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Terengganu

Terengganu (Malay pronunciation: [tərəŋɡanu]; Terengganu Malay: Tranung, Jawi: ترڠݢانو‎), formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and federal state of Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, Dāru l-Īmān ("Abode of Faith"). The coastal city of Kuala Terengganu, which stands at the mouth of the broad Terengganu River, is both the state and royal capital as well as the largest city in Terengganu. Other major cities and towns includes Jerteh, Kuala Dungun, Chukai, Kuala Berang, Marang, and Permaisuri. At 13,035 square kilometres in size and a population of over 1.2 million people in 2023, Terengganu is Malaysia's 7th largest state by area and 10th largest in population. Terengganu, along with Kelantan, Perlis and the Federal Territory of Putrajaya is one of the most homogeneous states/territories in the country of which 95% of the population are ethnic Malay-Muslims with its own distinct language/dialect, culture, history and tradition.

Terengganu
Tranung
Terengganu Darul Iman
ترڠݢانو دار الإيمان
Other transcription(s)
 • Jawiترڠݢانو
 • Chinese登嘉楼 (Simplified)
登嘉樓 (Traditional)
 • Tamilதிராங்கானு
Tiraṅkāṉu (Transliteration)
Nickname: 
Turtle state
Motto(s): 
Maju, Berkat dan Sejahtera
ماجو، بركت دان سجهترا
Advanced, Blessed and Prosperous
Anthem: Selamat Sultan
سلامت سلطان
(God) Save The Sultan
   Terengganu in    Malaysia
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 4°45′N 103°0′E / 4.750°N 103.000°E / 4.750; 103.000
Capital
(and largest city)
Kuala Terengganu
Royal capitalKuala Terengganu
Government
 • TypeParliamentary constitutional monarchy
 • SultanMizan Zainal Abidin
 • Menteri BesarAhmad Samsuri Mokhtar (PN-PAS)
Area
 • Total13,035 km2 (5,033 sq mi)
Highest elevation1,519 m (4,984 ft)
Population
 (2020 Census)[3]
 • Total1,149,440[1](10th)
 • Demonym
Terengganuan Terengganurian
Demographics of Terengganu
 • Ethnic composition
 • Languages
 • Religions
Economy
 • HDI (2021)0.791 (high) (11th
 • GDP (2021)RM 38.2 billion
 • GDP per capita (2021)RM 32,199
Postal code
20xxx to 24xxx
Calling code09
Vehicle registrationT
Establishment of the Sultanate1724
British control1909
Japanese occupation1942
Accession into the Federation of Malaya1948
Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya31 August 1957
Websitewww.terengganu.gov.my

Located on the East Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia, Terengganu borders with the state of Kelantan to the north and Pahang to the west and south while to the east of Terengganu is the South China Sea. Terengganu is geographically divided into sparsely populated and mountainous inland (known as Terengganu Highlands of which the highest point is Mount Lawit at 1,519 metres) that spans from the border with Kelantan to Kemaman district and largely flat coastal plains of which most of the state's 1.1 million people are concentrated. The state is known for having the longest coastline in west Malaysia and achieved the Malaysian Book of Records for having the cleanest beach in the country.[4] Many of the most popular islands in Malaysia are located in the state of Terengganu such as Perhentian, Kapas and Redang islands as well as Bidong Island which was once a refuge to tens of thousands of Vietnamese refugees in the 1970s.

Etymology edit

There are several theories on the origin of the name "Terengganu". One theory attributes the name's origin to terang ganu, Malay for 'bright rainbow'.[5] Another story, said to have been originally narrated by the ninth Sultan of Terengganu, Baginda Omar, tells of a party of hunters from Pahang roving and hunting in the area of what is now southern Terengganu. One of the hunters spotted a big animal fang lying on the ground. A fellow party member asked to which animal did the fang belong. The hunter, not knowing which animal, simply answered taring anu (Malay: 'fang of something'). The party later returned to Pahang with a rich hoard of game, fur and sandalwood, which impressed their neighbours. They asked the hunters where did they source their riches, to which they replied, from the land of taring anu, which later evolved into Terengganu.[5] Terengganu was called Trangkanu (Thai: ตรังกานู) by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Terengganuans usually pronounce Terengganu as Tranung or Ganu with the G often being emphasized.[6]

Chinese naming edit

The traditional Chinese name for Terengganu has been "丁加奴" (Pinyin: dīngjiānú), which is a direct transcription of the Malay name. However, in recent years, the Chinese community in Terengganu has raised objections to the name, citing[citation needed] that the characters used loosely translate to "giving birth to a child who will become a slave" (Chinese: 添丁加). Therefore, they successfully petitioned the regulatory commission for Chinese language in Malaysia to change the Chinese name for the state to "登嘉楼" (Pinyin: dēngjiālóu), which can be loosely translated to "aspiring/stepping up to a higher level", in September 2004. The new name was in unofficial use by the state's Chinese community for at least 30 years before its official adoption.

Certain segments of the Chinese community opposed the name change, citing the fact that the new name contains too many character strokes, making it much more difficult to write. They have proposed to revert the name to the version used before 2004, but with the word "奴" (slave, which was mainly the cause of the controversy) to the similar sounding, but more positive "努" (perseverance).

History edit

 
The Terengganu Inscription Stone. The Jawi alphabet inscriptions are of local laws influenced by Sharia and thus one of the earliest proof of Islamic influence in Malaysia

Prehistory edit

Human activities may have already existed in Terengganu as early as 16,000 years ago during the Paleolithic age as evidenced by the discovery of a skeleton in Gua Bewah, Hulu Terengganu in 2009. The skeleton, which is called Bewah Man (Malay: Orang Bewah) has been analyzed as 5,000 years older than skeletons found in Perak, making it the oldest known modern human skeleton in the country.[7]

Hindu-Buddhist Era edit

Terengganu's location by the South China Sea ensured that it was on trade routes since ancient times. Based on Ptolemy's 2nd century map called Golden Chersonese, the areas of what would be known as Terengganu today was historically called Perimula and Kole Polis. The earliest written reports on the area that mentioned the name "Terengganu" were by Chinese merchants and seafarers in the early 6th century A.D. During the early HinduBuddhist period, Terengganu was known as Tan-Tan which is based in what is now Kuala Telemong. It was a small ancient polity that came under the influence of Langkasuka, a powerful kingdom based either in Kedah or Patani in the 1st century AD.[citation needed] In the 7th century, the dynasty of Langkasuka that once ruled over Terengganu was replaced by a new kingdom called Srivijaya.[citation needed] Under Srivijaya, Terengganu traded extensively with other kingdoms in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra, Champa, Khmer Empire, Majapahit Empire and especially the Chinese.[citation needed]

Medieval and early modern period edit

Terengganu was the first Malay state to receive Islam, as attested to by the Terengganu Inscription Stone with Arabic inscriptions found in Kuala Berang, the capital of the district of Hulu Terengganu. The inscribed date which is incomplete due to damage can be read as various dates from 702 to 789 AH (1303 to 1387 CE).[8] Terengganu became a vassal state of Malacca, but retained considerable autonomy with the emergence of Johor Sultanate.

 
A Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi which comes from the 15th century navigation maps of Zheng He showing Trengganu (丁架路) at the top left.

Terengganu emerged as an independent sultanate in 1724. The first sultan was Tun Zainal Abidin, the younger brother of a former sultan of Johor, and Johor strongly influenced Terengganu politics through the 18th century. However, in the book Tuhfat al-Nafis, the author, Raja Ali Haji, mentions that in the year 1708, Tun Zainal Abidin was installed as the Sultan of Terengganu by Daeng Menampuk - also known as Raja Tua - under the rule of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah.

In 1741, Sultan Sulaiman installed Sultan Mansur as ruler of Terengganu, his rule from 1741 to 1793 saw him creating a strong united Malay front against the rising power of the Bugis. He expanded his power on a weakened and divided Kelantan in 1764, culminating in the installation of his son's marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Kelantan. European accounts of the time praised the well-ordered administration of his rule, while at the same time he was highly respected by his subjects.[9]

In the 19th century, Terengganu became a vassal state of the Thai Rattanakosin Kingdom, and sent tribute every year called bunga mas. This occurred under the reign of Sultan Omar Riayat Shah, who was remembered as a devout ruler who promoted trade and stable government. Terengganu prospered, and was largely left alone by the authorities in Bangkok unlike in neighbouring Patani and Kelantan.[10] The period also witnessed the existence of a Terengganuan vassal of Besut Darul Iman.

Modern era edit

The terms of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 saw power over Terengganu transferred from Siam to Great Britain. A British advisor was appointed to the sultan in 1919, and Terengganu become one of the Unfederated Malay States. The move was highly unpopular locally, and in 1928 the British used military force to suppress a popular uprising.

During World War II, Japan occupied Terengganu and transferred sovereignty over the state back to Siam, which had been renamed Thailand in 1939, along with Kelantan, Kedah, and Perlis. After the defeat of Japan, British control over these Malay states was reestablished. Terengganu became a member of the Federation of Malaya in 1948, then a state of a sovereign Malaya in 1957, which became Malaysia in 1963.

Following decades of rule by the Barisan Nasional coalition, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) came to power in 1999, making Terengganu the second state in Malaysia to be ruled by the Islamist party (the first being neighbouring Kelantan). Terengganu was recaptured in the 2004 Malaysian general election by the Barisan Nasional, which continued to govern it until the 2018 Malaysian general election.

Geography edit

 
Lake Kenyir
 
Perhentian Besar

Terengganu is situated in eastern Peninsular Malaysia, and is bordered in the northwest by Kelantan, the southwest by Pahang, and the east by the South China Sea. The state has a total area of 13,035 km2 (5,033 sq mi).[2] Its topographical profile ranges from relatively level on the coastal east and gradually becoming more hilly and mountainous towards the west, as its western borders are delineated by the Pantai Timur Range, with the highest point being Mount Lawit. The range acts as the main watershed for the state's riverine systems, as it is also home to Lake Kenyir, which is the source of the Terengganu River, the largest man-made lake in the nation and serves as the state's major reservoir. Several outlying islands, including the Perhentians, Kapas and Redang, are also a part of the state.

Politics and government edit

 
Affiliation Coalition/Party Leader Status Seats
2023 election Current
  Perikatan Nasional Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar Government 32 32
Government majority 32 32

Constitution edit

The Constitution of Terengganu came into force in 1911. It has a supplement that came into force in 1959. The official English title for the 1911 constitution is "The Constitution of the Way of Illustrious Sovereignty". The 1959 constitutional supplement is divided into two sections. The sections' official English language titles are "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (First Part)" and "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (Second Part)"

The Sultan of Terengganu edit

The Sultan is the constitutional ruler of the state of Terengganu. The State Constitution proclaims that the Sultan is "the Ruler and fountain head of all authority of government in the State and Territory of Terengganu", the Head of the Religion of Islam in the state and the source of all titles, honours and dignities in the state. He is also vested with the Executive Power of the State. The hereditary Sultan of Terengganu since 1998 has been Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin.

Regency edit

As per both the Malaysian and state constitutions, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or King of Malaysia cannot simultaneously reign as federal Head of State and ruler of his own state. This means that a state ruler must appoint a regent to govern in his absence. Between 2006 and 2011, the current Sultan served as the 13th King of Malaysia, naming his eldest son and heir apparent, Tengku Muhammad Ismail, as Regent (Pemangku Raja) of Terengganu. As he was only eight years old upon his father's election, the young Prince co-reigned with a three-member Regency Advisory Council (Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja) headed by Raja Tengku Baderulzaman (the King's younger brother) as dictated by syarat (2) Fasal 16 AA Undang-Undang Bagi Diri Kerajaan Terengganu (Bab Yang Kedua) of the Terengganu State Constitution.

Chief Ministers edit

When Terengganu was an absolute monarchy, the Chief Minister was selected by the Sultan. Since the declaration of independence of Malaysia (then called Tanah Melayu) and the first general election, the Chief Minister has been the State Assembly (ADUN) member elected by a majority of all State Assembly members, who are themselves elected by universal adult suffrage of the citizens of their constituencies. Below is the list of the Chief Ministers of Terengganu from 1925.

Term Starts Term Ends Chief Minister[11] Party
April 1925 June 1940 Dato' Seri Amar Diraja Ngah Muhamad bin Yusof
June 1940 May 1942 Tengku Seri Setia Raja Tengku Omar bin Othman
May 1942 Dec 1945 Dato' Jaya Perkasa Da Omar bin Mahmud
Dec 1945 Dec 1949 Tengku Panglima Perang Tengku Muhamad bin al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad
Dec 1949 June 1959 Dato' Perdana Menteri Di Raja Dato' Seri Setia Raja Kamaruddin bin Idris
June 1959 Nov 1961 Mohd Daud bin Abdul Samad PAS*
Nov 1961 Sep 1970 Tan Sri Ibrahim Fikri bin Mohammad Perikatan
Sep 1970 Sep 1971 Dato' Mahmood bin Sulaiman Perikatan
Sep 1971 Aug 1974 Dato' Nik Hassan bin Wan Abdul Rahman Perikatan
Sep 1974 Dec 1999 Dato' Seri Amar Diraja Tan Sri Wan Mokhtar Ahmad Barisan Nasional
Dec 1999 March 2004 Dato' Seri Abdul Hadi Awang PAS
March 2004 March 2008 Dato Seri Idris Jusoh Barisan Nasional
March 2008 May 2014 Datuk Ahmad Said Barisan Nasional
May 2014 May 2018 Dato' Seri Ahmad Razif Abd Rahman Barisan Nasional
May 2018 Current Dato' Seri Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar PAS
Perikatan Nasional

Note:* The state Government formed by PAS after the general election in 1959 was turned over to Perikatan in Nov 1961, due to a vote of no confidence in the State Assembly and the fact that two PAS assemblymen switched parties[12]

2008 Menteri Besar appointment crisis edit

Following the ruling party UMNO's return to power over Terengganu after winning 24 out of 32 seats in the 2008 general elections, Prime Minister (PM) Abdullah Ahmad Badawi put forth the reappointment of Datuk Seri Idris Jusoh to a second term as Menteri Besar. In what political analysts described as a possible constitutional crisis, trouble began to precipitate after the Sultan of Terengganu, Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin, who is also the then Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia refused to re-appoint and swear in Idris as Menteri Besar.[13] Similar problems occurred in the state of Perlis where the PM's choice was also rejected, in which the latter eventually gave in to its Sultan.[14]

The Sultan of Terengganu appointed Ahmad Said instead for the job, with the Regency Advisory Council handing him the letter of appointment. The PM claimed that the appointment of Ahmad Said was unconstitutional as it went against the wishes of the assemblymen and the Prime Minister's office who have supported Idris Jusoh candidacy for Menteri Besar.[15]

In spite of threats to strip Ahmad Said of his party membership "for disobeying the leadership", he went to the office in Wisma Darul Iman to begin the first day of his new appointment on 25 March 2008. The party announced earlier that they made good on their promise to remove his membership, which technically disqualifies him to be appointed as Menteri Besar in the first place.[16] The ruling also planned to vote down the sultan's choice through a motion of no-confidence by 22 UMNO state assemblymen.

The opposition party Parti Islam SeMalaysia in the meantime promised that its assemblymen would support Ahmad Said as Menteri Besar.[17]

On 26 March 2008 however, PM Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin met at Istana Negara to resolve the deadlock.[18] The Prime Minister reversed his stance and decided to accept the King's appointment of Ahmad Said as Chief Minister of Terengganu.[19][20] He also apologised to the King for the public spat over the appointment of the Menteri Besar, explaining that there was no intention to disparage or humiliate the royal household.

The apparent backdown was due to threat that the royal household would be prepared to dissolve the state assembly if the motion of no-confidence was initiated against Ahmad Said, which would trigger another election in what is already a climate of discontent towards the ruling party and the possibility of dissenting assemblymen defecting to the opposition.[21]

The UMNO Supreme Council proceeded to endorse Ahmad Said as the new Menteri Besar of Terengganu. With the resolution of the impasse, Ahmad Said expressed his gratefulness on his appointment and paid tribute to Idris, an old friend he has known since university, for the work he has done for the Terengganu people so far and to seek his advice. After the swearing in ceremony where the duties are handed over from Idris, he also expressed hopes in moving on to discharge his responsibility to the people and eradicate poverty within the state.[22][23]

Administrative divisions edit

Terengganu is divided into 8 districts (daerah), 99 mukims, and 7 local governments.[24][25][26]

Administrative divisions of Terengganu
UPI code[24] Districts Population
(2020 census)[27]
Population
(mid 2023
estimate)[28]
Area
(km2)[26]
Seat Mukims
1101   Besut 154,168 162,600 1,233.678 Kampung Raja 19
1102   Dungun 158,130 165,200 2,735.031 Kuala Dungun 13
1103   Hulu Terengganu 69,881 73,700 3,874.626 Kuala Berang 10
1104   Kemaman 215,582 226,600 2,535.599 Chukai 17
1105   Kuala Terengganu 229,781 241,000 210.215 Kuala Terengganu 21
1106   Marang 116,605 124,000 666.543 Marang 8
1107   Setiu 59,651 62,900 1,304.363 Bandar Permaisuri 7
1108   Kuala Nerus 145,642 153,600 397.521 Kuala Nerus 4
Note: Most districts have a single local government, excepting Kuala Nerus and Kuala Terengganu, respectively under the jurisdiction of Kuala Terengganu City Council.

On 18 September 2014, it was announced that the Kuala Terengganu District sub-district of Kuala Nerus would become Terengganu's 8th district, to be called Kuala Nerus by sixth Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak.[29]

Demographics edit

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1970 405,368—    
1980 525,255+29.6%
1991 766,244+45.9%
2000 880,234+14.9%
2010 1,011,363+14.9%
2020 1,149,440+13.7%
2023 1,209,400+5.2%
Source: [30]

Terengganu has a population of 1,015,776 as of 2010,[31] which increase to 1,149,440 in 2020.[32] The official mid-year estimate in 2023 was 1,209,400.[33] In 2006, Malays made up 94.7% of the population and Chinese, 2.6%, while Indians 0.2% and other ethnic groups comprise the remainder, 2.4%.[34] According to the 2010 census, the ethnic composition of Terengganu was 97% Bumiputras, 2.6% Chinese, 0.2% Indian, and 0.1% others.[35]

In 2000, the state's population was only 48.7% urban; the majority lived in rural areas.[36] By the 2005 census, the proportions had changed significantly, with 51% of the population living in urban areas and 49% in the rural areas.[36] Terengganu recorded the lowest life expectancy in Malaysia for both males and females for the period 2021-2023.[37]

Ethnic groups edit

Terengganu is one of Malaysia's most homogeneous states along with Kelantan. More than 95% of the population is ethnically Malay, but there are other ethnic groups that live in the state as well including Chinese (mostly Hokkien), Indians (mostly Tamils), Siamese and Orang Aslis (Batek and Semaq Beri).

Malays edit

Malays are the largest ethnic group in the state with more than 94% of the population. The Malays in Terengganu are distinct from Malays of other parts of the country, they have unique cultures, traditions and spoken language. There are two sub-groups of Malays in the state:

Terengganu Malays

Terengganu Malays are the majority Malay sub-group in the state. They are the dominant Malay sub-group in all districts of Terengganu except for Besut and northern Setiu. They habitually speak Terengganu Malay language which is distinct but closely related to Kelantanese variety in the north. Terengganu Malays are also known for their rich cultures and traditions, one of the most well known is the Ulek Mayang.

Besut Malays

Besut Malays are predominantly found in the district of Besut and northern Setiu. Despite being Terengganu citizens, they are ethnically, linguistically and culturally closer to, and still maintain strong ties with, Kelantan. Most Malays in Besut and northern Setiu speaks only Kelantanese, although those who have long been exposed to other districts of Terengganu can speak Terengganuan as well.

Chinese edit

The Chinese Terengganuan form the largest minority ethnic group in the state. They are mostly Hokkien by ancestry and speak a dialect of Hokkien. Unlike other parts of Malaysia, the Chinese in Terengganu are much more assimilated; they speak fluent local Malay (Terengganuan in most parts of Terengganu and Kelantanese in Besut) and also share a similar lifestyle. They also have a local Peranakan culture known as "Mek Awang" which is a mixture of Chinese (mostly Hokkien) and Malay (Terengganu Malay) cultures, which can be seen in their cuisine and clothing and their language as well.

Indian edit

Indians in Terengganu are mostly Tamils and the majority are adherents of Hinduism, although a minority follow Islam. Like their Chinese counterparts, the Indian community in Terengganu are highly assimilated, with many fluent in Terengganu Malay along with Tamil, Standard Malay and English. There is one major Hindu temple in Kuala Terengganu. Most Indians in Terengganu live in urban areas like Kuala Terengganu.

Siamese edit

The Siamese in Terengganu maintain a small but well-organised community. They can be found in Besut and few in Setiu and Kuala Terengganu. Physically, there is little difference between Malays and Siamese other than their name and religion. Their native language is Southern Thai language but most speak Kelantanese as large numbers of them live in Besut.

Orang Asli edit

The Orang Aslis are the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia. In Terengganu they can be found mostly in Hulu Terengganu and Besut districts. There are two Orang Asli ethnic groups in Terengganu, the Semaq Beris lives near Lake Kenyir or other parts of the district, they belong to Senoi group. Besides the Semaq Beris, there are also Batek people, a Semang ethnic group mostly found in interior parts of Terengganu, especially in Taman Negara area or in other parts of Terengganu. Both Semaq Beris and Bateks still maintain their semi-nomadic lifestyle although some now lives in permanent homes. Both are also speakers of Austroasiatic languages.

Languages edit

The people of Terengganu generally speak Coastal Terengganu Malay, which is distinct from standard Malay and Kelantan-Pattani Malay, except for those in Besut district, Perhentian Islands and some parts of Setiu where Kelantanese are more dominant. Those that live in Hulu Terengganu had their own distinct variant but closely related to Coastal Terengganu Malay. Chinese Terengganuans are predominantly Hoklo people and thus mostly speak Hokkien as their first language, although a number of Mandarin speakers are increasing. Indians in Terengganu mostly speak Malaysian Tamil. There is also an Orang Asli languages such as Batek and Semaq Beri, spoken in inland parts of Terengganu and is part of the Austroasiatic language family. There is also a small number of Cham language speakers spoken by a small community of Cham people in Dungun.[38]

Religion edit

Religion in Terengganu - 2020 Census[39]
religion percent
Islam
95%
Buddhism
1.8%
Hinduism
1.3%
Christianity
0.2%
Unknown / None
0.1%
Chinese Ethnic Religion
0.1%
No Religion
0%
Others
0%

According to the 2020 Census, the population of Terengganu is 95% Muslim, 1.8% Buddhist, 1.3% Hindu, 0.2% Christian, and 0.2% follower of Chinese folk religions or unknown affiliation.[39]

Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 91.4% of the Chinese population are identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians (4.7%), Chinese folk religions (1.6%) and Muslims (1.4%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (69.8%), with a significant minorities of numbers identifying as Muslims (18.1%), Christians (5.3%) and Buddhists (4.9%). The non-Malay bumiputera community are predominantly Muslims (56.8%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (33.2%) and Buddhists (5.6%). All Malays are Muslims.[40]

Economy edit

Terengganu used to be Malaysia's poorest state until oil and gas were discovered off its coastline in the 80s.[41] Terengganu's main industry now is petroleum and gas. There are huge petrochemical complexes near Paka and Kerteh, involving many joint ventures between the Malaysian national oil company, Petronas, and foreign multinationals. Tourism and fishing are also major industries in Terengganu, a state with a long coastline. Agriculture also remains important, with banana, rambutan, durian, watermelon, and various other fruits and vegetables available in season. Terengganu was traditionally famous for boatbuilding, with highly decorated carved wooden boats called bangau to be found in the harbour of every village and town in days not so long gone by, before electric motorboats became standard equipment for the state's fishermen.

Income and Quality of life 1995[42] 2005[42]
GDP (RM Million) 12,082.9 16,821.2
GDP Per Capita (RM) 13,636.1 13,642.6
Average Household Income (RM) 1,113.0 2,075.3
Crude Birth Rate (Per Thousand) 29.5 18.5
Infant Mortality Rate (Per Thousand) 10.4 6.5
Number of Population Per Doctor 2,803.0 1,930.0
Number of Students Per Teacher 17.6 15.1
Motor Vehicles Registered (Per Thousand) 181.0 212.5
Number of Viewers Per TV 11.4 9.0

Culture and attractions edit

 
Crystal Mosque in Kuala Terengganu
 
Kemaman Museum in Kemaman
 
Kemasik Beach, in the town of Kemasik, Kemaman District

Terengganu did not receive many Indian or Chinese migrants, and therefore Malay cultural influences predominate. Traditional pursuits such as kite-flying contests, top-spinning contests, and traditional arts & crafts, such as batik and songket are still very much alive. The people of Terengganu have always had a reputation for being socially conservative and devout Muslims.

The major tourist attractions in the state include: Kuala Terengganu, the capital; Islamic Heritage Park, Tasik Kenyir, a large artificial lake; Sekayu Waterfalls; Kuala Ibai Lagoons; Batu Burok Beach, Kemasik Beach, Rantau Abang, Setiu Wetlands, Marang, Chukai town and several offshore islands such as Pulau Redang, Pulau Lang Tengah, and Pulau Kapas, and the Pulau Perhentian, which attract beachgoers and snorkelers because of their picture perfect beaches. Many travellers find the relatively rural and tranquil atmosphere in the state conducive to a relaxing holiday.

Terengganu has recently been known internationally as the host of Monsoon Cup, which was first held in 2005 and then became an annual national sporting event. The event brought millions of ringgit of investment into the state from the private sectors and Malaysian Government. Tourists flocked to Kuala Terengganu and Duyong to witness this event, held during the monsoon season, which had previously been low season for tourism in Terengganu.

Basic Tourism Sector Data 1999[43] 2005[43]
Average Day of Stays of Foreign Tourist 3.3 4.2
Average Day of Stays of Domestic Tourist 1.9 3.1
Sectorial Contribution to the Economy (RM Million) 298.9 1281.0
Number of Registered Tourist Agents 70 92
Number of Tourist Guides 21 37
Average Hotel Occupancy Rate (%) 55.9 58.3
Domestic Tourist 1,002,324 1,624,726
Foreign Tourist 146,713 197,952
Total Tourist Arrival 1,149,037 1,822,678

Culture edit

Terengganu, along with Kelantan, is known as the cradle of the Malay civilization in Peninsular Malaysia. There are various traditional dances in the state such as the Ulek Mayang, Rodat, Saba, Balai, and Nur Sakti; some even predate the arrival of Islam in the region. Terengganu is also one of few states to adopt the gamelan as part of their traditional theatre (after Riau and Pahang); the Terengganu gamelan has developed a distinct identity from Sundanese and Javanese gamelan. The gamelan was originally brought to Pahang and later to Terengganu, and was played only during royal occasions. Today the gamelan is part of the state's cultural heritage.

Events edit

  • 2008 National Horse Show at Terengganu Equestrian Resort 31 October to 2 November
  • Monsoon Cup- international sailing event
  • Sultan's Cup Terengganu Endurance Challenge - Horse Endurance Race
  • Formula Future- speed boat racing for under 15
  • Kapas-Marang International Swimathon- International swimming event
  • Kenyir Motocross Championship
  • Terengganu Masters- Golf
  • Kenyir International Mountain Bike Challenge
  • 'Candat Sotong' Fiesta - fishing competition
  • Kenyir Lake International Triathlon
  • Terengganu Starhill Tasik Kenyir 4x4 Challenge
  • Tasik Puteri Water Festival
  • Terengganu Traditional Games Competition
  • Terengganu International 4WD Rainforest Challenge 2007
  • FEI World Endurance Championship 2008
  • Le Tour de Langkawi 2012
  • Terengganu International Squid Jigging Festival

Cuisine edit

The most famous local food is Keropok Lekor, which is made primarily from a combination of dough (sago flour) and pounded fish mainly from mackerel and sardines, fried and served with hot chilli sauce for afternoon tea. Keropok Keping (fish crackers) are made from sun-dried slices of Keropok Lekor. Numerous keropok stalls are to be found on the side of the highway that passes through coastal communities. Keropok lekor is best eaten with local chili sauce, made from dried chili, tamarind, sugar and vinegar.

Budu, a very pungent and salty anchovy sauce is also popular among the locals. It is often mixed with sliced onions and chillies as condiments. Budu made from ikan bilis fermented with salt. There are other version of budu, known as Pelara were made by using mackerel were popular among the older generation, can be found in traditional market sold in bottles.

Laksam (or laksang in Terengganu Malay), a modified version of laksa, is made from rice flour (thick and soft slices). It is served in a bowl of light fresh coconut milk mixed with boiled fish flesh (mainly mackerel), finely chopped cucumbers, chillies, onions and long beans. It is eaten cold at breakfast.

Another Terengganu speciality is sata, a type of otak-otak or fish cake wrapped in banana leaves and cooked over a grill. Sata made from combination of fish and grated coconut, with some portion of spice.

Nasi dagang is also popular.

Education edit

 
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

There are several institutes of higher learning in Terengganu. They are either categorised as Institut Pengajian Tinggi Awam (IPTA); public university or Institut Pengajian Tinggi Swasta (IPTS); private university. Among public universities which have campus in Terengganu is the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Both universities have campus in Gong Badak, in north Kuala Terengganu.

Beside that, Terengganu also had 3 Universiti Teknologi MARA branches, in Kuala Terengganu, Dungun and Bukit Besi. Also, Terengganu host several private university and college, such as TATI University College in Kemaman, UCSI Terengganu campus in Marang, Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) in Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu and Kolej Teknologi Bestari in Setiu, Politechnics Sultan Zainal Abidin, among others.

List of Tertiary Institutes (public and private)

  • Politeknik Kuala Terengganu
  • Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
  • Universiti Teknologi MARA (3 branches)
  • Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
  • Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin
  • Kolej PTPL
  • Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara (KKTM) Kemaman
  • Kolej Teknologi & Inovasi KRIM
  • Institut Teknologi Petronas
  • Kolej Seri Iman
  • Kolej Ketengah
  • RANACO Education and Training Institute (RETI)
  • Kolej Teras Timur
  • Kolej Islam Sains Teknologi (KIST)
  • TATI University College(TATIUC)
  • MARA KETENGAH International College (MKIC)

Secondary school (high school) education is provided by Sekolah Kebangsaan (National School, e.g.: Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Sulaiman), Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (National-type School) Chinese primary schools, and Sekolah Ugama (Religious schools, e.g.: SMA Sultan Zainal Abidin Ladang). All of them follow the syllabus and curriculum provided and regulated by the Malaysian Ministry of Education (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia). Every year the state government spends RM34 million to develop education in Terengganu. Part of these grants ensures that every eligible primary school student in Terengganu is able to get a Netbook worth RM1000 to help in their studies.

Transportation edit

 
Sultan Mahmud Airport
 
Bus station in Kemaman

Air edit

There are three airports located in Terengganu, of which two of them are open to the public. Sultan Mahmud Airport located in Gong Badak, Kuala Nerus is the state's main airport and serves as a main gateway by air to and from Terengganu. Other public airport is the Redang Airport, located in Redang Island off the coast of Terengganu.

Kerteh Airport, located in the town of Kerteh, Kemaman is the state's second largest airport but is not open to public because the airport is owned and operated by Petroliam Nasional Berhad or Petronas via its East Coast Regional Office (ECRO), and was built to serve the purpose of airlifting its employees and ExxonMobil employees to their various oil platforms located 100–200 km offshore South China Sea. The airport although small, has a single 1,362 m (4,469 ft) long runway which can accommodate a Boeing 737-400 aircraft.

A military air force base, RMAF Gong Kedak is located between the borders of Kelantan (Pasir Puteh) and Terengganu (Besut) and has an airstrip which crosses the two state borders.

Sister states edit

See also edit

In popular culture edit

Movies edit

  • Tukang Perahu Pulau Duyong (2013)

References edit

  1. ^ "Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal". www.dosm.gov.my.
  2. ^ a b . Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 27. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  3. ^ . Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  4. ^ "Terengganu has longest, cleanest beach: Malaysia Book of Records | New Straits Times". 25 August 2015.
  5. ^ a b (in Malay). jutr.gov.my. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
  6. ^ "Pronouncing Terengganu by locals". Blogspot. 6 July 2010.
  7. ^ "Bewah Man yet to go home".
  8. ^ Nicholas Tarling, ed. (25 January 1993). The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 514. ISBN 978-0521355056.
  9. ^ Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). A history of Malaysia. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-312-38120-2.
  10. ^ Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). A history of Malaysia. Martin's Press. p. 121.
  11. ^ "Rulers of Terengganu". Retrieved 23 May 2007.
  12. ^ (in Malay). Parti Islam Se-Malaysia. Archived from the original on 12 May 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
  13. ^ Carolyn Hong (25 March 2008). "State tussle, national crisis?". The Straits Times. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  14. ^ "Malaysian king, prime minister in conflict over appointment as constitutional crisis looms". Associated Press. 24 March 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  15. ^ "Terengganu MB Appointment Unconstitutional, Says Abdullah". Bernama.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 1 February 2009.
  17. ^ . The Star (Malaysia). 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  18. ^ . The Star (Malaysia). 26 March 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  19. ^ . Malaysia Insider. 26 March 2008. Archived from the original on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  20. ^ . The Star (Malaysia). 30 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  21. ^ S JAYASANKARAN (25 March 2008). "Abdullah in sticky situation in Terengganu". The Business Times. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  22. ^ "New Terengganu Menteri Besar Pays Tribute To Idris". Bernama. 30 March 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  23. ^ ROSLI ZAKARIA (30 March 2008). . New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  24. ^ a b "Kod Dan Nama Sempadan Pentadbiran Tanah" [Land Administration Boundary Code And Name] (PDF) (in Malay). Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia. 2011. pp. 1–49 [1/55]. Retrieved 18 October 2019.[permanent dead link]
  25. ^ "Local Authorities". Government of Terengganu. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  26. ^ a b (PDF) (in Malay). Government of Terengganu. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  27. ^ Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2020.
  28. ^ Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2023.
  29. ^ Sean, Ong Han (19 September 2014). "Kuala Nerus is newest T'ganu district". The Star. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  30. ^ "Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3.
  31. ^ . Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. iv. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
  32. ^ 2020 Census of population, Department of Statistics Malaysia.
  33. ^ Official mid-2023 estimate, Department of Statistics Malaysia.
  34. ^ (in Malay). Malaysian Consensus Department. Archived from the original on 26 February 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  35. ^ (PDF) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. p. 11
  36. ^ a b (in Malay and English). Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri. 2006. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
  37. ^ "Selangorians have highest life expectancy in Malaysia, Terengganu lowest". 26 September 2023.
  38. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucMEcqxPgu8
  39. ^ a b (PDF) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2012. p. 13
  40. ^ (PDF) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. p. 95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  41. ^ "PM: Oil and gas industry the backbone of Terengganu's rapid development". The Star. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  42. ^ a b (in Malay and English). Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri. 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
  43. ^ a b (in Malay and English). Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri. 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2008.

[1]

External links edit

  • Terengganu State Government Information Portal
  • Tourism Malaysia - Terengganu
  1. ^ "PenyuSukan.com - Terengganu Peroleh Exco Sukan Baharu". 16 May 2018.

terengganu, darul, iman, redirects, here, kingdom, besut, besut, darul, iman, confused, with, indian, state, telangana, malay, pronunciation, tərəŋɡanu, malay, tranung, jawi, ترڠݢانو, formerly, spelled, trengganu, tringganu, sultanate, federal, state, malaysia. Darul Iman redirects here For Kingdom of Besut see Besut Darul Iman Not to be confused with the Indian state of Telangana Terengganu Malay pronunciation tereŋɡanu Terengganu Malay Tranung Jawi ترڠݢانو formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu is a sultanate and federal state of Malaysia The state is also known by its Arabic honorific Daru l iman Abode of Faith The coastal city of Kuala Terengganu which stands at the mouth of the broad Terengganu River is both the state and royal capital as well as the largest city in Terengganu Other major cities and towns includes Jerteh Kuala Dungun Chukai Kuala Berang Marang and Permaisuri At 13 035 square kilometres in size and a population of over 1 2 million people in 2023 Terengganu is Malaysia s 7th largest state by area and 10th largest in population Terengganu along with Kelantan Perlis and the Federal Territory of Putrajaya is one of the most homogeneous states territories in the country of which 95 of the population are ethnic Malay Muslims with its own distinct language dialect culture history and tradition Terengganu TranungStateTerengganu Darul Imanترڠݢانو دار الإيمان Other transcription s Jawiترڠݢانو Chinese登嘉楼 Simplified 登嘉樓 Traditional Tamilத ர ங க ன Tiraṅkaṉu Transliteration FlagCoat of armsNickname Turtle stateMotto s Maju Berkat dan Sejahteraماجو بركت دان سجهترا Advanced Blessed and ProsperousAnthem Selamat Sultanسلامت سلطان God Save The Sultan source source track track Terengganu in MalaysiaOpenStreetMapCoordinates 4 45 N 103 0 E 4 750 N 103 000 E 4 750 103 000Capital and largest city Kuala TerengganuRoyal capitalKuala TerengganuGovernment TypeParliamentary constitutional monarchy SultanMizan Zainal Abidin Menteri BesarAhmad Samsuri Mokhtar PN PAS Area 2 Total13 035 km2 5 033 sq mi Highest elevation Mount Lawit 1 519 m 4 984 ft Population 2020 Census 3 Total1 149 440 1 10th DemonymTerengganuan TerengganurianDemographics of Terengganu Ethnic compositionMalays amp indigenous 97 6 Chinese 2 Indian 0 2 Non Malaysians 0 2 LanguagesTerengganu MalayBesut MalaySemaq BeriBateqOther ethnic minority languages ReligionsIslam 97 Buddhism 2 5 Hinduism 0 2 Christianity 0 2 Others 0 2 Economy HDI 2021 0 791 high 11th GDP 2021 RM 38 2 billion GDP per capita 2021 RM 32 199Postal code20xxx to 24xxxCalling code09Vehicle registrationTEstablishment of the Sultanate1724British control1909Japanese occupation1942Accession into the Federation of Malaya1948Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya31 August 1957Websitewww wbr terengganu wbr gov wbr myLocated on the East Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia Terengganu borders with the state of Kelantan to the north and Pahang to the west and south while to the east of Terengganu is the South China Sea Terengganu is geographically divided into sparsely populated and mountainous inland known as Terengganu Highlands of which the highest point is Mount Lawit at 1 519 metres that spans from the border with Kelantan to Kemaman district and largely flat coastal plains of which most of the state s 1 1 million people are concentrated The state is known for having the longest coastline in west Malaysia and achieved the Malaysian Book of Records for having the cleanest beach in the country 4 Many of the most popular islands in Malaysia are located in the state of Terengganu such as Perhentian Kapas and Redang islands as well as Bidong Island which was once a refuge to tens of thousands of Vietnamese refugees in the 1970s Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 Chinese naming 2 History 2 1 Prehistory 2 2 Hindu Buddhist Era 2 3 Medieval and early modern period 2 4 Modern era 3 Geography 4 Politics and government 4 1 Constitution 4 2 The Sultan of Terengganu 4 2 1 Regency 4 3 Chief Ministers 4 3 1 2008 Menteri Besar appointment crisis 4 4 Administrative divisions 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnic groups 5 1 1 Malays 5 1 2 Chinese 5 1 3 Indian 5 1 4 Siamese 5 1 5 Orang Asli 5 2 Languages 5 3 Religion 6 Economy 7 Culture and attractions 7 1 Culture 7 2 Events 8 Cuisine 9 Education 10 Transportation 10 1 Air 11 Sister states 12 See also 13 In popular culture 13 1 Movies 14 References 15 External linksEtymology editThere are several theories on the origin of the name Terengganu One theory attributes the name s origin to terang ganu Malay for bright rainbow 5 Another story said to have been originally narrated by the ninth Sultan of Terengganu Baginda Omar tells of a party of hunters from Pahang roving and hunting in the area of what is now southern Terengganu One of the hunters spotted a big animal fang lying on the ground A fellow party member asked to which animal did the fang belong The hunter not knowing which animal simply answered taring anu Malay fang of something The party later returned to Pahang with a rich hoard of game fur and sandalwood which impressed their neighbours They asked the hunters where did they source their riches to which they replied from the land of taring anu which later evolved into Terengganu 5 Terengganu was called Trangkanu Thai trngkanu by the Siamese when it was under their influence Terengganuans usually pronounce Terengganu as Tranung or Ganu with the G often being emphasized 6 Chinese naming edit The traditional Chinese name for Terengganu has been 丁加奴 Pinyin dingjianu which is a direct transcription of the Malay name However in recent years the Chinese community in Terengganu has raised objections to the name citing citation needed that the characters used loosely translate to giving birth to a child who will become a slave Chinese 添丁加做奴 Therefore they successfully petitioned the regulatory commission for Chinese language in Malaysia to change the Chinese name for the state to 登嘉楼 Pinyin dengjialou which can be loosely translated to aspiring stepping up to a higher level in September 2004 The new name was in unofficial use by the state s Chinese community for at least 30 years before its official adoption Certain segments of the Chinese community opposed the name change citing the fact that the new name contains too many character strokes making it much more difficult to write They have proposed to revert the name to the version used before 2004 but with the word 奴 slave which was mainly the cause of the controversy to the similar sounding but more positive 努 perseverance History editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp The Terengganu Inscription Stone The Jawi alphabet inscriptions are of local laws influenced by Sharia and thus one of the earliest proof of Islamic influence in MalaysiaPrehistory edit Human activities may have already existed in Terengganu as early as 16 000 years ago during the Paleolithic age as evidenced by the discovery of a skeleton in Gua Bewah Hulu Terengganu in 2009 The skeleton which is called Bewah Man Malay Orang Bewah has been analyzed as 5 000 years older than skeletons found in Perak making it the oldest known modern human skeleton in the country 7 Hindu Buddhist Era edit Terengganu s location by the South China Sea ensured that it was on trade routes since ancient times Based on Ptolemy s 2nd century map called Golden Chersonese the areas of what would be known as Terengganu today was historically called Perimula and Kole Polis The earliest written reports on the area that mentioned the name Terengganu were by Chinese merchants and seafarers in the early 6th century A D During the early Hindu Buddhist period Terengganu was known as Tan Tan which is based in what is now Kuala Telemong It was a small ancient polity that came under the influence of Langkasuka a powerful kingdom based either in Kedah or Patani in the 1st century AD citation needed In the 7th century the dynasty of Langkasuka that once ruled over Terengganu was replaced by a new kingdom called Srivijaya citation needed Under Srivijaya Terengganu traded extensively with other kingdoms in the Malay Peninsula Borneo and Sumatra Champa Khmer Empire Majapahit Empire and especially the Chinese citation needed Medieval and early modern period edit Terengganu was the first Malay state to receive Islam as attested to by the Terengganu Inscription Stone with Arabic inscriptions found in Kuala Berang the capital of the district of Hulu Terengganu The inscribed date which is incomplete due to damage can be read as various dates from 702 to 789 AH 1303 to 1387 CE 8 Terengganu became a vassal state of Malacca but retained considerable autonomy with the emergence of Johor Sultanate nbsp A Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi which comes from the 15th century navigation maps of Zheng He showing Trengganu 丁架路 at the top left Terengganu emerged as an independent sultanate in 1724 The first sultan was Tun Zainal Abidin the younger brother of a former sultan of Johor and Johor strongly influenced Terengganu politics through the 18th century However in the book Tuhfat al Nafis the author Raja Ali Haji mentions that in the year 1708 Tun Zainal Abidin was installed as the Sultan of Terengganu by Daeng Menampuk also known as Raja Tua under the rule of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah In 1741 Sultan Sulaiman installed Sultan Mansur as ruler of Terengganu his rule from 1741 to 1793 saw him creating a strong united Malay front against the rising power of the Bugis He expanded his power on a weakened and divided Kelantan in 1764 culminating in the installation of his son s marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Kelantan European accounts of the time praised the well ordered administration of his rule while at the same time he was highly respected by his subjects 9 In the 19th century Terengganu became a vassal state of the Thai Rattanakosin Kingdom and sent tribute every year called bunga mas This occurred under the reign of Sultan Omar Riayat Shah who was remembered as a devout ruler who promoted trade and stable government Terengganu prospered and was largely left alone by the authorities in Bangkok unlike in neighbouring Patani and Kelantan 10 The period also witnessed the existence of a Terengganuan vassal of Besut Darul Iman Modern era edit The terms of the Anglo Siamese Treaty of 1909 saw power over Terengganu transferred from Siam to Great Britain A British advisor was appointed to the sultan in 1919 and Terengganu become one of the Unfederated Malay States The move was highly unpopular locally and in 1928 the British used military force to suppress a popular uprising During World War II Japan occupied Terengganu and transferred sovereignty over the state back to Siam which had been renamed Thailand in 1939 along with Kelantan Kedah and Perlis After the defeat of Japan British control over these Malay states was reestablished Terengganu became a member of the Federation of Malaya in 1948 then a state of a sovereign Malaya in 1957 which became Malaysia in 1963 Following decades of rule by the Barisan Nasional coalition the Pan Malaysian Islamic Party PAS came to power in 1999 making Terengganu the second state in Malaysia to be ruled by the Islamist party the first being neighbouring Kelantan Terengganu was recaptured in the 2004 Malaysian general election by the Barisan Nasional which continued to govern it until the 2018 Malaysian general election Geography edit nbsp Lake Kenyir nbsp Perhentian BesarTerengganu is situated in eastern Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered in the northwest by Kelantan the southwest by Pahang and the east by the South China Sea The state has a total area of 13 035 km2 5 033 sq mi 2 Its topographical profile ranges from relatively level on the coastal east and gradually becoming more hilly and mountainous towards the west as its western borders are delineated by the Pantai Timur Range with the highest point being Mount Lawit The range acts as the main watershed for the state s riverine systems as it is also home to Lake Kenyir which is the source of the Terengganu River the largest man made lake in the nation and serves as the state s major reservoir Several outlying islands including the Perhentians Kapas and Redang are also a part of the state Politics and government editMain articles Terengganu State Executive Council and Terengganu State Legislative Assembly nbsp Affiliation Coalition Party Leader Status Seats2023 election Current Perikatan Nasional Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar Government 32 32Government majority 32 32Constitution edit The Constitution of Terengganu came into force in 1911 It has a supplement that came into force in 1959 The official English title for the 1911 constitution is The Constitution of the Way of Illustrious Sovereignty The 1959 constitutional supplement is divided into two sections The sections official English language titles are The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu First Part and The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu Second Part The Sultan of Terengganu edit Main article Sultan of Terengganu The Sultan is the constitutional ruler of the state of Terengganu The State Constitution proclaims that the Sultan is the Ruler and fountain head of all authority of government in the State and Territory of Terengganu the Head of the Religion of Islam in the state and the source of all titles honours and dignities in the state He is also vested with the Executive Power of the State The hereditary Sultan of Terengganu since 1998 has been Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Regency edit As per both the Malaysian and state constitutions the Yang di Pertuan Agong or King of Malaysia cannot simultaneously reign as federal Head of State and ruler of his own state This means that a state ruler must appoint a regent to govern in his absence Between 2006 and 2011 the current Sultan served as the 13th King of Malaysia naming his eldest son and heir apparent Tengku Muhammad Ismail as Regent Pemangku Raja of Terengganu As he was only eight years old upon his father s election the young Prince co reigned with a three member Regency Advisory Council Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja headed by Raja Tengku Baderulzaman the King s younger brother as dictated by syarat 2 Fasal 16 AA Undang Undang Bagi Diri Kerajaan Terengganu Bab Yang Kedua of the Terengganu State Constitution Chief Ministers edit Main article Menteri Besar of Terengganu When Terengganu was an absolute monarchy the Chief Minister was selected by the Sultan Since the declaration of independence of Malaysia then called Tanah Melayu and the first general election the Chief Minister has been the State Assembly ADUN member elected by a majority of all State Assembly members who are themselves elected by universal adult suffrage of the citizens of their constituencies Below is the list of the Chief Ministers of Terengganu from 1925 Term Starts Term Ends Chief Minister 11 PartyApril 1925 June 1940 Dato Seri Amar Diraja Ngah Muhamad bin YusofJune 1940 May 1942 Tengku Seri Setia Raja Tengku Omar bin OthmanMay 1942 Dec 1945 Dato Jaya Perkasa Da Omar bin MahmudDec 1945 Dec 1949 Tengku Panglima Perang Tengku Muhamad bin al Marhum Sultan AhmadDec 1949 June 1959 Dato Perdana Menteri Di Raja Dato Seri Setia Raja Kamaruddin bin IdrisJune 1959 Nov 1961 Mohd Daud bin Abdul Samad PAS Nov 1961 Sep 1970 Tan Sri Ibrahim Fikri bin Mohammad PerikatanSep 1970 Sep 1971 Dato Mahmood bin Sulaiman PerikatanSep 1971 Aug 1974 Dato Nik Hassan bin Wan Abdul Rahman PerikatanSep 1974 Dec 1999 Dato Seri Amar Diraja Tan Sri Wan Mokhtar Ahmad Barisan NasionalDec 1999 March 2004 Dato Seri Abdul Hadi Awang PASMarch 2004 March 2008 Dato Seri Idris Jusoh Barisan NasionalMarch 2008 May 2014 Datuk Ahmad Said Barisan NasionalMay 2014 May 2018 Dato Seri Ahmad Razif Abd Rahman Barisan NasionalMay 2018 Current Dato Seri Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar PASPerikatan NasionalNote The state Government formed by PAS after the general election in 1959 was turned over to Perikatan in Nov 1961 due to a vote of no confidence in the State Assembly and the fact that two PAS assemblymen switched parties 12 2008 Menteri Besar appointment crisis edit Following the ruling party UMNO s return to power over Terengganu after winning 24 out of 32 seats in the 2008 general elections Prime Minister PM Abdullah Ahmad Badawi put forth the reappointment of Datuk Seri Idris Jusoh to a second term as Menteri Besar In what political analysts described as a possible constitutional crisis trouble began to precipitate after the Sultan of Terengganu Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin who is also the then Yang di Pertuan Agong King of Malaysia refused to re appoint and swear in Idris as Menteri Besar 13 Similar problems occurred in the state of Perlis where the PM s choice was also rejected in which the latter eventually gave in to its Sultan 14 The Sultan of Terengganu appointed Ahmad Said instead for the job with the Regency Advisory Council handing him the letter of appointment The PM claimed that the appointment of Ahmad Said was unconstitutional as it went against the wishes of the assemblymen and the Prime Minister s office who have supported Idris Jusoh candidacy for Menteri Besar 15 In spite of threats to strip Ahmad Said of his party membership for disobeying the leadership he went to the office in Wisma Darul Iman to begin the first day of his new appointment on 25 March 2008 The party announced earlier that they made good on their promise to remove his membership which technically disqualifies him to be appointed as Menteri Besar in the first place 16 The ruling also planned to vote down the sultan s choice through a motion of no confidence by 22 UMNO state assemblymen The opposition party Parti Islam SeMalaysia in the meantime promised that its assemblymen would support Ahmad Said as Menteri Besar 17 On 26 March 2008 however PM Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin met at Istana Negara to resolve the deadlock 18 The Prime Minister reversed his stance and decided to accept the King s appointment of Ahmad Said as Chief Minister of Terengganu 19 20 He also apologised to the King for the public spat over the appointment of the Menteri Besar explaining that there was no intention to disparage or humiliate the royal household The apparent backdown was due to threat that the royal household would be prepared to dissolve the state assembly if the motion of no confidence was initiated against Ahmad Said which would trigger another election in what is already a climate of discontent towards the ruling party and the possibility of dissenting assemblymen defecting to the opposition 21 The UMNO Supreme Council proceeded to endorse Ahmad Said as the new Menteri Besar of Terengganu With the resolution of the impasse Ahmad Said expressed his gratefulness on his appointment and paid tribute to Idris an old friend he has known since university for the work he has done for the Terengganu people so far and to seek his advice After the swearing in ceremony where the duties are handed over from Idris he also expressed hopes in moving on to discharge his responsibility to the people and eradicate poverty within the state 22 23 Administrative divisions edit Main articles List of districts in Malaysia and List of local governments in Malaysia Terengganu is divided into 8 districts daerah 99 mukims and 7 local governments 24 25 26 Administrative divisions of Terengganu nbsp Besut Setiu Kuala Nerus Kuala Terengganu Marang Hulu Terengganu Dungun KemamanUPI code 24 Districts Population 2020 census 27 Population mid 2023estimate 28 Area km2 26 Seat Mukims1101 nbsp Besut 154 168 162 600 1 233 678 Kampung Raja 191102 nbsp Dungun 158 130 165 200 2 735 031 Kuala Dungun 131103 nbsp Hulu Terengganu 69 881 73 700 3 874 626 Kuala Berang 101104 nbsp Kemaman 215 582 226 600 2 535 599 Chukai 171105 nbsp Kuala Terengganu 229 781 241 000 210 215 Kuala Terengganu 211106 nbsp Marang 116 605 124 000 666 543 Marang 81107 nbsp Setiu 59 651 62 900 1 304 363 Bandar Permaisuri 71108 nbsp Kuala Nerus 145 642 153 600 397 521 Kuala Nerus 4Note Most districts have a single local government excepting Kuala Nerus and Kuala Terengganu respectively under the jurisdiction of Kuala Terengganu City Council On 18 September 2014 it was announced that the Kuala Terengganu District sub district of Kuala Nerus would become Terengganu s 8th district to be called Kuala Nerus by sixth Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak 29 Demographics editHistorical populationYearPop 1970405 368 1980525 255 29 6 1991766 244 45 9 2000880 234 14 9 20101 011 363 14 9 20201 149 440 13 7 20231 209 400 5 2 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Source 30 Terengganu has a population of 1 015 776 as of 2010 update 31 which increase to 1 149 440 in 2020 32 The official mid year estimate in 2023 was 1 209 400 33 In 2006 Malays made up 94 7 of the population and Chinese 2 6 while Indians 0 2 and other ethnic groups comprise the remainder 2 4 34 According to the 2010 census the ethnic composition of Terengganu was 97 Bumiputras 2 6 Chinese 0 2 Indian and 0 1 others 35 In 2000 the state s population was only 48 7 urban the majority lived in rural areas 36 By the 2005 census the proportions had changed significantly with 51 of the population living in urban areas and 49 in the rural areas 36 Terengganu recorded the lowest life expectancy in Malaysia for both males and females for the period 2021 2023 37 Ethnic groups edit Terengganu is one of Malaysia s most homogeneous states along with Kelantan More than 95 of the population is ethnically Malay but there are other ethnic groups that live in the state as well including Chinese mostly Hokkien Indians mostly Tamils Siamese and Orang Aslis Batek and Semaq Beri Malays edit Malays are the largest ethnic group in the state with more than 94 of the population The Malays in Terengganu are distinct from Malays of other parts of the country they have unique cultures traditions and spoken language There are two sub groups of Malays in the state Terengganu MalaysTerengganu Malays are the majority Malay sub group in the state They are the dominant Malay sub group in all districts of Terengganu except for Besut and northern Setiu They habitually speak Terengganu Malay language which is distinct but closely related to Kelantanese variety in the north Terengganu Malays are also known for their rich cultures and traditions one of the most well known is the Ulek Mayang Besut MalaysBesut Malays are predominantly found in the district of Besut and northern Setiu Despite being Terengganu citizens they are ethnically linguistically and culturally closer to and still maintain strong ties with Kelantan Most Malays in Besut and northern Setiu speaks only Kelantanese although those who have long been exposed to other districts of Terengganu can speak Terengganuan as well Chinese edit The Chinese Terengganuan form the largest minority ethnic group in the state They are mostly Hokkien by ancestry and speak a dialect of Hokkien Unlike other parts of Malaysia the Chinese in Terengganu are much more assimilated they speak fluent local Malay Terengganuan in most parts of Terengganu and Kelantanese in Besut and also share a similar lifestyle They also have a local Peranakan culture known as Mek Awang which is a mixture of Chinese mostly Hokkien and Malay Terengganu Malay cultures which can be seen in their cuisine and clothing and their language as well Indian edit Indians in Terengganu are mostly Tamils and the majority are adherents of Hinduism although a minority follow Islam Like their Chinese counterparts the Indian community in Terengganu are highly assimilated with many fluent in Terengganu Malay along with Tamil Standard Malay and English There is one major Hindu temple in Kuala Terengganu Most Indians in Terengganu live in urban areas like Kuala Terengganu Siamese edit Main article Malaysian Siamese The Siamese in Terengganu maintain a small but well organised community They can be found in Besut and few in Setiu and Kuala Terengganu Physically there is little difference between Malays and Siamese other than their name and religion Their native language is Southern Thai language but most speak Kelantanese as large numbers of them live in Besut Orang Asli edit The Orang Aslis are the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia In Terengganu they can be found mostly in Hulu Terengganu and Besut districts There are two Orang Asli ethnic groups in Terengganu the Semaq Beris lives near Lake Kenyir or other parts of the district they belong to Senoi group Besides the Semaq Beris there are also Batek people a Semang ethnic group mostly found in interior parts of Terengganu especially in Taman Negara area or in other parts of Terengganu Both Semaq Beris and Bateks still maintain their semi nomadic lifestyle although some now lives in permanent homes Both are also speakers of Austroasiatic languages Languages edit The people of Terengganu generally speak Coastal Terengganu Malay which is distinct from standard Malay and Kelantan Pattani Malay except for those in Besut district Perhentian Islands and some parts of Setiu where Kelantanese are more dominant Those that live in Hulu Terengganu had their own distinct variant but closely related to Coastal Terengganu Malay Chinese Terengganuans are predominantly Hoklo people and thus mostly speak Hokkien as their first language although a number of Mandarin speakers are increasing Indians in Terengganu mostly speak Malaysian Tamil There is also an Orang Asli languages such as Batek and Semaq Beri spoken in inland parts of Terengganu and is part of the Austroasiatic language family There is also a small number of Cham language speakers spoken by a small community of Cham people in Dungun 38 Religion edit Religion in Terengganu 2020 Census 39 religion percentIslam 95 Buddhism 1 8 Hinduism 1 3 Christianity 0 2 Unknown None 0 1 Chinese Ethnic Religion 0 1 No Religion 0 Others 0 According to the 2020 Census the population of Terengganu is 95 Muslim 1 8 Buddhist 1 3 Hindu 0 2 Christian and 0 2 follower of Chinese folk religions or unknown affiliation 39 Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 91 4 of the Chinese population are identified as Buddhists with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians 4 7 Chinese folk religions 1 6 and Muslims 1 4 The majority of the Indian population are Hindus 69 8 with a significant minorities of numbers identifying as Muslims 18 1 Christians 5 3 and Buddhists 4 9 The non Malay bumiputera community are predominantly Muslims 56 8 with significant minorities identifying as Christians 33 2 and Buddhists 5 6 All Malays are Muslims 40 Economy editTerengganu used to be Malaysia s poorest state until oil and gas were discovered off its coastline in the 80s 41 Terengganu s main industry now is petroleum and gas There are huge petrochemical complexes near Paka and Kerteh involving many joint ventures between the Malaysian national oil company Petronas and foreign multinationals Tourism and fishing are also major industries in Terengganu a state with a long coastline Agriculture also remains important with banana rambutan durian watermelon and various other fruits and vegetables available in season Terengganu was traditionally famous for boatbuilding with highly decorated carved wooden boats called bangau to be found in the harbour of every village and town in days not so long gone by before electric motorboats became standard equipment for the state s fishermen Income and Quality of life 1995 42 2005 42 GDP RM Million 12 082 9 16 821 2GDP Per Capita RM 13 636 1 13 642 6Average Household Income RM 1 113 0 2 075 3Crude Birth Rate Per Thousand 29 5 18 5Infant Mortality Rate Per Thousand 10 4 6 5Number of Population Per Doctor 2 803 0 1 930 0Number of Students Per Teacher 17 6 15 1Motor Vehicles Registered Per Thousand 181 0 212 5Number of Viewers Per TV 11 4 9 0Culture and attractions edit nbsp Crystal Mosque in Kuala Terengganu nbsp Kemaman Museum in Kemaman nbsp Kemasik Beach in the town of Kemasik Kemaman DistrictTerengganu did not receive many Indian or Chinese migrants and therefore Malay cultural influences predominate Traditional pursuits such as kite flying contests top spinning contests and traditional arts amp crafts such as batik and songket are still very much alive The people of Terengganu have always had a reputation for being socially conservative and devout Muslims The major tourist attractions in the state include Kuala Terengganu the capital Islamic Heritage Park Tasik Kenyir a large artificial lake Sekayu Waterfalls Kuala Ibai Lagoons Batu Burok Beach Kemasik Beach Rantau Abang Setiu Wetlands Marang Chukai town and several offshore islands such as Pulau Redang Pulau Lang Tengah and Pulau Kapas and the Pulau Perhentian which attract beachgoers and snorkelers because of their picture perfect beaches Many travellers find the relatively rural and tranquil atmosphere in the state conducive to a relaxing holiday Terengganu has recently been known internationally as the host of Monsoon Cup which was first held in 2005 and then became an annual national sporting event The event brought millions of ringgit of investment into the state from the private sectors and Malaysian Government Tourists flocked to Kuala Terengganu and Duyong to witness this event held during the monsoon season which had previously been low season for tourism in Terengganu Basic Tourism Sector Data 1999 43 2005 43 Average Day of Stays of Foreign Tourist 3 3 4 2Average Day of Stays of Domestic Tourist 1 9 3 1Sectorial Contribution to the Economy RM Million 298 9 1281 0Number of Registered Tourist Agents 70 92Number of Tourist Guides 21 37Average Hotel Occupancy Rate 55 9 58 3Domestic Tourist 1 002 324 1 624 726Foreign Tourist 146 713 197 952Total Tourist Arrival 1 149 037 1 822 678Culture edit Terengganu along with Kelantan is known as the cradle of the Malay civilization in Peninsular Malaysia There are various traditional dances in the state such as the Ulek Mayang Rodat Saba Balai and Nur Sakti some even predate the arrival of Islam in the region Terengganu is also one of few states to adopt the gamelan as part of their traditional theatre after Riau and Pahang the Terengganu gamelan has developed a distinct identity from Sundanese and Javanese gamelan The gamelan was originally brought to Pahang and later to Terengganu and was played only during royal occasions Today the gamelan is part of the state s cultural heritage Events edit 2008 National Horse Show at Terengganu Equestrian Resort 31 October to 2 November Monsoon Cup international sailing event Sultan s Cup Terengganu Endurance Challenge Horse Endurance Race Formula Future speed boat racing for under 15 Kapas Marang International Swimathon International swimming event Kenyir Motocross Championship Terengganu Masters Golf Kenyir International Mountain Bike Challenge Candat Sotong Fiesta fishing competition Kenyir Lake International Triathlon Terengganu Starhill Tasik Kenyir 4x4 Challenge Tasik Puteri Water Festival Terengganu Traditional Games Competition Terengganu International 4WD Rainforest Challenge 2007 FEI World Endurance Championship 2008 Le Tour de Langkawi 2012 Terengganu International Squid Jigging FestivalCuisine editThe most famous local food is Keropok Lekor which is made primarily from a combination of dough sago flour and pounded fish mainly from mackerel and sardines fried and served with hot chilli sauce for afternoon tea Keropok Keping fish crackers are made from sun dried slices of Keropok Lekor Numerous keropok stalls are to be found on the side of the highway that passes through coastal communities Keropok lekor is best eaten with local chili sauce made from dried chili tamarind sugar and vinegar Budu a very pungent and salty anchovy sauce is also popular among the locals It is often mixed with sliced onions and chillies as condiments Budu made from ikan bilis fermented with salt There are other version of budu known as Pelara were made by using mackerel were popular among the older generation can be found in traditional market sold in bottles Laksam or laksang in Terengganu Malay a modified version of laksa is made from rice flour thick and soft slices It is served in a bowl of light fresh coconut milk mixed with boiled fish flesh mainly mackerel finely chopped cucumbers chillies onions and long beans It is eaten cold at breakfast Another Terengganu speciality is sata a type of otak otak or fish cake wrapped in banana leaves and cooked over a grill Sata made from combination of fish and grated coconut with some portion of spice Nasi dagang is also popular Education edit nbsp Universiti Sultan Zainal AbidinThere are several institutes of higher learning in Terengganu They are either categorised as Institut Pengajian Tinggi Awam IPTA public university or Institut Pengajian Tinggi Swasta IPTS private university Among public universities which have campus in Terengganu is the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Both universities have campus in Gong Badak in north Kuala Terengganu Beside that Terengganu also had 3 Universiti Teknologi MARA branches in Kuala Terengganu Dungun and Bukit Besi Also Terengganu host several private university and college such as TATI University College in Kemaman UCSI Terengganu campus in Marang Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS INSTEP in Batu Rakit Kuala Terengganu and Kolej Teknologi Bestari in Setiu Politechnics Sultan Zainal Abidin among others List of Tertiary Institutes public and private Politeknik Kuala Terengganu Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Universiti Teknologi MARA 3 branches Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS INSTEP Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Kolej PTPL Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara KKTM Kemaman Kolej Teknologi amp Inovasi KRIM Institut Teknologi Petronas Kolej Seri Iman Kolej Ketengah RANACO Education and Training Institute RETI Kolej Teras Timur Kolej Islam Sains Teknologi KIST TATI University College TATIUC MARA KETENGAH International College MKIC Secondary school high school education is provided by Sekolah Kebangsaan National School e g Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Sulaiman Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan National type School Chinese primary schools and Sekolah Ugama Religious schools e g SMA Sultan Zainal Abidin Ladang All of them follow the syllabus and curriculum provided and regulated by the Malaysian Ministry of Education Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia Every year the state government spends RM34 million to develop education in Terengganu Part of these grants ensures that every eligible primary school student in Terengganu is able to get a Netbook worth RM1000 to help in their studies Transportation edit nbsp Sultan Mahmud Airport nbsp Bus station in KemamanAir edit There are three airports located in Terengganu of which two of them are open to the public Sultan Mahmud Airport located in Gong Badak Kuala Nerus is the state s main airport and serves as a main gateway by air to and from Terengganu Other public airport is the Redang Airport located in Redang Island off the coast of Terengganu Kerteh Airport located in the town of Kerteh Kemaman is the state s second largest airport but is not open to public because the airport is owned and operated by Petroliam Nasional Berhad or Petronas via its East Coast Regional Office ECRO and was built to serve the purpose of airlifting its employees and ExxonMobil employees to their various oil platforms located 100 200 km offshore South China Sea The airport although small has a single 1 362 m 4 469 ft long runway which can accommodate a Boeing 737 400 aircraft A military air force base RMAF Gong Kedak is located between the borders of Kelantan Pasir Puteh and Terengganu Besut and has an airstrip which crosses the two state borders Sister states editThis section is empty You can help by adding to it October 2022 See also editProclamation of MalaysiaIn popular culture editMovies edit Tukang Perahu Pulau Duyong 2013 References edit Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal www dosm gov my a b Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia p 27 Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 Retrieved 24 January 2011 Population by States and Ethnic Group Department of Information Ministry of Communications and Multimedia Malaysia 2015 Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 Retrieved 12 February 2015 Terengganu has longest cleanest beach Malaysia Book of Records New Straits Times 25 August 2015 a b Data asas dan sejarah ringkas negeri Terengganu Darul Iman in Malay jutr gov my Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 Retrieved 21 March 2007 Pronouncing Terengganu by locals Blogspot 6 July 2010 Bewah Man yet to go home Nicholas Tarling ed 25 January 1993 The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Volume 1 Cambridge University Press p 514 ISBN 978 0521355056 Andaya Barbara Watson 1982 A history of Malaysia New York St Martin s Press p 85 ISBN 978 0 312 38120 2 Andaya Barbara Watson 1982 A history of Malaysia Martin s Press p 121 Rulers of Terengganu Retrieved 23 May 2007 History of PAS in Terengganu in Malay Parti Islam Se Malaysia Archived from the original on 12 May 2007 Retrieved 23 May 2007 Carolyn Hong 25 March 2008 State tussle national crisis The Straits Times Retrieved 1 April 2008 Malaysian king prime minister in conflict over appointment as constitutional crisis looms Associated Press 24 March 2008 Retrieved 1 April 2008 Terengganu MB Appointment Unconstitutional Says Abdullah Bernama Sultan s choice of MB stripped of Umno membership Archived from the original on 1 February 2009 PKR lodges report against Umno leaders and reps The Star Malaysia 25 March 2008 Archived from the original on 21 May 2011 Retrieved 1 April 2008 PM to see King over MB issue The Star Malaysia 26 March 2008 Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 Retrieved 1 April 2008 Ahmad Said stays Mentri Besar Malaysia Insider 26 March 2008 Archived from the original on 29 March 2008 Retrieved 26 March 2008 Ahmad Said sworn in as Terengganu MB The Star Malaysia 30 March 2008 Archived from the original on 10 April 2008 Retrieved 1 April 2008 S JAYASANKARAN 25 March 2008 Abdullah in sticky situation in Terengganu The Business Times Retrieved 1 April 2008 New Terengganu Menteri Besar Pays Tribute To Idris Bernama 30 March 2008 Retrieved 1 April 2008 ROSLI ZAKARIA 30 March 2008 Now we close ranks and work for the people New Straits Times Archived from the original on 2 April 2008 Retrieved 1 April 2008 a b Kod Dan Nama Sempadan Pentadbiran Tanah Land Administration Boundary Code And Name PDF in Malay Centre for Geospatial Data Infrastructure Ministry of Water Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia 2011 pp 1 49 1 55 Retrieved 18 October 2019 permanent dead link Local Authorities Government of Terengganu Retrieved 18 October 2019 a b Draf RSNT 2050 Kajian Semula PDF in Malay Government of Terengganu 2019 Archived from the original PDF on 1 May 2022 Retrieved 29 October 2020 Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020 Department of Statistics Malaysia 2023 Sean Ong Han 19 September 2014 Kuala Nerus is newest T ganu district The Star Retrieved 19 September 2014 Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 pdf in Malay and English Department of Statistics Malaysia ISBN 978 967 2000 85 3 Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia p iv Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 Retrieved 24 January 2011 2020 Census of population Department of Statistics Malaysia Official mid 2023 estimate Department of Statistics Malaysia Terengganu Basic Data in Malay Malaysian Consensus Department Archived from the original on 26 February 2007 Retrieved 3 May 2007 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia PDF in Malay and English Department of Statistics Malaysia Archived from the original PDF on 28 September 2011 p 11 a b Data Asas Negeri 2006 in Malay and English Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri 2006 Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 Retrieved 6 January 2008 Selangorians have highest life expectancy in Malaysia Terengganu lowest 26 September 2023 https www youtube com watch v ucMEcqxPgu8 a b 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia PDF in Malay and English Department of Statistics Malaysia Archived from the original PDF on 28 September 2011 Retrieved 17 June 2012 p 13 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia PDF in Malay and English Department of Statistics Malaysia p 95 Archived from the original PDF on 16 January 2013 Retrieved 17 June 2012 PM Oil and gas industry the backbone of Terengganu s rapid development The Star Retrieved 23 April 2023 a b Data Asas Negeri 2006 in Malay and English Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri 2006 Archived from the original on 9 December 2007 Retrieved 6 January 2008 a b Data Asas Negeri 2006 in Malay and English Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri 2006 Archived from the original on 9 December 2007 Retrieved 6 January 2008 1 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terengganu nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Terengganu Terengganu State Government Information Portal Tourism Malaysia Terengganu Terengganu tourism page PenyuSukan com Terengganu Peroleh Exco Sukan Baharu 16 May 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Terengganu amp oldid 1202123796, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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