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Ivory Coast

January 19, 2023

This article is about the West African country. For other uses, see Ivory Coast (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 8°N 5°W / 8°N 5°W / 8; -5

Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire,[a] officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to the south. Its official language is French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Christianity, Islam, and indigenous faiths.

Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
République de Côte d'Ivoire (French)
Motto: ‘Union – Discipline – Travail’ (French)
'Unity – Discipline – Work'
Anthem: L'Abidjanaise
(English: "Song of Abidjan")
CapitalYamoussoukro (political)
Abidjan (economic)
6°51′N 5°18′W / 6.850°N 5.300°W / 6.850; -5.300
Largest cityAbidjan
Official languagesFrench
Vernacular
languages
Ethnic groups
(2018)
Religion
(2021 census)[1]
Demonym(s)
  • Ivorian
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
• President
Alassane Ouattara
Tiémoko Meyliet Koné
Patrick Achi
LegislatureParliament of Ivory Coast
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
National Assembly
History
• Republic established
4 December 1958
• Independence from France
7 August 1960
Area
• Total
322,463 km2 (124,504 sq mi) (68th)
• Water (%)
1.4[2]
Population
• 2021 census
29,389,150[3]
• Density
91.1/km2 (235.9/sq mi) (139th)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
 $181.5  billion[4] (78th)
• Per capita
 $6,397[4] (138th)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
$68.8  billion[4] (84th)
• Per capita
$2,418[4] (141th)
Gini (2015) 41.5[5]
medium
HDI (2021) 0.550[6]
medium · 159th
CurrencyWest African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zoneUTC±00:00 (GMT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+225
ISO 3166 codeCI
Internet TLD.ci
  1. Including approximately 130,000 Lebanese and 14,000 French people.
  1. ^ The 2021 census did not report the religious affiliation of the remaining 2.2% of the population.

Before its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European Scramble for Africa. It achieved independence in 1960, led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who ruled the country until 1993. Relatively stable by regional standards, Ivory Coast established close political-economic ties with its West African neighbours while maintaining close relations with the West, especially France. Its stability was diminished by a coup d'état in 1999, then two civil wars—first between 2002 and 2007[8] and again during 2010–2011. It adopted a new constitution in 2016.

Ivory Coast is a republic with strong executive power vested in its president. Through the production of coffee and cocoa, it was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s, then experienced an economic crisis in the 1980s, contributing to a period of political and social turmoil that extended until 2011. Ivory Coast has experienced again high economic growth since the return of peace and political stability in 2011. From 2012 to 2021, the economy grew by an average of 7.4% per year in real terms, the second-fasted rate of economic growth in Africa and fourth-fastest rate in the world.[9] In 2020 Ivory Coast was the world's largest exporter of cocoa beans and had high levels of income for its region.[10] In the 21st century, the economy still relies heavily on agriculture, with smallholder cash-crop production predominating.[2]

Etymology

Originally, Portuguese and French merchant-explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries divided the west coast of Africa, very roughly, into four "coasts" reflecting resources available from each coast. The coast that the French named the Côte d'Ivoire and the Portuguese named the Costa do Marfim—both meaning "Coast of Ivory"—lay between what was known as the Guiné de Cabo Verde, so-called "Upper Guinea" at Cap-Vert, and Lower Guinea.[11][12] There was also a Pepper Coast, also known as the "Grain Coast" (present-day Liberia), a "Gold Coast" (Ghana), and a "Slave Coast" (Togo, Benin and Nigeria). Like those, the name "Ivory Coast" reflected the major trade that occurred on that particular stretch of the coast: the export of ivory.[13][11][14][12][15]

Other names for the area included the Côte de Dents,[b] literally "Coast of Teeth", again reflecting the ivory trade;[17][18][13][12][15][19] the Côte de Quaqua, after the people whom the Dutch named the Quaqua (alternatively Kwa Kwa);[18][11][16] the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes, after a type of cotton fabric also traded there;[18] and the Côte du Vent,[c] the Windward Coast, after perennial local off-shore weather conditions.[13][11] In the 19th century, usage switched to Côte d'Ivoire.[18]

The coastline of the modern state is not quite coterminous with what the 15th- and 16th-century merchants knew as the "Teeth" or "Ivory" coast, which was considered to stretch from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and which is thus now divided between the modern states of Ghana and Ivory Coast (with a minute portion of Liberia).[17][14][19][16] It retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960.[20] The name had long since been translated literally into other languages,[d] which the post-independence government considered increasingly troublesome whenever its international dealings extended beyond the Francophone sphere. Therefore, in April 1986, the government declared that Côte d'Ivoire (or, more fully, République de Côte d'Ivoire[22]) would be its formal name for the purposes of diplomatic protocol and has since officially refused to recognize any translations from French to other languages in its international dealings.[21][23][24] Despite the Ivorian government's request, the English translation "Ivory Coast" (often "the Ivory Coast") is still frequently used in English by various media outlets and publications.[e][f]

History

Main article: History of Ivory Coast

Land migration

 
Prehistoric polished stone celt from Boundiali in northern Ivory Coast, photo taken at the IFAN Museum of African Arts in Dakar, Senegal

The first human presence in Ivory Coast has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country's humid climate. However, newly found weapon and tool fragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and remnants of cooking and fishing) have been interpreted as a possible indication of a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC),[32] or at the minimum, the Neolithic period.[33]

The earliest known inhabitants of the Ivory Coast have left traces scattered throughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present indigenous inhabitants,[34] who migrated south into the area before the 16th century. Such groups included the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand-Lahou), Ega and Diès (Divo).[35]

Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods

The first recorded history appears in the chronicles of North African (Berber) traders, who, from early Roman times, conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold, and other goods.[34] The southern terminuses of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rainforest.[34] The most important terminals—Djenné, Gao, and Timbuctu—grew into major commercial centres around which the great Sudanic empires developed.[34]

By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to dominate neighbouring states.[34] The Sudanic empires also became centres of Islamic education.[34] Islam had been introduced in the western Sudan by Muslim Berbers; it spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers.[34] From the 11th century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, it spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast.[34]

The Ghana Empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in the region encompassing present-day southeast Mauritania and southern Mali between the 4th and 13th centuries.[34] At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuktu.[34] After the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee in the early part of the 14th century.[34] The territory of the Mali Empire in the Ivory Coast was limited to the northwest corner around Odienné.[34]

Its slow decline starting at the end of the 14th century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states, one of which, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the 14th and 16th centuries.[34] Songhai was also weakened by internal discord, which led to factional warfare.[34] This discord spurred most of the migrations southward toward the forest belt.[34] The dense rainforest covering the southern half of the country created barriers to the large-scale political organizations that had arisen in the north.[34] Inhabitants lived in villages or clusters of villages; their contacts with the outside world were filtered through long-distance traders.[36] Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting.[36]

Pre-European modern period

 
Pre-European kingdoms

Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast during the pre-European early modern period.[36] The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Dyula in the early 18th century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire.[36] Although Kong became a prosperous centre of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom.[37] In 1895 the city of Kong was sacked and conquered by Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire.[37]

The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the 17th century by an Akan group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what is present-day Ghana.[37] From their settlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually extended their hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recent arrivals from the market city of Begho.[37] Bondoukou developed into a major centre of commerce and Islam.[37] The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa.[37] In the mid-17th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups fleeing the Asante established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi.[37]

The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, developed a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers.[37] It finally split into smaller chiefdoms.[37] Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation.[37] The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Ivory Coast's independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi attempted to break away from Ivory Coast and form an independent kingdom.[37]

Establishment of French rule

Compared to neighbouring Ghana, Ivory Coast, though practising slavery and slave raiding, suffered little from the slave trade.[38] European slave and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast.[38] The earliest recorded European voyage to West Africa was made by the Portuguese in 1482.[citation needed] The first West African French settlement, Saint-Louis, was founded in the mid-17th century in Senegal, while at about the same time, the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Gorée Island, off Dakar.[39] A French mission was established in 1687 at Assinie near the border with the Gold Coast (now Ghana).[39] The Europeans suppressed the local practice of slavery at this time and forbade the trade to their merchants.[citation needed]

Assinie's survival was precarious, however; the French were not firmly established in Ivory Coast until the mid-19th century.[39] In 1843–44, French Admiral Louis Edouard Bouët-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand-Bassam and Assinie regions, making their territories a French protectorate.[40] French explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region.[39][40] Pacification was not accomplished until 1915.[40]

Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two great rivers, the Senegal and the Niger.[39] Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century but moved slowly, based more on individual initiative than on government policy.[39] In the 1840s, the French concluded a series of treaties with local West African chiefs that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centres.[39] The first posts in Ivory Coast included one at Assinie and another at Grand-Bassam, which became the colony's first capital.[39] The treaties provided for French sovereignty within the posts and for trading privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the local chiefs for the use of the land.[39] The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French, because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose.[39] Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade.[39] France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast.[39]

 
Louis-Gustave Binger of French West Africa in 1892 treaty signing with Famienkro leaders, in present-day N'zi-Comoé Region, Ivory Coast

The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French province of Alsace–Lorraine caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants.[39] The trading post at Grand-Bassam was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur Verdier, who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast.[39]

In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior.[41] In 1887, Lieutenant Louis-Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that traversed parts of Ivory Coast's interior. By the end of the journey, he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Ivory Coast.[42] Also in 1887, Verdier's agent, Marcel Treich-Laplène, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from the headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Ivory Coast.[42]

French colonial era

 
Arrival in Kong of new French West Africa governor Louis-Gustave Binger in 1892.

By the end of the 1880s, France had established control over the coastal regions, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area.[42] That same year, France named Treich-Laplène the titular governor of the territory.[42] In 1893, Ivory Coast became a French colony, with its capital in Grand-Bassam, and Captain Binger was appointed governor.[42] Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons.[42]

France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa, and palm oil crops were soon planted along the coast. Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of European settlers; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, Europeans who emigrated to the colonies were largely bureaucrats. As a result, French citizens owned one-third of the cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations and adopted the local forced-labour system.[citation needed]

 
Colonies of French West Africa circa 1913

Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts.[42] The African population resisted French penetration and settlement, even in areas where treaties of protection had been in force.[42] Among those offering the greatest resistance was Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was establishing the Wassoulou Empire, which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast.[42] Ture's large, well-equipped army, which could manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region.[42] The French responded to Ture's expansion and conquest with military pressure.[42] French campaigns against Ture, which were met with fierce resistance, intensified in the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898 and his empire dissolved.[42]

France's imposition of a head tax in 1900 to support the colony's public works program provoked protests.[43] Many Ivorians saw the tax as a violation of the protectorate treaties because they felt that France was demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings, rather than the reverse.[43] Many, especially in the interior, also considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission.[43] In 1905, the French officially abolished slavery in most of French West Africa.[44] From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was part of the Federation of French West Africa.[40] It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic.[40] In World War I, France organized regiments from Ivory Coast to fight in France, and colony resources were rationed from 1917 to 1919.[citation needed] Until the period following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris.[40] France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French "subjects" but without rights to representation in Africa or France.[40]

 
Samori Touré, founder and leader of the Wassoulou Empire which resisted French rule in West Africa

French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association.[45] Based on the assumed superiority of French culture, in practice the assimilation policy meant the extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs to the colonies.[45] The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the colonized.[45] Under this policy, the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests.[45]

An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between French and Africans.[45] After 1930, a small number of Westernized Ivorians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship.[45] Most Ivorians, however, were classified as French subjects and were governed under the principle of association.[45] As subjects of France, natives outside the civilized elite had no political rights.[46] They were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their tax responsibility.[46] They were expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system of law.[46]

During World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of General Charles de Gaulle's provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa.[40] The Brazzaville Conference of 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II, led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946.[40] French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects", the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labour were abolished.[40] Between 1944 and 1946, many national conferences and constituent assemblies took place between France's government and provisional governments in Ivory Coast.[citation needed] Governmental reforms were established by late 1946, which granted French citizenship to all African "subjects" under the colonial control of the French.[citation needed]

Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast, using a system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivorian participation in policy-making.[45] The French colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite.[45] The French were also interested in ensuring that the small but influential Ivorian elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to refrain from developing anti-French sentiments and calls for independence.[45] Although strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated Ivorians believed that they would achieve equality in the French colonial system through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France.[45] After the assimilation doctrine was implemented through the postwar reforms, though, Ivorian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivorians and that discrimination and inequality would end only with independence.[45]

Independence

 
President Félix Houphouët-Boigny and First Lady Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny in the White House Entrance Hall with President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.

Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the son of a Baoulé chief, became Ivory Coast's father of independence. In 1944, he formed the country's first agricultural trade union for African cocoa farmers like himself. Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners, the union members united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms. Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to prominence and was elected to the French Parliament in Paris within a year. A year later, the French abolished forced labour. Houphouët-Boigny established a strong relationship with the French government, expressing a belief that Ivory Coast would benefit from the relationship, which it did for many years. France appointed him as a minister, the first African to become a minister in a European government.[47]

A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre), which transferred several powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and also removed the remaining voting inequities.[40] On 4 December 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous member of the French Community, which had replaced the French Union.[48]

By 1960, the country was easily French West Africa's most prosperous, contributing over 40% of the region's total exports. When Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, his government gave farmers good prices for their products to further stimulate production, which was further boosted by a significant immigration of workers from surrounding countries. Coffee production increased significantly, catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output, behind Brazil and Colombia. By 1979, the country was the world's leading producer of cocoa. It also became Africa's leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians contributed to the "Ivorian miracle". In other African nations, the people drove out the Europeans following independence, but in Ivory Coast, they poured in. The French community grew from only 30,000 before independence to 60,000 in 1980, most of them teachers, managers, and advisors.[49] For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10%—the highest of Africa's non-oil-exporting countries.

Houphouët-Boigny administration

Houphouët-Boigny's one-party rule was not amenable to political competition. Laurent Gbagbo, who would become the president of Ivory Coast in 2000, had to flee the country in the 1980s after he incurred the ire of Houphouët-Boigny by founding the Front Populaire Ivoirien.[50] Houphouët-Boigny banked on his broad appeal to the population, who continued to elect him. He was criticized for his emphasis on developing large-scale projects.

Many felt the millions of dollars spent transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro, into the new political capital were wasted; others supported his vision to develop a centre for peace, education, and religion in the heart of the country. In the early 1980s, the world recession and a local drought sent shock waves through the Ivorian economy. The overcutting of timber and collapsing sugar prices caused the country's external debt to increase three-fold. Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan as an influx of villagers exacerbated unemployment caused by the recession.[51] In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional corruption. The unrest forced the government to support multi-party democracy. Houphouët-Boigny became increasingly feeble and died in 1993. He favoured Henri Konan Bédié as his successor.

Bédié administration

In October 1995, Bédié overwhelmingly won re-election against a fragmented and disorganised opposition. He tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. In contrast, the economic outlook improved, at least superficially, with decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt. Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, who was very careful to avoid any ethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open to immigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedié emphasized the concept of Ivoirité to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara, who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for the future presidential election. As people originating from foreign countries are a large part of the Ivorian population, this policy excluded many people of Ivorian nationality. The relationship between various ethnic groups became strained, resulting in two civil wars in the following decades.

Similarly, Bedié excluded many potential opponents from the army. In late 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup, putting General Robert Guéï in power. Bedié fled into exile in France. The new leadership reduced crime and corruption, and the generals pressed for austerity and campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society.

First civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War


A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï, but it was not peaceful. The lead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest. Following a public uprising that resulted in around 180 deaths, Guéï was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo. Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme Court because of his alleged Burkinabé nationality. The constitution did not allow noncitizens to run for the presidency. This sparked violent protests in which his supporters, mainly from the country's north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro.

In the early hours of 19 September 2002, while the Gbago was in Italy, an armed uprising occurred. Troops who were to be demobilised mutinied, launching attacks in several cities. The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks in Abidjan lasted until mid-morning, but by lunchtime, the government forces had secured Abidjan. They had lost control of the north of the country, and rebel forces made their stronghold in the northern city of Bouaké. The rebels threatened to move on to Abidjan again, and France deployed troops from its base in the country to stop their advance. The French said they were protecting their citizens from danger, but their deployment also helped government forces. That the French were helping either side was not established as a fact, but each side accused the French of supporting the opposite side. Whether French actions improved or worsened the situation in the long term is disputed. What exactly happened that night is also disputed.

 
Armed Ivorians next to a French Foreign Legion armoured car, 2004

The government claimed that former president Robert Guéï led a coup attempt, and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in the street; counter-claims stated that he and 15 others had been murdered at his home, and his body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him. Ouattara took refuge in the German embassy; his home had been burned down. President Gbagbo cut short his trip to Italy and on his return stated, in a television address, that some of the rebels were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived. Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed and burned homes by the thousands, attacking residents. An early ceasefire with the rebels, which had the backing of much of the northern populace, proved short-lived and fighting over the prime cocoa-growing areas resumed. France sent in troops to maintain the cease-fire boundaries, and militias, including warlords and fighters from Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west.

In January 2003, Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a "government of national unity". Curfews were lifted, and French troops patrolled the country's western border. The unity government was unstable, and central problems remained with neither side achieving its goals. In March 2004, 120 people were killed at an opposition rally, and subsequent mob violence led to the evacuation of foreign nationals. A report concluded the killings were planned. Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a "Zone of Confidence", relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate.

Early in November 2004, after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed because the rebels refused to disarm, Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels. During one of these airstrikes in Bouaké, on 6 November 2004, French soldiers were hit, and nine were killed; the Ivorian government said it was a mistake, but the French claimed it was deliberate. They responded by destroying most Ivorian military aircraft (two Su-25 planes and five helicopters), and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan.[52]

Gbagbo's original term as president expired on 30 October 2005, but a peaceful election was deemed impossible, so his term in office was extended for a maximum of one year, according to a plan worked out by the African Union and endorsed by the United Nations Security Council.[53] With the late-October deadline approaching in 2006, the election was regarded as very unlikely to be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension for Gbagbo.[54] The UN Security Council endorsed another one-year extension of Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006; however, the resolution provided for strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers. Gbagbo said the next day that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[55]

A peace accord between the government and the rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, and subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the New Forces, became prime minister. These events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.[56] According to UNICEF, at the end of the civil war, water and sanitation infrastructure had been greatly damaged. Communities across the country required repairs to their water supply.[57]

Second civil war

Main articles: Ivorian presidential election, 2010 and Second Ivorian Civil War

The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010. The preliminary results showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of former Prime Minister Ouattara.[58] The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council, charging massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the New Forces. These charges were contradicted by United Nations observers (unlike African Union observers). The report of the results led to severe tension and violent incidents. The Constitutional Council, which consisted of Gbagbo supporters, declared the results of seven northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51% of the vote – instead of Ouattara winning with 54%, as reported by the Electoral Commission.[58] After the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara—who was recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations—organized an alternative inauguration. These events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees fled the country.[58] The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki, former president of South Africa, to mediate the conflict. The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution recognising Ouattara as the winner of the elections, based on the position of the Economic Community of West African States, which suspended Ivory Coast from all its decision-making bodies[59] while the African Union also suspended the country's membership.[60]

In 2010, a colonel of Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao, was arrested in New York in a year-long U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charged with procuring and illegal export of weapons and munitions: 4,000 handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition, and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of a UN embargo.[61] Several other Ivory Coast officers were released because they had diplomatic passports. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor, an international trader, was located in Virginia.[62][63]

 
A shelter for internally displaced persons during the 2011 civil war

The 2010 presidential election led to the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War. International organizations reported numerous human-rights violations by both sides. In Duékoué, hundreds of people were killed. In nearby Bloléquin, dozens were killed.[64] UN and French forces took military action against Gbagbo.[65] Gbagbo was taken into custody after a raid into his residence on 11 April 2011.[66] The country was severely damaged by the war, and it was observed that Ouattara had inherited a formidable challenge to rebuild the economy and reunite Ivorians.[67] Gbagbo was taken to the International Criminal Court in January 2016. He was declared acquitted by the court but given a conditional release[68] in January 2019.[69] Belgium has been designated as a host country.[70]

Ouattara administration

Ouattara has ruled the country since 2010. President Ouattara was re-elected in 2015 presidential election.[71] In November 2020, he won third term in office in elections boycotted by the opposition. His opponents argued it was illegal for Ouattara to run for a third term.[72] Ivory Coast's Constitutional Council formally ratified President Ouattara's re-election to a third term in November 2020.[73]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Ivory Coast

The government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Parliament of Ivory Coast, consists of the indirectly elected Senate and the National Assembly which has 255 members, elected for five-year terms.

Since 1983, Ivory Coast's capital has been Yamoussoukro, while Abidjan was the administrative center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan. The Ivorian population has suffered because of the ongoing civil war as of September 2021. International human-rights organizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both sides and the re-emergence of child slavery in cocoa production.

Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with the north controlled by the New Forces. A new presidential election was expected to be held in October 2005, and the rival parties agreed in March 2007 to proceed with this, but it continued to be postponed until November 2010 due to delays in its preparation.

Elections were finally held in 2010. The first round of elections was held peacefully and widely hailed as free and fair. Runoffs were held on 28 November 2010, after being delayed one week from the original date of 21 November. Laurent Gbagbo as president ran against former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara.[74] On 2 December, the Electoral Commission declared that Ouattara had won the election by a margin of 54% to 46%. In response, the Gbagbo-aligned Constitutional Council rejected the declaration, and the government announced that country's borders had been sealed. An Ivorian military spokesman said, "The air, land, and sea border of the country are closed to all movement of people and goods."[75]

President Alassane Ouattara has led the country since 2010 and he was re-elected to a third term in November 2020 elections boycotted by two leading opposition figures former President Henri Konan Bedie and ex-Prime Minister Pascal Affi N'Guessan.[76] The Achi II government has ruled the country since April 2022.[77]

Foreign relations

 
Former President Laurent Gbagbo was extradited to the International Criminal Court (ICC), becoming the first head of state to be taken into the court's custody.[78]
Further information: Foreign relations of Ivory Coast

In Africa, Ivorian diplomacy favors step-by-step economic and political cooperation. In 1959, Ivory Coast formed the Council of the Entente with Dahomey (Benin), Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), Niger, and Togo; in 1965, the African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM); in 1972, the Economic Community of West Africa (CEAO). The latter organization changed to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. A founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963 and then of the African Union in 2000, Ivory Coast defends respect for state sovereignty and peaceful cooperation between African countries.

Worldwide, Ivorian diplomacy is committed to fair economic and trade relations, including the fair trade of agricultural products and the promotion of peaceful relations with all countries. Ivory Coast thus maintains diplomatic relations with international organizations and countries all around the world. In particular, it has signed United Nations treaties such as the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1967 Protocol, and the 1969 Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. Ivory Coast is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States, and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.

Ivory Coast has partnered with nations of the Sub-Saharan region to strengthen water and sanitation infrastructure. This has been done mainly with the help of organizations such as UNICEF and corporations like Nestle.[57]

In 2015, the United Nations engineered the Sustainable Development Goals (replacing the Millennium Development Goals). They focus on health, education, poverty, hunger, climate change, water sanitation, and hygiene. A major focus was clean water and salinization. Experts working in these fields have designed the WASH concept. WASH focuses on safe drinkable water, hygiene, and proper sanitation. The group has had a major impact on the sub-Saharan region of Africa, particularly the Ivory Coast. By 2030, they plan to have universal and equal access to safe and affordable drinking water.[79]

Military

Further information: Military of Ivory Coast

As of 2012, major equipment items reported by the Ivory Coast Army included 10 T-55 tanks (marked as potentially unserviceable), five AMX-13 light tanks, 34 reconnaissance vehicles, 10 BMP-1/2 armoured infantry fighting vehicles, 41 wheeled APCs, and 36+ artillery pieces.[80]

In 2012, the Ivory Coast Air Force consisted of one Mil Mi-24 attack helicopter and three SA330L Puma transports (marked as potentially unserviceable).[81]

In 2017, Ivory Coast signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[82]

Administrative divisions

 
Districts of Ivory Coast

Since 2011, Ivory Coast has been administratively organised into 12 districts plus two district-level autonomous cities. The districts are sub-divided into 31 regions; the regions are divided into 108 departments; and the departments are divided into 510 sub-prefectures.[83] In some instances, multiple villages are organised into communes. The autonomous districts are not divided into regions, but they do contain departments, sub-prefectures, and communes. Since 2011, governors for the 12 non-autonomous districts have not been appointed. As a result, these districts have not yet begun to function as governmental entities.

The following is the list of districts, district capitals and each district's regions:

Map no. District District capital Regions Region seat Population[84]
1 Abidjan
(District Autonome d'Abidjan) 		4,707,404
2 Bas-Sassandra
(District du Bas-Sassandra) 		San-Pédro Gbôklé Sassandra 400,798
Nawa Soubré 1,053,084
San-Pédro San-Pédro 826,666
3 Comoé
(District du Comoé) 		Abengourou Indénié-Djuablin Abengourou 560,432
Sud-Comoé Aboisso 642,620
4 Denguélé
(District du Denguélé) 		Odienné Folon Minignan 96,415
Kabadougou Odienné 193,364
5 Gôh-Djiboua
(District du Gôh-Djiboua) 		Gagnoa Gôh Gagnoa 876,117
Lôh-Djiboua Divo 729,169
6 Lacs
(District des Lacs) 		Dimbokro Bélier Region Yamoussoukro[85] 346,768
Iffou Daoukro 311,642
Moronou Bongouanou 352,616
N'Zi Dimbokro 247,578
7 Lagunes
(District des Lagunes) 		Dabou Agnéby-Tiassa Agboville 606,852
Grands-Ponts Dabou 356,495
La Mé Adzopé 514,700
8 Montagnes
(District des Montagnes) 		Man Cavally Guiglo 459,964
Guémon Duékoué 919,392
Tonkpi Man 992,564
9 Sassandra-Marahoué
(District du Sassandra-Marahoué) 		Daloa Haut-Sassandra Daloa 1,430,960
Marahoué Bouaflé 862,344
10 Savanes
(District des Savanes) 		Korhogo Bagoué Boundiali 375,687
Poro Korhogo 763,852
Tchologo Ferkessédougou 467,958
11 Vallée du Bandama
(District de la Vallée du Bandama) 		Bouaké Gbêkê Bouaké 1,010,849
Hambol Katiola 429,977
12 Woroba
(District du Woroba) 		Séguéla Béré Mankono 389,758
Bafing Touba 183,047
Worodougou Séguéla 272,334
13 Yamoussoukro
(District Autonome du Yamoussoukro) 		355,573
14 Zanzan
(District du Zanzan) 		Bondoukou Bounkani Bouna 267,167
Gontougo Bondoukou 667,185

Largest cities

See also: List of cities in Ivory Coast
 
Largest cities or towns in Ivory Coast
According to the 2014 Census in Ivory Coast
Rank Name District Pop.
 
Abidjan 		1 Abidjan Abidjan 4,395,243
2 Bouaké Vallée du Bandama 536,719
3 Daloa Sassandra-Marahoué 245,360
4 Korhogo Savanes 243,048
5 Yamoussoukro Yamoussoukro 212,670
6 San-Pédro Bas-Sassandra 164,944
7 Gagnoa Gôh-Djiboua 160,465
8 Man Montagnes 149,041
9 Divo Gôh-Djiboua 105,397
10 Anyama Abidjan 103,297

Geography

Main article: Geography of Ivory Coast
 
Köppen climate classification map of Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast is a country in western sub-Saharan Africa. It borders Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in the south. The country lies between latitudes 4° and 11°N, and longitudes 2° and 9°W. Around 64.8% of the land is agricultural land; arable land amounted to 9.1%, permanent pasture 41.5%, and permanent crops 14.2%. Water pollution is one of the biggest issues that the country is currently facing.[2]

Biodiversity

Main articles: Wildlife of Ivory Coast, Environment of Ivory Coast, and List of national parks of Ivory Coast

There are over 1,200 animal species including 223 mammals, 702 birds, 125 reptiles, 38 amphibians, and 111 species of fish, alongside 4,700 plant species. It is the most biodiverse country in West Africa, with the majority of its wildlife population living in the nation's rugged interior.[86] The nation has nine national parks, the largest of which is Assgny National Park which occupies an area of around 17,000 hectares or 42,000 acres.[87]

The country contains six terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Guinean forests, Guinean montane forests, Western Guinean lowland forests, Guinean forest–savanna mosaic, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.[88] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.64/10, ranking it 143rd globally out of 172 countries.[89]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Ivory Coast
 
A proportional representation of Ivory Coast, 2019
 
GDP per capita development

Ivory Coast has, for the region, a relatively high income per capita (US$1,662 in 2017) and plays a key role in transit trade for neighbouring landlocked countries. The country is the largest economy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union, constituting 40% of the monetary union's total GDP. Ivory Coast is the fourth-largest exporter of general goods in sub-Saharan Africa (following South Africa, Nigeria, and Angola).[90]

The country is the world's largest exporter of cocoa beans. In 2009, cocoa-bean farmers earned $2.53 billion for cocoa exports and were projected to produce 630,000 metric tons in 2013.[91][92] Ivory Coast also has 100,000 rubber farmers who earned a total of $105 million in 2012.[93][94]

Close ties to France since independence in 1960, diversification of agricultural exports, and encouragement of foreign investment have been factors in economic growth. In recent years, Ivory Coast has been subject to greater competition and falling prices in the global marketplace for its primary crops of coffee and cocoa. That, compounded with high internal corruption, makes life difficult for the grower, those exporting into foreign markets, and the labour force; instances of indentured labour have been reported in the country's cocoa and coffee production in every edition of the U.S. Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor since 2009.[95]

Ivory Coast's economy has grown faster than that of most other African countries since independence. One possible reason for this might be taxes on exported agriculture. Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Kenya were exceptions as their rulers were themselves large cash-crop producers, and the newly independent countries desisted from imposing penal rates of taxation on exported agriculture. As such, their economies did well.[96]

Around 7.5 million people made up the workforce in 2009. The workforce took a hit, especially in the private sector, during the early 2000s with numerous economic crises since 1999. Furthermore, these crises caused companies to close and move locations, especially in the tourism industry, and transit and banking companies. Decreasing job markets posed a huge issue as unemployment rates grew. Unemployment rates raised to 9.4% in 2012.[97] Solutions proposed to decrease unemployment included diversifying jobs in small trade. This division of work encouraged farmers and the agricultural sector. Self-employment policy, established by the Ivorian government, allowed for very strong growth in the field with an increase of 142% in seven years from 1995.[98]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Ivory Coast
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19603,709,000—    
19756,709,600+4.08%
1988 10,815,694+3.78%
1998 15,366,672+3.32%
2014 22,671,331+2.56%
2021 29,389,150+3.48%
Source: 1960 UN estimate,[99] 1975-1998 censuses,[100] 2014 census,[101] 2021 census.[3]
 
Congestion at a market in Abidjan

According to the December 14, 2021 census, the population was 29,389,150,[3] up from 22,671,331 at the 2014 census.[101] The first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.[102] According to a Demographic and Health Surveys nationwide survey, the total fertility rate stood at 4.3 children per woman in 2021 (with 3.6 in urban areas and 5.3 in rural areas), down from 5.0 children per woman in 2012.[103]

Languages

Further information: Languages of Ivory Coast

It is estimated that 78 languages are spoken in Ivory Coast.[104] French, the official language, is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca. A semi-creolized form of French, known as Nouchi, has emerged in Abidjan in recent years and spread among the younger generation.[105] One of the most common indigenous languages is Dyula, which acts as a trade language in much of the country, particularly in the north, and is mutually intelligible with other Manding languages widely spoken in neighboring countries.[106]

Ethnic groups

Main article: Demographics of Ivory Coast § Ethnic groups

Macroethnic groupings in the country include Akan (42.1%), Voltaiques or Gur (17.6%), Northern Mandés (16.5%), Kru-speaking peoples (11%), Southern Mandés (10%), and others (2.8%, including 100,000 Lebanese[107] and 45,000 French; 2004). Each of these categories is subdivided into different ethnicities. For example, the Akan grouping includes the Baoulé, the Voltaique category includes the Senufo, the Northern Mande category includes the Dioula and the Maninka, the Kru category includes the Bété and the Kru, and the Southern Mande category includes the Yacouba.

About 77% of the population is considered Ivorian. Since Ivory Coast has established itself as one of the most successful West African nations, about 20% of the population (about 3.4  million) consists of workers from neighbouring Liberia, Burkina Faso, and Guinea. About 4% of the population is of non-African ancestry. Many are French,[49] Lebanese,[108][109] Vietnamese and Spanish citizens, as well as evangelical missionaries from the United States and Canada. In November 2004, around 10,000 French and other foreign nationals evacuated Ivory Coast due to attacks from pro-government youth militias.[110] Aside from French nationals, native-born descendants of French settlers who arrived during the country's colonial period are present.

Religion

Further information: Religion in Ivory Coast
 
The Catholic Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Yamoussoukro.

Ivory Coast is religiously diverse. According to the latest 2021 census data, adherents of Islam (mainly Sunni) represented 42.5% of the total population, while followers of Christianity (mainly Catholic and Evangelical) comprised 39.8% of the population. An additional 12.6% of the population identified as Irreligious, while 2.2% reported following Animism.[1][2]

A 2020 estimate by the Pew Research Center, projected that Christians would represent 44% of the total population, while Muslims would represent 37.2% of the population. In addition, it estimated that 8.1% would be religiously unaffiliated, and 10.5% as followers of traditional African religions.[111][2] In 2009, according to U.S. Department of State estimates, Christians and Muslims each made up 35 to 40% of the population, while an estimated 25% of the population practised traditional (animist) religions.[112]

Yamoussoukro is home to the largest church building in the world, the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace.[113]

Health

Main article: Health in Ivory Coast

Life expectancy at birth was 42 for males in 2004; for females it was 47.[114] Infant mortality was 118 of 1000 live births.[114] Twelve physicians are available per 100,000 people.[114] About a quarter of the population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.[115] About 36% of women have undergone female genital mutilation.[116] According to 2010 estimates, Ivory Coast has the 27th-highest maternal mortality rate in the world.[117] The HIV/AIDS rate was 19th-highest in the world, estimated in 2012 at 3.20% among adults aged 15–49 years.[118]

Education

Main article: Education in Ivory Coast

Among sub-Saharan African countries, Ivory Coast has one of the highest literacy rates.[2] According to The World Factbook as of 2019, 89.9% of the population aged 15 and over can read and write.[119] A large part of the adult population, in particular women, is illiterate. Many children between 6 and 10 years old are not enrolled in school.[120] The majority of students in secondary education are male. At the end of secondary education, students can sit for the baccalauréat examination. Universities include Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny in Abidjan and the Université Alassane Ouattara in Bouaké.

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Ivory Coast

According to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Ivory Coast devotes about 0.13% of GDP to GERD. Apart from low investment, other challenges include inadequate scientific equipment, the fragmentation of research organizations and a failure to exploit and protect research results.[121] Ivory Coast was ranked 114st in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 103rd in 2019.[122][123][124][125] The share of the National Development Plan for 2012–2015 that is devoted to scientific research remains modest. Within the section on greater wealth creation and social equity (63.8% of the total budget for the Plan), just 1.2% is allocated to scientific research. Twenty-four national research programmes group public and private research and training institutions around a common research theme. These programmes correspond to eight priority sectors for 2012–2015, namely: health, raw materials, agriculture, culture, environment, governance, mining and energy; and technology.[121]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Ivory Coast, Music of Ivory Coast, and Media of Ivory Coast

Each of the ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast has its own music genres, most showing strong vocal polyphony. Talking drums are common, especially among the Appolo, and polyrhythms, another African characteristic, are found throughout Ivory Coast and are especially common in the southwest. Popular music genres from Ivory Coast include zoblazo, zouglou, and Coupé-Décalé. A few Ivorian artists who have known international success are Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahoré, Tiken Jah Fakoly, DJ Arafat, AfroB, Serge Beynaud and Christina Goh, of Ivorian descent.

Sport

See also: Ivory Coast at the Olympics

The most popular sport is association football. The national football team has played in the World Cup three times, in Germany 2006, in South Africa 2010, and Brazil in 2014. The women's football team played in the 2015 Women's World Cup in Canada. The country has been the host of several major African sporting events, with the most recent being the 2013 African Basketball Championship. In the past, the country hosted the 1984 African Cup of Nations, in which the Ivory Coast football team finished fifth, and the 1985 African Basketball Championship, where the national basketball team won the gold medal.

400m metre runner Gabriel Tiacoh won the silver medal in the men's 400 metres at the 1984 Olympics. The country hosted the 8th edition of Jeux de la Francophonie in 2017. In the sport of athletics, well known participants include Marie-Josée Ta Lou and Murielle Ahouré.

Rugby union is popular, and the national rugby union team qualified to play at the Rugby World Cup in South Africa in 1995. Ivory Coast has won two Africa Cups: one in 1992 and the other in 2015. Ivory Coast is known for Taekwondo with well-known competitors such as Cheick Cissé, Ruth Gbagbi, and Firmin Zokou.

Cuisine

 
Yassa is a popular dish throughout West Africa prepared with chicken or fish. Chicken yassa is pictured.
Main article: Ivorian cuisine

Traditional cuisine is very similar to that of neighbouring countries in West Africa in its reliance on grains and tubers. Cassava and plantains are significant parts of Ivorian cuisine. A type of corn paste called aitiu is used to prepare corn balls, and peanuts are widely used in many dishes. Attiéké is a popular side dish made with grated cassava, a vegetable-based couscous. Common street food is alloco, plantain fried in palm oil, spiced with steamed onions and chili, and eaten along with grilled fish or boiled eggs. Chicken is commonly consumed and has a unique flavor because of its lean, low-fat mass in this region. Seafood includes tuna, sardines, shrimp, and bonito, which is similar to tuna. Mafé is a common dish consisting of meat in peanut sauce.[126]

Slow-simmered stews with various ingredients are another common food staple.[126] Kedjenou is a dish consisting of chicken and vegetables slow-cooked in a sealed pot with little or no added liquid, which concentrates the flavors of the chicken and vegetables and tenderizes the chicken.[126] It is usually cooked in a pottery jar called a canary, over a slow fire, or cooked in an oven.[126] Bangui is a local palm wine.

Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a maquis, which is unique to the region. A maquis normally features braised chicken, and fish covered in onions and tomatoes served with attiéké or kedjenou.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The latter being pronounced /ˌkoʊt diːˈvwɑːr/ KOHT dee-VWAR in English and [kot divwaʁ] ( listen) in French.[7]
  2. ^ Joseph Vaissète, in his 1755 Géographie historique, ecclésiastique et civile, lists the name as La Côte des Dents ("The Coast of the Teeth"), but notes that Côte de Dents is the more correct form.[16]
  3. ^ Côte du Vent sometimes denoted the combined "Ivory" and "Grain" coasts, or sometimes just the "Grain" coast.[13][11]
  4. ^ Literal translations include Elfenbeinküste (German), Costa d'Avorio (Italian), Norsunluurannikko (Finnish), Бе́рег Слоно́вой Ко́сти (Russian), and Ivory Coast.[21]
  5. ^ Many governments use "Côte d'Ivoire" for diplomatic reasons, as do their outlets, such as the Chinese CCTV News. Other organizations that use "Côte d'Ivoire" include the Central Intelligence Agency in its World Factbook[2] and the international sport organizations FIFA[25] and the IOC[26] (referring to their national football and Olympic teams in international games and in official broadcasts), news magazine The Economist,[27] the Encyclopædia Britannica[28] and the National Geographic Society.[29]
  6. ^ The BBC usually uses "Ivory Coast" both in news reports and on its page about the country.[30] The Guardian newspaper's style guide says: "Ivory Coast, not 'The Ivory Coast' or 'Côte d'Ivoire'; its nationals are Ivorians."[31]ABC News, Fox News, The Times, The New York Times, the South African Broadcasting Corporation, and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation all use "Ivory Coast" either exclusively or predominantly.[citation needed]

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Côte d'Ivoire". The World Factbook. CIA Directorate of Intelligence. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire. "RGPH 2021 Résultats globaux" (PDF). Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
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Bibliography

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External links

Trade
  • Ivory Coast 2012 Trade Summary

January 19, 2023
ivory, coast, this, article, about, west, african, country, other, uses, disambiguation, coordinates, also, known, côte, ivoire, officially, republic, côte, ivoire, country, southern, coast, west, africa, capital, yamoussoukro, centre, country, while, largest,. This article is about the West African country For other uses see Ivory Coast disambiguation Coordinates 8 N 5 W 8 N 5 W 8 5 Ivory Coast also known as Cote d Ivoire a officially the Republic of Cote d Ivoire is a country on the southern coast of West Africa Its capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan It borders Guinea to the northwest Liberia to the west Mali to the northwest Burkina Faso to the northeast Ghana to the east and the Gulf of Guinea Atlantic Ocean to the south Its official language is French and indigenous languages are also widely used including Bete Baoule Dioula Dan Anyin and Cebaara Senufo In total there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast The country has a religiously diverse population including numerous followers of Christianity Islam and indigenous faiths Republic of Cote d IvoireRepublique de Cote d Ivoire French Flag Coat of armsMotto Union Discipline Travail French Unity Discipline Work Anthem L Abidjanaise English Song of Abidjan source source track track track track track track track track track CapitalYamoussoukro political Abidjan economic 6 51 N 5 18 W 6 850 N 5 300 W 6 850 5 300Largest cityAbidjanOfficial languagesFrenchVernacularlanguagesBeteJulaBauleAbronAnyinCebaara SenufoothersEthnic groups 2018 41 1 Akan27 5 Dyula Maninka17 6 Voltaiques Gur11 0 Kru2 8 OthersaReligion 2021 census 1 42 5 Christianity39 8 Islam12 6 No religion2 2 Traditional faiths2 2 Undeclared a 0 7 OthersDemonym s IvorianGovernmentUnitary presidential republic PresidentAlassane Ouattara Vice PresidentTiemoko Meyliet Kone Prime MinisterPatrick AchiLegislatureParliament of Ivory Coast Upper houseSenate Lower houseNational AssemblyHistory Republic established4 December 1958 Independence from France7 August 1960Area Total322 463 km2 124 504 sq mi 68th Water 1 4 2 Population 2021 census29 389 150 3 Density91 1 km2 235 9 sq mi 139th GDP PPP 2022 estimate Total 181 5 billion 4 78th Per capita 6 397 4 138th GDP nominal 2022 estimate Total 68 8 billion 4 84th Per capita 2 418 4 141th Gini 2015 41 5 5 mediumHDI 2021 0 550 6 medium 159thCurrencyWest African CFA franc XOF Time zoneUTC 00 00 GMT Date formatdd mm yyyyDriving siderightCalling code 225ISO 3166 codeCIInternet TLD ciIncluding approximately 130 000 Lebanese and 14 000 French people The 2021 census did not report the religious affiliation of the remaining 2 2 of the population Before its colonization by Europeans Ivory Coast was home to several states including Gyaaman the Kong Empire and Baoule The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European Scramble for Africa It achieved independence in 1960 led by Felix Houphouet Boigny who ruled the country until 1993 Relatively stable by regional standards Ivory Coast established close political economic ties with its West African neighbours while maintaining close relations with the West especially France Its stability was diminished by a coup d etat in 1999 then two civil wars first between 2002 and 2007 8 and again during 2010 2011 It adopted a new constitution in 2016 Ivory Coast is a republic with strong executive power vested in its president Through the production of coffee and cocoa it was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s then experienced an economic crisis in the 1980s contributing to a period of political and social turmoil that extended until 2011 Ivory Coast has experienced again high economic growth since the return of peace and political stability in 2011 From 2012 to 2021 the economy grew by an average of 7 4 per year in real terms the second fasted rate of economic growth in Africa and fourth fastest rate in the world 9 In 2020 Ivory Coast was the world s largest exporter of cocoa beans and had high levels of income for its region 10 In the 21st century the economy still relies heavily on agriculture with smallholder cash crop production predominating 2 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Land migration 2 2 Pre Islamic and Islamic periods 2 3 Pre European modern period 2 4 Establishment of French rule 2 5 French colonial era 2 6 Independence 2 7 Houphouet Boigny administration 2 8 Bedie administration 2 9 First civil war 2 10 Second civil war 2 11 Ouattara administration 3 Government and politics 3 1 Foreign relations 3 2 Military 4 Administrative divisions 4 1 Largest cities 5 Geography 5 1 Biodiversity 6 Economy 7 Demographics 7 1 Languages 7 2 Ethnic groups 7 3 Religion 7 4 Health 7 5 Education 7 6 Science and technology 8 Culture 8 1 Sport 8 2 Cuisine 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External linksEtymology EditOriginally Portuguese and French merchant explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries divided the west coast of Africa very roughly into four coasts reflecting resources available from each coast The coast that the French named the Cote d Ivoire and the Portuguese named the Costa do Marfim both meaning Coast of Ivory lay between what was known as the Guine de Cabo Verde so called Upper Guinea at Cap Vert and Lower Guinea 11 12 There was also a Pepper Coast also known as the Grain Coast present day Liberia a Gold Coast Ghana and a Slave Coast Togo Benin and Nigeria Like those the name Ivory Coast reflected the major trade that occurred on that particular stretch of the coast the export of ivory 13 11 14 12 15 Other names for the area included the Cote de Dents b literally Coast of Teeth again reflecting the ivory trade 17 18 13 12 15 19 the Cote de Quaqua after the people whom the Dutch named the Quaqua alternatively Kwa Kwa 18 11 16 the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes after a type of cotton fabric also traded there 18 and the Cote du Vent c the Windward Coast after perennial local off shore weather conditions 13 11 In the 19th century usage switched to Cote d Ivoire 18 The coastline of the modern state is not quite coterminous with what the 15th and 16th century merchants knew as the Teeth or Ivory coast which was considered to stretch from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and which is thus now divided between the modern states of Ghana and Ivory Coast with a minute portion of Liberia 17 14 19 16 It retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960 20 The name had long since been translated literally into other languages d which the post independence government considered increasingly troublesome whenever its international dealings extended beyond the Francophone sphere Therefore in April 1986 the government declared that Cote d Ivoire or more fully Republique de Cote d Ivoire 22 would be its formal name for the purposes of diplomatic protocol and has since officially refused to recognize any translations from French to other languages in its international dealings 21 23 24 Despite the Ivorian government s request the English translation Ivory Coast often the Ivory Coast is still frequently used in English by various media outlets and publications e f History EditMain article History of Ivory Coast Land migration Edit Prehistoric polished stone celt from Boundiali in northern Ivory Coast photo taken at the IFAN Museum of African Arts in Dakar Senegal The first human presence in Ivory Coast has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country s humid climate However newly found weapon and tool fragments specifically polished axes cut through shale and remnants of cooking and fishing have been interpreted as a possible indication of a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period 15 000 to 10 000 BC 32 or at the minimum the Neolithic period 33 The earliest known inhabitants of the Ivory Coast have left traces scattered throughout the territory Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present indigenous inhabitants 34 who migrated south into the area before the 16th century Such groups included the Ehotile Aboisso Kotrowou Fresco Zehiri Grand Lahou Ega and Dies Divo 35 Pre Islamic and Islamic periods Edit The first recorded history appears in the chronicles of North African Berber traders who from early Roman times conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt slaves gold and other goods 34 The southern terminuses of the trans Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rainforest 34 The most important terminals Djenne Gao and Timbuctu grew into major commercial centres around which the great Sudanic empires developed 34 By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces these empires were able to dominate neighbouring states 34 The Sudanic empires also became centres of Islamic education 34 Islam had been introduced in the western Sudan by Muslim Berbers it spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers 34 From the 11th century by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam it spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast 34 The Ghana Empire the earliest of the Sudanic empires flourished in the region encompassing present day southeast Mauritania and southern Mali between the 4th and 13th centuries 34 At the peak of its power in the 11th century its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuktu 34 After the decline of Ghana the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state which reached its apogee in the early part of the 14th century 34 The territory of the Mali Empire in the Ivory Coast was limited to the northwest corner around Odienne 34 Its slow decline starting at the end of the 14th century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states one of which Songhai flourished as an empire between the 14th and 16th centuries 34 Songhai was also weakened by internal discord which led to factional warfare 34 This discord spurred most of the migrations southward toward the forest belt 34 The dense rainforest covering the southern half of the country created barriers to the large scale political organizations that had arisen in the north 34 Inhabitants lived in villages or clusters of villages their contacts with the outside world were filtered through long distance traders 36 Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting 36 Pre European modern period Edit Pre European kingdoms Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast during the pre European early modern period 36 The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Dyula in the early 18th century in the north central region inhabited by the Senoufo who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire 36 Although Kong became a prosperous centre of agriculture trade and crafts ethnic diversity and religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom 37 In 1895 the city of Kong was sacked and conquered by Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire 37 The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the 17th century by an Akan group the Abron who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what is present day Ghana 37 From their settlement south of Bondoukou the Abron gradually extended their hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou who were recent arrivals from the market city of Begho 37 Bondoukou developed into a major centre of commerce and Islam 37 The kingdom s Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa 37 In the mid 17th century in east central Ivory Coast other Akan groups fleeing the Asante established a Baoule kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms Indenie and Sanwi 37 The Baoule like the Ashanti developed a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers 37 It finally split into smaller chiefdoms 37 Despite the breakup of their kingdom the Baoule strongly resisted French subjugation 37 The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Ivory Coast s independence as late as 1969 the Sanwi attempted to break away from Ivory Coast and form an independent kingdom 37 Establishment of French rule Edit Compared to neighbouring Ghana Ivory Coast though practising slavery and slave raiding suffered little from the slave trade 38 European slave and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast 38 The earliest recorded European voyage to West Africa was made by the Portuguese in 1482 citation needed The first West African French settlement Saint Louis was founded in the mid 17th century in Senegal while at about the same time the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Goree Island off Dakar 39 A French mission was established in 1687 at Assinie near the border with the Gold Coast now Ghana 39 The Europeans suppressed the local practice of slavery at this time and forbade the trade to their merchants citation needed Assinie s survival was precarious however the French were not firmly established in Ivory Coast until the mid 19th century 39 In 1843 44 French Admiral Louis Edouard Bouet Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand Bassam and Assinie regions making their territories a French protectorate 40 French explorers missionaries trading companies and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region 39 40 Pacification was not accomplished until 1915 40 Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior especially along the two great rivers the Senegal and the Niger 39 Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid 19th century but moved slowly based more on individual initiative than on government policy 39 In the 1840s the French concluded a series of treaties with local West African chiefs that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centres 39 The first posts in Ivory Coast included one at Assinie and another at Grand Bassam which became the colony s first capital 39 The treaties provided for French sovereignty within the posts and for trading privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the local chiefs for the use of the land 39 The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose 39 Nevertheless the French government maintained the treaties hoping to expand trade 39 France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast 39 Louis Gustave Binger of French West Africa in 1892 treaty signing with Famienkro leaders in present day N zi Comoe Region Ivory Coast The defeat of France in the Franco Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French province of Alsace Lorraine caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its West African trading posts leaving them in the care of resident merchants 39 The trading post at Grand Bassam was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille Arthur Verdier who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast 39 In 1886 to support its claims of effective occupation France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior 41 In 1887 Lieutenant Louis Gustave Binger began a two year journey that traversed parts of Ivory Coast s interior By the end of the journey he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Ivory Coast 42 Also in 1887 Verdier s agent Marcel Treich Laplene negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from the headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Ivory Coast 42 French colonial era Edit Arrival in Kong of new French West Africa governor Louis Gustave Binger in 1892 By the end of the 1880s France had established control over the coastal regions and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area 42 That same year France named Treich Laplene the titular governor of the territory 42 In 1893 Ivory Coast became a French colony with its capital in Grand Bassam and Captain Binger was appointed governor 42 Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta present day Burkina Faso and French Sudan present day Mali to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons 42 France s main goal was to stimulate the production of exports Coffee cocoa and palm oil crops were soon planted along the coast Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of European settlers elsewhere in West and Central Africa Europeans who emigrated to the colonies were largely bureaucrats As a result French citizens owned one third of the cocoa coffee and banana plantations and adopted the local forced labour system citation needed Colonies of French West Africa circa 1913 Throughout the early years of French rule French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts 42 The African population resisted French penetration and settlement even in areas where treaties of protection had been in force 42 Among those offering the greatest resistance was Samori Ture who in the 1880s and 1890s was establishing the Wassoulou Empire which extended over large parts of present day Guinea Mali Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast 42 Ture s large well equipped army which could manufacture and repair its own firearms attracted strong support throughout the region 42 The French responded to Ture s expansion and conquest with military pressure 42 French campaigns against Ture which were met with fierce resistance intensified in the mid 1890s until he was captured in 1898 and his empire dissolved 42 France s imposition of a head tax in 1900 to support the colony s public works program provoked protests 43 Many Ivorians saw the tax as a violation of the protectorate treaties because they felt that France was demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings rather than the reverse 43 Many especially in the interior also considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission 43 In 1905 the French officially abolished slavery in most of French West Africa 44 From 1904 to 1958 Ivory Coast was part of the Federation of French West Africa 40 It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic 40 In World War I France organized regiments from Ivory Coast to fight in France and colony resources were rationed from 1917 to 1919 citation needed Until the period following World War II governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris 40 France s policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of association meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French subjects but without rights to representation in Africa or France 40 Samori Toure founder and leader of the Wassoulou Empire which resisted French rule in West Africa French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association 45 Based on the assumed superiority of French culture in practice the assimilation policy meant the extension of the French language institutions laws and customs to the colonies 45 The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the colonies but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the colonized 45 Under this policy the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests 45 An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between French and Africans 45 After 1930 a small number of Westernized Ivorians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship 45 Most Ivorians however were classified as French subjects and were governed under the principle of association 45 As subjects of France natives outside the civilized elite had no political rights 46 They were drafted for work in mines on plantations as porters and on public projects as part of their tax responsibility 46 They were expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indigenat a separate system of law 46 During World War II the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943 when members of General Charles de Gaulle s provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa 40 The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946 and France s gratitude for African loyalty during World War II led to far reaching governmental reforms in 1946 40 French citizenship was granted to all African subjects the right to organize politically was recognized and various forms of forced labour were abolished 40 Between 1944 and 1946 many national conferences and constituent assemblies took place between France s government and provisional governments in Ivory Coast citation needed Governmental reforms were established by late 1946 which granted French citizenship to all African subjects under the colonial control of the French citation needed Until 1958 governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast using a system of direct centralized administration that left little room for Ivorian participation in policy making 45 The French colonial administration also adopted divide and rule policies applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite 45 The French were also interested in ensuring that the small but influential Ivorian elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to refrain from developing anti French sentiments and calls for independence 45 Although strongly opposed to the practices of association educated Ivorians believed that they would achieve equality in the French colonial system through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France 45 After the assimilation doctrine was implemented through the postwar reforms though Ivorian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivorians and that discrimination and inequality would end only with independence 45 Independence Edit President Felix Houphouet Boigny and First Lady Marie Therese Houphouet Boigny in the White House Entrance Hall with President John F Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962 Felix Houphouet Boigny the son of a Baoule chief became Ivory Coast s father of independence In 1944 he formed the country s first agricultural trade union for African cocoa farmers like himself Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners the union members united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms Houphouet Boigny soon rose to prominence and was elected to the French Parliament in Paris within a year A year later the French abolished forced labour Houphouet Boigny established a strong relationship with the French government expressing a belief that Ivory Coast would benefit from the relationship which it did for many years France appointed him as a minister the first African to become a minister in a European government 47 A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act Loi Cadre which transferred several powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and also removed the remaining voting inequities 40 On 4 December 1958 Ivory Coast became an autonomous member of the French Community which had replaced the French Union 48 By 1960 the country was easily French West Africa s most prosperous contributing over 40 of the region s total exports When Houphouet Boigny became the first president his government gave farmers good prices for their products to further stimulate production which was further boosted by a significant immigration of workers from surrounding countries Coffee production increased significantly catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output behind Brazil and Colombia By 1979 the country was the world s leading producer of cocoa It also became Africa s leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil French technicians contributed to the Ivorian miracle In other African nations the people drove out the Europeans following independence but in Ivory Coast they poured in The French community grew from only 30 000 before independence to 60 000 in 1980 most of them teachers managers and advisors 49 For 20 years the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10 the highest of Africa s non oil exporting countries Houphouet Boigny administration Edit Houphouet Boigny s one party rule was not amenable to political competition Laurent Gbagbo who would become the president of Ivory Coast in 2000 had to flee the country in the 1980s after he incurred the ire of Houphouet Boigny by founding the Front Populaire Ivoirien 50 Houphouet Boigny banked on his broad appeal to the population who continued to elect him He was criticized for his emphasis on developing large scale projects Many felt the millions of dollars spent transforming his home village Yamoussoukro into the new political capital were wasted others supported his vision to develop a centre for peace education and religion in the heart of the country In the early 1980s the world recession and a local drought sent shock waves through the Ivorian economy The overcutting of timber and collapsing sugar prices caused the country s external debt to increase three fold Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan as an influx of villagers exacerbated unemployment caused by the recession 51 In 1990 hundreds of civil servants went on strike joined by students protesting institutional corruption The unrest forced the government to support multi party democracy Houphouet Boigny became increasingly feeble and died in 1993 He favoured Henri Konan Bedie as his successor Bedie administration Edit In October 1995 Bedie overwhelmingly won re election against a fragmented and disorganised opposition He tightened his hold over political life jailing several hundred opposition supporters In contrast the economic outlook improved at least superficially with decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt Unlike Houphouet Boigny who was very careful to avoid any ethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open to immigrants from neighbouring countries Bedie emphasized the concept of Ivoirite to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara who had two northern Ivorian parents from running for the future presidential election As people originating from foreign countries are a large part of the Ivorian population this policy excluded many people of Ivorian nationality The relationship between various ethnic groups became strained resulting in two civil wars in the following decades Similarly Bedie excluded many potential opponents from the army In late 1999 a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup putting General Robert Guei in power Bedie fled into exile in France The new leadership reduced crime and corruption and the generals pressed for austerity and campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society First civil war Edit Main article First Ivorian Civil War A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guei but it was not peaceful The lead up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest Following a public uprising that resulted in around 180 deaths Guei was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo Ouattara was disqualified by the country s Supreme Court because of his alleged Burkinabe nationality The constitution did not allow noncitizens to run for the presidency This sparked violent protests in which his supporters mainly from the country s north battled riot police in the capital Yamoussoukro In the early hours of 19 September 2002 while the Gbago was in Italy an armed uprising occurred Troops who were to be demobilised mutinied launching attacks in several cities The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks in Abidjan lasted until mid morning but by lunchtime the government forces had secured Abidjan They had lost control of the north of the country and rebel forces made their stronghold in the northern city of Bouake The rebels threatened to move on to Abidjan again and France deployed troops from its base in the country to stop their advance The French said they were protecting their citizens from danger but their deployment also helped government forces That the French were helping either side was not established as a fact but each side accused the French of supporting the opposite side Whether French actions improved or worsened the situation in the long term is disputed What exactly happened that night is also disputed Armed Ivorians next to a French Foreign Legion armoured car 2004The government claimed that former president Robert Guei led a coup attempt and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in the street counter claims stated that he and 15 others had been murdered at his home and his body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him Ouattara took refuge in the German embassy his home had been burned down President Gbagbo cut short his trip to Italy and on his return stated in a television address that some of the rebels were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed and burned homes by the thousands attacking residents An early ceasefire with the rebels which had the backing of much of the northern populace proved short lived and fighting over the prime cocoa growing areas resumed France sent in troops to maintain the cease fire boundaries and militias including warlords and fighters from Liberia and Sierra Leone took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west In January 2003 Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a government of national unity Curfews were lifted and French troops patrolled the country s western border The unity government was unstable and central problems remained with neither side achieving its goals In March 2004 120 people were killed at an opposition rally and subsequent mob violence led to the evacuation of foreign nationals A report concluded the killings were planned Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a Zone of Confidence relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate Early in November 2004 after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed because the rebels refused to disarm Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels During one of these airstrikes in Bouake on 6 November 2004 French soldiers were hit and nine were killed the Ivorian government said it was a mistake but the French claimed it was deliberate They responded by destroying most Ivorian military aircraft two Su 25 planes and five helicopters and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan 52 Gbagbo s original term as president expired on 30 October 2005 but a peaceful election was deemed impossible so his term in office was extended for a maximum of one year according to a plan worked out by the African Union and endorsed by the United Nations Security Council 53 With the late October deadline approaching in 2006 the election was regarded as very unlikely to be held by that point and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension for Gbagbo 54 The UN Security Council endorsed another one year extension of Gbagbo s term on 1 November 2006 however the resolution provided for strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny s powers Gbagbo said the next day that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied 55 A peace accord between the government and the rebels or New Forces was signed on 4 March 2007 and subsequently Guillaume Soro leader of the New Forces became prime minister These events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo s position 56 According to UNICEF at the end of the civil war water and sanitation infrastructure had been greatly damaged Communities across the country required repairs to their water supply 57 Second civil war Edit Main articles Ivorian presidential election 2010 and Second Ivorian Civil War Alassane OuattaraPresident since 2010 Daniel Kablan DuncanPrime Minister from 2012 to 2017The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010 The preliminary results showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of former Prime Minister Ouattara 58 The ruling FPI contested the results before the Constitutional Council charging massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the New Forces These charges were contradicted by United Nations observers unlike African Union observers The report of the results led to severe tension and violent incidents The Constitutional Council which consisted of Gbagbo supporters declared the results of seven northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51 of the vote instead of Ouattara winning with 54 as reported by the Electoral Commission 58 After the inauguration of Gbagbo Ouattara who was recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations organized an alternative inauguration These events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war thousands of refugees fled the country 58 The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki former president of South Africa to mediate the conflict The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution recognising Ouattara as the winner of the elections based on the position of the Economic Community of West African States which suspended Ivory Coast from all its decision making bodies 59 while the African Union also suspended the country s membership 60 In 2010 a colonel of Ivory Coast armed forces Nguessan Yao was arrested in New York in a year long U S Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charged with procuring and illegal export of weapons and munitions 4 000 handguns 200 000 rounds of ammunition and 50 000 tear gas grenades in violation of a UN embargo 61 Several other Ivory Coast officers were released because they had diplomatic passports His accomplice Michael Barry Shor an international trader was located in Virginia 62 63 A shelter for internally displaced persons during the 2011 civil war The 2010 presidential election led to the 2010 2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War International organizations reported numerous human rights violations by both sides In Duekoue hundreds of people were killed In nearby Blolequin dozens were killed 64 UN and French forces took military action against Gbagbo 65 Gbagbo was taken into custody after a raid into his residence on 11 April 2011 66 The country was severely damaged by the war and it was observed that Ouattara had inherited a formidable challenge to rebuild the economy and reunite Ivorians 67 Gbagbo was taken to the International Criminal Court in January 2016 He was declared acquitted by the court but given a conditional release 68 in January 2019 69 Belgium has been designated as a host country 70 Ouattara administration Edit Ouattara has ruled the country since 2010 President Ouattara was re elected in 2015 presidential election 71 In November 2020 he won third term in office in elections boycotted by the opposition His opponents argued it was illegal for Ouattara to run for a third term 72 Ivory Coast s Constitutional Council formally ratified President Ouattara s re election to a third term in November 2020 73 Government and politics EditMain article Politics of Ivory Coast The government is divided into three branches executive legislative and judicial The Parliament of Ivory Coast consists of the indirectly elected Senate and the National Assembly which has 255 members elected for five year terms Since 1983 Ivory Coast s capital has been Yamoussoukro while Abidjan was the administrative center Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan The Ivorian population has suffered because of the ongoing civil war as of September 2021 International human rights organizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non combatants by both sides and the re emergence of child slavery in cocoa production Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004 the country remained split in two with the north controlled by the New Forces A new presidential election was expected to be held in October 2005 and the rival parties agreed in March 2007 to proceed with this but it continued to be postponed until November 2010 due to delays in its preparation Elections were finally held in 2010 The first round of elections was held peacefully and widely hailed as free and fair Runoffs were held on 28 November 2010 after being delayed one week from the original date of 21 November Laurent Gbagbo as president ran against former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara 74 On 2 December the Electoral Commission declared that Ouattara had won the election by a margin of 54 to 46 In response the Gbagbo aligned Constitutional Council rejected the declaration and the government announced that country s borders had been sealed An Ivorian military spokesman said The air land and sea border of the country are closed to all movement of people and goods 75 President Alassane Ouattara has led the country since 2010 and he was re elected to a third term in November 2020 elections boycotted by two leading opposition figures former President Henri Konan Bedie and ex Prime Minister Pascal Affi N Guessan 76 The Achi II government has ruled the country since April 2022 77 Foreign relations Edit Former President Laurent Gbagbo was extradited to the International Criminal Court ICC becoming the first head of state to be taken into the court s custody 78 Further information Foreign relations of Ivory Coast In Africa Ivorian diplomacy favors step by step economic and political cooperation In 1959 Ivory Coast formed the Council of the Entente with Dahomey Benin Upper Volta Burkina Faso Niger and Togo in 1965 the African and Malagasy Common Organization OCAM in 1972 the Economic Community of West Africa CEAO The latter organization changed to the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS in 1975 A founding member of the Organization of African Unity OAU in 1963 and then of the African Union in 2000 Ivory Coast defends respect for state sovereignty and peaceful cooperation between African countries Worldwide Ivorian diplomacy is committed to fair economic and trade relations including the fair trade of agricultural products and the promotion of peaceful relations with all countries Ivory Coast thus maintains diplomatic relations with international organizations and countries all around the world In particular it has signed United Nations treaties such as the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees the 1967 Protocol and the 1969 Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa Ivory Coast is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation African Union La Francophonie Latin Union Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Ivory Coast has partnered with nations of the Sub Saharan region to strengthen water and sanitation infrastructure This has been done mainly with the help of organizations such as UNICEF and corporations like Nestle 57 In 2015 the United Nations engineered the Sustainable Development Goals replacing the Millennium Development Goals They focus on health education poverty hunger climate change water sanitation and hygiene A major focus was clean water and salinization Experts working in these fields have designed the WASH concept WASH focuses on safe drinkable water hygiene and proper sanitation The group has had a major impact on the sub Saharan region of Africa particularly the Ivory Coast By 2030 they plan to have universal and equal access to safe and affordable drinking water 79 Military Edit Further information Military of Ivory Coast As of 2012 update major equipment items reported by the Ivory Coast Army included 10 T 55 tanks marked as potentially unserviceable five AMX 13 light tanks 34 reconnaissance vehicles 10 BMP 1 2 armoured infantry fighting vehicles 41 wheeled APCs and 36 artillery pieces 80 In 2012 the Ivory Coast Air Force consisted of one Mil Mi 24 attack helicopter and three SA330L Puma transports marked as potentially unserviceable 81 In 2017 Ivory Coast signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 82 Administrative divisions Edit Districts of Ivory Coast Since 2011 Ivory Coast has been administratively organised into 12 districts plus two district level autonomous cities The districts are sub divided into 31 regions the regions are divided into 108 departments and the departments are divided into 510 sub prefectures 83 In some instances multiple villages are organised into communes The autonomous districts are not divided into regions but they do contain departments sub prefectures and communes Since 2011 governors for the 12 non autonomous districts have not been appointed As a result these districts have not yet begun to function as governmental entities The following is the list of districts district capitals and each district s regions Map no District District capital Regions Region seat Population 84 1 Abidjan District Autonome d Abidjan 4 707 4042 Bas Sassandra District du Bas Sassandra San Pedro Gbokle Sassandra 400 798Nawa Soubre 1 053 084San Pedro San Pedro 826 6663 Comoe District du Comoe Abengourou Indenie Djuablin Abengourou 560 432Sud Comoe Aboisso 642 6204 Denguele District du Denguele Odienne Folon Minignan 96 415Kabadougou Odienne 193 3645 Goh Djiboua District du Goh Djiboua Gagnoa Goh Gagnoa 876 117Loh Djiboua Divo 729 1696 Lacs District des Lacs Dimbokro Belier Region Yamoussoukro 85 346 768Iffou Daoukro 311 642Moronou Bongouanou 352 616N Zi Dimbokro 247 5787 Lagunes District des Lagunes Dabou Agneby Tiassa Agboville 606 852Grands Ponts Dabou 356 495La Me Adzope 514 7008 Montagnes District des Montagnes Man Cavally Guiglo 459 964Guemon Duekoue 919 392Tonkpi Man 992 5649 Sassandra Marahoue District du Sassandra Marahoue Daloa Haut Sassandra Daloa 1 430 960Marahoue Bouafle 862 34410 Savanes District des Savanes Korhogo Bagoue Boundiali 375 687Poro Korhogo 763 852Tchologo Ferkessedougou 467 95811 Vallee du Bandama District de la Vallee du Bandama Bouake Gbeke Bouake 1 010 849Hambol Katiola 429 97712 Woroba District du Woroba Seguela Bere Mankono 389 758Bafing Touba 183 047Worodougou Seguela 272 33413 Yamoussoukro District Autonome du Yamoussoukro 355 57314 Zanzan District du Zanzan Bondoukou Bounkani Bouna 267 167Gontougo Bondoukou 667 185Largest cities Edit See also List of cities in Ivory Coast vte Largest cities or towns in Ivory Coast According to the 2014 Census in Ivory CoastRank Name District Pop Abidjan 1 Abidjan Abidjan 4 395 2432 Bouake Vallee du Bandama 536 7193 Daloa Sassandra Marahoue 245 3604 Korhogo Savanes 243 0485 Yamoussoukro Yamoussoukro 212 6706 San Pedro Bas Sassandra 164 9447 Gagnoa Goh Djiboua 160 4658 Man Montagnes 149 0419 Divo Goh Djiboua 105 39710 Anyama Abidjan 103 297Geography EditMain article Geography of Ivory Coast Koppen climate classification map of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast is a country in western sub Saharan Africa It borders Liberia and Guinea in the west Mali and Burkina Faso in the north Ghana in the east and the Gulf of Guinea Atlantic Ocean in the south The country lies between latitudes 4 and 11 N and longitudes 2 and 9 W Around 64 8 of the land is agricultural land arable land amounted to 9 1 permanent pasture 41 5 and permanent crops 14 2 Water pollution is one of the biggest issues that the country is currently facing 2 Biodiversity Edit Main articles Wildlife of Ivory Coast Environment of Ivory Coast and List of national parks of Ivory Coast There are over 1 200 animal species including 223 mammals 702 birds 125 reptiles 38 amphibians and 111 species of fish alongside 4 700 plant species It is the most biodiverse country in West Africa with the majority of its wildlife population living in the nation s rugged interior 86 The nation has nine national parks the largest of which is Assgny National Park which occupies an area of around 17 000 hectares or 42 000 acres 87 The country contains six terrestrial ecoregions Eastern Guinean forests Guinean montane forests Western Guinean lowland forests Guinean forest savanna mosaic West Sudanian savanna and Guinean mangroves 88 It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3 64 10 ranking it 143rd globally out of 172 countries 89 Economy EditMain article Economy of Ivory Coast A proportional representation of Ivory Coast 2019 GDP per capita development Ivory Coast has for the region a relatively high income per capita US 1 662 in 2017 and plays a key role in transit trade for neighbouring landlocked countries The country is the largest economy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union constituting 40 of the monetary union s total GDP Ivory Coast is the fourth largest exporter of general goods in sub Saharan Africa following South Africa Nigeria and Angola 90 The country is the world s largest exporter of cocoa beans In 2009 cocoa bean farmers earned 2 53 billion for cocoa exports and were projected to produce 630 000 metric tons in 2013 91 92 Ivory Coast also has 100 000 rubber farmers who earned a total of 105 million in 2012 93 94 Close ties to France since independence in 1960 diversification of agricultural exports and encouragement of foreign investment have been factors in economic growth In recent years Ivory Coast has been subject to greater competition and falling prices in the global marketplace for its primary crops of coffee and cocoa That compounded with high internal corruption makes life difficult for the grower those exporting into foreign markets and the labour force instances of indentured labour have been reported in the country s cocoa and coffee production in every edition of the U S Department of Labor s List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor since 2009 95 Ivory Coast s economy has grown faster than that of most other African countries since independence One possible reason for this might be taxes on exported agriculture Ivory Coast Nigeria and Kenya were exceptions as their rulers were themselves large cash crop producers and the newly independent countries desisted from imposing penal rates of taxation on exported agriculture As such their economies did well 96 Around 7 5 million people made up the workforce in 2009 The workforce took a hit especially in the private sector during the early 2000s with numerous economic crises since 1999 Furthermore these crises caused companies to close and move locations especially in the tourism industry and transit and banking companies Decreasing job markets posed a huge issue as unemployment rates grew Unemployment rates raised to 9 4 in 2012 97 Solutions proposed to decrease unemployment included diversifying jobs in small trade This division of work encouraged farmers and the agricultural sector Self employment policy established by the Ivorian government allowed for very strong growth in the field with an increase of 142 in seven years from 1995 98 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Ivory Coast Historical populationYearPop p a 19603 709 000 19756 709 600 4 08 198810 815 694 3 78 199815 366 672 3 32 201422 671 331 2 56 202129 389 150 3 48 Source 1960 UN estimate 99 1975 1998 censuses 100 2014 census 101 2021 census 3 Congestion at a market in Abidjan According to the December 14 2021 census the population was 29 389 150 3 up from 22 671 331 at the 2014 census 101 The first national census in 1975 counted 6 7 million inhabitants 102 According to a Demographic and Health Surveys nationwide survey the total fertility rate stood at 4 3 children per woman in 2021 with 3 6 in urban areas and 5 3 in rural areas down from 5 0 children per woman in 2012 103 Languages Edit Further information Languages of Ivory Coast It is estimated that 78 languages are spoken in Ivory Coast 104 French the official language is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca A semi creolized form of French known as Nouchi has emerged in Abidjan in recent years and spread among the younger generation 105 One of the most common indigenous languages is Dyula which acts as a trade language in much of the country particularly in the north and is mutually intelligible with other Manding languages widely spoken in neighboring countries 106 Ethnic groups Edit Main article Demographics of Ivory Coast Ethnic groups Macroethnic groupings in the country include Akan 42 1 Voltaiques or Gur 17 6 Northern Mandes 16 5 Kru speaking peoples 11 Southern Mandes 10 and others 2 8 including 100 000 Lebanese 107 and 45 000 French 2004 Each of these categories is subdivided into different ethnicities For example the Akan grouping includes the Baoule the Voltaique category includes the Senufo the Northern Mande category includes the Dioula and the Maninka the Kru category includes the Bete and the Kru and the Southern Mande category includes the Yacouba About 77 of the population is considered Ivorian Since Ivory Coast has established itself as one of the most successful West African nations about 20 of the population about 3 4 million consists of workers from neighbouring Liberia Burkina Faso and Guinea About 4 of the population is of non African ancestry Many are French 49 Lebanese 108 109 Vietnamese and Spanish citizens as well as evangelical missionaries from the United States and Canada In November 2004 around 10 000 French and other foreign nationals evacuated Ivory Coast due to attacks from pro government youth militias 110 Aside from French nationals native born descendants of French settlers who arrived during the country s colonial period are present Religion Edit Further information Religion in Ivory Coast The Catholic Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Yamoussoukro Ivory Coast is religiously diverse According to the latest 2021 census data adherents of Islam mainly Sunni represented 42 5 of the total population while followers of Christianity mainly Catholic and Evangelical comprised 39 8 of the population An additional 12 6 of the population identified as Irreligious while 2 2 reported following Animism 1 2 A 2020 estimate by the Pew Research Center projected that Christians would represent 44 of the total population while Muslims would represent 37 2 of the population In addition it estimated that 8 1 would be religiously unaffiliated and 10 5 as followers of traditional African religions 111 2 In 2009 according to U S Department of State estimates Christians and Muslims each made up 35 to 40 of the population while an estimated 25 of the population practised traditional animist religions 112 Yamoussoukro is home to the largest church building in the world the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace 113 Health Edit Main article Health in Ivory Coast Life expectancy at birth was 42 for males in 2004 for females it was 47 114 Infant mortality was 118 of 1000 live births 114 Twelve physicians are available per 100 000 people 114 About a quarter of the population lives below the international poverty line of US 1 25 a day 115 About 36 of women have undergone female genital mutilation 116 According to 2010 estimates Ivory Coast has the 27th highest maternal mortality rate in the world 117 The HIV AIDS rate was 19th highest in the world estimated in 2012 at 3 20 among adults aged 15 49 years 118 Education Edit Main article Education in Ivory Coast The university campus of the Universite de Cocody Among sub Saharan African countries Ivory Coast has one of the highest literacy rates 2 According to The World Factbook as of 2019 89 9 of the population aged 15 and over can read and write 119 A large part of the adult population in particular women is illiterate Many children between 6 and 10 years old are not enrolled in school 120 The majority of students in secondary education are male At the end of secondary education students can sit for thebaccalaureat examination Universities include Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny in Abidjan and the Universite Alassane Ouattara in Bouake Science and technology Edit Main article Science and technology in Ivory Coast According to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Ivory Coast devotes about 0 13 of GDP to GERD Apart from low investment other challenges include inadequate scientific equipment the fragmentation of research organizations and a failure to exploit and protect research results 121 Ivory Coast was ranked 114st in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 down from 103rd in 2019 122 123 124 125 The share of the National Development Plan for 2012 2015 that is devoted to scientific research remains modest Within the section on greater wealth creation and social equity 63 8 of the total budget for the Plan just 1 2 is allocated to scientific research Twenty four national research programmes group public and private research and training institutions around a common research theme These programmes correspond to eight priority sectors for 2012 2015 namely health raw materials agriculture culture environment governance mining and energy and technology 121 Culture EditMain articles Culture of Ivory Coast Music of Ivory Coast and Media of Ivory Coast Each of the ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast has its own music genres most showing strong vocal polyphony Talking drums are common especially among the Appolo and polyrhythms another African characteristic are found throughout Ivory Coast and are especially common in the southwest Popular music genres from Ivory Coast include zoblazo zouglou and Coupe Decale A few Ivorian artists who have known international success are Magic Systeme Alpha Blondy Meiway Dobet Gnahore Tiken Jah Fakoly DJ Arafat AfroB Serge Beynaud and Christina Goh of Ivorian descent Sport Edit See also Ivory Coast at the Olympics The Ivory Coast national football team The most popular sport is association football The national football team has played in the World Cup three times in Germany 2006 in South Africa 2010 and Brazil in 2014 The women s football team played in the 2015 Women s World Cup in Canada The country has been the host of several major African sporting events with the most recent being the 2013 African Basketball Championship In the past the country hosted the 1984 African Cup of Nations in which the Ivory Coast football team finished fifth and the 1985 African Basketball Championship where the national basketball team won the gold medal 400m metre runner Gabriel Tiacoh won the silver medal in the men s 400 metres at the 1984 Olympics The country hosted the 8th edition of Jeux de la Francophonie in 2017 In the sport of athletics well known participants include Marie Josee Ta Lou and Murielle Ahoure Rugby union is popular and the national rugby union team qualified to play at the Rugby World Cup in South Africa in 1995 Ivory Coast has won two Africa Cups one in 1992 and the other in 2015 Ivory Coast is known for Taekwondo with well known competitors such as Cheick Cisse Ruth Gbagbi and Firmin Zokou Cuisine Edit Yassa is a popular dish throughout West Africa prepared with chicken or fish Chicken yassa is pictured Main article Ivorian cuisine Traditional cuisine is very similar to that of neighbouring countries in West Africa in its reliance on grains and tubers Cassava and plantains are significant parts of Ivorian cuisine A type of corn paste called aitiu is used to prepare corn balls and peanuts are widely used in many dishes Attieke is a popular side dish made with grated cassava a vegetable based couscous Common street food is alloco plantain fried in palm oil spiced with steamed onions and chili and eaten along with grilled fish or boiled eggs Chicken is commonly consumed and has a unique flavor because of its lean low fat mass in this region Seafood includes tuna sardines shrimp and bonito which is similar to tuna Mafe is a common dish consisting of meat in peanut sauce 126 Slow simmered stews with various ingredients are another common food staple 126 Kedjenou is a dish consisting of chicken and vegetables slow cooked in a sealed pot with little or no added liquid which concentrates the flavors of the chicken and vegetables and tenderizes the chicken 126 It is usually cooked in a pottery jar called a canary over a slow fire or cooked in an oven 126 Bangui is a local palm wine Ivorians have a particular kind of small open air restaurant called a maquis which is unique to the region A maquis normally features braised chicken and fish covered in onions and tomatoes served with attieke or kedjenou See also Edit Africa portalIndex of Ivory Coast related articles Outline of Ivory CoastNotes Edit The latter being pronounced ˌ k oʊ t d iː ˈ v w ɑːr KOHT dee VWAR in English and kot divwaʁ listen in French 7 Joseph Vaissete in his 1755 Geographie historique ecclesiastique et civile lists the name as La Cote des Dents The Coast of the Teeth but notes that Cote de Dents is the more correct form 16 Cote du Vent sometimes denoted the combined Ivory and Grain coasts or sometimes just the Grain coast 13 11 Literal translations include Elfenbeinkuste German Costa d Avorio Italian Norsunluurannikko Finnish Be reg Slono voj Ko sti Russian and Ivory Coast 21 Many governments use Cote d Ivoire for diplomatic reasons as do their outlets such as the Chinese CCTV News Other organizations that use Cote d Ivoire include the Central Intelligence Agency in its World Factbook 2 and the international sport organizations FIFA 25 and the IOC 26 referring to their national football and Olympic teams in international games and in official broadcasts news magazine The Economist 27 the Encyclopaedia Britannica 28 and the National Geographic Society 29 The BBC usually uses Ivory Coast both in news reports and on its page about the country 30 The Guardian newspaper s style guide says Ivory Coast not The Ivory Coast or Cote d Ivoire its nationals are Ivorians 31 ABC News Fox News The Times The New York Times the South African Broadcasting Corporation and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation all use Ivory Coast either exclusively or predominantly citation needed References Edit a b OVERALL DEFINITIVE RESULTS OF THE RGPH 2021 THE POPULATION USUALLY LIVING ON IVORIAN TERRITORY IS 29 389 150 INHABITANTS PORTAIL OFFICIEL DU GOUVERNEMENT DE COTE D IVOIRE in French 13 July 2022 a b c d e f g Cote d Ivoire The World Factbook CIA Directorate of Intelligence 30 March 2022 Retrieved 16 March 2022 a b c Institut National de la Statistique de Cote d Ivoire RGPH 2021 Resultats globaux PDF Retrieved 9 August 2022 a b c d World Economic Outlook Database October 2022 IMF org International Monetary Fund October 2022 Retrieved 11 October 2022 Gini Index World Bank Retrieved 14 July 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Human Development Report 2021 2022 PDF United Nations Development Programme 8 September 2022 Retrieved 8 September 2022 Cote d Ivoire definition Dictionary com Retrieved 23 May 2014 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint url status link Loi n 2000 513 du 1er aout 2000 portant Constitution de la Republique de Cote d Ivoire PDF Journal Officiel de la Republique de Cote d Ivoire in French 42 30 529 538 3 August 2000 Archived from the original PDF on 25 March 2009 IMF World Economic Outlook database April 2022 Retrieved 10 August 2022 Ivory Coast country profile BBC News 18 November 2020 Retrieved 1 June 2021 a b c d e Thornton 1996 p 53 56 a b c Lipski 2005 p 39 a b c d Duckett 1853 p 594 a b Homans 1858 p 14 a b Plee 1868 p 146 a b c Vaissete 1755 p 185 186 a b Blanchard 1818 p 57 a b c d Chisholm 1911 p 100 a b Walckenaer 1827 p 35 The Ivory Coast World Digital Library Retrieved 16 February 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b David 2000 p 7 Auzias amp Labourdette 2008 p 9 Lea amp Rowe 2001 p 127 Jessup 1998 p 351 CAF Member Associations CAF Online CAF Confederation of African Football Retrieved 20 July 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Cote d Ivoire International Olympic Committee Retrieved 20 July 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Research Tools The Economist Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 Retrieved 20 June 2010 Cote d Ivoire Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica com Retrieved 20 June 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Places Directory nationalgeographic com 25 June 2008 Retrieved 20 June 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Country profile Ivory Coast BBC News 24 February 2010 Retrieved 30 April 2010 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Guardian Style Guide I The Guardian 19 December 2008 Retrieved 30 April 2010 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Guede Francois Yiode 1995 Contribution a l etude du paleolithique de la Cote d Ivoire Etat des connaissances Journal des Africanistes 65 2 79 91 doi 10 3406 jafr 1995 2432 Rougerie 1978 p 246 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Warner 1988 p 5 Kipre 1992 pp 15 16 a b c d Warner 1988 p 6 a b c d e f g h i j k Warner 1988 p 7 a b Warner 1988 pp 7 8 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Warner 1988 p 8 a b c d e f g h i j k Background Note Cote d Ivoire U S Department of State October 2003 Archived from the original on 29 February 2004 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint postscript link Warner 1988 p 9 a b c d e f g h i j k l Warner 1988 p 10 a b c Warner 1988 p 11 Slave Emancipation and the Expansion of Islam 1905 1914 PDF 2 May 2013 p 11 Archived from the original PDF on 2 May 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k l Warner 1988 p 12 a b c Warner 1988 p 14 Mortimer 1969 French Ivory Coast 1946 1960 University of Central Arkansas Retrieved 21 January 2021 a b Ivory Coast The Economy countrystudies us Library of Congress McGovern 2011 p 16 Appiah amp Gates 2010 p 330 Fenton Tim 15 November 2004 France s Little Iraq CBS News Archived from the original on 8 October 2013 unreliable source UN endorses plan to leave president in office beyond mandate IRIN 14 October 2005 Bavier Joe 18 August 2006 Ivory Coast Opposition Rebels Say No to Term Extension for President VOA News Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 Partial rejection of UN peace plan IRIN 2 November 2006 New Ivory Coast govt a boost for Gbagbo Independent Online Agence France Presse 12 April 2007 Archived from the original on 26 October 2007 a b Water And Sanitation UNICEF Archived from the original on 14 May 2016 a b c Thousands flee Ivory Coast for Liberia amid poll crisis BBC News 26 December 2010 Retrieved 26 December 2010 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Final Communique on the Extraordinary Session of the Authority of Heads of State and Government on Cote D Ivoire Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS 7 December 2010 Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 Communique of the 252nd Meeting of the Peace and Security Council PDF African Union 9 December 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 6 February 2011 ICE deports Ivory Coast army colonel convicted of arms trafficking Immigration and Customs Enforcement 30 November 2012 Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 FBI nabbed colonel on official business United Press International 21 September 2010 United States v Shor Order on appeal from summary judgment 9th Cir Case No 5 10 cr 00434 RMW 1 December 18 2015 DiCampo Peter 27 April 2011 An Uncertain Future Ivory Coast Elections Turn to War Pulitzer Center Retrieved 8 August 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Lynch Colum Branigin William 11 April 2011 Ivory Coast strongman arrested after French forces intervene Washington Post Archived from the original on 13 April 2011 Retrieved 12 April 2011 Ivory Coast s Laurent Gbagbo arrested four months on The Guardian 11 April 2011 Retrieved 1 June 2021 Griffiths Thalia 11 April 2011 The war is over but Ouattara s struggle has barely begun The Guardian Retrieved 11 December 2016 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link ICC orders conditional release of ex Ivory Coast leader Gbagbo France 24 1 February 2019 Retrieved 6 March 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Former Ivory Coast President Laurent Gbagbo freed by International Criminal Court CNN 15 January 2019 Retrieved 15 January 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Ivory Coast s ex president Laurent Gbagbo released to Belgium Al Jazeera Retrieved 6 March 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Ivory Coast s Ouattara re elected by a landslide Al Jazeera Retrieved 1 June 2021 Ivory Coast election Alassane Ouattara wins amid boycott BBC News 3 November 2020 Retrieved 1 June 2021 Ivory Coast Constitutional Council confirms Ouattara re election Al Jazeera Retrieved 1 June 2021 Agnero Eric 10 November 2010 Ivory Coast postpones presidential runoff vote CNN Retrieved 11 November 2010 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Ivory Coast election Army says it has sealed borders BBC News 3 December 2010 Retrieved 3 November 2010 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Ivory Coast election Ouattara wins the third term opposition cries foul Deutsche Welle 3 November 2020 Retrieved 1 June 2021 Cote d Ivoire un nouveau gouvernement mais peu de changements Jeune Afrique JeuneAfrique com in French Retrieved 10 August 2022 Ivory Coast s former president Laurent Gbagbo oversaw unspeakable crimes says ICC The Daily Telegraph 28 January 2016 Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 Sustainable Development Goals sustainabledevelopment un org Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 Retrieved 20 May 2016 IISS 2012 p 429 IISS 2012 p 430 Chapter XXVI Disarmament No 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons United Nations Treaty Collection 7 July 2017 Geopolitical Entities Names and Codes GENC second edition Districts of Cote d Ivoire Statoids Institut National de la Statistique Cote d Ivoire While Yamoussoukro is the seat of Belier region the city itself is not part of the region COTE D IVOIRE IVORY COAST Monga Bay Parc national d Azagny United Nations Environment Programme 1983 Archived from the original on 1 November 2010 Retrieved 2 June 2019 Dinerstein Eric Olson David et al 2017 An Ecoregion Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm BioScience 67 6 534 545 doi 10 1093 biosci bix014 ISSN 0006 3568 PMC 5451287 PMID 28608869 Grantham H S Duncan A et al 2020 Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40 of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material Nature Communications 11 1 5978 Bibcode 2020NatCo 11 5978G doi 10 1038 s41467 020 19493 3 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 7723057 PMID 33293507 Cote d Ivoire Financial Sector Profile MFW4A org Archived from the original on 22 October 2010 Retrieved 6 December 2010 Ivory Coast Makes 1st Cocoa Export Since January Associated Press via NPR 9 May 2011 Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 21 January 2014 Monnier Olivier 27 March 2013 Ivory Coast San Pedro Port Sees Cocoa Exports Stagnating Bloomberg Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 21 January 2014 Ivory Coast reaps more rubber as farmers shift from cocoa Reuters 13 February 2013 Retrieved 21 January 2014 Cote d Ivoire Office of the United States Trade Representative Ustr gov 29 March 2009 Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 21 January 2014 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in Cote d Ivoire United States Department of Labor Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 Baten 2016 p 335 Ivory Coast Unemployment Rate 1998 2017 Data Chart Calendar www tradingeconomics com Archived from the original on 18 February 2017 Retrieved 17 February 2017 Ministry of Economy 2007 pp 176 180 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Population Prospects 2022 Retrieved 9 August 2022 Institut National de la Statistique de Cote d Ivoire Recensement General de la Population et de l Habitat 2014 Rapport d execution et Presentation des principaux resultats PDF p 3 Retrieved 9 August 2022 a b Institut National de la Statistique de Cote d Ivoire RGPH 2014 Resultats globaux PDF Retrieved 9 August 2022 Ivory Coast Population countrystudies us Library of Congress Institut National de la Statistique de Cote d Ivoire and ICF International Enquete Demographique et de Sante Cote d Ivoire 2021 PDF p 10 21 Retrieved 10 August 2022 Lewis M Paul ed 2009 Ethnologue Languages of the World Sixteenth edition Dallas Tex SIL International Page on Languages of Cote d Ivoire This page indicates that one of the 79 no longer has any speakers Boutin Akissi Beatrice 2021 Hurst Harosh Ellen Brookes Heather Mesthrie Rajend eds Exploring Hybridity in Ivorian French and Nouchi Youth Language Practices and Urban Language Contact in Africa Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 159 181 ISBN 978 1 107 17120 6 retrieved 9 October 2022 Manding Dioula Minority Rights Group 19 June 2015 Retrieved 9 October 2022 Des investisseurs libanais a Abidjan pour investir en Afrique VOA Afrique 1 February 2018 From Lebanon to Africa Al Jazeera 28 October 2015 Ivory Coast The Levantine Community Countrystudies us Library of Congress Retrieved 20 June 2010 Gregson Brent 30 November 2004 Rwanda Syndrome on the Ivory Coast World Press Review Ivory Coast Global Religious Futures Pew Research Center Retrieved 1 July 2021 Cote d Ivoire State gov Retrieved on 17 August 2012 Mark Monica 15 May 2015 Yamoussoukro s Notre Dame de la Paix the world s largest basilica a history of cities in 50 buildings day 37 the Guardian Retrieved 1 October 2022 a b c WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region World Health Organization Archived from the original on 17 June 2010 Retrieved 20 June 2010 Human Development Indices PDF United Nations Development Programme January 2008 p 35 Retrieved 1 June 2009 Table 3 Human and income poverty Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices World Health Organization Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 Retrieved 28 August 2014 Country Comparison Maternal Mortality Rate The World Factbook CIA gov Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 Country Comparison HIV AIDS Adult Prevalence Rate The World Factbook CIA gov Archived from the original on 21 December 2014 Literacy The World Factbook www cia gov Population Health and Human Well Being Cote d Ivoire PDF EarthTrends 2003 Archived from the original PDF on 11 May 2011 Retrieved 6 December 2010 a b Essegbey Diaby amp Konte 2015 pp 498 533 West Africa Global Innovation Index 2021 World Intellectual Property Organization United Nations Retrieved 5 March 2022 Global Innovation Index 2019 WIPO Retrieved 2 September 2021 RTD Item ec europa eu Retrieved 2 September 2021 Global Innovation Index INSEAD Knowledge 28 October 2013 Retrieved 2 September 2021 a b c d Ivory Coast Cote d Ivoire Recipes and Cuisine Whats4eats com 3 April 2008 Retrieved 22 May 2011 unreliable source a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint postscript link CS1 maint url status link Bibliography EditAppiah Anthony Gates Henry Louis eds 2010 Encyclopedia of Africa Vol 1 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195337709 via Google Books Baten Jorg 2016 A History of the Global Economy From 1500 to the Present Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107507180 Auzias Dominique Labourdette Jean Paul 2008 Cote d Ivoire Petit fute Country Guides in French Petit Fute ISBN 9782746924086 Blanchard Pierre 1818 Le Voyageur de la jeunesse dans les quatre parties du monde in French 5th ed Paris Le Prieur Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Ivory Coast Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed David Philippe 2000 La Cote d Ivoire in French KARTHALA Editions 2009 ed Paris Meridiens ISBN 9782811101961 Duckett William 1853 Cote Des Dents Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture inventaire raisonne des notions generales les plus indispensables a tous in French Vol 6 2nd ed Paris Michel Levy freres Essegbey George Diaby Nouhou Konte Almamy 2015 West Africa UNESCO Science Report towards 2030 PDF Paris UNESCO ISBN 978 92 3 100129 1 Archived PDF from the original on 30 June 2017 Retrieved 24 August 2017 Homans Isaac Smith 1858 Africa A cyclopedia of commerce and commercial navigation Vol 1 New York Harper amp brothers Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier Human Development and the Anthropocene PDF United Nations Development Programme 15 December 2020 ISBN 978 92 1 126442 5 Retrieved 16 December 2020 International Institute for Strategic Studies 2012 Military Balance 2012 Routledge ISBN 978 0 429 33356 9 OCLC 1147908458 Jessup John E 1998 An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution 1945 1996 Westport Connecticut Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 313 28112 9 OCLC 37742322 Kipre Pierre 1992 Histoire de la Cote d Ivoire in French Abidjan Editions AMI OCLC 33233462 Lea David Rowe Annamarie 2001 Cote d Ivoire A Political Chronology of Africa Political Chronologies of the World Vol 4 Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781857431162 Lipski John M 2005 A History of Afro Hispanic Language Five Centuries Five Continents Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521822657 McGovern Mike 2011 Making War in Cote d Ivoire University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226514604 Ministry of Economy and Finances of the Republic of Cote d Ivoire 2007 La Cote d Ivoire en chiffres in French Abidjan Dialogue Production OCLC 173763995 Mortimer Edward 1969 France and the Africans 1944 1960 A Political History London Faber amp Faber ISBN 0 571 08251 3 OCLC 31730 Plee Victorine Francois 1868 Cote des Dents ou d Ivoire Peinture geographique du monde moderne suivant l ordre dans lequel il a ete reconnu et decouvert in French Paris Pigoreau Rougerie Gabriel 1978 L Encyclopedie generale de la Cote d Ivoire in French Abidjan Nouvelles publishers africaines ISBN 978 2 7236 0542 7 OCLC 5727980 Thornton John K 1996 The African background to American colonization In Engerman Stanley L Gallman Robert E eds The Cambridge Economic History of the United States Vol 1 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521394420 Vaissete Jean Joseph 1755 Geographie historique ecclesiastique et civile in French Vol 11 Paris chez Desaint amp Saillant J T Herissant J Barois Walckenaer Charles Athanase 1827 Histoire generale des voyages ou Nouvelle collection des relations de voyages par mer et par terre in French Vol 8 Paris Lefevre Warner Rachel 1988 Historical Setting In Handloff Robert Earl ed Cote d Ivoire a country study Washington D C Federal Research Division Library of Congress OCLC 44238009 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint postscript link External links EditIvory Coast at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel information from Wikivoyage Official website of the Government of Ivory Coast in French Cote d Ivoire The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Ivory Coast at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of Cote d Ivoire Geographic data related to Ivory Coast at OpenStreetMapTradeIvory Coast 2012 Trade Summary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ivory Coast amp oldid 1134104825, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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