mining, tourism, and services.[19] The country does not have notable natural resources, but the basis of its development lies in education, where almost half the state's budget is spent.[20] Senegal is a member state of the African Union, the United Nations, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. Internationally, Senegal is best known in the sporting world for the Paris-Dakar Rally.[21]

Etymology

The country of Senegal is named after the Senegal River. The name of the river may derive from a Portuguese transliteration of the name of the Zenaga, also known as the Sanhaja.[22] Alternatively, it could be a combination of the supreme deity in Serer religion (Rog Sene) and o gal meaning body of water in the Serer language. It is also possible that it derives from the Wolof phrase "Sunuu Gaal," which means "our canoe".[23]

History

Main article: History of Senegal

Early and pre-colonial eras

Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times and has been continuously occupied by various ethnic groups. Some kingdoms were created around the seventh century: Takrur in the ninth century, Namandiru and the Jolof Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries. Eastern Senegal was once part of the Ghana Empire.

Islam was introduced through Toucouleur and Soninke contact with the Almoravid dynasty of the Maghreb, who in turn propagated it with the help of the Almoravids and Toucouleur allies. This movement faced resistance from ethnicities of traditional religions, the Serers in particular.[24][25]

In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area came under the influence of the empires to the east; the Jolof Empire of Senegal was also founded during this time. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved, typically as a result of being taken captive in warfare.[26]

In the 14th century the Jolof Empire grew more powerful, having united Cayor and the kingdoms of Baol, Siné, Saloum, Waalo, Futa Tooro and Bambouk, or much of present-day West Africa. The empire was a voluntary confederacy of various states rather than being built on military conquest.[27][28] The empire was founded by Ndiadiane Ndiaye, a part Serer[29][30] and part Toucouleur, who was able to form a coalition with many ethnicities, but collapsed around 1549 with the defeat and killing of Lele Fouli Fak by Amari Ngone Sobel Fall.

Colonial era

Main articles: Senegambia (Dutch West India Company) and French conquest of Senegal
 
The Portuguese Empire was the first European power to colonize Senegal, beginning with the arrival of Dinis Dias in 1444 at Gorée Island and ending in 1888, when the Portuguese gave Ziguinchor to the French.

In the mid-15th century, the Portuguese landed on the Senegal coastline, followed by traders representing other countries, including the French.[31] Various European powers — Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain — competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward.

In 1677, France gained control of what had become a minor departure point in the Atlantic slave trade: the island of Gorée next to modern Dakar, used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland.[32][33]

European missionaries introduced Christianity to Senegal and the Casamance in the 19th century. It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland, after they abolished slavery and began promoting an abolitionist doctrine,[34] adding native kingdoms like the Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof Empire. French colonists progressively invaded and took over all the kingdoms, except Siné and Saloum, under Governor Louis Faidherbe.[27][35]

 
French slave traders in Gorée, 18th century

Yoro Dyao was in command of the canton of Foss-Galodjina and was set over Wâlo (Ouâlo) by Louis Faidherbe,[36] where he served as a chief from 1861 to 1914.[37] Senegalese resistance to the French expansion and curtailing of their lucrative slave trade was led in part by Lat-Dior, Damel of Cayor, and Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, the Maad a Sinig of Siné, resulting in the Battle of Logandème.[citation needed]

In 1915, over 300 Senegalese came under Australian command, ahead of the taking of Damascus by Australians, before the expected arrival of the famed Lawrence of Arabia. French and British diplomacy in the area were thrown into disarray.[citation needed]

On 25 November 1958, Senegal became an autonomous republic within the French Community.[38]

Independence

 
The short-lived Mali Federation

In January 1959, Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of a transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on 20 August 1960 when Senegal and French Sudan (renamed the Republic of Mali) each proclaimed independence.

Léopold Sédar Senghor, internationally known poet, politician, and statesman, was elected Senegal's first president in August 1960. Pro-African, Senghor advocated a brand of African socialism.[39]

After the breakup of the Mali Federation, President Senghor and Prime Minister Mamadou Dia governed together under a parliamentary system. In December 1962, their political rivalry led to an attempted coup by Prime Minister Dia. The coup was put down without bloodshed and Dia was arrested and imprisoned. Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the President's power.

Senghor was considerably more tolerant of opposition than most African leaders became in the 1960s. Nonetheless, political activity was somewhat restricted for a time. Senghor's party, the Senegalese Progressive Union (now the Socialist Party of Senegal), was the only legally permitted party from 1965 until 1975. In the latter year, Senghor allowed the formation of two opposition parties that began operation in 1976—a Marxist party (the African Independence Party) and a liberal party (the Senegalese Democratic Party).

The 1960s and early 1970s saw the continued and persistent violating of Senegal's borders by the Portuguese military from Portuguese Guinea. In response, Senegal petitioned the United Nations Security Council in 1963, 1965, 1969 (in response to shelling by Portuguese artillery), 1971 and finally in 1972.

1980 to present

In 1980, President Senghor decided to retire from politics. The next year, he transferred power in 1981 to his hand-picked successor, Abdou Diouf. Former prime minister Mamadou Dia, who was Senghor's rival, ran for election in 1983 against Diouf, but lost. Senghor moved to France, where he died at the age of 95.

In the 1980s, Boubacar Lam discovered Senegalese oral history that was initially compiled by the Tuculor noble, Yoro Dyâo, not long after World War I, which documented migrations into West Africa from the Nile Valley; ethnic groups, from the Senegal River to the Niger Delta, retained traditions of having an eastern origin.[40]

Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal Senegambia Confederation on 1 February 1982. However, the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group (Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance or MFDC) in the Casamance region has clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982 in the Casamance conflict. In the early 21st century, violence has subsided and President Macky Sall held talks with rebels in Rome in December 2012.[41]

Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. He encouraged broader political participation, reduced government involvement in the economy, and widened Senegal's diplomatic engagements, particularly with other developing nations. Domestic politics on occasion spilled over into street violence, border tensions, and a violent separatist movement in the southern region of the Casamance. Nevertheless, Senegal's commitment to democracy and human rights strengthened. Abdou Diouf served four terms as president.

During the Gulf War, over 500 Senegalese participated in the Battle of Khafji and the unexpected Liberation of Kuwait campaign, under the command of the U.S.-led coalition.[citation needed]

In the presidential election of 1999, opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and fair by international observers. Senegal experienced its second peaceful transition of power, and its first from one political party to another. On 30 December 2004 President Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the separatist group in the Casamance region. This, however, has yet to be implemented. There was a round of talks in 2005, but the results have not yet yielded a resolution.

In March 2012, the incumbent president Abdoulaye Wade lost the presidential election and Macky Sall was elected as the new President of Senegal.[42] President Macky Sall was re-elected in 2019 elections. The presidential term was reduced from seven years to five.[43]

Since 3 March 2021, Senegal has been rocked by a series of mass protests in response to the arrest of Ousmane Sonko for alleged rape and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Senegal
 
Macky Sall, President of Senegal (2012–present)
 
Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal (2000–2012)

Senegal is a republic with a presidency; the president is elected every five years as of 2016, previously being seven years from independence to 2001, five years from 2001 to 2008, and seven years again from 2008 to 2016, by adult voters. The first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor, was a poet and writer, and was the first African elected to the Académie française. Senegal's second president, Abdou Diouf, later served as general secretary of the Organisation de la Francophonie. The third president was Abdoulaye Wade, a lawyer. The current president is Macky Sall, elected in March 2012 and reelected in February 2019.[44]

Senegal has more than 80 political parties. The unicameral parliament consists of the National Assembly, which has 150 seats (a Senate was in place from 1999 to 2001 and 2007 to 2012).[3] An independent judiciary also exists in Senegal. The nation's highest courts that deal with business issues are the constitutional council and the court of justice, members of which are named by the president.

Political culture

Currently, Senegal has a quasi-democratic political culture, one of the more successful post-colonial democratic transitions in Africa. Local administrators are appointed and held accountable by the president. Marabouts, religious leaders of the various Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal, have also exercised a strong political influence in the country especially during Wade's presidency. In 2009, Freedom House downgraded Senegal's status from "Free" to "Partially Free", based on increased centralisation of power in the executive. By 2014, it had recovered its Free status.[45]

In 2008, Senegal finished in 12th position on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance.[46] The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance (limited to sub-Saharan Africa until 2008), based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to their citizens. When the Northern African countries were added to the index in 2009, Senegal's 2008 position was retroactively downgraded to 15th place (with Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco placing ahead of Senegal). As of 2012, Senegal's Ibrahim Index rank has declined another point to 16th of 52 African countries.

On 22 February 2011, Senegal severed diplomatic ties with Iran, saying it supplied rebels with weapons which killed Senegalese troops in the Casamance conflict.[47]

The 2012 presidential election was controversial due to President Wade's candidacy, as the opposition argued he should not be considered eligible to run again. Several youth opposition movements, including M23 and Y'en a Marre, emerged in June 2011. In the end, Macky Sall of the Alliance for the Republic won, and Wade conceded the election to Sall. This peaceful and democratic transition was hailed by many foreign observers, such as the EU[48] as a show of "maturity".

On 19 September 2012, lawmakers voted to do away with the Senate to save an estimated $15 million.[49]

In August 2017, the ruling party won a landslide victory in the parliamentary election. President Macky Sall's ruling coalition took 125 seats in the 165-seat National Assembly.[50] In 2019 president Macky Sall easily won re-election in the first round.[51]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Regions of Senegal, Departments of Senegal, Arrondissements of Senegal, and Communes of Senegal
 
Regions of Senegal

Senegal is subdivided into 14 regions,[52] each administered by a Conseil Régional (Regional Council) elected by population weight at the Arrondissement level. The country is further subdivided by 45 Départements, 113 Arrondissements (neither of which have administrative function) and by Collectivités Locales, which elect administrative officers.[53]

Regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions:

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of Senegal

Senegal has a high profile in many international organizations and was a member of the UN Security Council in 1988–89 and 2015–2016. It was elected to the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1997. Friendly to the West, especially to France and the United States, Senegal has vigorously advocated more assistance from developed countries to the Third World.

Senegal enjoys mostly cordial relations with its neighbors. In spite of clear progress on other issues with Mauritania (border security, resource management, economic integration, etc.), an estimated 35,000 Mauritanian refugees (of the estimated 40,000 who were expelled from their home country in 1989) remain in Senegal.[54]

Senegal is well integrated with the main bodies of the international community, including the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the African Union (AU), and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States.

Military

 
Land mines were widely used in the Casamance conflict between separatist rebels and the central government.

The Armed Forces of Senegal consist of about 17,000 personnel in the army, air force, navy, and gendarmerie. The Senegalese military receives most of its training, equipment, and support from France and the United States, and to a lesser extent Germany.

Military noninterference in political affairs has contributed to Senegal's stability since independence. Senegal has participated in many international and regional peacekeeping missions. Most recently, in 2000, Senegal sent a battalion to the Democratic Republic of Congo to participate in MONUC, the United Nations peacekeeping mission, and agreed to deploy a US-trained battalion to Sierra Leone for UNAMSIL, another UN peacekeeping mission.

In 2015, Senegal participated in the Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis.[55]

Law

Senegal is a secular state, as defined in its Constitution.[56]

To fight corruption, the government has created the National Anti-Corruption Office (OFNAC) and the Commission of Restitution and Recovery of Illegally Acquired Assets. According to Business Anti-Corruption Portal, President Sall created the OFNAC to replace the Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la non Transparence, la Corruption et la Concussion (CNLCC). It is said that the OFNAC represents a more effective tool for fighting corruption than the CNLCC established under former President Wade.[57] The mission of OFNAC is to fight corruption, embezzlement of public funds and fraud. OFNAC has the power of self-referral (own initiative investigation). OFNAC is composed of twelve members appointed by decree.

Homosexuality is illegal in Senegal.[58] According to 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center, 96% of Senegalese believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.[59] LGBTQ community members in Senegal report a strong feeling of being unsafe.[60]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Senegal
 
Senegal map of Köppen climate classification
 
Landscape of Casamance

Senegal is located on the west of the African continent. It lies between latitudes 12° and 17°N, and longitudes 11° and 18°W.

Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, except for Gambia's short Atlantic coastline.

The Senegalese landscape consists mainly of the rolling sandy plains of the western Sahel which rise to foothills in the southeast. Here is also found Senegal's highest point, Baunez ridge situated 2.7 km southeast of Nepen Diakha at 648 m (2,126 ft).[61] The northern border is formed by the Senegal River; other rivers include the Gambia and Casamance Rivers. The capital Dakar lies on the Cap-Vert peninsula, the westernmost point of continental Africa.

The Cape Verde islands lie some 560 kilometres (350 mi) off the Senegalese coast, but Cap-Vert ("Cape Green") is a maritime placemark, set at the foot of "Les Mammelles", a 105-metre (344 ft) cliff resting at one end of the Cap-Vert peninsula onto which is settled Senegal's capital Dakar, and 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of the "Pointe des Almadies", the westernmost point in Africa.

Senegal contains four terrestrial ecoregions: Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sahelian Acacia savanna, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.[62] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.11/10, ranking it 56th globally out of 172 countries.[63]

Climate

Main article: Geography of Senegal § Climate
 
Beach at N'Gor

Senegal has a tropical climate with pleasant heat throughout the year with well-defined dry and humid seasons that result from northeast winter winds and southwest summer winds. The dry season (December to April) is dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind.[3] Dakar's annual rainfall of about 600 mm (24 in) occurs between June and October when maximum temperatures average 30 °C (86.0 °F) and minimums 24.2 °C (75.6 °F); December to February maximum temperatures average 25.7 °C (78.3 °F) and minimums 18 °C (64.4 °F).[64]

Interior temperatures are higher than along the coast (for example, average daily temperatures in Kaolack and Tambacounda for May are 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 32.7 °C (90.9 °F) respectively, compared to Dakar's 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) ),[65] and rainfall increases substantially farther south, exceeding 1,500 mm (59.1 in) annually in some areas.

In Tambacounda in the far interior, particularly on the border of Mali where desert begins, temperatures can reach as high as 54 °C (129.2 °F). The northernmost part of the country has a near hot desert climate, the central part has a hot semi-arid climate and the southernmost part has a tropical wet and dry climate. Senegal is mainly a sunny and dry country.

 
Economic impact of 2°C in Senegal

Climate change in Senegal will have wide reaching impacts on many aspects of life in Senegal. Climate change will cause an increase in average temperatures over west Africa by between 1.5 and 4 °C (3 °F and 7 °F) by mid-century, relative to 1986–2005.[66] Projections of rainfall indicate an overall decrease in rainfall and an increase in intense mega-storm events over the Sahel.[67][68] The sea level is expected to rise faster in West Africa than the global average.[69][70] Although Senegal is currently not a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change.[71][72]

Extreme drought is impacting agriculture, and causing food and job insecurity. More than 70% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector. Sea level rise and resulting coastal erosion is expected to cause damage to coastal infrastructure and displace a large percentage of the population living in coastal areas. Climate change also has the potential to increase land degradation that will likely increase desertification in eastern Senegal, leading to an expansion of the Sahara.[73]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Senegal
 
Dakar, Senegal's place de l'Indépendance: a center of government, banking and trade. In the background is the commercial port and the tourist area, Gorée island.

The economy of Senegal is driven by mining, construction, tourism, fishing and agriculture, which are the main sources of employment in rural areas, despite abundant natural resources in iron, zircon, gas, gold, phosphates, and numerous oil discoveries recently. Senegal's economy gains most of its foreign exchange from fish, phosphates, groundnuts, tourism, and services. As one of the dominant parts of the economy, the agricultural sector of Senegal is highly vulnerable to environmental conditions, such as variations in rainfall and climate change, and changes in world commodity prices.

Dakar, the former capital of French West Africa, is also home to banks and other institutions which serve all of Francophone West Africa, and is a hub for shipping and transport in the region.

Senegal also has one of the best developed tourist industries in Africa. Senegal's economy depends on foreign assistance. It is a member of the World Trade Organization.

The main obstacles to the economic development of the country are its great corruption with inefficient justice, very slow administrative formalities, and a failing education sector.[74]
 
Historical development of real GDP per capita in Senegal and Gambia, since 1950

Industry and trade

 
A proportional representation of Senegal exports, 2019

The main industries include food processing, mining, cement, artificial fertilizer, chemicals, textiles, refining imported petroleum, and tourism. Exports include fish, chemicals, cotton, fabrics, groundnuts, and calcium phosphate. The largest export markets as of 2020 are Mali (20.4%), Switzerland (12.2%), and India (8.3%).[75]

As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff. Senegal is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa.[76]

Senegal achieved full Internet connectivity in 1996, creating a mini-boom in information technology-based services. Private activity now accounts for 82 percent of its GDP. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep-seated urban problems of chronic high unemployment, socioeconomic disparity, juvenile delinquency, and drug addiction.[77]

Senegal is a major recipient of international development assistance. Donors include the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Japan, France and China. Over 3,000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Senegal since 1963.[78]

Agriculture

This section is an excerpt from Agriculture in Senegal.[edit]
 
Cowpea vendors near Thies, Senegal

Agriculture is one of the dominant parts of Senegal's economy, despite the fact that Senegal lies within the drought-prone Sahel region. As only about 5% of the land is irrigated,[citation needed] Senegal continues to rely on rain-fed agriculture. Agriculture occupies about 75% of the workforce. Despite a relatively wide variety of agricultural production, the majority of farmers produce for subsistence needs. Millet, rice, corn, and sorghum are the primary food crops grown in Senegal. Production is subject to drought and threats of pests such as locusts, birds, fruit flies, and white flies.[79] Moreover, the effects of climate change in Senegal are expected to severely harm the agricultural economy due to extreme weather such as drought, as well as increased temperatures.[80]

Senegal is a net food importer, particularly for rice, which represents almost 75% of cereal imports. Peanuts, sugarcane, and cotton are important cash crops, and a wide variety of fruits and vegetables are grown for local and export markets. In 2006 gum arabic exports soared to $280 million, making it by far the leading agricultural export. Green beans, industrial tomato, cherry tomato, melon, and mango are Senegal's main vegetable cash crops. The Casamance region, isolated from the rest of Senegal by Gambia, is an important agriculture producing area, but without the infrastructure or transportation links to improve its capacity.[79]

Despite the lack of modernization of artisanal fishing, the fishing sector remains Senegal's main economic resource and major foreign exchange earner. The livestock and poultry sectors are relatively underdeveloped and have potential for modernization, development and growth. Senegal imports most of its milk and dairy products. The sector is inhibited due to low output and limited investments. The potential production of fauna and forest products is high and diversified and could, if well organized, benefit poor farmers in rural areas. Although the agricultural sector was impacted by a locust invasion in 2004, it has recovered and gross agricultural production is expected to increase by 6.1% in 2006 and 5.1% in 2007.[79]

Fishing

 
Fishing boats in Dakar

Senegal has a 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) exclusive fishing zone that has been regularly breached in recent years (as of 2014). It has been estimated that the country's fishermen lose 300,000 tonnes of fish each year to illegal fishing. The Senegalese government have tried to control the illegal fishing which is conducted by fishing trawlers, some of which are registered in Russia, Mauritania, Belize and Ukraine. In January 2014, a Russian trawler, Oleg Naydenov, was seized by Senegalese authorities close to the maritime border with Guinea-Bissau.[81]

Energy

This section is an excerpt from Energy in Senegal.[edit]
 
Senegal electricity production by source

As of April 2020, the energy sector in Senegal has an installed capacity of 1431 megawatts (MW).[82] Energy is produced by private operators and sold to the Senelec energy corporation. According to a 2020 report by the International Energy Agency, Senegal had nearly 70% of the country connected to the national grid.[83] Current government strategies for electrification include investments in off-grid solar and connection to the grid.[82][83]

Most of the energy production is from fossil fuels, mostly diesel and gas (733 of 864 MW).[84] An increasing amount of the energy production comes from sustainable sources, such as Manantali Dam in Mali and a new wind farm in Thiès opened in 2020—however, it is still a small portion of the total production. Despite increases in production in the 2010s, the economy is frequently hindered by energy shortages compared to demand.

Senegal contributes almost nothing to global greenhouse gas emissions: the country emitted six-tenths of one metric ton of carbon dioxide per capita in 2014, placing 150th out of 195 countries in terms of emissions.[85]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Senegal
 
Senegal's population from 1960 to 2017

Senegal has a population of around 16.9 million[13][14], about 42 percent of whom live in rural areas. Density in these areas varies from about 77 inhabitants per square kilometre (200/sq mi) in the west-central region to 2 per square kilometre (5.2/sq mi) in the arid eastern section.

Women

Main article: Women in Senegal

Senegal ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, as well as the additional protocol. Senegal is also a signatory of the African Charter of Human and People's Rights, which was adopted during the 2003 African Union Summit. However, feminists have been critical of the government's lack of action in enforcing the protocols, conventions and other texts that have been signed as a means of protecting women's rights.

Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic groups in Senegal

Senegal has a wide variety of ethnic groups and, as in most West African countries, several languages are widely spoken. The Wolof are the largest single ethnic group in Senegal at 43%; the Fula[e] and Toucouleur (also known as Halpulaar'en, literally "Pulaar-speakers") (24%) are the second biggest group, followed by the Serer (14.7%),[86] then others such as Jola (4%), Mandinka (3%), Maures or (Naarkajors), Soninke, Bassari and many smaller communities (9%). (See also the Bedick ethnic group.)

About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) reside in Senegal. Smaller numbers of other migrants, namely Lebanese[87] Mauritanians and Moroccans reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities and some retirees who reside in the resort towns around Mbour. The majority of Lebanese work in commerce.[88] Most of the Lebanese originate from the Lebanese city of Tyre, which is known as "Little West Africa" and has a main promenade that is called "Avenue du Senegal".[89]

The country experienced a wave of immigration from France in the decades between World War II and Senegalese independence; most of these French people purchased homes in Dakar or other major urban centers.[90] Also located primarily in urban settings are small Vietnamese communities as well as a growing number of Chinese immigrant traders, each numbering perhaps a few hundred people.[91][92] There are also tens of thousands of Mauritanian refugees in Senegal, primarily in the country's north.[93]

According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Senegal has a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 23,800 in 2007. The majority of this population (20,200) is from Mauritania. Refugees live in N'dioum, Dodel, and small settlements along the Senegal River valley.[94]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Senegal

French is the official language, spoken at least by all those who spent several years in the educational system that is of French origin (Koranic schools are even more popular, but Arabic is less widely spoken outside of the context of recitation). However, in total, French is understood only by about 15–20% of males and 1–2% of women.[16] During the 15th century, many European territories started to engage in trade in Senegal. In the 19th century, France increased its colonial influence in Senegal and thus the number of French-speaking people multiplied continuously. French was ratified as the official language of Senegal in 1960 when the country achieved independence.

Most people also speak their own ethnic language while, especially in Dakar, Wolof is the lingua franca.[95] Pulaar is spoken by the Fulas and Toucouleur. The Serer language is widely spoken by both Serers and non-Serers (including President Sall, whose wife is Serer); so are the Cangin languages, whose speakers are ethnically Serers. Jola languages are widely spoken in the Casamance. Overall Senegal is home to around 39 distinct languages. Several have the legal status of "national languages": Balanta-Ganja, Arabic, Jola-Fonyi, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon (Serer-Noon), Pulaar, Serer, Soninke, and Wolof.

English is taught as a foreign language in secondary schools and many graduate school programs, and it is the only subject matter that has a special office in the Ministry of Education.[96] Dakar hosts a couple of Bilingual schools which offer 50% of their syllabus in English. The Senegalese American Bilingual School (SABS), Yavuz Selim, and The West African College of the Atlantic (WACA) train thousands of fluent English speakers in four-year programs. English is widely used by the scientific community and in business, including by the Modou-Modou (illiterate, self-taught businessmen).[96]

Portuguese Creole, locally known as Portuguese, is a prominent minority language in Ziguinchor, regional capital of the Casamance, spoken by local Portuguese creoles and immigrants from Guinea-Bissau. The local Cape Verdean community speak a similar Portuguese creole, Cape Verdean Creole, and standard Portuguese. Portuguese was introduced in Senegal's secondary education in 1961 in Dakar by the country's first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor. It is currently available in most of Senegal and in higher education. It is especially prevalent in Casamance as it relates with the local cultural identity.[97]

 
Aerial view of Yoff Commune, Dakar

A variety of immigrant languages are spoken, such as Bambara (70,000), Mooré (37,000), Kabuverdiano (34,000), Krio (6,100), Vietnamese (2,500), and Portuguese (1,700), mostly in Dakar.[96]

While French is the sole official language, a rising Senegalese linguistic nationalist movement supports the integration of Wolof, the common vernacular language of the country, into the national constitution.[98]

Senegalese regions of Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kedougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies and Ziguinchor are members of the International Association of Francophone regions.

Largest cities

See also: List of cities in Senegal

Dakar, the capital, is by far the largest city in Senegal, with over two million residents.[99] The second most populous city is Touba, a de jure communaute rurale (rural community), with over half a million people.[99]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Senegal
According to the 2013 Census[100]
Rank Name Region Pop.
 
Dakar 		1 Dakar Dakar 2,646,503  
Pikine
 
Kaolack
2 Touba Diourbel 753,315
3 Pikine Thiès 317,763
4 Kaolack Kaolack 233,708
5 M'bour Thiès 232,777
6 Rufisque Dakar 221,066
7 Ziguinchor Ziguinchor 205,294
8 Diourbel Diourbel 133,705
9 Tambacounda Tambacounda 107,293
10 Louga Louga 104,349

Religion

Main article: Religion in Senegal

Religion in Senegal (PEW estimate, 2020)[101]

  Islam (96.6%)
  Christianity (mostly Catholicism) (3.3%)
  Other (0.1%)

Senegal is a secular state,[56] although Islam is the predominant religion in the country, practiced by 96.6% of the country's population; the Christian community, at 3.3% of the population, are mostly Catholics but there are also diverse Protestant denominations. Less than one percent has animist beliefs, particularly in the southeastern region of the country.[3] Some Serer people follow the Serer religion.[102][103]

According to a 2012 Pew demographic study, 55% of the Muslims in Senegal are Sunni of the Maliki madhhab with Sufi influences, whilst 27% are non-denominational Muslim.[104] Islamic communities in Senegal are generally organized around one of several Islamic Sufi orders called tariqas, headed by a khalif (xaliifa in Wolof, from Arabic khalīfa), who is usually a direct descendant of the group's founder; the study found that 92% of Senegalese Muslims belonged to a Sufi order. The two largest and most prominent Sufi tariqas in Senegal are the Tijaniyya, whose largest Senegalese sub-groups are based in the cities of Tivaouane and Kaolack and has broad following in West Africa outside of Senegal, and the Murīdiyya (Murid), who are based in the city of Touba and has a follower base mostly limited to within Senegal.[104]

The Halpulaar (Pulaar-speakers), composed of Fula people, a widespread group found along the Sahel from Chad to Senegal, and Toucouleurs, represent 23.8 percent of the population.[3] Historically, they were the first to become Muslim. Many of the Toucouleurs, or sedentary Halpulaar of the Senegal River Valley in the north, converted to Islam around a millennium ago and later contributed to Islam's propagation throughout Senegal. Success was gained among the Wolofs, but repulsed by the Serers.

Most communities south of the Senegal River Valley, however, were not thoroughly Islamized. The Serer people stood out as one of this group, who spent over one thousand years resisting Islamization (see Serer history). Although many Serers are Christians or Muslim, their conversion to Islam in particular is very recent, who converted on their own free will rather than by force, although force had been tried centuries earlier unsuccessfully (see the Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune).[105]

The spread of formal Quranic school (called daara in Wolof) during the colonial period increased largely through the effort of the Tidjâniyya. In Murid communities, which place more emphasis on the work ethic than on literary Quranic studies, the term daara often applies to work groups devoted to working for a religious leader. Other Islamic groups include the much older Qādiriyya order and the Senegalese Laayeen order, which is prominent among the coastal Lebu. Today, most Senegalese children study at daaras for several years, memorizing as much of the Qur'an as they can. Some of them continue their religious studies at councils (majlis) or at the growing number of private Arabic schools and publicly funded Franco-Arabic schools.

Small Catholic communities are mainly found in coastal Serer, Jola, Mankanya and Balant populations, and in eastern Senegal among the Bassari and Coniagui. The Protestant churches are mainly attended by immigrants but during the second half of the 20th century Protestant churches led by Senegalese leaders from different ethnic groups have evolved. In Dakar Catholic and Protestant rites are practiced by the Lebanese, Cape Verdean, European, and American immigrant populations, and among certain Africans of other countries as well as by the Senegalese themselves. Although Islam is Senegal's majority religion, Senegal's first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor, was a Catholic Serer.

Serer religion encompasses a belief in a supreme deity called Roog (Koox among the Cangin), Serer cosmogony, cosmology and divination ceremonies such as the annual Xooy (or Khoy) ceremony presided over by the Serer Saltigues (high priests and priestesses). Senegambian (both Senegal and the Gambia) Muslim festivals such as Tobaski, Gamo, Koriteh, Weri Kor, etc., are all borrowed words from the Serer religion.[106] They were ancient Serer festivals rooted in Serer religion, not Islam.[106]

The Boukout is one of the Jola's religious ceremonies.

There are a small number of members of the Bani Israel tribe in the Senegalese bush that claim Jewish ancestry, though this is disputed.[107] The Mahayana branch of Buddhism in Senegal is followed by a very tiny portion of the ex-pat Vietnamese community. The Bahá'í Faith in Senegal was established after 'Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, mentioned Africa as a place that should be more broadly visited by Bahá'ís.[108] The first Bahá'is to set foot in the territory of French West Africa that would become Senegal arrived in 1953.[109] The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Senegal was elected in 1966 in Dakar.[110] In 1975 the Bahá'í community elected the first National Spiritual Assembly of Senegal. The most recent estimate, by the Association of Religion Data Archives in a 2005 report details the population of Senegalese Bahá'ís at 22,000.[111]

Health

Main article: Health in Senegal
 
Development of life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 66.8 years in 2016 (64.7 years male, 68.7 years female).[112] Public expenditure on health was at 2.4 percent of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 3.5 percent.[113] Health expenditure was at US$72 (PPP) per capita in 2004.[113] The fertility rate ranged 5 to 5.3 between 2005 and 2013, with 4.1 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas, as official survey (6.4 in 1986 and 5.7 in 1997) point out.[114] There were six physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).[113] Infant mortality in Senegal was 157 per 1,000 live births in 1950., but since then it has declined five-fold to 32 per 1,000 in 2018.[115] In the past five years infant mortality rates of malaria have dropped. According to a 2013 UNICEF report,[116] 26% of women in Senegal have undergone female genital mutilation.

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began in Senegal, which led to the imposition of a curfew in the country.[117]

In July 2021, Senegal experienced a significant increase in cases of coronavirus disease.[118]

In June 2021, Senegal's Agency for Universal Health launched sunucmu.com (SunuCMU), a website that the agency hopes will streamline health care in the country. The website is a part of the Minister of State Mohammad Abdallah Dionne's plan for digitalization. He aims to make Senegal's health care system effective and sustainable. Using SunuCMU, Senegal hopes to achieve 75 percent coverage within two years of the launch.[119]

Education

Main article: Education in Senegal
 
Students in Senegal

Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution adopted in January 2001 guarantee access to education for all children.[120] Education is compulsory and free up to the age of 16.[120] The Ministry of Labor has indicated that the public school system is unable to cope with the number of children that must enroll each year.[120] Portuguese is taught at schools at the secondary high school level, given the large Cape Verdean community, and also from Guinea Bissau. There are sizeable Portuguese creole and standard Portuguese speaking communities in Zinguichor and Dakar.

Illiteracy is high, particularly among women.[113] The net primary enrollment rate was 69 percent in 2005. Public expenditure on education was 5.4 percent of the 2002–2005 GDP. Senegal was ranked 105th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 96th in 2019.[121][122][123][124]

Culture

Senegal is well known for the West African tradition of storytelling, which is done by griots, who have kept West African history alive for thousands of years through words and music. The griot profession is passed down generation to generation and requires years of training and apprenticeship in genealogy, history and music. Griots give voice to generations of West African society.[31]

The African Renaissance Monument built in 2010 in Dakar is the tallest statue in Africa. Dakar also hosts a film festival, Recidak.[125]

The Islamic festival of Eid al-Fitr, known locally as Tabaski, is popularly celebrated by Senegalese people. Despite being predominantly Muslim, the Christian festival of Christmas is also popularly observed, with Christmas trees and decorations lining up the city of Dakar.[18]

Cuisine

Further information: Senegalese cuisine

Because Senegal borders the Atlantic Ocean, fish is very important. Chicken, lamb, peas, eggs, and beef are also used in Senegalese cooking, but not pork, due to the nation's largely Muslim population. Peanuts, the primary crop of Senegal, as well as couscous, white rice, sweet potatoes, lentils, black-eyed peas and various vegetables, are also incorporated into many recipes. Meats and vegetables are typically stewed or marinated in herbs and spices, and then poured over rice or couscous, or eaten with bread.

Popular fresh juices are made from bissap, ginger, buy (pronounced 'buoy', which is the fruit of the baobab tree, also known as "monkey bread fruit"), mango, or other fruit or wild trees (most famously soursop, which is called corossol in French). Desserts are very rich and sweet, combining native ingredients with the extravagance and style characteristic of the French impact on Senegal's culinary methods. They are often served with fresh fruit and are traditionally followed by coffee or tea.

Music

Further information: Music of Senegal
 
Kora player from Senegal

Senegal is known across Africa for its musical heritage, due to the popularity of mbalax, which originated from the Serer percussive tradition especially the Njuup, it has been popularized by Youssou N'Dour, Omar Pene and others. Sabar drumming is especially popular. The sabar is mostly used in special celebrations like weddings. Another instrument, the tama, is used in more ethnic groups. Other popular international renowned Senegalese musicians are Ismael Lô, Cheikh Lô, Orchestra Baobab, Baaba Maal, Akon Thione Seck, Viviane, Fallou Dieng Titi, Seckou Keita and Pape Diouf.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Senegal

Media

Main article: Media of Senegal

Hospitality

Hospitality, in theory, is given such importance in Senegalese culture that it is widely considered to be part of the national identity. The Wolof[126] word for hospitality is "teranga" and it is so identified with the pride of Senegal that the national football team is known as the Lions of Teranga.[31][original research?]

Sport

 
Senegalese Wrestling
 
Painting of footballer El Hadji Diouf in Dakar

Senegalese play many sports. Wrestling and football are the most popular sports in the country. Senegal will host the 2026 Summer Youth Olympics in Dakar, making Senegal the first African country to host an Olympic event.[127][128]

Senegalese wrestling is the country's most popular sport[129] and has become a national obsession.[130] It traditionally serves many young men to escape poverty and it is the only sport recognized as developed independently of Western culture.

 
Senegalese football fans at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia

Football is a popular sport in Senegal. In 2022 the national team beat Egypt to win the Africa Cup of Nations for the first time, and they were runners-up in 2002 and 2019. They became one of only three African teams to ever reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup, after Cameroon in 1990 and before Ghana in 2010, defeating holders France in their first game in 2002. Senegal qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, and for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.

Senegal has traditionally been one of Africa's dominant basketball powers. The men's team performed better than that of any other African nation at the 2014 FIBA World Cup, where they reached the playoffs for the first time. The women's team won 19 medals at 20 African Championships, more than twice as many medals as any competitor. When the country hosted the 2019 FIBA Women's AfroBasket, 15,000 fans flocked to the Dakar Arena which is registered as a record attendance for basketball in Africa.[131] Senegal was one of the continent's pioneers in basketball as it established one of Africa's first competitive leagues.[132]

In 2016, the NBA announced the launch of an Elite's Academy in Africa, and more precisely in Senegal.[133]

The country hosted the Paris–Dakar rally from 1979 until 2007. The Dakar Rally was an off-road endurance motorsport race which followed a course from Paris, France, to Dakar, Senegal. The competitors used off-road vehicles to cross the difficult geography. The last race was held in 2007, before the 2008 rally was canceled a day before the event due to security concerns in Mauritania.[134] The Ocean X-Prix of the electric off-road championship Extreme E was also hosted in Senegal.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ With French Sudan, as the Mali Federation.
  2. ^ As the Sudanese Republic, with Senegal as the Mali Federation.
  3. ^ (/ˌsɛnɪˈɡɔːl, -ˈɡɑːl/ ( listen);[10][11] French: Sénégal; Wolof: Senegaal; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال As-Sinighal)
  4. ^ (French: République du Sénégal; Wolof: Réewum Senegaal; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Renndaandi Senegaali); Arabic: جمهورية السنغال Jumhuriat As-Sinighal)
  5. ^ French: Peul; Fula: Fulɓe

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Further reading

  • Babou, Cheikh Anta, Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913, (Ohio University Press, 2007)
  • Behrman, Lucy C, Muslim Brotherhood and Politics in Senegal, (iUniverse.com, 1999)
  • Buggenhage, Beth A, Muslim Families in Global Senegal: Money Takes Care of Shame, (Indiana University Press, 2012)
  • Bugul, Ken, The Abandoned Baobab: The Autobiography of a Senegalese Woman, (University of Virginia Press, 2008)
  • Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Senegal (colony)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 640–644.
  • Foley, Ellen E, Your Pocket is What Cures You: The Politics of Health in Senegal, (Rutgers University Press, 2010)
  • Gellar, Sheldon, Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005)
  • Glover, John, Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order, (University of Rochester Press, 2007)
  • Kane, Katharina, Lonely Planet Guide: The Gambia and Senegal, (Lonely Planet Publications, 2009)
  • Kueniza, Michelle, Education and Democracy in Senegal, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)
  • Mbacké, Khadim, Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal, (Markus Wiener Publishing Inc., 2005)
  • Streissguth, Thomas, Senegal in Pictures, (Twentyfirst Century Books, 2009)
  • Various, Insight Guide: Gambia and Senegal, (APA Publications Pte Ltd., 2009)
  • Various, New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power, and Femininity, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)
  • Various, Senegal: Essays in Statecraft, (Codesria, 2003)
  • Various, Street Children in Senegal, (GYAN France, 2006)

External links

Trade
  • Senegal 2012 Summary Trade Statistics

January 06, 2023
senegal, confused, with, sinegal, this, article, about, country, river, river, officially, republic, country, west, africa, atlantic, ocean, coastline, bordered, mauritania, north, mali, east, guinea, southeast, guinea, bissau, southwest, nearly, surrounds, ga. Not to be confused with Sinegal This article is about the country For the river see Senegal River Senegal c officially the Republic of Senegal d is a country in West Africa on the Atlantic Ocean coastline Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north Mali to the east Guinea to the southeast and Guinea Bissau to the southwest Senegal nearly surrounds the Gambia a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River which separates Senegal s southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde Senegal s economic and political capital is Dakar Republic of SenegalRepublique du Senegal French Flag Coat of armsMotto Un Peuple Un But Une Foi French One People One Goal One Faith Anthem Pincez Tous vos Koras Frappez les Balafons Everyone strum your koras strike the balafons source source track track track track Location of Senegal dark green Capitaland largest cityDakar14 40 N 17 25 W 14 667 N 17 417 W 14 667 17 417Official languagesFrenchLingua francaList WolofEnglishFrenchSpanishArabicPortugueseNational languagesList Languages of SenegalEthnic groups 2019 1 39 7 Wolof27 5 Fula16 0 Serer4 9 Mandinka4 2 Jola2 4 Soninke5 4 OtherReligion 2020 2 96 6 Islam3 3 Christianity0 1 Other NoneDemonym s SenegaleseGovernmentUnitary presidential republic 3 PresidentMacky Sall Prime MinisterAmadou Ba President of the National AssemblyAmadou Mame DiopLegislatureNational AssemblyIndependence Republic established25 November 1957 from France a 4 April 1960 Withdrawal fromthe Mali Federation20 August 1960 from France b 20 June 1960 as Senegal22 September 1960 from the United Kingdom18 February 1965 dissolution of the Senegambia Confederation30 September 1989Area Total196 712 km2 75 951 sq mi 86th Water 2 1Population 2021 estimate17 196 308 4 72nd 2016 census16 624 000 5 73rd Density68 7 km2 177 9 sq mi 134th GDP PPP 2022 estimate Total 72 703 billion 6 106th Per capita 4 113 6 156th GDP nominal 2022 estimate Total 27 542 billion 6 7 111th Per capita 1 558 6 157th Gini 2011 40 3 8 mediumHDI 2021 0 511 9 low 170thCurrencyWest African CFA franc XOF Time zoneUTC GMT Date formatmm dd yyyyDriving siderightCalling code 221ISO 3166 codeSNInternet TLD snSenegal is notably the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World or Afro Eurasia 12 It owes its name to the Senegal River which borders it to the east and north The climate is typically Sahelian though there is a rainy season Senegal covers a land area of almost 197 000 square kilometres 76 000 sq mi and has a population of around 17 million 13 14 The state is a unitary presidential republic since the country s foundation in 1960 it has been recognized as one of the most stable countries on the African continent 15 The state was formed as part of the independence of French West Africa from French colonial rule Because of this history French is the official language but it is understood only by a minority of the population 16 Over 30 languages are spoken in Senegal and Wolof is the most widely spoken one with 80 of the population speaking it as a first or second language 17 acting as Senegal s lingua franca alongside French Like other post colonial African states the country includes a wide mix of ethnic and linguistic communities with the largest being the Wolof Fula and Serer people Senegalese people are predominantly Muslim 18 Senegal is classified as a heavily indebted poor country with relatively low HDI ranked 170th in the Human Development index Most of the population is on the coast and works in agriculture or other food industries other major industries include mining tourism and services 19 The country does not have notable natural resources but the basis of its development lies in education where almost half the state s budget is spent 20 Senegal is a member state of the African Union the United Nations the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the Community of Sahel Saharan States Internationally Senegal is best known in the sporting world for the Paris Dakar Rally 21 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early and pre colonial eras 2 2 Colonial era 2 3 Independence 2 4 1980 to present 3 Government and politics 3 1 Political culture 3 2 Administrative divisions 3 3 Foreign relations 3 4 Military 3 5 Law 4 Geography 4 1 Climate 5 Economy 5 1 Industry and trade 5 2 Agriculture 5 3 Fishing 5 4 Energy 6 Demographics 6 1 Women 6 2 Ethnic groups 6 3 Languages 6 4 Largest cities 6 5 Religion 6 6 Health 6 7 Education 7 Culture 7 1 Cuisine 7 2 Music 7 3 Cinema 7 4 Media 7 5 Hospitality 7 6 Sport 8 See also 9 Explanatory notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksEtymology EditThe country of Senegal is named after the Senegal River The name of the river may derive from a Portuguese transliteration of the name of the Zenaga also known as the Sanhaja 22 Alternatively it could be a combination of the supreme deity in Serer religion Rog Sene and o gal meaning body of water in the Serer language It is also possible that it derives from the Wolof phrase Sunuu Gaal which means our canoe 23 History EditMain article History of Senegal Early and pre colonial eras Edit Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times and has been continuously occupied by various ethnic groups Some kingdoms were created around the seventh century Takrur in the ninth century Namandiru and the Jolof Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries Eastern Senegal was once part of the Ghana Empire Islam was introduced through Toucouleur and Soninke contact with the Almoravid dynasty of the Maghreb who in turn propagated it with the help of the Almoravids and Toucouleur allies This movement faced resistance from ethnicities of traditional religions the Serers in particular 24 25 In the 13th and 14th centuries the area came under the influence of the empires to the east the Jolof Empire of Senegal was also founded during this time In the Senegambia region between 1300 and 1900 close to one third of the population was enslaved typically as a result of being taken captive in warfare 26 In the 14th century the Jolof Empire grew more powerful having united Cayor and the kingdoms of Baol Sine Saloum Waalo Futa Tooro and Bambouk or much of present day West Africa The empire was a voluntary confederacy of various states rather than being built on military conquest 27 28 The empire was founded by Ndiadiane Ndiaye a part Serer 29 30 and part Toucouleur who was able to form a coalition with many ethnicities but collapsed around 1549 with the defeat and killing of Lele Fouli Fak by Amari Ngone Sobel Fall Colonial era Edit Main articles Senegambia Dutch West India Company and French conquest of Senegal The Portuguese Empire was the first European power to colonize Senegal beginning with the arrival of Dinis Dias in 1444 at Goree Island and ending in 1888 when the Portuguese gave Ziguinchor to the French In the mid 15th century the Portuguese landed on the Senegal coastline followed by traders representing other countries including the French 31 Various European powers Portugal the Netherlands and Great Britain competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward In 1677 France gained control of what had become a minor departure point in the Atlantic slave trade the island of Goree next to modern Dakar used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland 32 33 European missionaries introduced Christianity to Senegal and the Casamance in the 19th century It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland after they abolished slavery and began promoting an abolitionist doctrine 34 adding native kingdoms like the Waalo Cayor Baol and Jolof Empire French colonists progressively invaded and took over all the kingdoms except Sine and Saloum under Governor Louis Faidherbe 27 35 French slave traders in Goree 18th century Yoro Dyao was in command of the canton of Foss Galodjina and was set over Walo Oualo by Louis Faidherbe 36 where he served as a chief from 1861 to 1914 37 Senegalese resistance to the French expansion and curtailing of their lucrative slave trade was led in part by Lat Dior Damel of Cayor and Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof the Maad a Sinig of Sine resulting in the Battle of Logandeme citation needed In 1915 over 300 Senegalese came under Australian command ahead of the taking of Damascus by Australians before the expected arrival of the famed Lawrence of Arabia French and British diplomacy in the area were thrown into disarray citation needed On 25 November 1958 Senegal became an autonomous republic within the French Community 38 Independence Edit The short lived Mali FederationIn January 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation which became fully independent on 20 June 1960 as a result of a transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960 Due to internal political difficulties the Federation broke up on 20 August 1960 when Senegal and French Sudan renamed the Republic of Mali each proclaimed independence Leopold Sedar Senghor internationally known poet politician and statesman was elected Senegal s first president in August 1960 Pro African Senghor advocated a brand of African socialism 39 After the breakup of the Mali Federation President Senghor and Prime Minister Mamadou Dia governed together under a parliamentary system In December 1962 their political rivalry led to an attempted coup by Prime Minister Dia The coup was put down without bloodshed and Dia was arrested and imprisoned Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the President s power Senghor was considerably more tolerant of opposition than most African leaders became in the 1960s Nonetheless political activity was somewhat restricted for a time Senghor s party the Senegalese Progressive Union now the Socialist Party of Senegal was the only legally permitted party from 1965 until 1975 In the latter year Senghor allowed the formation of two opposition parties that began operation in 1976 a Marxist party the African Independence Party and a liberal party the Senegalese Democratic Party The 1960s and early 1970s saw the continued and persistent violating of Senegal s borders by the Portuguese military from Portuguese Guinea In response Senegal petitioned the United Nations Security Council in 1963 1965 1969 in response to shelling by Portuguese artillery 1971 and finally in 1972 1980 to present Edit In 1980 President Senghor decided to retire from politics The next year he transferred power in 1981 to his hand picked successor Abdou Diouf Former prime minister Mamadou Dia who was Senghor s rival ran for election in 1983 against Diouf but lost Senghor moved to France where he died at the age of 95 In the 1980s Boubacar Lam discovered Senegalese oral history that was initially compiled by the Tuculor noble Yoro Dyao not long after World War I which documented migrations into West Africa from the Nile Valley ethnic groups from the Senegal River to the Niger Delta retained traditions of having an eastern origin 40 Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal Senegambia Confederation on 1 February 1982 However the union was dissolved in 1989 Despite peace talks a southern separatist group Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance or MFDC in the Casamance region has clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982 in the Casamance conflict In the early 21st century violence has subsided and President Macky Sall held talks with rebels in Rome in December 2012 41 Abdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000 He encouraged broader political participation reduced government involvement in the economy and widened Senegal s diplomatic engagements particularly with other developing nations Domestic politics on occasion spilled over into street violence border tensions and a violent separatist movement in the southern region of the Casamance Nevertheless Senegal s commitment to democracy and human rights strengthened Abdou Diouf served four terms as president During the Gulf War over 500 Senegalese participated in the Battle of Khafji and the unexpected Liberation of Kuwait campaign under the command of the U S led coalition citation needed In the presidential election of 1999 opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and fair by international observers Senegal experienced its second peaceful transition of power and its first from one political party to another On 30 December 2004 President Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the separatist group in the Casamance region This however has yet to be implemented There was a round of talks in 2005 but the results have not yet yielded a resolution In March 2012 the incumbent president Abdoulaye Wade lost the presidential election and Macky Sall was elected as the new President of Senegal 42 President Macky Sall was re elected in 2019 elections The presidential term was reduced from seven years to five 43 Since 3 March 2021 Senegal has been rocked by a series of mass protests in response to the arrest of Ousmane Sonko for alleged rape and mishandling of the COVID 19 pandemic Government and politics EditMain article Politics of Senegal Macky Sall President of Senegal 2012 present Abdoulaye Wade President of Senegal 2000 2012 Senegal is a republic with a presidency the president is elected every five years as of 2016 previously being seven years from independence to 2001 five years from 2001 to 2008 and seven years again from 2008 to 2016 by adult voters The first president Leopold Sedar Senghor was a poet and writer and was the first African elected to the Academie francaise Senegal s second president Abdou Diouf later served as general secretary of the Organisation de la Francophonie The third president was Abdoulaye Wade a lawyer The current president is Macky Sall elected in March 2012 and reelected in February 2019 44 Senegal has more than 80 political parties The unicameral parliament consists of the National Assembly which has 150 seats a Senate was in place from 1999 to 2001 and 2007 to 2012 3 An independent judiciary also exists in Senegal The nation s highest courts that deal with business issues are the constitutional council and the court of justice members of which are named by the president Political culture Edit Currently Senegal has a quasi democratic political culture one of the more successful post colonial democratic transitions in Africa Local administrators are appointed and held accountable by the president Marabouts religious leaders of the various Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal have also exercised a strong political influence in the country especially during Wade s presidency In 2009 Freedom House downgraded Senegal s status from Free to Partially Free based on increased centralisation of power in the executive By 2014 it had recovered its Free status 45 In 2008 Senegal finished in 12th position on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance 46 The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance limited to sub Saharan Africa until 2008 based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to their citizens When the Northern African countries were added to the index in 2009 Senegal s 2008 position was retroactively downgraded to 15th place with Tunisia Egypt and Morocco placing ahead of Senegal As of 2012 update Senegal s Ibrahim Index rank has declined another point to 16th of 52 African countries On 22 February 2011 Senegal severed diplomatic ties with Iran saying it supplied rebels with weapons which killed Senegalese troops in the Casamance conflict 47 The 2012 presidential election was controversial due to President Wade s candidacy as the opposition argued he should not be considered eligible to run again Several youth opposition movements including M23 and Y en a Marre emerged in June 2011 In the end Macky Sall of the Alliance for the Republic won and Wade conceded the election to Sall This peaceful and democratic transition was hailed by many foreign observers such as the EU 48 as a show of maturity On 19 September 2012 lawmakers voted to do away with the Senate to save an estimated 15 million 49 In August 2017 the ruling party won a landslide victory in the parliamentary election President Macky Sall s ruling coalition took 125 seats in the 165 seat National Assembly 50 In 2019 president Macky Sall easily won re election in the first round 51 Administrative divisions Edit Main articles Regions of Senegal Departments of Senegal Arrondissements of Senegal and Communes of Senegal Regions of Senegal Senegal is subdivided into 14 regions 52 each administered by a Conseil Regional Regional Council elected by population weight at the Arrondissement level The country is further subdivided by 45 Departements 113 Arrondissements neither of which have administrative function and by Collectivites Locales which elect administrative officers 53 Regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions Dakar Diourbel Fatick Kaffrine Kaolack Kedougou Kolda Louga Matam Saint Louis Sedhiou Tambacounda Thies Ziguinchor Foreign relations Edit Further information Foreign relations of Senegal Senegal has a high profile in many international organizations and was a member of the UN Security Council in 1988 89 and 2015 2016 It was elected to the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1997 Friendly to the West especially to France and the United States Senegal has vigorously advocated more assistance from developed countries to the Third World Senegal enjoys mostly cordial relations with its neighbors In spite of clear progress on other issues with Mauritania border security resource management economic integration etc an estimated 35 000 Mauritanian refugees of the estimated 40 000 who were expelled from their home country in 1989 remain in Senegal 54 Senegal is well integrated with the main bodies of the international community including the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS the African Union AU and the Community of Sahel Saharan States Military Edit Land mines were widely used in the Casamance conflict between separatist rebels and the central government The Armed Forces of Senegal consist of about 17 000 personnel in the army air force navy and gendarmerie The Senegalese military receives most of its training equipment and support from France and the United States and to a lesser extent Germany Military noninterference in political affairs has contributed to Senegal s stability since independence Senegal has participated in many international and regional peacekeeping missions Most recently in 2000 Senegal sent a battalion to the Democratic Republic of Congo to participate in MONUC the United Nations peacekeeping mission and agreed to deploy a US trained battalion to Sierra Leone for UNAMSIL another UN peacekeeping mission In 2015 Senegal participated in the Saudi Arabian led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis 55 Law Edit Senegal is a secular state as defined in its Constitution 56 To fight corruption the government has created the National Anti Corruption Office OFNAC and the Commission of Restitution and Recovery of Illegally Acquired Assets According to Business Anti Corruption Portal President Sall created the OFNAC to replace the Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la non Transparence la Corruption et la Concussion CNLCC It is said that the OFNAC represents a more effective tool for fighting corruption than the CNLCC established under former President Wade 57 The mission of OFNAC is to fight corruption embezzlement of public funds and fraud OFNAC has the power of self referral own initiative investigation OFNAC is composed of twelve members appointed by decree Homosexuality is illegal in Senegal 58 According to 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center 96 of Senegalese believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society 59 LGBTQ community members in Senegal report a strong feeling of being unsafe 60 Geography EditMain article Geography of Senegal Senegal map of Koppen climate classification Landscape of Casamance Senegal is located on the west of the African continent It lies between latitudes 12 and 17 N and longitudes 11 and 18 W Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west Mauritania to the north Mali to the east and Guinea and Guinea Bissau to the south internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia namely on the north east and south except for Gambia s short Atlantic coastline The Senegalese landscape consists mainly of the rolling sandy plains of the western Sahel which rise to foothills in the southeast Here is also found Senegal s highest point Baunez ridge situated 2 7 km southeast of Nepen Diakha at 648 m 2 126 ft 61 The northern border is formed by the Senegal River other rivers include the Gambia and Casamance Rivers The capital Dakar lies on the Cap Vert peninsula the westernmost point of continental Africa The Cape Verde islands lie some 560 kilometres 350 mi off the Senegalese coast but Cap Vert Cape Green is a maritime placemark set at the foot of Les Mammelles a 105 metre 344 ft cliff resting at one end of the Cap Vert peninsula onto which is settled Senegal s capital Dakar and 1 kilometre 0 6 mi south of the Pointe des Almadies the westernmost point in Africa Senegal contains four terrestrial ecoregions Guinean forest savanna mosaic Sahelian Acacia savanna West Sudanian savanna and Guinean mangroves 62 It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7 11 10 ranking it 56th globally out of 172 countries 63 Climate Edit Main article Geography of Senegal Climate Beach at N Gor Senegal has a tropical climate with pleasant heat throughout the year with well defined dry and humid seasons that result from northeast winter winds and southwest summer winds The dry season December to April is dominated by hot dry harmattan wind 3 Dakar s annual rainfall of about 600 mm 24 in occurs between June and October when maximum temperatures average 30 C 86 0 F and minimums 24 2 C 75 6 F December to February maximum temperatures average 25 7 C 78 3 F and minimums 18 C 64 4 F 64 Interior temperatures are higher than along the coast for example average daily temperatures in Kaolack and Tambacounda for May are 30 C 86 0 F and 32 7 C 90 9 F respectively compared to Dakar s 23 2 C 73 8 F 65 and rainfall increases substantially farther south exceeding 1 500 mm 59 1 in annually in some areas In Tambacounda in the far interior particularly on the border of Mali where desert begins temperatures can reach as high as 54 C 129 2 F The northernmost part of the country has a near hot desert climate the central part has a hot semi arid climate and the southernmost part has a tropical wet and dry climate Senegal is mainly a sunny and dry country Economic impact of 2 C in Senegal Climate change in Senegal will have wide reaching impacts on many aspects of life in Senegal Climate change will cause an increase in average temperatures over west Africa by between 1 5 and 4 C 3 F and 7 F by mid century relative to 1986 2005 66 Projections of rainfall indicate an overall decrease in rainfall and an increase in intense mega storm events over the Sahel 67 68 The sea level is expected to rise faster in West Africa than the global average 69 70 Although Senegal is currently not a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions it is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change 71 72 Extreme drought is impacting agriculture and causing food and job insecurity More than 70 of the population is employed in the agricultural sector Sea level rise and resulting coastal erosion is expected to cause damage to coastal infrastructure and displace a large percentage of the population living in coastal areas Climate change also has the potential to increase land degradation that will likely increase desertification in eastern Senegal leading to an expansion of the Sahara 73 Economy EditMain article Economy of Senegal Dakar Senegal s place de l Independance a center of government banking and trade In the background is the commercial port and the tourist area Goree island The economy of Senegal is driven by mining construction tourism fishing and agriculture which are the main sources of employment in rural areas despite abundant natural resources in iron zircon gas gold phosphates and numerous oil discoveries recently Senegal s economy gains most of its foreign exchange from fish phosphates groundnuts tourism and services As one of the dominant parts of the economy the agricultural sector of Senegal is highly vulnerable to environmental conditions such as variations in rainfall and climate change and changes in world commodity prices Dakar the former capital of French West Africa is also home to banks and other institutions which serve all of Francophone West Africa and is a hub for shipping and transport in the region Senegal also has one of the best developed tourist industries in Africa Senegal s economy depends on foreign assistance It is a member of the World Trade Organization The main obstacles to the economic development of the country are its great corruption with inefficient justice very slow administrative formalities and a failing education sector 74 Historical development of real GDP per capita in Senegal and Gambia since 1950 Industry and trade Edit A proportional representation of Senegal exports 2019 The main industries include food processing mining cement artificial fertilizer chemicals textiles refining imported petroleum and tourism Exports include fish chemicals cotton fabrics groundnuts and calcium phosphate The largest export markets as of 2020 are Mali 20 4 Switzerland 12 2 and India 8 3 75 As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union WAEMU Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff Senegal is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa 76 Senegal achieved full Internet connectivity in 1996 creating a mini boom in information technology based services Private activity now accounts for 82 percent of its GDP On the negative side Senegal faces deep seated urban problems of chronic high unemployment socioeconomic disparity juvenile delinquency and drug addiction 77 Senegal is a major recipient of international development assistance Donors include the United States Agency for International Development USAID Japan France and China Over 3 000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Senegal since 1963 78 Agriculture Edit This section is an excerpt from Agriculture in Senegal edit Cowpea vendors near Thies Senegal Agriculture is one of the dominant parts of Senegal s economy despite the fact that Senegal lies within the drought prone Sahel region As only about 5 of the land is irrigated citation needed Senegal continues to rely on rain fed agriculture Agriculture occupies about 75 of the workforce Despite a relatively wide variety of agricultural production the majority of farmers produce for subsistence needs Millet rice corn and sorghum are the primary food crops grown in Senegal Production is subject to drought and threats of pests such as locusts birds fruit flies and white flies 79 Moreover the effects of climate change in Senegal are expected to severely harm the agricultural economy due to extreme weather such as drought as well as increased temperatures 80 Senegal is a net food importer particularly for rice which represents almost 75 of cereal imports Peanuts sugarcane and cotton are important cash crops and a wide variety of fruits and vegetables are grown for local and export markets In 2006 gum arabic exports soared to 280 million making it by far the leading agricultural export Green beans industrial tomato cherry tomato melon and mango are Senegal s main vegetable cash crops The Casamance region isolated from the rest of Senegal by Gambia is an important agriculture producing area but without the infrastructure or transportation links to improve its capacity 79 Despite the lack of modernization of artisanal fishing the fishing sector remains Senegal s main economic resource and major foreign exchange earner The livestock and poultry sectors are relatively underdeveloped and have potential for modernization development and growth Senegal imports most of its milk and dairy products The sector is inhibited due to low output and limited investments The potential production of fauna and forest products is high and diversified and could if well organized benefit poor farmers in rural areas Although the agricultural sector was impacted by a locust invasion in 2004 it has recovered and gross agricultural production is expected to increase by 6 1 in 2006 and 5 1 in 2007 79 Fishing Edit Fishing boats in DakarSenegal has a 12 nautical mile 22 km 14 mi exclusive fishing zone that has been regularly breached in recent years as of 2014 update It has been estimated that the country s fishermen lose 300 000 tonnes of fish each year to illegal fishing The Senegalese government have tried to control the illegal fishing which is conducted by fishing trawlers some of which are registered in Russia Mauritania Belize and Ukraine In January 2014 a Russian trawler Oleg Naydenov was seized by Senegalese authorities close to the maritime border with Guinea Bissau 81 Energy Edit This section is an excerpt from Energy in Senegal edit Senegal electricity production by source As of April 2020 update the energy sector in Senegal has an installed capacity of 1431 megawatts MW 82 Energy is produced by private operators and sold to the Senelec energy corporation According to a 2020 report by the International Energy Agency Senegal had nearly 70 of the country connected to the national grid 83 Current government strategies for electrification include investments in off grid solar and connection to the grid 82 83 Most of the energy production is from fossil fuels mostly diesel and gas 733 of 864 MW 84 An increasing amount of the energy production comes from sustainable sources such as Manantali Dam in Mali and a new wind farm in Thies opened in 2020 however it is still a small portion of the total production Despite increases in production in the 2010s the economy is frequently hindered by energy shortages compared to demand Senegal contributes almost nothing to global greenhouse gas emissions the country emitted six tenths of one metric ton of carbon dioxide per capita in 2014 placing 150th out of 195 countries in terms of emissions 85 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Senegal Senegal s population from 1960 to 2017 Senegal has a population of around 16 9 million 13 14 about 42 percent of whom live in rural areas Density in these areas varies from about 77 inhabitants per square kilometre 200 sq mi in the west central region to 2 per square kilometre 5 2 sq mi in the arid eastern section Women Edit Main article Women in Senegal This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Senegal ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women adopted by the United Nations General Assembly as well as the additional protocol Senegal is also a signatory of the African Charter of Human and People s Rights which was adopted during the 2003 African Union Summit However feminists have been critical of the government s lack of action in enforcing the protocols conventions and other texts that have been signed as a means of protecting women s rights Ethnic groups Edit Main article Ethnic groups in Senegal Senegal has a wide variety of ethnic groups and as in most West African countries several languages are widely spoken The Wolof are the largest single ethnic group in Senegal at 43 the Fula e and Toucouleur also known as Halpulaar en literally Pulaar speakers 24 are the second biggest group followed by the Serer 14 7 86 then others such as Jola 4 Mandinka 3 Maures or Naarkajors Soninke Bassari and many smaller communities 9 See also the Bedick ethnic group About 50 000 Europeans mostly French reside in Senegal Smaller numbers of other migrants namely Lebanese 87 Mauritanians and Moroccans reside in Senegal mainly in the cities and some retirees who reside in the resort towns around Mbour The majority of Lebanese work in commerce 88 Most of the Lebanese originate from the Lebanese city of Tyre which is known as Little West Africa and has a main promenade that is called Avenue du Senegal 89 The country experienced a wave of immigration from France in the decades between World War II and Senegalese independence most of these French people purchased homes in Dakar or other major urban centers 90 Also located primarily in urban settings are small Vietnamese communities as well as a growing number of Chinese immigrant traders each numbering perhaps a few hundred people 91 92 There are also tens of thousands of Mauritanian refugees in Senegal primarily in the country s north 93 According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 published by the U S Committee for Refugees and Immigrants Senegal has a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 23 800 in 2007 The majority of this population 20 200 is from Mauritania Refugees live in N dioum Dodel and small settlements along the Senegal River valley 94 Languages Edit Main article Languages of Senegal French is the official language spoken at least by all those who spent several years in the educational system that is of French origin Koranic schools are even more popular but Arabic is less widely spoken outside of the context of recitation However in total French is understood only by about 15 20 of males and 1 2 of women 16 During the 15th century many European territories started to engage in trade in Senegal In the 19th century France increased its colonial influence in Senegal and thus the number of French speaking people multiplied continuously French was ratified as the official language of Senegal in 1960 when the country achieved independence Most people also speak their own ethnic language while especially in Dakar Wolof is the lingua franca 95 Pulaar is spoken by the Fulas and Toucouleur The Serer language is widely spoken by both Serers and non Serers including President Sall whose wife is Serer so are the Cangin languages whose speakers are ethnically Serers Jola languages are widely spoken in the Casamance Overall Senegal is home to around 39 distinct languages Several have the legal status of national languages Balanta Ganja Arabic Jola Fonyi Mandinka Mandjak Mankanya Noon Serer Noon Pulaar Serer Soninke and Wolof English is taught as a foreign language in secondary schools and many graduate school programs and it is the only subject matter that has a special office in the Ministry of Education 96 Dakar hosts a couple of Bilingual schools which offer 50 of their syllabus in English The Senegalese American Bilingual School SABS Yavuz Selim and The West African College of the Atlantic WACA train thousands of fluent English speakers in four year programs English is widely used by the scientific community and in business including by the Modou Modou illiterate self taught businessmen 96 Portuguese Creole locally known as Portuguese is a prominent minority language in Ziguinchor regional capital of the Casamance spoken by local Portuguese creoles and immigrants from Guinea Bissau The local Cape Verdean community speak a similar Portuguese creole Cape Verdean Creole and standard Portuguese Portuguese was introduced in Senegal s secondary education in 1961 in Dakar by the country s first president Leopold Sedar Senghor It is currently available in most of Senegal and in higher education It is especially prevalent in Casamance as it relates with the local cultural identity 97 Aerial view of Yoff Commune Dakar A variety of immigrant languages are spoken such as Bambara 70 000 Moore 37 000 Kabuverdiano 34 000 Krio 6 100 Vietnamese 2 500 and Portuguese 1 700 mostly in Dakar 96 While French is the sole official language a rising Senegalese linguistic nationalist movement supports the integration of Wolof the common vernacular language of the country into the national constitution 98 Senegalese regions of Dakar Diourbel Fatick Kaffrine Kaolack Kedougou Kolda Louga Matam Saint Louis Sedhiou Tambacounda Thies and Ziguinchor are members of the International Association of Francophone regions Largest cities Edit See also List of cities in Senegal Dakar the capital is by far the largest city in Senegal with over two million residents 99 The second most populous city is Touba a de jure communaute rurale rural community with over half a million people 99 Largest cities or towns in Senegal According to the 2013 Census 100 Rank Name Region Pop Dakar 1 Dakar Dakar 2 646 503 Pikine Kaolack2 Touba Diourbel 753 3153 Pikine Thies 317 7634 Kaolack Kaolack 233 7085 M bour Thies 232 7776 Rufisque Dakar 221 0667 Ziguinchor Ziguinchor 205 2948 Diourbel Diourbel 133 7059 Tambacounda Tambacounda 107 29310 Louga Louga 104 349 Religion Edit Main article Religion in Senegal Religion in Senegal PEW estimate 2020 101 Islam 96 6 Christianity mostly Catholicism 3 3 Other 0 1 Senegal is a secular state 56 although Islam is the predominant religion in the country practiced by 96 6 of the country s population the Christian community at 3 3 of the population are mostly Catholics but there are also diverse Protestant denominations Less than one percent has animist beliefs particularly in the southeastern region of the country 3 Some Serer people follow the Serer religion 102 103 According to a 2012 Pew demographic study 55 of the Muslims in Senegal are Sunni of the Maliki madhhab with Sufi influences whilst 27 are non denominational Muslim 104 Islamic communities in Senegal are generally organized around one of several Islamic Sufi orders called tariqas headed by a khalif xaliifa in Wolof from Arabic khalifa who is usually a direct descendant of the group s founder the study found that 92 of Senegalese Muslims belonged to a Sufi order The two largest and most prominent Sufi tariqas in Senegal are the Tijaniyya whose largest Senegalese sub groups are based in the cities of Tivaouane and Kaolack and has broad following in West Africa outside of Senegal and the Muridiyya Murid who are based in the city of Touba and has a follower base mostly limited to within Senegal 104 Our Lady of Victories Cathedral a catholic church in Dakar The Halpulaar Pulaar speakers composed of Fula people a widespread group found along the Sahel from Chad to Senegal and Toucouleurs represent 23 8 percent of the population 3 Historically they were the first to become Muslim Many of the Toucouleurs or sedentary Halpulaar of the Senegal River Valley in the north converted to Islam around a millennium ago and later contributed to Islam s propagation throughout Senegal Success was gained among the Wolofs but repulsed by the Serers Most communities south of the Senegal River Valley however were not thoroughly Islamized The Serer people stood out as one of this group who spent over one thousand years resisting Islamization see Serer history Although many Serers are Christians or Muslim their conversion to Islam in particular is very recent who converted on their own free will rather than by force although force had been tried centuries earlier unsuccessfully see the Battle of Fandane Thiouthioune 105 The spread of formal Quranic school called daara in Wolof during the colonial period increased largely through the effort of the Tidjaniyya In Murid communities which place more emphasis on the work ethic than on literary Quranic studies the term daara often applies to work groups devoted to working for a religious leader Other Islamic groups include the much older Qadiriyya order and the Senegalese Laayeen order which is prominent among the coastal Lebu Today most Senegalese children study at daaras for several years memorizing as much of the Qur an as they can Some of them continue their religious studies at councils majlis or at the growing number of private Arabic schools and publicly funded Franco Arabic schools Small Catholic communities are mainly found in coastal Serer Jola Mankanya and Balant populations and in eastern Senegal among the Bassari and Coniagui The Protestant churches are mainly attended by immigrants but during the second half of the 20th century Protestant churches led by Senegalese leaders from different ethnic groups have evolved In Dakar Catholic and Protestant rites are practiced by the Lebanese Cape Verdean European and American immigrant populations and among certain Africans of other countries as well as by the Senegalese themselves Although Islam is Senegal s majority religion Senegal s first president Leopold Sedar Senghor was a Catholic Serer Serer religion encompasses a belief in a supreme deity called Roog Koox among the Cangin Serer cosmogony cosmology and divination ceremonies such as the annual Xooy or Khoy ceremony presided over by the Serer Saltigues high priests and priestesses Senegambian both Senegal and the Gambia Muslim festivals such as Tobaski Gamo Koriteh Weri Kor etc are all borrowed words from the Serer religion 106 They were ancient Serer festivals rooted in Serer religion not Islam 106 The Boukout is one of the Jola s religious ceremonies There are a small number of members of the Bani Israel tribe in the Senegalese bush that claim Jewish ancestry though this is disputed 107 The Mahayana branch of Buddhism in Senegal is followed by a very tiny portion of the ex pat Vietnamese community The Baha i Faith in Senegal was established after Abdu l Baha the son of the founder of the religion mentioned Africa as a place that should be more broadly visited by Baha is 108 The first Baha is to set foot in the territory of French West Africa that would become Senegal arrived in 1953 109 The first Baha i Local Spiritual Assembly of Senegal was elected in 1966 in Dakar 110 In 1975 the Baha i community elected the first National Spiritual Assembly of Senegal The most recent estimate by the Association of Religion Data Archives in a 2005 report details the population of Senegalese Baha is at 22 000 111 Health Edit Main article Health in Senegal Development of life expectancy Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 66 8 years in 2016 64 7 years male 68 7 years female 112 Public expenditure on health was at 2 4 percent of the GDP in 2004 whereas private expenditure was at 3 5 percent 113 Health expenditure was at US 72 PPP per capita in 2004 113 The fertility rate ranged 5 to 5 3 between 2005 and 2013 with 4 1 in urban areas and 6 3 in rural areas as official survey 6 4 in 1986 and 5 7 in 1997 point out 114 There were six physicians per 100 000 persons in the early 2000s decade 113 Infant mortality in Senegal was 157 per 1 000 live births in 1950 but since then it has declined five fold to 32 per 1 000 in 2018 115 In the past five years infant mortality rates of malaria have dropped According to a 2013 UNICEF report 116 26 of women in Senegal have undergone female genital mutilation In March 2020 the COVID 19 pandemic began in Senegal which led to the imposition of a curfew in the country 117 In July 2021 Senegal experienced a significant increase in cases of coronavirus disease 118 In June 2021 Senegal s Agency for Universal Health launched sunucmu com SunuCMU a website that the agency hopes will streamline health care in the country The website is a part of the Minister of State Mohammad Abdallah Dionne s plan for digitalization He aims to make Senegal s health care system effective and sustainable Using SunuCMU Senegal hopes to achieve 75 percent coverage within two years of the launch 119 Education Edit Main article Education in Senegal Students in Senegal Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution adopted in January 2001 guarantee access to education for all children 120 Education is compulsory and free up to the age of 16 120 The Ministry of Labor has indicated that the public school system is unable to cope with the number of children that must enroll each year 120 Portuguese is taught at schools at the secondary high school level given the large Cape Verdean community and also from Guinea Bissau There are sizeable Portuguese creole and standard Portuguese speaking communities in Zinguichor and Dakar Illiteracy is high particularly among women 113 The net primary enrollment rate was 69 percent in 2005 Public expenditure on education was 5 4 percent of the 2002 2005 GDP Senegal was ranked 105th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 down from 96th in 2019 121 122 123 124 Culture EditSenegal is well known for the West African tradition of storytelling which is done by griots who have kept West African history alive for thousands of years through words and music The griot profession is passed down generation to generation and requires years of training and apprenticeship in genealogy history and music Griots give voice to generations of West African society 31 The African Renaissance Monument built in 2010 in Dakar is the tallest statue in Africa Dakar also hosts a film festival Recidak 125 The Islamic festival of Eid al Fitr known locally as Tabaski is popularly celebrated by Senegalese people Despite being predominantly Muslim the Christian festival of Christmas is also popularly observed with Christmas trees and decorations lining up the city of Dakar 18 Cuisine Edit Further information Senegalese cuisine Because Senegal borders the Atlantic Ocean fish is very important Chicken lamb peas eggs and beef are also used in Senegalese cooking but not pork due to the nation s largely Muslim population Peanuts the primary crop of Senegal as well as couscous white rice sweet potatoes lentils black eyed peas and various vegetables are also incorporated into many recipes Meats and vegetables are typically stewed or marinated in herbs and spices and then poured over rice or couscous or eaten with bread Popular fresh juices are made from bissap ginger buy pronounced buoy which is the fruit of the baobab tree also known as monkey bread fruit mango or other fruit or wild trees most famously soursop which is called corossol in French Desserts are very rich and sweet combining native ingredients with the extravagance and style characteristic of the French impact on Senegal s culinary methods They are often served with fresh fruit and are traditionally followed by coffee or tea Music Edit Further information Music of Senegal Kora player from Senegal Senegal is known across Africa for its musical heritage due to the popularity of mbalax which originated from the Serer percussive tradition especially the Njuup it has been popularized by Youssou N Dour Omar Pene and others Sabar drumming is especially popular The sabar is mostly used in special celebrations like weddings Another instrument the tama is used in more ethnic groups Other popular international renowned Senegalese musicians are Ismael Lo Cheikh Lo Orchestra Baobab Baaba Maal Akon Thione Seck Viviane Fallou Dieng Titi Seckou Keita and Pape Diouf Cinema Edit Main article Cinema of Senegal Media Edit Main article Media of Senegal Hospitality Edit Hospitality in theory is given such importance in Senegalese culture that it is widely considered to be part of the national identity The Wolof 126 word for hospitality is teranga and it is so identified with the pride of Senegal that the national football team is known as the Lions of Teranga 31 original research Sport Edit Senegalese Wrestling Painting of footballer El Hadji Diouf in Dakar Senegalese play many sports Wrestling and football are the most popular sports in the country Senegal will host the 2026 Summer Youth Olympics in Dakar making Senegal the first African country to host an Olympic event 127 128 Senegalese wrestling is the country s most popular sport 129 and has become a national obsession 130 It traditionally serves many young men to escape poverty and it is the only sport recognized as developed independently of Western culture Senegalese football fans at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia Football is a popular sport in Senegal In 2022 the national team beat Egypt to win the Africa Cup of Nations for the first time and they were runners up in 2002 and 2019 They became one of only three African teams to ever reach the quarter finals of the FIFA World Cup after Cameroon in 1990 and before Ghana in 2010 defeating holders France in their first game in 2002 Senegal qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia and for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar Senegal has traditionally been one of Africa s dominant basketball powers The men s team performed better than that of any other African nation at the 2014 FIBA World Cup where they reached the playoffs for the first time The women s team won 19 medals at 20 African Championships more than twice as many medals as any competitor When the country hosted the 2019 FIBA Women s AfroBasket 15 000 fans flocked to the Dakar Arena which is registered as a record attendance for basketball in Africa 131 Senegal was one of the continent s pioneers in basketball as it established one of Africa s first competitive leagues 132 In 2016 the NBA announced the launch of an Elite s Academy in Africa and more precisely in Senegal 133 The country hosted the Paris Dakar rally from 1979 until 2007 The Dakar Rally was an off road endurance motorsport race which followed a course from Paris France to Dakar Senegal The competitors used off road vehicles to cross the difficult geography The last race was held in 2007 before the 2008 rally was canceled a day before the event due to security concerns in Mauritania 134 The Ocean X Prix of the electric off road championship Extreme E was also hosted in Senegal See also Edit Senegal portal Africa portalOutline of Senegal Index of Senegal related articlesExplanatory notes Edit With French Sudan as the Mali Federation As the Sudanese Republic with Senegal as the Mali Federation ˌ s ɛ n ɪ ˈ ɡ ɔː l ˈ ɡ ɑː l listen 10 11 French Senegal Wolof Senegaal Pulaar 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢 𞤤𞤭 Senegaali Arabic السنغال As Sinighal French Republique du Senegal Wolof Reewum Senegaal Pulaar 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢 𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢 𞤤𞤭 Renndaandi Senegaali Arabic جمهورية السنغال Jumhuriat As Sinighal French Peul Fula FulɓeReferences Edit Senegal The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency 23 August 2022 retrieved 31 August 2022 Religions in Senegal PEW GRF a b c d e Central Intelligence Agency 2009 Senegal The World Factbook Retrieved 12 October 2015 Population total Senegal World Bank Data Senegal Central Intelligence Agency Retrieved 20 October 2018 a b c d World Economic Outlook Database October 2022 IMF org International Monetary Fund October 2022 Retrieved 11 October 2022 GDP Ranked by Country 2021 worldpopulationreview com Retrieved 27 June 2021 Gini Index World Bank Retrieved 2 March 2011 Human Development Report 2021 2022 PDF United Nations Development Programme 8 September 2022 Retrieved 8 September 2022 Definition of Senegal The Free Dictionary Retrieved 6 November 2013 Define Senegal Dictionary com Retrieved 6 November 2013 Janet H Gritzner Charles F Gritzner 2009 Senegal Page 8 a b World Population Prospects 2022 population un org United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Retrieved 17 July 2022 a b World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region subregion and country annually for 1950 2100 XSLX population un org Total Population as of 1 July thousands United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Retrieved 17 July 2022 Overview World Bank Retrieved 30 November 2022 a b Jacques Leclerc 4 October 2010 Senegal Tresor de la langue francaise au Quebec Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 Retrieved 17 March 2012 Pariona Amber 27 September 2017 What Languages Are Spoken in Senegal WorldAtlas Retrieved 4 October 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b Senegal a Muslim Country that Can t Get Enough Christmas VOA Retrieved 30 November 2022 Systematic Country Diagnostic of Senegal World Bank 4 October 2018 doi 10 1596 30852 hdl 10986 30852 S2CID 240089232 Why Senegal a small country is good at providing international organisations with leaders D C Retrieved 30 November 2022 Guivaudon Guillaume 13 December 2021 The best destinations for family holidays Little Guest Retrieved 30 November 2022 Holloway Beetle 31 May 2018 The Real Story Behind Senegal s Name Culture Trip 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Senegal Greenwood Press Westport CT 2008 ISBN 0 313 34036 6 Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade h net org Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 Retrieved 23 February 2017 Les Guides Bleus Afrique de l Ouest 1958 ed p 123 Bruce Vandervort 25 October 2004 Senegal in 1848 ohio edu Archived from the original on 27 March 2021 Retrieved 27 March 2021 Klein Martin A Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine Saloum 1847 1914 Edinburgh University Press 1968 p X ISBN 0 8047 0621 2 Journal of the African Society Volume 11 ed Africa MacMillan 1912 p 476 1851 1865 PDF University of Wisconsin Madison Libraries p 167 Senegal The New York Times 15 July 2004 Archived from the original on 27 March 2021 Retrieved 27 March 2021 A Critical bibliography of French literature in three parts The Twentieth Edited by David Clark Cabeen Richard A Brooks Douglas W Alden Gordon Jane 15 April 2008 A Companion to African American Studies John Wiley amp Sons p 463 ISBN 978 1 4051 5466 6 Uppsala Conflict Data Program Senegal Casamance In depth Developments since 2005 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Conflict Encyclopedia Senegal proud of peaceful election after Macky Sall win BBC News 26 March 2012 Retrieved 27 June 2021 Senegal election President Macky Sall wins second term BBC News 28 February 2019 Retrieved 27 June 2021 Senegal election President Macky Sall wins second term BBC News 28 February 2019 retrieved 10 August 2019 Senegal Country report Freedom in the World 2014 Freedomhouse org Archived from the original on 10 October 2014 Retrieved 23 August 2017 The Ibrahim Index Mo Ibrahim Foundation Moibrahimfoundation org Archived from the original on 29 December 2011 Retrieved 3 January 2012 Senegal severs ties with Iran Senegal s foreign ministry accuses Tehran of supplying weapons to separatist rebels in its southern Casamance region Al Jazeera 23 February 2011 Macky Sall Senegal election win example for Africa Africa World myjoyonline com 26 August 2012 Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 Retrieved 25 November 2012 Senegal Votes to do Away With Senate to Save Money Associated Press Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 20 September 2012 Senegal ruling party wins large parliamentary majority Reuters 5 August 2017 Retrieved 27 June 2021 Senegal s President Macky Sall easily wins re election opposition will not contest vote France24 28 February 2019 Retrieved 27 June 2021 Statoids page on Senegal noting that three new regions were split off on 10 September 2008 List of current local elected officials Archived 19 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine from Union des Associations d Elus Locaux UAEL du Senegal See also the law creating current local government structures in French Code des collectivites locales Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Loi n 96 06 du 22 mars 1996 Mauritanian refugees refuse to leave Senegal Al Jazeera 8 May 2014 Senegal to send 2 100 troops to join Saudi led alliance Reuters 4 May 2015 a b Constitution of 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Sinking Earth Org Past Present Future 24 September 2019 Retrieved 26 November 2020 Croitoru Lelia Miranda Juan Jose Sarraf Maria 13 March 2019 The Cost of Coastal Zone Degradation in West Africa World Bank Washington DC doi 10 1596 31428 hdl 10986 31428 Judt Daniel 24 September 2019 In Senegal Climate Change Is Robbing Thousands of Their Homes The Nation ISSN 0027 8378 Retrieved 22 April 2020 team FPFIS 22 November 2018 Fossil CO2 emissions of all world countries 2018 Report EU Science Hub European Commission Retrieved 26 November 2020 Senegal UNDP Climate Change Adaptation www adaptation undp org Retrieved 22 April 2020 The Economist The African Century March 28th 2020 CEPII Baci www cepii fr HS92 Centre d Etudes Prospectives et d Informations Internationales Retrieved 31 August 2022 OHADA com The business law portal in Africa Retrieved 22 March 2009 Economy of Senegal www chinadaily com cn Retrieved 23 August 2017 Peace Corps Senegal Pcsenegal org Retrieved 20 June 2010 a b c Ndiaye 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2008 U S Committee for Refugees and Immigrants 19 June 2008 Archived from the original on 28 May 2010 National African Language Research Center Wolof Madison University of Wisconsin a b c Oumar Moussa Djigo 31 December 2016 The Status of English and Other Languages in Senegal The Warwick ELT retrieved 10 August 2019 Jose Horta 12 25 April 2006 A Lingua Portuguesa no Senegal Instituto Camoes Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 10 December 2014 Pierre Cherruau 19 August 2012 Le Senegal est il encore un pays francophone Retrieved 19 August 2012 a b Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Demographie 2005 Situation economique et sociale du Senegal PDF in French Government of Senegal Archived from the original PDF on 25 June 2008 Retrieved 18 November 2008 Senegal City Population Religions in Senegal PEW GRF Conklin Alice L A Mission to Civilize The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa 1895 1930 Stanford University Press 1997 ISBN 0 8047 2999 9 p 27 Lewis M Paul ed 2009 Ethnologue Languages of the World Sixteenth edition Dallas Tex SIL International a b Chapter 1 Religious Affiliation The World s Muslims Unity and Diversity Pew Research Center s Religion amp Public Life Project 9 August 2012 Retrieved 4 September 2013 Hans Bressers Walter A Rosenbaum 2003 Achieving Sustainable Development The Challenge of Governance Across Social Scales Greenwood Publishing Group pp 151 ISBN 978 0 275 97802 0 a b Diouf Niokhobaye Chronique du royaume du Sine suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources ecrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin 1972 1972 Bulletin de l IFAN tome 34 serie B no 4 1972 pp 706 7 pp 4 5 pp 713 14 pp 9 10 In Senegalese bush Bani Israel tribe claims Jewish heritage Jewish Telegraphic Agency 23 May 2013 Retrieved 15 July 2019 Abdu l Baha 1991 1916 17 Tablets of the Divine Plan Paperback ed Wilmette IL Baha i Publishing Trust pp 47 59 ISBN 0 87743 233 3 Hassall Graham c 2000 Egypt Baha i history Asia Pacific Baha i Studies Baha i Communities by country Baha i Online Library Retrieved 24 May 2009 Baha i International Community 28 December 2003 National communities celebrate together Baha i International News Service Archived from the original on 12 January 2013 Most Baha i Nations 2005 QuickLists gt Compare Nations gt Religions gt The Association of Religion Data Archives 2005 Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 Retrieved 4 July 2009 Senegal Statistical Factsheet PDF Factsheet of Health Statistics 2018 Archived from the original PDF on 3 September 2014 a b c d Human Development Report 2009 Senegal Hdrstats undp org Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 Retrieved 20 June 2010 Enquete Demographique et de Sante Continue EDS Continue 2012 2013 PDF in French Republic of Senegal July 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 13 November 2013 Retrieved 27 January 2014 Infant mortality rate in Senegal UN Inter agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation Retrieved 27 June 2021 UNICEF 2013 Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine p 27 Africa SA in lockdown curfews in the west as continent braces for Covid 19 wave RFI 24 March 2020 Senegal seeing significant rise in Delta variant cases ANADOLU AGENCY A New Platform to Improve Health Care in Senegal BORGEN 28 June 2019 Retrieved 6 July 2021 a b c Senegal 2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs U S Department of Labor 2006 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Archived 9 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Global Innovation Index 2021 World Intellectual Property Organization United Nations Retrieved 5 March 2022 Global Innovation Index 2019 www wipo int Retrieved 2 September 2021 RTD Item ec europa eu Retrieved 2 September 2021 Global Innovation Index INSEAD Knowledge 28 October 2013 Retrieved 2 September 2021 Baba Diop Apres dix annees d interruption Les RECIDAK nouvelles arrivent en 2014 in French Africatime Archived from the original on 30 November 2016 Retrieved 30 November 2016 The word taranga hospitality jom honour etc are all Serer from the Serer language rooted in Serer values and serer religion not Wolof See in French Gravrand Henry L HERITAGE SPIRITUEL SEREER VALEUR TRADITIONNELLE D HIER D AUJOURD HUI ET DE DEMAIN in Ethiopiques numero 31 revue socialiste de culture negro africaine 3e trimestre 1982 1 Archived 1 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Senegal to be 1st African Olympic host at 2022 Youth Games Washington Post Archived from the original on 10 September 2018 Retrieved 10 September 2018 Senegal first African nation to host an Olympic event www aljazeera com Retrieved 10 September 2018 Sports in Africa Communication and Media Ohio University Retrieved 3 April 2015 Skelton Rose Werman Marco 9 June 2011 Wrestling As a Solution to Poverty in Senegal PRI Retrieved 3 April 2015 Getting to know Africa s flashy basketball arenas FIBA 2 September 2019 Retrieved 10 December 2020 Nxumalo Lee 20 December 2020 Basketball s next frontier is Africa New Frame Retrieved 11 January 2021 NBA to open academy in Africa in 2017 NBA com www nba com Retrieved 26 December 2016 Hamilos Paul 4 January 2008 Dakar rally cancelled at last minute over terrorist threat The Guardian Retrieved 10 February 2018 Further reading EditBabou Cheikh Anta Fighting the Greater Jihad Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal 1853 1913 Ohio University Press 2007 Behrman Lucy C Muslim Brotherhood and Politics in Senegal iUniverse com 1999 Buggenhage Beth A Muslim Families in Global Senegal Money Takes Care of Shame Indiana University Press 2012 Bugul Ken The Abandoned Baobab The Autobiography of a Senegalese Woman University of Virginia Press 2008 Cana Frank Richardson 1911 Senegal colony Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 24 11th ed pp 640 644 Foley Ellen E Your Pocket is What Cures You The Politics of Health in Senegal Rutgers University Press 2010 Gellar Sheldon Democracy in Senegal Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa Palgrave Macmillan 2005 Glover John Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal The Murid Order University of Rochester Press 2007 Kane Katharina Lonely Planet Guide The Gambia and Senegal Lonely Planet Publications 2009 Kueniza Michelle Education and Democracy in Senegal Palgrave Macmillan 2011 Mbacke Khadim Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal Markus Wiener Publishing Inc 2005 Streissguth Thomas Senegal in Pictures Twentyfirst Century Books 2009 Various Insight Guide Gambia and Senegal APA Publications Pte Ltd 2009 Various New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal Conversion Migration Wealth Power and Femininity Palgrave Macmillan 2009 Various Senegal Essays in Statecraft Codesria 2003 Various Street Children in Senegal GYAN France 2006 External links EditSenegal at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official website in French Country Profile from BBC News Senegal The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Senegal at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of SenegalTradeSenegal 2012 Summary Trade Statistics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Senegal amp oldid 1129944413, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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