Free Democratic Party of Switzerland
The Free Democratic Party or Radical Democratic Party[5][6][7][8][9] (German: Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei, FDP; French: Parti radical-démocratique, PRD; Italian: Partito liberale-radicale svizzero, PLR; Romansh: Partida liberaldemocrata svizra, PLD) was a liberal[10][11][12] political party in Switzerland. Formerly one of the major parties in Switzerland, on 1 January 2009 it merged with the Liberal Party of Switzerland to form FDP.The Liberals.
| Founded | 1894 |
|---|---|
| Dissolved | 1 January 2009 |
| Merged into | FDP.The Liberals |
| Headquarters | Neuengasse 20 Postfach 6136 CH-3001 Bern |
| Ideology | Liberalism (Switzerland) Classical liberalism[1] Conservative liberalism[2] |
| Political position | Centre-right[3][4] |
| European affiliation | European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party |
| International affiliation | International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties (before 1938) Liberal International (after 1947) |
| Colours | Azure |
The FDP was formed in 1894 from the Radicals, who had dominated Swiss politics since the 1830s, standing in opposition to the Catholic conservatives, and who from the creation of the federal state in 1848 until 1891 formed the federal government.
The FDP remained dominant until the introduction of proportional representation in 1919. From 1945 to 1987, it alternated with the Social Democratic Party to be the largest party. In 1959, the party took two seats in the magic formula. The party declined in the 1990s and 2000s (decade), as it was put under pressure by the Swiss People's Party. In response, the party formed closer relations with the smaller Liberal Party, leading to their formal merger in 2009.
History
The elements 'liberal', 'radical' and freisinnig (an obsolete German word for 'liberal',[13] or literally "free thinking"[5]) in the party's name originate from the conflicts during the period of Swiss Restoration between the Catholic-conservative cantons and the liberal cantons. This conflict led to the foundation of the Swiss federal state in 1848 after the victory of the predominantly Protestant and liberal cantons over the conservative and Catholic ones in the Sonderbund war.
From 1848 until 1891, the Federal Council was composed entirely of Radicals. The radical movement of the restoration was anti-clerical,[6] and stood in opposition to the Catholic Conservative Party, the ancestor of the modern Christian Democratic People's Party. They were otherwise heterogeneous, including and classical liberal 'Liberals', federalist 'Radicals', and social liberal 'Democrats': placing the radical movement on the 'left' of the political spectrum. It was not until the rise of the Social Democratic Party in the early 20th century that the FDP found itself on the centre-right.
The FDP was the dominant party until the 1919 election, when the introduction of proportional representation led to a leap in the representation of the Social Democrats. In 1959, the Free Democrats joined the other major parties in agreeing the 'magic formula' to divide up the seats of the Federal Council, with the FDP permanently receiving two of the seven seats.
After the 2003 elections, lawmakers of FDP and Liberal Party formed a common parliamentary group in the Federal Assembly. In June 2005, they strengthened their cooperation by founding the Radical and Liberal Union.[14] They merged on 1 January 2009 to form FDP.The Liberals.
Election results
In 2003, it held 36 mandates (out of 200) in the Swiss National Council (first chamber of the Swiss parliament); 14 (out of 46) in the second chamber and 2 out of 7 mandates in the Swiss Federal Council (executive body). By 2005, it held 27.2% of the seats in the Swiss Cantonal governments and 19.7% in the Swiss Cantonal parliaments (index "BADAC", weighted with the population and number of seats). At the last legislative elections, 22 October 2007, the party won 15.6% of the popular vote and 31 out of 200 seats.[15]
National Council
| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1896 | 181,028 | 47.8 (#1) | 86 / 147 | 12 | 1st |
| 1899 | 183,216 | 49.7 (#1) | 82 / 147 | 2 | 1st |
| 1902 | 205,235 | 50.4 (#1) | 100 / 167 | 16 | 1st |
| 1905 | 202,605 | 49.2 (#1) | 104 / 167 | 4 | 1st |
| 1908 | 202,732 | 50.9 (#1) | 105 / 167 | 1 | 1st |
| 1911 | 198,300 | 49.5 (#1) | 115 / 189 | 10 | 1st |
| 1914 | 191,054 | 56.1 (#1) | 112 / 189 | 3 | 1st |
| 1917 | 210,323 | 40.8 (#1) | 103 / 189 | 9 | 1st |
| 1919 | 215,566 | 28.8 (#1) | 60 / 189 | 43 | 1st |
| 1922 | 208,144 | 28.3 (#1) | 60 / 198 | 1st | |
| 1925 | 206,485 | 27.8 (#1) | 60 / 198 | 1st | |
| 1928 | 220,135 | 27.4 (#2) | 58 / 198 | 2 | 1st |
| 1931 | 232,562 | 26.9 (#2) | 52 / 187 | 6 | 1st |
| 1935 | 216,664 | 23.7 (#2) | 48 / 187 | 4 | 2nd |
| 1939 | 128,163 | 20.7 (#2) | 49 / 187 | 1 | 1st |
| 1943 | 197,746 | 22.5 (#2) | 47 / 194 | 2 | 2nd |
| 1947 | 220,486 | 23.0 (#2) | 52 / 194 | 5 | 1st |
| 1951 | 230,687 | 24.0 (#2) | 51 / 196 | 1 | 1st |
| 1955 | 227,370 | 23.3 (#2) | 50 / 196 | 1 | 2nd |
| 1959 | 232,557 | 23.7 (#2) | 51 / 196 | 1 | 1st[a] |
| 1963 | 230,200 | 23.9 (#2) | 51 / 200 | 2nd | |
| 1967 | 230,095 | 23.2 (#2) | 49 / 200 | 2 | 2nd |
| 1971 | 432,259 | 21.7 (#2) | 49 / 200 | 1st | |
| 1975 | 428,919 | 22.2 (#2) | 47 / 200 | 2 | 2nd |
| 1979 | 440,099 | 24.0 (#2) | 51 / 200 | 4 | 1st[a] |
| 1983 | 457,283 | 23.3 (#1) | 54 / 200 | 3 | 1st |
| 1987 | 457,283 | 22.9 (#1) | 51 / 200 | 3 | 1st |
| 1991 | 429,072 | 21.0 (#1) | 44 / 200 | 7 | 1st |
| 1995 | 384,515 | 20.2 (#2) | 45 / 200 | 1 | 2nd |
| 1999 | 388,780 | 19.9 (#3) | 43 / 200 | 2 | 3rd |
| 2003 | 364,493 | 17.3 (#3) | 36 / 200 | 7 | 3rd |
| 2007 | 364,736 | 15.8 (#3) | 31 / 200 | 5 | 3rd |
- ^ a b Tied with the Social Democratic Party.
List of party Presidents
| Name | Canton | Years | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Christian Friedrich Göttisheim | Basel-Stadt | 1894–1896 |
| 2nd | Ernst Brenner | Basel-Stadt | 1896–1897 |
| 3rd | Johannes Stössel | Zurich | 1897–1898 |
| 4th | Johann Hirter | Bern | 1898–1903 |
| 5th | Paul Scherrer | Basel-Stadt | 1904–1906 |
| 6th | Walter Bissegger | Zurich | 1907–1910 |
| 7th | Camille Decoppet | Vaud | 1911–1912 |
| 8th | Félix Bonjour | Vaud | 1912–1913 |
| 9th | Emil Lohner | Bern | 1914–1918 |
| 10th | Robert Schöpfer | Solothurn | 1919–1923 |
| 11th | Albert Meyer | Zurich | 1923–1929 |
| 12th | Hermann Schüpbach | Bern | 1929–1934 |
| 13th | Ernest Béguin | Neuchâtel | 1934–1940 |
| 14th | Max Wey | Luzern | 1940–1948 |
| 15th | Aleardo Pini | Ticino | 1948–1954 |
| 16th | Eugen Dietschi | Basel-Stadt | 1954–1960 |
| 17th | Nello Celio | Ticino | 1960–1964 |
| 18th | Pierre Glasson | Fribourg | 1964–1968 |
| 19th | Henri Schmitt | Geneva | 1968–1974 |
| 20th | Fritz Honegger | Zurich | 1974–1977 |
| 21st | Yann Richter | Neuchâtel | 1978–1984 |
| 22nd | Bruno Hunziker | Aargau | 1984–1989 |
| 23rd | Franz Steinegger | Uri | 1989–2001 |
| 24th | Gerold Bührer | Schaffhausen | 2001–2002 |
| 25th | Christiane Langenberger | Vaud | 2002–2004 |
| 26th | Rolf Schweiger | Zug | 2004 |
| 27th | Marianne Kleiner | Appenzell Innerrhoden | 2004–2005 |
| 28th | Fulvio Pelli | Ticino | 2005–2009 |
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Jan-Erik Lane; Svante O. Ersson (1999). Politics and Society in Western Europe. SAGE Publications. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7619-5862-8. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 489. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1.
- ^ Damir Skenderovic (2009). The Radical Right in Switzerland: Continuity and Change, 1945-2000. Berghahn Books. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-84545-948-2. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ Hanspeter Kriesi; Laurent Bernhard (2011). The Context of the Campaigns. Political Communication in Direct Democratic Campaigns: Enlightening or Manipulating?. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 20.
- ^ a b Lublin, David (2014). Minority Rules: Electoral Systems, Decentralization, and Ethnoregional Party Success. Oxford University Press. pp. 232–233.
- ^ a b Thompson, Wayne C., ed. (2014). "Switzerland". Western Europe 2014. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-4758-1230-5.
- ^ "FDP. The Liberals". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^ Roberts, Geoffrey K.; Hogwood, Patricia, eds. (1997). European Politics Today. Manchester University Press. p. 383.
- ^ Lansford, Tom, ed. (2013). "Switzerland". Political Handbook of the World 2013. CQ Press/SAGE. pp. 1400–1401. ISBN 978-1452258249.
- ^ Erik Lundsgaarde (2012). The Domestic Politics of Foreign Aid. Routledge. pp. 105–. ISBN 978-0-415-65695-5. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ Hanspeter Kriesi (31 July 2012). "Restructuring the national political space: the supply side of national electoral politics". In Hanspeter Kriesi; Edgar Grande; Martin Dolezal; Marc Helbling; Dominic Höglinger (eds.). Political Conflict in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-107-02438-0. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ Bale, Tim (2021). Riding the populist wave: Europe's mainstream right in crisis. Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-009-00686-6. OCLC 1256593260.
- ^ "PONS Online Dictionary German-English". 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
- ^ "New alliance counters left-right polarisation - swissinfo".
- ^ "Nationalrat 2007".
External links
- in German
- prd.ch in French
- plrt.ch in Italian
- Young Liberals Switzerland official site of the youth branch, called jungfreisinnige schweiz (in German/French)