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Wikipedia

Northern Cyprus

February 10, 2023

Northern Cyprus (Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs), officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC; Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, KKTC), is a de facto state[6][7] that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti (Turkish)
Anthem: 
İstiklal Marşı
"The Independence March"
Status
Capital
and largest city
North Nicosia (de facto)
Nicosia (de jure)[1]
35°11′N 33°22′E / 35.183°N 33.367°E / 35.183; 33.367
Official languagesTurkish
Spoken languageCypriot Turkish
Demonym(s)
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic
• President
Ersin Tatar
Ünal Üstel
Zorlu Tore[2]
LegislatureAssembly of the Republic
Establishment
20 July 1974
1 October 1974
13 October 1975
• Independence from the Republic of Cyprus
15 November 1983[3]
Area
• Total
3,355 km2 (1,295 sq mi) (unranked)
• Water (%)
2.7
Population
• 2021 estimate
382,836[4]
• Density
114/km2 (295.3/sq mi) (unranked)
GDP (nominal)2018 estimate
• Total
$4.234 billion[5]
• Per capita
$14,942[5]
CurrencyTurkish lira (₺) (TRY)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (EEST)
Driving sideleft
Calling code+90 392

Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.

A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.[8][9][10]

Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.[11]

Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular.[12] Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.

History

See also: Ottoman Cyprus and Modern history of Cyprus

1960–1974

See also: Cypriot intercommunal violence
 
Fazıl Küçük, former Turkish Cypriot leader and former Vice-President of Cyprus
 
Sarayönü Square of North Nicosia in 1969, after the division of the city

A united Cyprus gained independence from British rule in August 1960, after both Greek and Turkish Cypriots agreed to abandon their respective plans for enosis (union with Greece) and taksim (Turkish for "partition"). The agreement involved Cyprus being governed under a constitution which apportioned cabinet posts, parliamentary seats and civil service jobs on an agreed ratio between the two communities. Within three years, tensions began to show between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots in administrative affairs. In particular, disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. In 1963 President Makarios proposed unilateral changes to the constitution, via 13 amendments. Turkey and the Turkish Cypriots rejected the proposed amendments, claiming that this was an attempt to settle constitutional disputes in favour of the Greek Cypriots[13] and to demote Turkish status from co-founders of the state to one of minority status, removing their constitutional safeguards in the process. Turkish Cypriots filed a lawsuit against the 13 amendments in the Supreme Constitutional Court of Cyprus (SCCC). Makarios announced that he would not comply with the decision of the SCCC, whatever it was,[14] and defended his amendments as being necessary "to resolve constitutional deadlocks" as opposed to the stance of the SCCC.[15]

On 25 April 1963, the SCCC decided that Makarios's 13 amendments were illegal. The Cyprus Supreme Court's ruling found that Makarios had violated the constitution by failing to fully implement its measures and that Turkish Cypriots had not been allowed to return to their positions in government without first accepting the proposed constitutional amendments.[16] On 21 May, the president of the SCCC resigned due to Makarios's stance. On 15 July, Makarios ignored the decision of the SCCC.[17] After the resignation of the president of the SCCC, the SCCC ceased to exist. The Supreme Court of Cyprus (SCC) was formed by merging the SCCC and the High Court of Cyprus, and undertook the jurisdiction and powers of the SCCC and HCC.[18] On 30 November, Makarios legalised the 13 proposals. In 1963, the Greek Cypriot wing of the government created the Akritas plan which outlined a policy that would remove Turkish Cypriots from the government and ultimately lead to union with Greece. The plan stated that if the Turkish Cypriots objected then they should be "violently subjugated before foreign powers could intervene".[19]

On 21 December 1963, shots were fired at a Turkish Cypriot crowd that had gathered as a Greek police patrol stopped two Turkish Cypriots, claiming to ask for identification; two Turkish Cypriots were killed.[20] Almost immediately, intercommunal violence broke out with a major Greek Cypriot paramilitary attack upon Turkish Cypriots in Nicosia and Larnaca. Though the TMT—a Turkish resistance group created in 1959 to promote a policy of taksim (division or partition of Cyprus), in opposition to the Greek Cypriot nationalist group EOKA and its advocacy of enosis (union of Cyprus with Greece)—committed a number of acts of retaliation; historian of the Cyprus conflict Keith Kyle noted that "there is no doubt that the main victims of the numerous incidents that took place during the next few months were Turks".[13] Seven hundred Turkish hostages, including children, were taken from the northern suburbs of Nicosia. Nikos Sampson, a nationalist and future coup leader, led a group of Greek Cypriot irregulars into the mixed suburb of Omorphita/Küçük Kaymaklı and attacked the Turkish Cypriot population.[21] By the end of 1964, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots had been killed.[22]

Turkish Cypriot members of the government had by now withdrawn, creating an essentially Greek Cypriot administration in control of all institutions of the state. After the partnership government collapsed, the Greek Cypriot led administration was recognised as the legitimate government of the Republic of Cyprus at the stage of the debates in New York in February 1964.[23] In September 1964, the then United Nations Secretary General, U Thant reported that "UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting".[24] Widespread looting of Turkish Cypriot villages prompted 20,000 refugees to retreat into armed enclaves, where they remained for the next 11 years,[25] relying on food and medical supplies from Turkey to survive. Turkish Cypriots formed paramilitary groups to defend the enclaves, leading to a gradual division of the island's communities into two hostile camps. The violence had also seen thousands of Turkish Cypriots attempt to escape the violence by emigrating to Britain, Australia and Turkey.[26] On 28 December 1967, the Turkish Cypriot Provisional Administration was founded.[27]

1974–1983

Main articles: 1974 Cypriot coup d'état, Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and Turkish Federated State of Cyprus
 
Rauf Denktaş, founder and former President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

On 6 July 1974, Makarios accused the Greek government of turning the Cypriot National Guard into an army of occupation.[28] On 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta and the Cypriot National Guard backed a Greek Cypriot military coup d'état in Cyprus. Pro-Enosis Nikos Sampson replaced President Makarios as the new president.[29] The Greek Cypriot coupists proclaimed the establishment of the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".[30][31] Turkey claimed that under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee, the coup was sufficient reason for military action to protect the Turkish Cypriot populace, and thus Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July. Turkish forces proceeded to take over the northern four-elevenths of the island (about 36% of Cyprus's total area). The coup caused a civil war filled with ethnic violence, after which it collapsed and Makarios returned to power.[citation needed]

On 2 August 1975, in the negotiations in Vienna, a population exchange agreement was signed between community leaders Rauf Denktaş and Glafcos Clerides under the auspices of the United Nations.[32][33] On the basis of the Agreement, 196,000 Greek Cypriots living in the north were exchanged for 42,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the south[34] (the number of settlers was disputed).[35] The Orthodox Greek Cypriots in Rizokarpaso, Agios Andronikos and Agia Triada chose to stay in their villages,[36] as did also Catholic Maronites in Asomatos, Karpasia and Kormakitis. Approximately 1,500 Greek Cypriots and 500 Turkish Cypriots remain missing.[37] The invasion led to the formation of the first sovereign administrative body of Northern Cyprus in August 1974, the Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration.

In 1975, the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (Kıbrıs Türk Federe Devleti) was declared as a first step towards a future federated Cypriot state, but was rejected by the Republic of Cyprus and the United Nations.

The north unilaterally declared its independence on 15 November 1983 under the name of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.[3] This was rejected by the UN via Security Council Resolution 541.

1983–present

 
Atatürk Square, North Nicosia in 2006, with the Northern Cypriot and Turkish flags

In recent years, the politics of reunification has dominated the island's affairs. The European Union decided in 2000 to accept Cyprus as a member, even if it was divided. This was due to their view of Rauf Denktaş, the pro-independence Turkish Cypriot President, as the main stumbling block, but also due to Greece threatening to block eastern EU expansion. It was hoped that Cyprus's planned accession into the European Union would act as a catalyst towards a settlement. In the time leading up to Cyprus becoming a member, a new government was elected in Turkey and Rauf Denktaş lost political power in Cyprus. In 2004, a United Nations–brokered peace settlement was presented in a referendum to both sides.[38] The proposed settlement was opposed by both the president of Cyprus, Tassos Papadopoulos, and Turkish Cypriot president Rauf Denktaş; in the referendum, while 65% of Turkish Cypriots accepted the proposal, 76% of Greek Cypriots rejected it. As a result, Cyprus entered the European Union divided, with the effects of membership suspended for Northern Cyprus.[38]

Denktaş resigned in the wake of the vote, ushering in the pro-settlement Mehmet Ali Talat as his successor. However, the pro-settlement side and Mehmet Ali Talat lost momentum due to the ongoing embargo and isolation,[39] despite promises from the European Union that these would be eased.[40] As a result, the Turkish Cypriot electorate became frustrated. This led ultimately to the pro-independence side winning the general elections in 2009 and its candidate, former Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu, winning the presidential elections in 2010. Although Eroğlu and his National Unity Party favours the independence of Northern Cyprus rather than reunification with the Republic of Cyprus, he is negotiating with the Greek Cypriot side towards a settlement for reunification.[41]

In 2011, Turkish Cypriots protested against economic reforms made by the Northern Cyprus and Turkish governments; see 2011 Turkish Cypriot demonstrations.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Districts of Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus is divided into six districts: Lefkoşa, Gazimağusa, Girne, Güzelyurt, İskele and Lefke. Lefke District was established by separation from the Güzelyurt District in 2016.[42] In addition, there are further twelve sub-districts divided between the five larger districts and twenty-eight municipalities.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Northern Cyprus

The politics of Northern Cyprus takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president is head of state and the prime minister head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

The president is elected for a five-year term and is currently Ersin Tatar. The current prime minister is Ersan Saner. The legislature is the Assembly of the Republic, which has 50 members elected by proportional representation from six electoral districts. In the elections of January 2018, the right-wing National Unity Party won the most seats in the Assembly, and the current government is a coalition of the National Unity Party and the centrist People's Party.[43]

Due to Northern Cyprus's isolation and heavy reliance on Turkish support, Turkey has a high level of influence over the country's politics. This has led to some experts characterising it as an effective puppet state of Turkey.[44][45][46] Other experts, however, have pointed out to the independent nature of elections and appointments in Northern Cyprus and disputes between the Turkish Cypriot and Turkish governments, concluding that "puppet state" is not an accurate description for Northern Cyprus.[47][48]

International status and foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus
 
London office of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Bedford Square.
 
Mustafa Akıncı with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, 2 October 2015

No country other than the Republic of Turkey[44][49][50][51] has officially recognised Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state. The United Nations recognises it as territory of the Republic of Cyprus under Turkish occupation.[52][53][54] Pakistan and Bangladesh had initially declared their recognition of Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state shortly after its declaration of independence,[55] but they withdrew their recognition as a result of US pressure after the UN deemed the declaration illegal.[56] The United Nations considers the declaration of independence by Northern Cyprus as legally invalid, as enunciated in several of its resolutions.[52][57]

In the wake of the April 2004 referendum on the United Nations Annan Plan, and in view of the support of the Turkish Cypriot community for the plan, the European Union made pledges towards ending the isolation of Northern Cyprus. These included measures for trade and €259 million in aid.[citation needed] A pledge by the EU to lift the embargo on Northern Cyprus in the wake of the Annan Plan referendums has been blocked by the Greek Cypriot government in the European Council.[38]

In 2004, the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation upgraded the delegation of the Turkish Cypriot Muslim community from "observer community" (1979) to that of a constituent state with the designation "Turkish Cypriot State", making Northern Cyprus an observer member of the organisation.[58] A number of high-profile formal meetings have also taken place between Turkish Cypriot presidents and various foreign leaders and politicians.

In 2004, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe gave observer status to the representatives of Turkish Cypriot community.[59] Since then, Northern Cyprus's representatives have actively participated in all PACE activities without voting rights.

The European Union considers the area not under effective control of the Republic of Cyprus as EU territory under Turkish military occupation and thus indefinitely exempt from EU legislation until a settlement has been found. The status of Northern Cyprus has become a recurrent issue especially during talks in the 2010s for Turkey's membership of the EU where the division of the island is seen as a major stumbling block in Turkey's road to membership and general EU-Turkey relations.[60][61]

The Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan in Azerbaijan has issued a resolution recognising the independence of Northern Cyprus. As a result of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, however, Azerbaijan itself has not recognised North Cyprus.[62]

Turkish Cypriots have been applying for decades for passports issued by Cyprus. When the entry points with the Republic of Cyprus were closed, the applications were made either through middlemen or through consulates and embassies of Cyprus in other countries. A yearly increase in the number of applications for such passports of 10–15% was observed in years prior to 2001, when the rate greatly increased and 817 were issued in the first eight months of 2001 as compared to 448 for the whole of 2000. After the opening of the borders with the Republic of Cyprus, Turkish Cypriots started line-ups applying for Cypriot passports by visiting the Republic of Cyprus and showing proof of their Cypriot ancestry.[63]

There are seven border crossings between Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus.[64] Since May 2004 some tourists have taken to flying to the Republic of Cyprus directly then crossing the green line to holiday in Northern Cyprus.[65][needs update]

On 21 September 2011, Turkey and Northern Cyprus signed an EEZ border agreement in New York.[66][67]

In October 2012, Northern Cyprus became an observer member of the Economic Cooperation Organization under the name "Turkish Cypriot State". In November 2022, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was admitted to the Organization of Turkic States as observer member.[68]

Military

Main article: Security Forces Command
 
Turkish Cypriot soldiers of the Security Forces Command perform during a Republic Day parade.

The Security Forces Command consists of an 8,000 strong force primarily made up of conscripted Turkish Cypriot males between the ages of 18 and 40.[citation needed] There is also an additional reserve force which consists of about 10,000 first-line and 16,000 second-line troops conscripted up to the age of 50. The Security Forces Command is lightly armed and heavily dependent on its mainland Turkish allies, from which it draws much of its officer corps.[69] It is led by a Brigadier General drawn from the Turkish Army. It acts essentially as a gendarmerie charged with protection of the border of Northern Cyprus from Greek Cypriot incursions and maintaining internal security within Northern Cyprus.[70]

In addition, the mainland Turkish Armed Forces maintains the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force which consists of around 30,000–40,000 troops drawn from the 9th Turkish Army Corps and comprising two divisions, the 28th and 39th. It is equipped with a substantial number of US-made M48 Patton main battle tanks and artillery weapons. The Turkish Air Force, Turkish Navy and Turkish Coast Guard also have a presence in Northern Cyprus. Although formally part of Turkish 4th Army, headquartered in İzmir, the sensitivities of the Cyprus situation means that the commander of the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force also reports directly to the Turkish General Staff in Ankara. The Cyprus Turkish Peace Force is deployed principally along the Green Line and in locations where hostile amphibious landings might take place.[70]

The presence of the mainland Turkish military in Cyprus is highly controversial, having been denounced as an occupation force by the Republic of Cyprus and the international community. Several United Nations Security Council resolutions have called on the Turkish forces to withdraw.[11]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Northern Cyprus
 
The law courts building in North Nicosia

In January 2011, The Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights."[71]

Freedom House has classified the perceived level of democratic and political freedom in Northern Cyprus as "free" since 2000 in its Freedom in the World report.[72][73] The 2016 ranking was "free" with the scores (1: most free, 7: least free) political rights: 2/7, civil liberties: 2/7 and aggregate score: 79/100.[74] Reporters Without Borders' World Press Freedom Index ranked Northern Cyprus 76th among 180 countries in 2015.[75]

The Greek Cypriot and Maronite communities, numbering 343 and 118 respectively as of 2014, are denied the right to vote in presidential, parliamentary and municipal elections or run for office. Maronites do elect the leader of their village, whilst Greek Cypriots have two appointed leaders, one by the Turkish Cypriot government and the other by the Republic of Cyprus.[76][77]

World Happiness Report 2016 of United Nations' Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) ranked Northern Cyprus 62nd among 157 countries.[78] Gallup Healthways Well-Being Index of 2014 ranked Northern Cyprus 49th among 145 countries.[79]

Northern Cyprus received 153 asylum applications during 2011–2014 according to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).[80]

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Cyprus and Climate of Cyprus
 
Panoramic view of the Güzelyurt District, and Morphou Bay as seen from the Troodos mountains.

Northern Cyprus has an area of 3,355 square kilometres (1,295 sq mi), which amounts to around a third of the island. 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the north of Northern Cyprus lies Turkey with Syria lying 97 kilometres (60.3 mi) to the east. It lies between latitudes 34° and 36° N, and longitudes 32° and 35° E.

The coastline of Northern Cyprus features two bays: the Morphou Bay and the Famagusta Bay, and there are four capes: Cape Apostolos Andreas, Cape Kormakitis, Cape Zeytin and Cape Kasa, with Cape Apostolos Andreas being the endpoint of the Karpaz Peninsula. The narrow Kyrenia mountain range lies along the northern coastline, and the highest point in Northern Cyprus, Mount Selvili, lies in this mountain range with an altitude of 1,024 metres (3,360 ft).[81] The Mesaoria plain, extending from the Güzelyurt district to the eastern coastline is another defining landscape. The Mesaoria plains consist of plain fields and small hills, and is crossed by several seasonal streams. The eastern part of the plain is used for dry agriculture, such as the cultivation of wheat and barley, and are therefore predominantly green in the winter and spring, while it turns yellow and brown in the summer.[82]

56.7% of the land in Northern Cyprus is agriculturally viable.[83]

Biodiversity

 
Wild Cyprus donkeys inhabit the mainly remote northeastern region of the İskele District.

A relatively unspoiled part of the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot, Northern Cyprus has considerable ecological diversity, containing a variety of terrestrial habitats.[84] Its flora includes around 1900 plant species, of which 19 are endemic to Northern Cyprus.[85] Even in the urban areas, there is a lot of diversity: a study conducted on the banks of the Pedieos river around Nicosia found more than 750 different plant species.[86] Among these species are 30 of the orchid species that are endemic to Cyprus.[85] An endangered species that is the subject of folk tales and myths is the sea daffodil, found on the sandy beaches and endangered due to the disruption of their habitats.[87]

The medoş tulip (Tulipa cypria) is a notable species that is endemic to Northern Cyprus; it is only found in the villages of Tepebaşı/Diorios and Avtepe/Ayios Simeon, and is celebrated with an annual festival.[88]

In the national park in the Karpaz Peninsula around Cape Apostolos Andreas, there is a population of around 1,000 wild Cyprus donkeys. These donkeys, under the protection of the Turkish Cypriot government, are free to wander in herds over an area of 300 square kilometres (120 square miles)[89] The donkeys have earned a strong image for the peninsula, which is also home to a rich fauna and relatively big forests.[90] The beaches of Northern Cyprus also include sites where hundreds of loggerhead turtles and green turtles lay eggs, which hatch at the end of the summer, followed by observers.[88]

Climate

The winter in Northern Cyprus is cool and rainy, particularly between December and February; those three months see 60% of the region's annual rainfall.[91] These rains produce winter torrents that fill most of the rivers, which typically dry up as the year progresses. Snow has been known to fall on the Kyrenia Range, but seldom elsewhere in spite of low night temperatures. The short spring is characterised by unstable weather, occasional heavy storms and the "meltem", or westerly wind. Summer is hot and dry enough to turn low-lying lands on the island brown. Parts of the island experience the "Poyraz", a north-westerly wind, or the sirocco, a wind from Africa, which is dry and dusty. Summer is followed by a short, turbulent autumn.

Climate conditions on the island vary by geographical factors. The Mesaoria Plain, cut off from the summer breezes and from much of the humidity of the sea, may reach temperature peaks of 40 to 45 °C (104 to 113 °F). Humidity rises at the Karpaz Peninsula. Humidity and water temperature, 16 to 28 °C (61 to 82 °F), combine to stabilise coastal weather, which does not experience inland extremes. The Southern Range blocks air currents that bring rain and atmospheric humidity from the south-west, diminishing both on its eastern side.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Northern Cyprus
 
Kyrenia (Girne) is one of the main tourist resorts in Northern Cyprus. Tourism is one of the dominant sectors of the Northern Cyprus' economy.

The economy of Northern Cyprus is dominated by the services sector (69% of GDP in 2007) which includes the public sector, trade, tourism and education. The revenues gained by the education sector in 2011 was $400 million.[92] Industry (light manufacturing) contributes 22% of GDP and agriculture 9%.[93] The economy of Northern Cyprus is based on a free market approach[94] and it became the top country in Europe in entrepreneurial intent to start a new business in 2014.[95]

Economic development is adversely affected by the continuing Cyprus problem. Northern Cyprus is under an international embargo as the Republic of Cyprus, as the internationally recognised authority, has declared airports and ports in the area not under its effective control closed. All UN member states other than Turkey respect the closure of those ports and airports.[96] As a result, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkish economic support,[97] and is still dependent on monetary transfers from the Turkish government.[93]

Northern Cyprus uses the Turkish lira as legal tender rather than the euro, which links its economy to that of Turkey. Since the Republic of Cyprus joined the Eurozone and the movement of peoples between the north and south has become more free, the euro is also in wide circulation.[citation needed] Exports and imports have to go via Turkey;[98] while the European Union promised an opening up of the ports after the Annan plan; this was blocked by the Republic of Cyprus and exporting through the south, while technically possible, remains impractical.[99]

Despite the constraints imposed by the lack of international recognition, the nominal GDP growth rates of the economy in 2001–2005 were 5.4%, 6.9%, 11.4%, 15.4% and 10.6%, respectively.[100][101] The real GDP growth rate in 2007 was estimated at 2%.[93] This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the Turkish Lira and a boom in the education and construction sectors. Between 2002 and 2007, gross national product per capita more than tripled, from US$4,409 in 2002 to US$16,158 (in current[when?] U.S. dollars).[102] The growth continued through the 2010s, with real growth rates of 3.7%, 3.9%, 1.8% and 1.1% respectively in 2010–2013.[103] The unemployment rate declined through the 2010s and was at 8.3% in 2014.[104]

In 2011, North Cyprus sold electricity to the Republic of Cyprus following an explosion in the southern part of the island which affected a large power station.[105] The Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project, completed in 2015, is aimed at delivering water for drinking and irrigation from southern Turkey via a pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea.[106]

International telephone calls are routed via a Turkish dialling code (+90 392) as Northern Cyprus has neither its own country code nor official ITU prefix.[citation needed] Similarly with the internet Northern Cyprus has no top level domain of its own and is under the Turkish second-level domain .nc.tr. Items of mail must be addressed 'via Mersin 10, TURKEY' as the Universal Postal Union does not recognise Northern Cyprus as a separate entity.[107][108] Amateur radio operators sometimes use callsigns beginning with "1B", but these have no standing for awards or other operating credit.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Northern Cyprus
 
Panoramic view of the Kyrenia Harbour, with the Venetian-era Kyrenia Castle on the far left, and the Kyrenia Mountains in the background

Tourism is considered one of the driving sectors of the Turkish Cypriot economy. The country received over 1.1 million tourists in 2012,[109] when hotels and restaurants generated an income of $328 million[110] and constituted 8.5% of the GDP.[111] Accommodation and catering created more than 10,000 jobs in the same year.[112] The tourism sector has seen great development in the 2000s and 2010s, with the number of tourists more than doubling, increased investment and hotel construction; official estimates of income derived from tourism were around 700 million US dollars in 2013 and the total bed capacity was estimated to be around 20,000.[113]

 
Casino tourism is one of the major sectors of the North Cyprus economy.

Kyrenia is considered the capital of tourism in Northern Cyprus, with its numerous hotels, entertainment facilities, vibrant nightlife and shopping areas.[114] In 2012, 62.7% of the visitors in Northern Cyprus stayed in the Girne District during their visit.[109] Out of the 145 hotels in Northern Cyprus, 99 were in the Girne District in 2013.[113]

Northern Cyprus has traditionally been an attraction for beach holidays, partly thanks to its reputation as an unspoiled area. Its mild climate, rich history and nature are seen as sources of attraction. A significant sector of eco-tourism has been developed in Northern Cyprus, as tourists visit it for bird watching, cycling, walking and observing flowers in the wild. It is praised for its relative safety, and especially for the Karpass Peninsula, its well-preservation.[115] The peninsula is home to several sorts of tourism: it hosts the Bafra Tourism Area as a center for beach-goers, where four luxurious and large hotels were built until 2014, several facilities and regular festivals that highlight its rural qualities and exhibit local traditions, a remote natural park, the Kantara Castle attracting sightseers, and a marina that was built to host international yachts and boats, along with large facilities.[116]

Casino tourism has also grown to become a significant contribution to the economy in Northern Cyprus. They were first opened in the 1990s, and have since become very popular with visitors from Turkey and the rest of the island, where casinos are banned. This has led to huge investments in the casino sector.[117] However, the sector has been criticised due to claims of its lack of benefits for the small and middle-scale business and shop owners.[118] The "nightclubs" that have been established for prostitution attract sex tourism to Northern Cyprus and the industry has been described as a "civilized one", despite the sex workers being described as "vulnerable to abuse".[119][120]

Infrastructure

 
The Ercan International Airport serves as the main port of entry into Northern Cyprus.

The share of the transport and communications industry in the GDP of Northern Cyprus is constantly varying; it decreased from 12.1% in 2008 to 8.5% in 2011, but rose again to 9.3% in 2012.[110]

Air transport is a major route of entry into Northern Cyprus. The country is home to two airports, the Ercan International Airport and the Geçitkale Airport, of which only Ercan is currently[when?] functioning.[121] The Ercan airport saw an important renovation in the 2010s that greatly increased its passenger traffic, it was used by 1.76 million passengers in the first seven months of 2014 alone.[122] Non-stop flights are only available from multiple points in Turkey through a number of Turkish carriers.[123] Direct scheduled and charter flights take place from other countries, but with mandatory stopovers in Turkey. 600 charter flights were scheduled for 2013. Scheduled destinations include cities such as London and Manchester,[124] while charter flight destinations include cities such as Berlin[125] and Ljubljana.[126]

Direct flights to Northern Cyprus and the trade traffic through the Northern Cypriot ports are restricted as part of the embargo on Northern Cypriot ports.[127] The airports of Geçitkale and Ercan are only recognised as legal ports of entry by Turkey and Azerbaijan.[128] Direct charter flights between Poland and North Cyprus started on 20 June 2011.[129] The seaports in Famagusta and Kyrenia have been declared closed to all shipping by the Republic of Cyprus since 1974.[130] By agreement between Northern Cyprus and Syria, there was a ship tour between Famagusta and Latakia, Syria before the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War. Since the opening of the Green Line Turkish Cypriot residents are allowed to trade through ports recognized by the Republic of Cyprus.[131]

With the lack of a railway system, the country's highways are used for transport between major cities. In the 21st century, these highways were upgraded into dual carriageways, with some roads in the Karpass area still being upgraded as of 2015. Northern Cyprus has around 7,000 kilometres (4,300 miles) of roads, with two thirds of these roads paved.[121] Recent constructions included the construction of a Northern Coast Highway, which was hailed as a major incentive for economic development.[132]

Demographics

See also: Demographics of Cyprus, Turkish Cypriots, and Mainland Turks in Northern Cyprus

Ethnic groups of Northern Cyprus (2006 census)[133]

  Turks (99.2%)
  Greeks (0.2%)
  English (0.2%)
  Maronites (0.1%)
  Other (0.3%)
 
Turkish Cypriot children in the walled part of North Nicosia

Northern Cyprus's first official census was performed in 1996. The population recorded was 200,587.[134] The second census, carried out in 2006, revealed the population of Northern Cyprus to be 265,100,[135] of which majority is composed of indigenous Turkish Cypriots (including refugees from Southern Cyprus) and settlers from Turkey. Of the 178,000 Turkish Cypriot citizens, 82% are native Cypriots (145,000). Of the 45,000 people born to non-Cypriot parentage, nearly 40% (17,000) were born in Cyprus. The figure for non-citizens, including students, guest workers and temporary residents stood at 78,000 people.[135][136]

The third official census of Northern Cyprus was carried out in 2011, made under the auspices of UN observers. It returned a total population of 294,906.[137] These results were disputed by some political parties, labour unions and local newspapers. The government was accused of deliberately under-counting the population, after apparently giving an estimate of 700,000 before the census, in order to demand financial help from Turkey.[138][139][140] One source claims that the population in the north has reached 500,000,[141] split between 50% Turkish Cypriots and 50% Turkish settlers or Cypriot-born children of such settlers.[142] Researcher Mete Hatay has written that such reports are "wildly speculative" and are picked up by opposition parties for political benefit, which resulted in reports in the south. Such reports have never been scientifically or statistically scrutinised, despite opportunities of opposition parties to do so using the electoral rolls in their possession, thereby continuing a "war of numbers".[143]

The Government of Northern Cyprus estimates that the 1983 population of Northern Cyprus was 155,521.[144] Estimates by the government of the Republic of Cyprus from 2001 place the population at 200,000, of which 80–89,000 are Turkish Cypriots and 109,000–117,000 are designated as Turkish settlers by the Republic of Cyprus.[145] An island-wide census in 1960 indicated the number of Turkish Cypriots as 102,000 and Greek Cypriots as 450,000.[146] As of 2005, the settlers constituted no more than 25% of the electorate in Northern Cyprus. The degree of the integration of mainland Turks to the Turkish Cypriot community varies; some identify as Turkish Cypriots and have culturally integrated, while some embrace a Turkish identity.[147]

Northern Cyprus is almost entirely Turkish-speaking. English, however, is widely spoken as a second language.[citation needed]

There are 644 Greek Cypriots living in Rizokarpaso (Dipkarpaz) and 364 Maronites in Kormakitis.[148] 162,000[149] Greek Cypriots were forcibly evicted from their homes in the North by the invading force of the Turkish army.[150][151][152] Rizokarpaso is the home of the biggest Greek-speaking population in the north. The Greek-Cypriot inhabitants are still supplied by the UN, and Greek-Cypriot products are consequently available in some shops.[citation needed]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Northern Cyprus
TRNC 2011 Population and Housing Census
Rank Name District Pop.
 
North Nicosia
 
Famagusta 		1 North Nicosia Lefkoşa 61,378  
Kyrenia
 
Morphou
2 Famagusta Gazimağusa 40,920
3 Kyrenia Girne 33,207
4 Morphou Güzelyurt 18,946
5 Gönyeli Lefkoşa 17,277
6 Kythrea Lefkoşa 11,895
7 Lefka Lefke 11,091
8 Dikomo Girne 9,120
9 Trikomo İskele 7,906
10 Lapithos Girne 7,839

Religion

Northern Cyprus Religions[153]
Islam
 
 99%
other/unknown
 
 1%
Main article: Religion in Northern Cyprus
Further information: Religion in Cyprus and Islam in Cyprus

The majority of Turkish Cypriots (99%) are Sunni Muslims.[153] Northern Cyprus is a secular state.[154] Alcohol is frequently consumed within the community and most Turkish Cypriot women do not cover their heads; however headscarves are still worn on occasion by public figures as a symbol of the inhabitants' Turkish culture, or simply as a conservative form of dress.[153] However, some religious traditions still play a role within the community. Turkish Cypriot males are generally circumcised in accordance with religious beliefs.[155]

Education

Main article: Education in Northern Cyprus
 
Girne American University in Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus

The education system in Northern Cyprus consists of pre-school education, primary education, secondary education and higher education. Five years of primary education is mandatory.

Higher Education Planning Evaluation Accreditation and Coordination Council (YÖDAK) of Northern Cyprus is a member of International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE).[156]

In 2013 there were 63,765 university students from 114 countries in nine universities in Northern Cyprus. In 2014, the number of students increased to 70,004, (15,210 Turkish Cypriots; 36,148 from Turkey; 18,646 international students):[157][158][159] Near East University (NEU),[160][161] Girne American University, Middle East Technical University-TRNC, European University of Lefke, Cyprus International University, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Istanbul Technical University-TRNC, University of Mediterranean Karpasia, and University of Kyrenia, all established since 1974. EMU is an internationally recognised institution of higher learning with more than 1000 faculty members from 35 countries. There are 15,000 students in EMU representing 68 nationalities. The 8 universities have been approved by the Higher Education Council of Turkey. Eastern Mediterranean University and Near East University[160][161] are full individual members of the European University Association.[162] EMU is a full member of the Community of Mediterranean Universities, Federation Universities of Islamic World, International Association of Universities and International Council of Graphic Design Associations,[163] and was ranked as the best university in the island and among the top 500 in Europe by Webometrics.[164] Girne American University, in the northern coastal city of Kyrenia, opened a campus in Canterbury, United Kingdom in 2009,[165] and was accredited by the British Accreditation Council in 2010.[166]

Northern Cyprus regularly participates in international Robocup competition, and took 14th place out of 20 in 2013.[167][168] The country has supercomputers with which it participates in CERN experiments that led to the discovery of the Higgs boson.[169] Northern Cyprus is among participant countries of Solar Challenge of solar powered vehicles in South Africa in 2014.[170]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Northern Cyprus

Music and dance

See also: Turkish Cypriot folk dances
 
Ziynet Sali is a Turkish Cypriot pop singer famous in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.
 
Turkish Cypriot children, dressed in traditional clothing, preparing for a folk-dance show

Turkish Cypriot folk music consists of a rich variety of local tunes, influenced by the mainland Turkish music to a limited extent. Historically, it was shaped around the tradition of weddings, the primary social gatherings at the time. Violin, goblet drum, known locally as "darbuka", zurna and other drums were heavily used in these gatherings, and a large number of traditional songs developed based on this legacy.[171][172] Turkish Cypriot culture also incorporates a great diversity of folk dances with various influences, including different versions of karsilamas, çiftetelli and zeybek.

The Northern Cyprus State Symphony Orchestra has been active since 1975. The Bellapais Abbey in Kyrenia hosts international festivals of classical music, and is considered in important platform of classical music.[171] North Nicosia has its own Nicosia Municipal Orchestra that performs at open spaces, such as parks and squares, and is also home to the annual Walled City Jazz Festival.[173] Rüya Taner is a Turkish Cypriot pianist who has achieved international acclaim.

Turkish Cypriot cities and towns regularly organise festivals that include performances of local and international singers and bands.[171] Some Turkish Cypriot singers, such as Ziynet Sali and Işın Karaca, have achieved fame in Turkey. The Turkish Cypriot band Sıla 4 produced music that is considered essential for the Turkish Cypriot identity, and also acquired fame in Turkey.[174] Rock and pop music are popular with the public in Northern Cyprus, important singers and bands include SOS and Fikri Karayel.[175][176]

Literature

Poetry is the most widely published form of literature in Northern Cyprus. Turkish Cypriot poetry is based on both the effects of Turkish literature and the culture of the island of Cyprus, along with some reflection of the British colonial history.[177]

The first era of Turkish Cypriot poetry after the introduction of the Latin alphabet, characterised by poets such as Nazif Süleyman Ebeoğlu, Urkiye Mine Balman, Engin Gönül, Necla Salih Suphi and Pembe Marmara, had strong nationalistic elements due to the political attitudes of Turkish Cypriots at the time and stylistically reflected the poetry of the Turkish mainland. Meanwhile, other poets, such as Özker Yaşın, Osman Türkay, who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twice,[178] and Nevzat Yalçın sought to write in more original styles, with the influence of nascent poetic styles in Turkey and those in Britain. This group of poets were very prolific and increased the popularity of poetry in the Turkish Cypriot community, and are seen as key figures in Turkish Cypriot literature.[177]

The nationalism gave way to a notion of Cypriotness in the 1970s, with the influence of Yaşın, Türkay and Yalçın. During this period, the so-called "1974 generation of poets" arose, led by poets including Mehmet Yaşın, Hakkı Yücel, Nice Denizoğlu, Neşe Yaşın, Ayşen Dağlı and Canan Sümer. The poetry of this generation was characterised by the appreciation of the Turkish Cypriot identity as distinct from Turkish identity and the identification of Cyprus as the Turkish Cypriot homeland instead of Turkey, in contrast to the previous nationalist poetry. This approach is often called the "Cypriot poetry of rejection" as it resists the influence of Turkey, highlighting the cultural rift between Turkey and Cyprus due to the recent experience of war and therefore the independence of the Turkish Cypriot poetry and identity. This was followed by an increased adoption of the Mediterranean identity in the 1980s, accompanied by the effects of the liberalisation of the Turkish Cypriot society, as reflected in the feminist elements, of which a particular example is Neriman Cahit.[177][179][180]

Cinema

Anahtar (Key), released in 2011, was the first full-length film entirely produced in Northern Cyprus.[181] Some other co-productions have also taken place. A co-production of Northern Cyprus, Turkey, Britain and the Netherlands, Kod Adı Venüs [tr][182] (Code Name Venus) was shown in the Cannes Film Festival in 2012.[183] The film director and screenwriter Derviş Zaim achieved fame with his 2003 film Mud (Çamur) which won the UNESCO award at the Venice Film Festival.

The documentary film Kayıp Otobüs (The Missing Bus), directed by Turkish Cypriot journalist Fevzi Tașpınar, was aired on the TRT TV as well as participating in the Boston Film Festival in 2011. The film tells the story of eleven Turkish Cypriot workers who left their homes in a bus in 1964 that never came back. Their remains were found in a well in Cyprus in October 2006.[184][185]

Theatre

 
An early Turkish Cypriot theatre group, 1880s

Theatre in Northern Cyprus is mostly carried out by the Turkish Cypriot State Theatre, municipal theatres and a number of private theatrical companies. Cyprus Theatre Festival, organised by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality is a large organisation with institutions from Turkey participating as well. There are no major halls built specifically for theatre in Northern Cyprus, so plays often take place in conference halls.[186][187]

The origins of Turkish Cypriot theatre lie in Karagöz and Hacivat, a shadow play that was popularised in the island as a form of entertainment during the Ottoman era. This form of theatre has lost its popularity nowadays, but remains to be televised during religious festivals.[188] After the 1840s, as the Ottoman Empire started modernising, theatre with greater European elements met with the Turkish Cypriot public. However, the inception of Turkish Cypriot theatre in the modern sense is considered the staging of the play "Vatan Yahut Silistre" ("Homeland vs. Silistra") by Turkish playwright Namık Kemal in 1908.[189] This was followed by a proliferation of theatrical activity in the Turkish Cypriot community as local plays were written and staged and theatrical companies from Turkey took the stage in Cyprus by the 1920s, all the major towns in Cyprus had Turkish Cypriot plays that were performed regularly.[188][189]

In the 1960s, Turkish Cypriot theatre started to be institutionalised. A leading theatre group named "İlk Sahne" (First Stage), founded in 1963, was renamed the Turkish Cypriot State Theatre in 1966, and has since performed more than 85 plays.[188][190] Theatre is currently a very popular form of art in Northern Cyprus, with long queues forming for tickets of the plays in the Cyprus Theatre Festival, and the number of theatre-goers constantly increasing.[191]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Northern Cyprus
 
Nicosia Atatürk Stadium is the largest stadium in Northern Cyprus.

There are five stadiums in Northern Cyprus, with each holding a capacity ranging anywhere from 7,000 to 30,000. The most popular sport in Northern Cyprus is football. There are over 29 sport federations in Northern Cyprus with a total registered membership of 13,950 6,054 been registered practitioners for, taekwondo-karate-aikido-kurash, with shooting having 1,150 (registered) and hunting having 1,017 (registered) members.[192] Several of sport clubs participate in leagues in Turkey. These include the Fast Break Sport Club in Turkey's Men's Basketball Regional League; the Beşparmak Sport Club in Turkey's Handball Premier League; and the Lefke European University Turkey Table-tennis Super League. Water sports such as windsurfing, jetskiing, waterskiing and sailing are also available at beaches throughout the coastline of Northern Cyprus. Sailing is especially found at Escape Beach Club, near Kyrenia.

Cuisine

Northern Cyprus is also well known for several dishes; among them are kebabs made of skewered lamb (şiş kebab) or ground with herbs and spices and made into a kofte or şeftali kebab. Other dishes are based on meat wrapped in flat bread such as lahmacun. Vegetarian cuisine includes stuffed vegetable based dishes "yalancı dolma" or many other dishes made with a bean or pulse such as börülce which consists of Swiss chard cooked with black-eyed peas. There are also plant based foods such as molohiya or root based stews such as kolokas.[193]

See also

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Further reading

  • Langdale, Allan (2012). In a Contested Realm: an Illustrated Guide to the Archaeology and Historical Architecture of Northern Cyprus. Grimsay Press. ISBN 978-1845301286.
  • North Cyprus – a Pocket-Guide. Rustem Bookshop, Nicosia. 2006. ISBN 9944-968-03-X.
  • Bryant, Rebecca; Hatay, Mete (2020). Sovereignty Suspended: Political Life in a So-Called State. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-5221-7.

External links

Official
  • Presidency, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
  • TRNC Central Bank
Other links
  • Embargoed!, a non-profit association campaigning against the total economic embargo imposed on the population of Northern Cyprus.
  • ATCA News, Association of Turkish Cypriots Abroad
  • Northern Cyprus Home Page
  • International Expert Panel for a European Solution in Cyprus
  • Timeline of Cyprus issue by BBC
  • Assembly of Turkish American Associations
  • Turkish Cypriots of Australia – Historical Book

February 10, 2023
northern, cyprus, turkish, kuzey, kıbrıs, officially, turkish, republic, trnc, turkish, kuzey, kıbrıs, türk, cumhuriyeti, kktc, facto, state, that, comprises, northeastern, portion, island, cyprus, recognised, only, turkey, considered, international, community. Northern Cyprus Turkish Kuzey Kibris officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus TRNC Turkish Kuzey Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti KKTC is a de facto state 6 7 that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus Recognised only by Turkey Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be part of the Republic of Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern CyprusKuzey Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti Turkish Flag Coat of armsAnthem Istiklal Marsi The Independence March source source track track track track track track track track track track track track track StatusRecognised by 1 out of 193 member states of the United NationsRecognised by the United Nations as de jure part of CyprusCapitaland largest cityNorth Nicosia de facto Nicosia de jure 1 35 11 N 33 22 E 35 183 N 33 367 E 35 183 33 367Official languagesTurkishSpoken languageCypriot TurkishDemonym s Turkish CypriotCypriot TurkGovernmentUnitary semi presidential republic PresidentErsin Tatar Prime MinisterUnal Ustel Assembly SpeakerZorlu Tore 2 LegislatureAssembly of the RepublicEstablishment Turkish invasion of Cyprus20 July 1974 Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration1 October 1974 Turkish Federated State of Cyprus13 October 1975 Independence from the Republic of Cyprus15 November 1983 3 Area Total3 355 km2 1 295 sq mi unranked Water 2 7Population 2021 estimate382 836 4 Density114 km2 295 3 sq mi unranked GDP nominal 2018 estimate Total 4 234 billion 5 Per capita 14 942 5 CurrencyTurkish lira TRY Time zoneUTC 2 EET Summer DST UTC 3 EEST Driving sideleftCalling code 90 392Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point the Kokkina exclave in the west Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia the island s largest city and capital of both sides A coup d etat in 1974 performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus This resulted in the eviction of much of the north s Greek Cypriot population the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south and the partitioning of the island leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983 Due to its lack of recognition Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic political and military support 8 9 10 Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government while the Republic of Cyprus the European Union as a whole and the international community regard it as an occupation force This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions 11 Northern Cyprus is a semi presidential democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus The official language is Turkish with a distinct local dialect being spoken The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular 12 Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name Turkish Cypriot State PACE under the name Turkish Cypriot Community and Organization of Turkic States with its own name Contents 1 History 1 1 1960 1974 1 2 1974 1983 1 3 1983 present 2 Administrative divisions 3 Politics 3 1 International status and foreign relations 3 2 Military 3 3 Human rights 4 Geography 4 1 Biodiversity 4 2 Climate 5 Economy 5 1 Tourism 5 2 Infrastructure 6 Demographics 6 1 Religion 6 2 Education 7 Culture 7 1 Music and dance 7 2 Literature 7 3 Cinema 7 4 Theatre 7 5 Sports 7 6 Cuisine 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistorySee also Ottoman Cyprus and Modern history of Cyprus 1960 1974 See also Cypriot intercommunal violence Fazil Kucuk former Turkish Cypriot leader and former Vice President of Cyprus Sarayonu Square of North Nicosia in 1969 after the division of the city A united Cyprus gained independence from British rule in August 1960 after both Greek and Turkish Cypriots agreed to abandon their respective plans for enosis union with Greece and taksim Turkish for partition The agreement involved Cyprus being governed under a constitution which apportioned cabinet posts parliamentary seats and civil service jobs on an agreed ratio between the two communities Within three years tensions began to show between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots in administrative affairs In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government In 1963 President Makarios proposed unilateral changes to the constitution via 13 amendments Turkey and the Turkish Cypriots rejected the proposed amendments claiming that this was an attempt to settle constitutional disputes in favour of the Greek Cypriots 13 and to demote Turkish status from co founders of the state to one of minority status removing their constitutional safeguards in the process Turkish Cypriots filed a lawsuit against the 13 amendments in the Supreme Constitutional Court of Cyprus SCCC Makarios announced that he would not comply with the decision of the SCCC whatever it was 14 and defended his amendments as being necessary to resolve constitutional deadlocks as opposed to the stance of the SCCC 15 On 25 April 1963 the SCCC decided that Makarios s 13 amendments were illegal The Cyprus Supreme Court s ruling found that Makarios had violated the constitution by failing to fully implement its measures and that Turkish Cypriots had not been allowed to return to their positions in government without first accepting the proposed constitutional amendments 16 On 21 May the president of the SCCC resigned due to Makarios s stance On 15 July Makarios ignored the decision of the SCCC 17 After the resignation of the president of the SCCC the SCCC ceased to exist The Supreme Court of Cyprus SCC was formed by merging the SCCC and the High Court of Cyprus and undertook the jurisdiction and powers of the SCCC and HCC 18 On 30 November Makarios legalised the 13 proposals In 1963 the Greek Cypriot wing of the government created the Akritas plan which outlined a policy that would remove Turkish Cypriots from the government and ultimately lead to union with Greece The plan stated that if the Turkish Cypriots objected then they should be violently subjugated before foreign powers could intervene 19 On 21 December 1963 shots were fired at a Turkish Cypriot crowd that had gathered as a Greek police patrol stopped two Turkish Cypriots claiming to ask for identification two Turkish Cypriots were killed 20 Almost immediately intercommunal violence broke out with a major Greek Cypriot paramilitary attack upon Turkish Cypriots in Nicosia and Larnaca Though the TMT a Turkish resistance group created in 1959 to promote a policy of taksim division or partition of Cyprus in opposition to the Greek Cypriot nationalist group EOKA and its advocacy of enosis union of Cyprus with Greece committed a number of acts of retaliation historian of the Cyprus conflict Keith Kyle noted that there is no doubt that the main victims of the numerous incidents that took place during the next few months were Turks 13 Seven hundred Turkish hostages including children were taken from the northern suburbs of Nicosia Nikos Sampson a nationalist and future coup leader led a group of Greek Cypriot irregulars into the mixed suburb of Omorphita Kucuk Kaymakli and attacked the Turkish Cypriot population 21 By the end of 1964 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots had been killed 22 Turkish Cypriot members of the government had by now withdrawn creating an essentially Greek Cypriot administration in control of all institutions of the state After the partnership government collapsed the Greek Cypriot led administration was recognised as the legitimate government of the Republic of Cyprus at the stage of the debates in New York in February 1964 23 In September 1964 the then United Nations Secretary General U Thant reported that UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances it shows that in 109 villages most of them Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages 527 houses have been destroyed while 2 000 others have suffered damage from looting 24 Widespread looting of Turkish Cypriot villages prompted 20 000 refugees to retreat into armed enclaves where they remained for the next 11 years 25 relying on food and medical supplies from Turkey to survive Turkish Cypriots formed paramilitary groups to defend the enclaves leading to a gradual division of the island s communities into two hostile camps The violence had also seen thousands of Turkish Cypriots attempt to escape the violence by emigrating to Britain Australia and Turkey 26 On 28 December 1967 the Turkish Cypriot Provisional Administration was founded 27 1974 1983 Main articles 1974 Cypriot coup d etat Turkish invasion of Cyprus and Turkish Federated State of Cyprus Rauf Denktas founder and former President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus On 6 July 1974 Makarios accused the Greek government of turning the Cypriot National Guard into an army of occupation 28 On 15 July 1974 the Greek military junta and the Cypriot National Guard backed a Greek Cypriot military coup d etat in Cyprus Pro Enosis Nikos Sampson replaced President Makarios as the new president 29 The Greek Cypriot coupists proclaimed the establishment of the Hellenic Republic of Cyprus 30 31 Turkey claimed that under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee the coup was sufficient reason for military action to protect the Turkish Cypriot populace and thus Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July Turkish forces proceeded to take over the northern four elevenths of the island about 36 of Cyprus s total area The coup caused a civil war filled with ethnic violence after which it collapsed and Makarios returned to power citation needed On 2 August 1975 in the negotiations in Vienna a population exchange agreement was signed between community leaders Rauf Denktas and Glafcos Clerides under the auspices of the United Nations 32 33 On the basis of the Agreement 196 000 Greek Cypriots living in the north were exchanged for 42 000 Turkish Cypriots living in the south 34 the number of settlers was disputed 35 The Orthodox Greek Cypriots in Rizokarpaso Agios Andronikos and Agia Triada chose to stay in their villages 36 as did also Catholic Maronites in Asomatos Karpasia and Kormakitis Approximately 1 500 Greek Cypriots and 500 Turkish Cypriots remain missing 37 The invasion led to the formation of the first sovereign administrative body of Northern Cyprus in August 1974 the Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration In 1975 the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus Kibris Turk Federe Devleti was declared as a first step towards a future federated Cypriot state but was rejected by the Republic of Cyprus and the United Nations The north unilaterally declared its independence on 15 November 1983 under the name of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 3 This was rejected by the UN via Security Council Resolution 541 1983 present Ataturk Square North Nicosia in 2006 with the Northern Cypriot and Turkish flags In recent years the politics of reunification has dominated the island s affairs The European Union decided in 2000 to accept Cyprus as a member even if it was divided This was due to their view of Rauf Denktas the pro independence Turkish Cypriot President as the main stumbling block but also due to Greece threatening to block eastern EU expansion It was hoped that Cyprus s planned accession into the European Union would act as a catalyst towards a settlement In the time leading up to Cyprus becoming a member a new government was elected in Turkey and Rauf Denktas lost political power in Cyprus In 2004 a United Nations brokered peace settlement was presented in a referendum to both sides 38 The proposed settlement was opposed by both the president of Cyprus Tassos Papadopoulos and Turkish Cypriot president Rauf Denktas in the referendum while 65 of Turkish Cypriots accepted the proposal 76 of Greek Cypriots rejected it As a result Cyprus entered the European Union divided with the effects of membership suspended for Northern Cyprus 38 Denktas resigned in the wake of the vote ushering in the pro settlement Mehmet Ali Talat as his successor However the pro settlement side and Mehmet Ali Talat lost momentum due to the ongoing embargo and isolation 39 despite promises from the European Union that these would be eased 40 As a result the Turkish Cypriot electorate became frustrated This led ultimately to the pro independence side winning the general elections in 2009 and its candidate former Prime Minister Dervis Eroglu winning the presidential elections in 2010 Although Eroglu and his National Unity Party favours the independence of Northern Cyprus rather than reunification with the Republic of Cyprus he is negotiating with the Greek Cypriot side towards a settlement for reunification 41 In 2011 Turkish Cypriots protested against economic reforms made by the Northern Cyprus and Turkish governments see 2011 Turkish Cypriot demonstrations Administrative divisionsMain article Districts of Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus is divided into six districts Lefkosa Gazimagusa Girne Guzelyurt Iskele and Lefke Lefke District was established by separation from the Guzelyurt District in 2016 42 In addition there are further twelve sub districts divided between the five larger districts and twenty eight municipalities Lefkosa Girne Iskele Guzelyurt Gazimagusa LefkePoliticsMain article Politics of Northern Cyprus Ersin Tatar the President of Northern Cyprus The politics of Northern Cyprus takes place in a framework of a semi presidential representative democratic republic whereby the president is head of state and the prime minister head of government and of a multi party system Executive power is exercised by the government Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature The president is elected for a five year term and is currently Ersin Tatar The current prime minister is Ersan Saner The legislature is the Assembly of the Republic which has 50 members elected by proportional representation from six electoral districts In the elections of January 2018 the right wing National Unity Party won the most seats in the Assembly and the current government is a coalition of the National Unity Party and the centrist People s Party 43 Due to Northern Cyprus s isolation and heavy reliance on Turkish support Turkey has a high level of influence over the country s politics This has led to some experts characterising it as an effective puppet state of Turkey 44 45 46 Other experts however have pointed out to the independent nature of elections and appointments in Northern Cyprus and disputes between the Turkish Cypriot and Turkish governments concluding that puppet state is not an accurate description for Northern Cyprus 47 48 International status and foreign relations Main article Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus London office of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Bedford Square Mustafa Akinci with U S Secretary of State John Kerry 2 October 2015 No country other than the Republic of Turkey 44 49 50 51 has officially recognised Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state The United Nations recognises it as territory of the Republic of Cyprus under Turkish occupation 52 53 54 Pakistan and Bangladesh had initially declared their recognition of Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state shortly after its declaration of independence 55 but they withdrew their recognition as a result of US pressure after the UN deemed the declaration illegal 56 The United Nations considers the declaration of independence by Northern Cyprus as legally invalid as enunciated in several of its resolutions 52 57 In the wake of the April 2004 referendum on the United Nations Annan Plan and in view of the support of the Turkish Cypriot community for the plan the European Union made pledges towards ending the isolation of Northern Cyprus These included measures for trade and 259 million in aid citation needed A pledge by the EU to lift the embargo on Northern Cyprus in the wake of the Annan Plan referendums has been blocked by the Greek Cypriot government in the European Council 38 In 2004 the Organisation of Islamic Co operation upgraded the delegation of the Turkish Cypriot Muslim community from observer community 1979 to that of a constituent state with the designation Turkish Cypriot State making Northern Cyprus an observer member of the organisation 58 A number of high profile formal meetings have also taken place between Turkish Cypriot presidents and various foreign leaders and politicians In 2004 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe gave observer status to the representatives of Turkish Cypriot community 59 Since then Northern Cyprus s representatives have actively participated in all PACE activities without voting rights The European Union considers the area not under effective control of the Republic of Cyprus as EU territory under Turkish military occupation and thus indefinitely exempt from EU legislation until a settlement has been found The status of Northern Cyprus has become a recurrent issue especially during talks in the 2010s for Turkey s membership of the EU where the division of the island is seen as a major stumbling block in Turkey s road to membership and general EU Turkey relations 60 61 The Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan in Azerbaijan has issued a resolution recognising the independence of Northern Cyprus As a result of the Nagorno Karabakh issue however Azerbaijan itself has not recognised North Cyprus 62 Turkish Cypriots have been applying for decades for passports issued by Cyprus When the entry points with the Republic of Cyprus were closed the applications were made either through middlemen or through consulates and embassies of Cyprus in other countries A yearly increase in the number of applications for such passports of 10 15 was observed in years prior to 2001 when the rate greatly increased and 817 were issued in the first eight months of 2001 as compared to 448 for the whole of 2000 After the opening of the borders with the Republic of Cyprus Turkish Cypriots started line ups applying for Cypriot passports by visiting the Republic of Cyprus and showing proof of their Cypriot ancestry 63 There are seven border crossings between Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus 64 Since May 2004 some tourists have taken to flying to the Republic of Cyprus directly then crossing the green line to holiday in Northern Cyprus 65 needs update On 21 September 2011 Turkey and Northern Cyprus signed an EEZ border agreement in New York 66 67 In October 2012 Northern Cyprus became an observer member of the Economic Cooperation Organization under the name Turkish Cypriot State In November 2022 the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was admitted to the Organization of Turkic States as observer member 68 Military Main article Security Forces Command Turkish Cypriot soldiers of the Security Forces Command perform during a Republic Day parade The Security Forces Command consists of an 8 000 strong force primarily made up of conscripted Turkish Cypriot males between the ages of 18 and 40 citation needed There is also an additional reserve force which consists of about 10 000 first line and 16 000 second line troops conscripted up to the age of 50 The Security Forces Command is lightly armed and heavily dependent on its mainland Turkish allies from which it draws much of its officer corps 69 It is led by a Brigadier General drawn from the Turkish Army It acts essentially as a gendarmerie charged with protection of the border of Northern Cyprus from Greek Cypriot incursions and maintaining internal security within Northern Cyprus 70 In addition the mainland Turkish Armed Forces maintains the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force which consists of around 30 000 40 000 troops drawn from the 9th Turkish Army Corps and comprising two divisions the 28th and 39th It is equipped with a substantial number of US made M48 Patton main battle tanks and artillery weapons The Turkish Air Force Turkish Navy and Turkish Coast Guard also have a presence in Northern Cyprus Although formally part of Turkish 4th Army headquartered in Izmir the sensitivities of the Cyprus situation means that the commander of the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force also reports directly to the Turkish General Staff in Ankara The Cyprus Turkish Peace Force is deployed principally along the Green Line and in locations where hostile amphibious landings might take place 70 The presence of the mainland Turkish military in Cyprus is highly controversial having been denounced as an occupation force by the Republic of Cyprus and the international community Several United Nations Security Council resolutions have called on the Turkish forces to withdraw 11 Human rights Main article Human rights in Northern Cyprus The law courts building in North Nicosia In January 2011 The Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island including freedom of movement human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons discrimination the right to life freedom of religion and economic social and cultural rights 71 Freedom House has classified the perceived level of democratic and political freedom in Northern Cyprus as free since 2000 in its Freedom in the World report 72 73 The 2016 ranking was free with the scores 1 most free 7 least free political rights 2 7 civil liberties 2 7 and aggregate score 79 100 74 Reporters Without Borders World Press Freedom Index ranked Northern Cyprus 76th among 180 countries in 2015 75 The Greek Cypriot and Maronite communities numbering 343 and 118 respectively as of 2014 are denied the right to vote in presidential parliamentary and municipal elections or run for office Maronites do elect the leader of their village whilst Greek Cypriots have two appointed leaders one by the Turkish Cypriot government and the other by the Republic of Cyprus 76 77 World Happiness Report 2016 of United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network SDSN ranked Northern Cyprus 62nd among 157 countries 78 Gallup Healthways Well Being Index of 2014 ranked Northern Cyprus 49th among 145 countries 79 Northern Cyprus received 153 asylum applications during 2011 2014 according to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR 80 GeographyMain articles Geography of Cyprus and Climate of Cyprus Panoramic view of the Guzelyurt District and Morphou Bay as seen from the Troodos mountains Northern Cyprus has an area of 3 355 square kilometres 1 295 sq mi which amounts to around a third of the island 75 kilometres 47 mi to the north of Northern Cyprus lies Turkey with Syria lying 97 kilometres 60 3 mi to the east It lies between latitudes 34 and 36 N and longitudes 32 and 35 E The coastline of Northern Cyprus features two bays the Morphou Bay and the Famagusta Bay and there are four capes Cape Apostolos Andreas Cape Kormakitis Cape Zeytin and Cape Kasa with Cape Apostolos Andreas being the endpoint of the Karpaz Peninsula The narrow Kyrenia mountain range lies along the northern coastline and the highest point in Northern Cyprus Mount Selvili lies in this mountain range with an altitude of 1 024 metres 3 360 ft 81 The Mesaoria plain extending from the Guzelyurt district to the eastern coastline is another defining landscape The Mesaoria plains consist of plain fields and small hills and is crossed by several seasonal streams The eastern part of the plain is used for dry agriculture such as the cultivation of wheat and barley and are therefore predominantly green in the winter and spring while it turns yellow and brown in the summer 82 56 7 of the land in Northern Cyprus is agriculturally viable 83 Biodiversity Wild Cyprus donkeys inhabit the mainly remote northeastern region of the Iskele District A relatively unspoiled part of the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot Northern Cyprus has considerable ecological diversity containing a variety of terrestrial habitats 84 Its flora includes around 1900 plant species of which 19 are endemic to Northern Cyprus 85 Even in the urban areas there is a lot of diversity a study conducted on the banks of the Pedieos river around Nicosia found more than 750 different plant species 86 Among these species are 30 of the orchid species that are endemic to Cyprus 85 An endangered species that is the subject of folk tales and myths is the sea daffodil found on the sandy beaches and endangered due to the disruption of their habitats 87 The medos tulip Tulipa cypria is a notable species that is endemic to Northern Cyprus it is only found in the villages of Tepebasi Diorios and Avtepe Ayios Simeon and is celebrated with an annual festival 88 In the national park in the Karpaz Peninsula around Cape Apostolos Andreas there is a population of around 1 000 wild Cyprus donkeys These donkeys under the protection of the Turkish Cypriot government are free to wander in herds over an area of 300 square kilometres 120 square miles 89 The donkeys have earned a strong image for the peninsula which is also home to a rich fauna and relatively big forests 90 The beaches of Northern Cyprus also include sites where hundreds of loggerhead turtles and green turtles lay eggs which hatch at the end of the summer followed by observers 88 Climate Beach near Mehmetcik Iskele District The winter in Northern Cyprus is cool and rainy particularly between December and February those three months see 60 of the region s annual rainfall 91 These rains produce winter torrents that fill most of the rivers which typically dry up as the year progresses Snow has been known to fall on the Kyrenia Range but seldom elsewhere in spite of low night temperatures The short spring is characterised by unstable weather occasional heavy storms and the meltem or westerly wind Summer is hot and dry enough to turn low lying lands on the island brown Parts of the island experience the Poyraz a north westerly wind or the sirocco a wind from Africa which is dry and dusty Summer is followed by a short turbulent autumn Climate conditions on the island vary by geographical factors The Mesaoria Plain cut off from the summer breezes and from much of the humidity of the sea may reach temperature peaks of 40 to 45 C 104 to 113 F Humidity rises at the Karpaz Peninsula Humidity and water temperature 16 to 28 C 61 to 82 F combine to stabilise coastal weather which does not experience inland extremes The Southern Range blocks air currents that bring rain and atmospheric humidity from the south west diminishing both on its eastern side EconomyMain article Economy of Northern Cyprus Kyrenia Girne is one of the main tourist resorts in Northern Cyprus Tourism is one of the dominant sectors of the Northern Cyprus economy The economy of Northern Cyprus is dominated by the services sector 69 of GDP in 2007 which includes the public sector trade tourism and education The revenues gained by the education sector in 2011 was 400 million 92 Industry light manufacturing contributes 22 of GDP and agriculture 9 93 The economy of Northern Cyprus is based on a free market approach 94 and it became the top country in Europe in entrepreneurial intent to start a new business in 2014 95 Economic development is adversely affected by the continuing Cyprus problem Northern Cyprus is under an international embargo as the Republic of Cyprus as the internationally recognised authority has declared airports and ports in the area not under its effective control closed All UN member states other than Turkey respect the closure of those ports and airports 96 As a result Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkish economic support 97 and is still dependent on monetary transfers from the Turkish government 93 Northern Cyprus uses the Turkish lira as legal tender rather than the euro which links its economy to that of Turkey Since the Republic of Cyprus joined the Eurozone and the movement of peoples between the north and south has become more free the euro is also in wide circulation citation needed Exports and imports have to go via Turkey 98 while the European Union promised an opening up of the ports after the Annan plan this was blocked by the Republic of Cyprus and exporting through the south while technically possible remains impractical 99 Despite the constraints imposed by the lack of international recognition the nominal GDP growth rates of the economy in 2001 2005 were 5 4 6 9 11 4 15 4 and 10 6 respectively 100 101 The real GDP growth rate in 2007 was estimated at 2 93 This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the Turkish Lira and a boom in the education and construction sectors Between 2002 and 2007 gross national product per capita more than tripled from US 4 409 in 2002 to US 16 158 in current when U S dollars 102 The growth continued through the 2010s with real growth rates of 3 7 3 9 1 8 and 1 1 respectively in 2010 2013 103 The unemployment rate declined through the 2010s and was at 8 3 in 2014 104 In 2011 North Cyprus sold electricity to the Republic of Cyprus following an explosion in the southern part of the island which affected a large power station 105 The Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project completed in 2015 is aimed at delivering water for drinking and irrigation from southern Turkey via a pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea 106 International telephone calls are routed via a Turkish dialling code 90 392 as Northern Cyprus has neither its own country code nor official ITU prefix citation needed Similarly with the internet Northern Cyprus has no top level domain of its own and is under the Turkish second level domain nc tr Items of mail must be addressed via Mersin 10 TURKEY as the Universal Postal Union does not recognise Northern Cyprus as a separate entity 107 108 Amateur radio operators sometimes use callsigns beginning with 1B but these have no standing for awards or other operating credit Tourism Main article Tourism in Northern Cyprus Panoramic view of the Kyrenia Harbour with the Venetian era Kyrenia Castle on the far left and the Kyrenia Mountains in the background Tourism is considered one of the driving sectors of the Turkish Cypriot economy The country received over 1 1 million tourists in 2012 109 when hotels and restaurants generated an income of 328 million 110 and constituted 8 5 of the GDP 111 Accommodation and catering created more than 10 000 jobs in the same year 112 The tourism sector has seen great development in the 2000s and 2010s with the number of tourists more than doubling increased investment and hotel construction official estimates of income derived from tourism were around 700 million US dollars in 2013 and the total bed capacity was estimated to be around 20 000 113 Casino tourism is one of the major sectors of the North Cyprus economy Kyrenia is considered the capital of tourism in Northern Cyprus with its numerous hotels entertainment facilities vibrant nightlife and shopping areas 114 In 2012 62 7 of the visitors in Northern Cyprus stayed in the Girne District during their visit 109 Out of the 145 hotels in Northern Cyprus 99 were in the Girne District in 2013 113 Northern Cyprus has traditionally been an attraction for beach holidays partly thanks to its reputation as an unspoiled area Its mild climate rich history and nature are seen as sources of attraction A significant sector of eco tourism has been developed in Northern Cyprus as tourists visit it for bird watching cycling walking and observing flowers in the wild It is praised for its relative safety and especially for the Karpass Peninsula its well preservation 115 The peninsula is home to several sorts of tourism it hosts the Bafra Tourism Area as a center for beach goers where four luxurious and large hotels were built until 2014 several facilities and regular festivals that highlight its rural qualities and exhibit local traditions a remote natural park the Kantara Castle attracting sightseers and a marina that was built to host international yachts and boats along with large facilities 116 Casino tourism has also grown to become a significant contribution to the economy in Northern Cyprus They were first opened in the 1990s and have since become very popular with visitors from Turkey and the rest of the island where casinos are banned This has led to huge investments in the casino sector 117 However the sector has been criticised due to claims of its lack of benefits for the small and middle scale business and shop owners 118 The nightclubs that have been established for prostitution attract sex tourism to Northern Cyprus and the industry has been described as a civilized one despite the sex workers being described as vulnerable to abuse 119 120 Infrastructure The Ercan International Airport serves as the main port of entry into Northern Cyprus The share of the transport and communications industry in the GDP of Northern Cyprus is constantly varying it decreased from 12 1 in 2008 to 8 5 in 2011 but rose again to 9 3 in 2012 110 Air transport is a major route of entry into Northern Cyprus The country is home to two airports the Ercan International Airport and the Gecitkale Airport of which only Ercan is currently when functioning 121 The Ercan airport saw an important renovation in the 2010s that greatly increased its passenger traffic it was used by 1 76 million passengers in the first seven months of 2014 alone 122 Non stop flights are only available from multiple points in Turkey through a number of Turkish carriers 123 Direct scheduled and charter flights take place from other countries but with mandatory stopovers in Turkey 600 charter flights were scheduled for 2013 Scheduled destinations include cities such as London and Manchester 124 while charter flight destinations include cities such as Berlin 125 and Ljubljana 126 Direct flights to Northern Cyprus and the trade traffic through the Northern Cypriot ports are restricted as part of the embargo on Northern Cypriot ports 127 The airports of Gecitkale and Ercan are only recognised as legal ports of entry by Turkey and Azerbaijan 128 Direct charter flights between Poland and North Cyprus started on 20 June 2011 129 The seaports in Famagusta and Kyrenia have been declared closed to all shipping by the Republic of Cyprus since 1974 130 By agreement between Northern Cyprus and Syria there was a ship tour between Famagusta and Latakia Syria before the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War Since the opening of the Green Line Turkish Cypriot residents are allowed to trade through ports recognized by the Republic of Cyprus 131 With the lack of a railway system the country s highways are used for transport between major cities In the 21st century these highways were upgraded into dual carriageways with some roads in the Karpass area still being upgraded as of 2015 update Northern Cyprus has around 7 000 kilometres 4 300 miles of roads with two thirds of these roads paved 121 Recent constructions included the construction of a Northern Coast Highway which was hailed as a major incentive for economic development 132 DemographicsSee also Demographics of Cyprus Turkish Cypriots and Mainland Turks in Northern Cyprus Ethnic groups of Northern Cyprus 2006 census 133 Turks 99 2 Greeks 0 2 English 0 2 Maronites 0 1 Other 0 3 Turkish Cypriot children in the walled part of North Nicosia Northern Cyprus s first official census was performed in 1996 The population recorded was 200 587 134 The second census carried out in 2006 revealed the population of Northern Cyprus to be 265 100 135 of which majority is composed of indigenous Turkish Cypriots including refugees from Southern Cyprus and settlers from Turkey Of the 178 000 Turkish Cypriot citizens 82 are native Cypriots 145 000 Of the 45 000 people born to non Cypriot parentage nearly 40 17 000 were born in Cyprus The figure for non citizens including students guest workers and temporary residents stood at 78 000 people 135 136 The third official census of Northern Cyprus was carried out in 2011 made under the auspices of UN observers It returned a total population of 294 906 137 These results were disputed by some political parties labour unions and local newspapers The government was accused of deliberately under counting the population after apparently giving an estimate of 700 000 before the census in order to demand financial help from Turkey 138 139 140 One source claims that the population in the north has reached 500 000 141 split between 50 Turkish Cypriots and 50 Turkish settlers or Cypriot born children of such settlers 142 Researcher Mete Hatay has written that such reports are wildly speculative and are picked up by opposition parties for political benefit which resulted in reports in the south Such reports have never been scientifically or statistically scrutinised despite opportunities of opposition parties to do so using the electoral rolls in their possession thereby continuing a war of numbers 143 The Government of Northern Cyprus estimates that the 1983 population of Northern Cyprus was 155 521 144 Estimates by the government of the Republic of Cyprus from 2001 place the population at 200 000 of which 80 89 000 are Turkish Cypriots and 109 000 117 000 are designated as Turkish settlers by the Republic of Cyprus 145 An island wide census in 1960 indicated the number of Turkish Cypriots as 102 000 and Greek Cypriots as 450 000 146 As of 2005 update the settlers constituted no more than 25 of the electorate in Northern Cyprus The degree of the integration of mainland Turks to the Turkish Cypriot community varies some identify as Turkish Cypriots and have culturally integrated while some embrace a Turkish identity 147 Northern Cyprus is almost entirely Turkish speaking English however is widely spoken as a second language citation needed There are 644 Greek Cypriots living in Rizokarpaso Dipkarpaz and 364 Maronites in Kormakitis 148 162 000 149 Greek Cypriots were forcibly evicted from their homes in the North by the invading force of the Turkish army 150 151 152 Rizokarpaso is the home of the biggest Greek speaking population in the north The Greek Cypriot inhabitants are still supplied by the UN and Greek Cypriot products are consequently available in some shops citation needed Largest cities or towns in Northern Cyprus TRNC 2011 Population and Housing CensusRank Name District Pop North Nicosia Famagusta 1 North Nicosia Lefkosa 61 378 Kyrenia Morphou2 Famagusta Gazimagusa 40 9203 Kyrenia Girne 33 2074 Morphou Guzelyurt 18 9465 Gonyeli Lefkosa 17 2776 Kythrea Lefkosa 11 8957 Lefka Lefke 11 0918 Dikomo Girne 9 1209 Trikomo Iskele 7 90610 Lapithos Girne 7 839 Religion Northern Cyprus Religions 153 Islam 99 other unknown 1 Main article Religion in Northern Cyprus Further information Religion in Cyprus and Islam in Cyprus Arab Ahmet Mosque in North Nicosia The majority of Turkish Cypriots 99 are Sunni Muslims 153 Northern Cyprus is a secular state 154 Alcohol is frequently consumed within the community and most Turkish Cypriot women do not cover their heads however headscarves are still worn on occasion by public figures as a symbol of the inhabitants Turkish culture or simply as a conservative form of dress 153 However some religious traditions still play a role within the community Turkish Cypriot males are generally circumcised in accordance with religious beliefs 155 Education Main article Education in Northern Cyprus Girne American University in Kyrenia Northern Cyprus The education system in Northern Cyprus consists of pre school education primary education secondary education and higher education Five years of primary education is mandatory Higher Education Planning Evaluation Accreditation and Coordination Council YODAK of Northern Cyprus is a member of International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education INQAAHE 156 In 2013 there were 63 765 university students from 114 countries in nine universities in Northern Cyprus In 2014 the number of students increased to 70 004 15 210 Turkish Cypriots 36 148 from Turkey 18 646 international students 157 158 159 Near East University NEU 160 161 Girne American University Middle East Technical University TRNC European University of Lefke Cyprus International University Eastern Mediterranean University EMU Istanbul Technical University TRNC University of Mediterranean Karpasia and University of Kyrenia all established since 1974 EMU is an internationally recognised institution of higher learning with more than 1000 faculty members from 35 countries There are 15 000 students in EMU representing 68 nationalities The 8 universities have been approved by the Higher Education Council of Turkey Eastern Mediterranean University and Near East University 160 161 are full individual members of the European University Association 162 EMU is a full member of the Community of Mediterranean Universities Federation Universities of Islamic World International Association of Universities and International Council of Graphic Design Associations 163 and was ranked as the best university in the island and among the top 500 in Europe by Webometrics 164 Girne American University in the northern coastal city of Kyrenia opened a campus in Canterbury United Kingdom in 2009 165 and was accredited by the British Accreditation Council in 2010 166 Northern Cyprus regularly participates in international Robocup competition and took 14th place out of 20 in 2013 167 168 The country has supercomputers with which it participates in CERN experiments that led to the discovery of the Higgs boson 169 Northern Cyprus is among participant countries of Solar Challenge of solar powered vehicles in South Africa in 2014 170 CultureMain article Culture of Northern Cyprus Music and dance See also Turkish Cypriot folk dances Ziynet Sali is a Turkish Cypriot pop singer famous in Turkey and Northern Cyprus Turkish Cypriot children dressed in traditional clothing preparing for a folk dance show Turkish Cypriot folk music consists of a rich variety of local tunes influenced by the mainland Turkish music to a limited extent Historically it was shaped around the tradition of weddings the primary social gatherings at the time Violin goblet drum known locally as darbuka zurna and other drums were heavily used in these gatherings and a large number of traditional songs developed based on this legacy 171 172 Turkish Cypriot culture also incorporates a great diversity of folk dances with various influences including different versions of karsilamas ciftetelli and zeybek The Northern Cyprus State Symphony Orchestra has been active since 1975 The Bellapais Abbey in Kyrenia hosts international festivals of classical music and is considered in important platform of classical music 171 North Nicosia has its own Nicosia Municipal Orchestra that performs at open spaces such as parks and squares and is also home to the annual Walled City Jazz Festival 173 Ruya Taner is a Turkish Cypriot pianist who has achieved international acclaim Turkish Cypriot cities and towns regularly organise festivals that include performances of local and international singers and bands 171 Some Turkish Cypriot singers such as Ziynet Sali and Isin Karaca have achieved fame in Turkey The Turkish Cypriot band Sila 4 produced music that is considered essential for the Turkish Cypriot identity and also acquired fame in Turkey 174 Rock and pop music are popular with the public in Northern Cyprus important singers and bands include SOS and Fikri Karayel 175 176 Literature Poetry is the most widely published form of literature in Northern Cyprus Turkish Cypriot poetry is based on both the effects of Turkish literature and the culture of the island of Cyprus along with some reflection of the British colonial history 177 The first era of Turkish Cypriot poetry after the introduction of the Latin alphabet characterised by poets such as Nazif Suleyman Ebeoglu Urkiye Mine Balman Engin Gonul Necla Salih Suphi and Pembe Marmara had strong nationalistic elements due to the political attitudes of Turkish Cypriots at the time and stylistically reflected the poetry of the Turkish mainland Meanwhile other poets such as Ozker Yasin Osman Turkay who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twice 178 and Nevzat Yalcin sought to write in more original styles with the influence of nascent poetic styles in Turkey and those in Britain This group of poets were very prolific and increased the popularity of poetry in the Turkish Cypriot community and are seen as key figures in Turkish Cypriot literature 177 The nationalism gave way to a notion of Cypriotness in the 1970s with the influence of Yasin Turkay and Yalcin During this period the so called 1974 generation of poets arose led by poets including Mehmet Yasin Hakki Yucel Nice Denizoglu Nese Yasin Aysen Dagli and Canan Sumer The poetry of this generation was characterised by the appreciation of the Turkish Cypriot identity as distinct from Turkish identity and the identification of Cyprus as the Turkish Cypriot homeland instead of Turkey in contrast to the previous nationalist poetry This approach is often called the Cypriot poetry of rejection as it resists the influence of Turkey highlighting the cultural rift between Turkey and Cyprus due to the recent experience of war and therefore the independence of the Turkish Cypriot poetry and identity This was followed by an increased adoption of the Mediterranean identity in the 1980s accompanied by the effects of the liberalisation of the Turkish Cypriot society as reflected in the feminist elements of which a particular example is Neriman Cahit 177 179 180 Cinema Anahtar Key released in 2011 was the first full length film entirely produced in Northern Cyprus 181 Some other co productions have also taken place A co production of Northern Cyprus Turkey Britain and the Netherlands Kod Adi Venus tr 182 Code Name Venus was shown in the Cannes Film Festival in 2012 183 The film director and screenwriter Dervis Zaim achieved fame with his 2003 film Mud Camur which won the UNESCO award at the Venice Film Festival The documentary film Kayip Otobus The Missing Bus directed by Turkish Cypriot journalist Fevzi Tașpinar was aired on the TRT TV as well as participating in the Boston Film Festival in 2011 The film tells the story of eleven Turkish Cypriot workers who left their homes in a bus in 1964 that never came back Their remains were found in a well in Cyprus in October 2006 184 185 Theatre Karagoz and Hacivat An early Turkish Cypriot theatre group 1880s Theatre in Northern Cyprus is mostly carried out by the Turkish Cypriot State Theatre municipal theatres and a number of private theatrical companies Cyprus Theatre Festival organised by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality is a large organisation with institutions from Turkey participating as well There are no major halls built specifically for theatre in Northern Cyprus so plays often take place in conference halls 186 187 The origins of Turkish Cypriot theatre lie in Karagoz and Hacivat a shadow play that was popularised in the island as a form of entertainment during the Ottoman era This form of theatre has lost its popularity nowadays but remains to be televised during religious festivals 188 After the 1840s as the Ottoman Empire started modernising theatre with greater European elements met with the Turkish Cypriot public However the inception of Turkish Cypriot theatre in the modern sense is considered the staging of the play Vatan Yahut Silistre Homeland vs Silistra by Turkish playwright Namik Kemal in 1908 189 This was followed by a proliferation of theatrical activity in the Turkish Cypriot community as local plays were written and staged and theatrical companies from Turkey took the stage in Cyprus by the 1920s all the major towns in Cyprus had Turkish Cypriot plays that were performed regularly 188 189 In the 1960s Turkish Cypriot theatre started to be institutionalised A leading theatre group named Ilk Sahne First Stage founded in 1963 was renamed the Turkish Cypriot State Theatre in 1966 and has since performed more than 85 plays 188 190 Theatre is currently a very popular form of art in Northern Cyprus with long queues forming for tickets of the plays in the Cyprus Theatre Festival and the number of theatre goers constantly increasing 191 Sports Main article Sport in Northern Cyprus Nicosia Ataturk Stadium is the largest stadium in Northern Cyprus There are five stadiums in Northern Cyprus with each holding a capacity ranging anywhere from 7 000 to 30 000 The most popular sport in Northern Cyprus is football There are over 29 sport federations in Northern Cyprus with a total registered membership of 13 950 6 054 been registered practitioners for taekwondo karate aikido kurash with shooting having 1 150 registered and hunting having 1 017 registered members 192 Several of sport clubs participate in leagues in Turkey These include the Fast Break Sport Club in Turkey s Men s Basketball Regional League the Besparmak Sport Club in Turkey s Handball Premier League and the Lefke European University Turkey Table tennis Super League Water sports such as windsurfing jetskiing waterskiing and sailing are also available at beaches throughout the coastline of Northern Cyprus Sailing is especially found at Escape Beach Club near Kyrenia Cuisine Northern Cyprus is also well known for several dishes among them are kebabs made of skewered lamb sis kebab or ground with herbs and spices and made into a kofte or seftali kebab Other dishes are based on meat wrapped in flat bread such as lahmacun Vegetarian cuisine includes stuffed vegetable based dishes yalanci dolma or many other dishes made with a bean or pulse such as borulce which consists of Swiss chard cooked with black eyed peas There are also plant based foods such as molohiya or root based stews such as kolokas 193 See alsoOutline of Northern Cyprus List of Turkish CypriotsPortals Geography Cyprus AsiaReferences The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus www cypnet co uk Archived from the original on 25 May 2011 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Cumhuriyet Meclisi nin yeni baskani Zorlu Tore oldu Kibris Gazetesi Retrieved 23 March 2022 a b Historical Background Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 22 March 2016 Retrieved 3 April 2016 Muhammet Ikbal Arslan 10 October 2022 KKTC nin nufusu 382 bin 836 olarak hesaplandi in Turkish Anadolu Agency a b KKTC Ekonomik Gostergeler Raporu PDF kei gov tr Archived from the original PDF on 7 October 2020 Retrieved 13 December 2019 Griffiths Ryan D 2021 Secession and the Sovereignty Game Strategy and Tactics for Aspiring Nations Cornell University Press p 127 ISBN 978 1 5017 5474 6 JSTOR 10 7591 j ctv153k63s Archived from the original on 26 June 2021 Retrieved 28 May 2021 Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights Annuaire de la convention europeenne des droits de l homme Council of Europe Conseil de l Europe 1996 p 153 that despite the fact that it has not been recognised de iure by any other State than Turkey the TRNC exist de facto as an independent State exercising all branches of State power on its territory Central Intelligence Agency 8 October 2013 Northern Cyprus The CIA World Factbook 2014 Skyhorse Publishing p 691 ISBN 978 1 62873 451 5 Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 Retrieved 20 June 2015 The Turkish Cypriots are heavily dependent on transfers from the Turkish Government Ankara directly finances about one third of the Turkish Cypriot administration s budget Boas Gideon 1 January 2012 Public International Law Contemporary Principles and Perspectives Edward Elgar Publishing p 177 ISBN 978 0 85793 956 2 Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 Retrieved 20 June 2015 For example the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus located in the northern portion of the island of Cyprus came about through from only one state Turkey upon which it is entirely dependent for economic political and military support Navaro Yashin Yael 12 March 2012 The Make Believe Space Affective Geography in a Postwar Polity Durham NC London Duke University Press p 8 ISBN 978 0 8223 5204 4 Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 Retrieved 20 June 2015 Economic embargoes have been imposed on the TRNC making northern Cyprus almost completely dependent on Turkey a b UN Security Council resolutions 353 357 358 359 360 and 365 all from 1974 Langfield Michele Logan William Craith Mairead Nic eds 2010 Cultural Diversity Heritage and Human Rights Intersections in Theory and Practice New York Routledge p 231 ISBN 978 1 135 19070 5 The tradition for Turkish Cypriots is one of secularism not of mosque attendance a b The Cyprus Conflict Archived from the original on 17 February 2007 Pre Rejection of SCCC decision by Makarios PDF Eastern Mediterranean University Archived from the original PDF on 11 March 2012 Retrieved 14 February 2014 The fact that the decision of the SCCC would not be implemented by Makarios was made quite clear Non implementation of the decision of a 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Sovereignty Suspended Political Life in a So Called State University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0 8122 5221 7 External linksThis section s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references February 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Northern Cyprus at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity OfficialRepublican Assembly Parliament of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Presidency Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Embassy of the TRNC in Ankara TRNC Central BankOther linksEmbargoed a non profit association campaigning against the total economic embargo imposed on the population of Northern Cyprus ATCA News Association of Turkish Cypriots Abroad Northern Cyprus Home Page Islamic Conference s Parliaments to Call TRNC Cyprus Turkish State JTW International Expert Panel for a European Solution in Cyprus UK All Party Parliamentary Group for Cyprus Timeline of Cyprus issue by BBC Assembly of Turkish American Associations Turkish Cypriots of Australia Historical Book EU task force on Turkish Cypriot community Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Northern Cyprus amp oldid 1138416834, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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