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Bharatiya Janata Party

January 18, 2023

"BJP" redirects here. For other uses, see BJP (disambiguation).

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; [bʱaːɾət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrtiː] (listen); lit. 'Indian People's Party') is a political party in India, and one of the two major Indian political parties alongside the Indian National Congress.[40] Since 2014, it has been the ruling political party in India under Narendra Modi, the incumbent Indian prime minister.[41] The BJP is aligned with right-wing politics, and its policies have historically reflected a traditional Hindu nationalist ideology;[42][43] it has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).[44] As of February 2022, it is the country's largest political party in terms of representation in the Parliament of India as well as state legislatures.

Bharatiya Janata Party
AbbreviationBJP
PresidentJ. P. Nadda[1]
General SecretaryB. L. Santhosh
Shiv Prakash[2]
PresidiumNational Executive[3]
Parliamentary ChairpersonNarendra Modi
(Prime Minister)
Lok Sabha leaderNarendra Modi
(Leader of the House in Lok Sabha)[4]
Rajya Sabha leaderPiyush Goyal
(Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha)
TreasurerRajesh Agarwal[5]
Founder
Founded6 April 1980 (42 years ago) (1980-04-06)[7]
Split fromJanata Party[7]
Preceded byBharatiya Jana Sangh
(1951–1977)[7]
Janata Party
(1977–1980)[7]
Headquarters6-A, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg,
New Delhi, Delhi, India[8]
NewspaperKamal Sandesh (English and Hindi)[9]
Kamal Barta (Bengali)[10]
Think tankPublic Policy Research Centre[11][12]
Student wingAkhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
(unofficial)[13]
Youth wingBharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha[14]
Women's wingBJP Mahila Morcha[15]
Labour wingBharatiya Mazdoor Sangh[16]
Peasant's wingBharatiya Kisan Sangh[17]
Membership180 million (2019)[18]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[25]
International affiliationInternational Democrat Union[26][27]
Asia Pacific Democrat Union[28]
Colours  Saffron[29]
ECI StatusNational Party[30]
AllianceNational Democratic Alliance
(All India)[31]

North-East Democratic Alliance
(Northeast India)[32]

United Democratic Alliance
(Nagaland)[33]
Seats in Lok Sabha
302 / 543
(543 MPs & 0 Vacant)[34]
Seats in Rajya Sabha
93 / 245
(237 MPs & 8 Vacant)[35][36]
Seats in State Legislative Assemblies
1,383 / 4,036

(3987 MLAs & 49 Vacant)

(see complete list)
Seats in State Legislative Councils
167 / 426

(403 MLCs & 23 Vacant)

(see complete list)
Number of states and union territories in government
11 / 28
(28 States)[37]
1 / 3
(3 UTs)
Election symbol
Lotus
Party flag
Website
www.bjp.org
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The party's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, which was founded in 1951 by Indian politician Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.[45] After The Emergency of 1975–1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other political parties to form the Janata Party; it defeated the then-incumbent Indian National Congress in the 1977 general election. After three years in power, the Janata Party dissolved in 1980, with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the modern-day BJP. Although initially unsuccessful—winning only two seats in the 1984 general election—it grew in strength on the back of the movement around Ram Janmabhoomi in Uttar Pradesh. Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest political party in the Parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its government, under its then-leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee, lasted for only 13 days.[46]

After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) under prime minister Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government—again headed by Vajpayee—lasted for a full term in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the 2004 general election, the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years, the BJP was the principal opposition party. However, Narendra Modi, who was then serving as the chief minister of Gujarat, led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election. Since that general election, Modi has led the NDA government as Indian prime minister and, as of December 2022, the alliance governs 16 States and union territories of India.

The official ideology of the BJP is integral humanism, which was first formulated by Indian politician Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965. The party advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles. Since its assumption of power in 2014, its key-focus issues have included Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which conferred a special autonomous status to Jammu and Kashmir; the building of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh; and the implementation of the proposed Uniform Civil Code. Conversely, the 1998–2004 NDA government did not pursue any of these controversial issues, focusing instead on a largely liberal economic policy that prioritised globalisation and economic growth over social welfare.[47] Two of these policies have been implemented since 2014. On 5 August 2019, the newly re-elected BJP government revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, and on 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court of India passed the final verdict on the case of the Ayodhya dispute that handed over the land to a trust organization to build the Ram Mandir, a major Hindu temple.[48][49][50] The V-Dem Institute described India in a report as experiencing nationwide democratic backsliding under post-2014 BJP rule.[51][52]

History

Predecessors

Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–77)

Influential figures
 
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh
 
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the first BJP prime minister (1998–2004)
 
Lal Krishna Advani, deputy Prime Minister under Vajpayee and one of the architects of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement
Main article: Bharatiya Jana Sangh

The BJP's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, popularly known as the Jana Sangh, founded by Syama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant Congress party. It was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS.[53] The Jana Sangh's aims included the protection of India's "Hindu" cultural identity, in addition to countering what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslim people and the country of Pakistan by the Congress party and then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks, or full-time workers, to the Jana Sangh to get the new party off the ground. Prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya, who was appointed General Secretary. The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952. It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967.[54][55]

The Jana Sangh's first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India.[56] Mukherjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir. He died of a heart attack the following month, while still in jail.[56] Mauli Chandra Sharma was elected to succeed Mukherjee; however, he was forced out of power by the RSS activists within the party, and the leadership went instead to Upadhyaya. Upadhyay remained the General Secretary until 1967, and worked to build a committed grassroots organisation in the image of the RSS. The party minimised engagement with the public, focusing instead on building its network of propagandists. Upadhyaya also articulated the philosophy of integral humanism, which formed the official doctrine of the party.[57] Younger leaders, such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani also became involved with the leadership in this period, with Vajpayee succeeding Upadhyaya as president in 1968. The major themes on the party's agenda during this period were legislating a uniform civil code, banning cow slaughter and abolishing the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir.[58]

After assembly elections across the country in 1967, the party entered into a coalition with several other parties, including the Swatantra Party and the socialists. It formed governments in various states across the Hindi heartland, including Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. It was the first time the Jana Sangh held political office, albeit within a coalition; this caused the shelving of the Jana Sangh's more radical agenda.[59]

Janata Party (1977–80)

Main article: Janata Party

In 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency. The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protests, with thousands of its members being imprisoned along with other agitators across the country. In 1977, the emergency was withdrawn and general elections were held. The Jana Sangh merged with parties from across the political spectrum, including the Socialist Party, the Congress (O) and the Bharatiya Lok Dal to form the Janata Party, with its main agenda being defeating Indira Gandhi.[55]

The Janata Party won a majority in 1977 and formed a government with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister. The former Jana Sangh contributed the largest tally to the Janata Party's parliamentary contingent, with 93 seats or 31% of its strength. Vajpayee, previously the leader of the Jana Sangh, was appointed the Minister of External Affairs.[60]

The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity, and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party, based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles. According to Christophe Jaffrelot, this proved to be impossible assimilation.[61] The state and local levels of the Jana Sangh remained relatively unchanged, retaining a strong association with the RSS, which did not sit well with the moderate centre-right constituents of the Party.[62] Violence between Hindus and Muslims increased sharply during the years that the Janata Party formed the government, with former Jana Sangha members being implicated in the riots at Aligarh and Jamshedpur in 1978–79. The other major constituents of the Janata Party demanded that the Jana Sangh should break from the RSS, which the Jana Sangh refused to do. Eventually, a fragment of the Janata Party broke off to form the Janata Party (Secular). The Morarji Desai government was reduced to a minority in the Parliament, forcing its resignation. Following a brief period of coalition rule, general elections were held in 1980, in which the Janata Party fared poorly, winning only 31 seats. In April 1980, shortly after the elections, the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being 'dual members' of party and the RSS. In response, the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party, known as the Bharatiya Janata Party. [63][60]

BJP (1980–present)

Formation and early days

Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh, the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor, with Vajpayee being its first president.[64] Historian Ramachandra Guha writes that the early 1980s were marked by a wave of violence between Hindus and Muslims. The BJP initially moderated the Hindu nationalist stance of its predecessor the Jana Sangh to gain a wider appeal, emphasising its links to the Janata Party and the ideology of Gandhian Socialism.[65] This was unsuccessful, as it won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984.[65] The assassination of Indira Gandhi a few months earlier resulted in a wave of support for the Congress which won a record tally of 403 seats, contributing to the low number for the BJP.[66]

Ram Janmabhoomi movement

Main article: Ram Rath Yatra
Further information: Ayodhya dispute and Demolition of the Babri Masjid

The failure of Vajpayee's moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindu nationalism.[65][67] In 1984, Advani was appointed president of the party, and under him it became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. In the early 1980s, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the disputed site of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. The mosque had been constructed by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1527. There is a dispute about whether a temple once stood there.[68] The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site is the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple had been demolished to construct the mosque.[69] The BJP threw its support behind this campaign and made it a part of their election platform. It won 86 Lok Sabha seats in 1989, a tally which made its support crucial to the National Front government of V. P. Singh.[70]

In September 1990, Advani began a rath yatra (chariot journey) to Ayodhya in support of the Ram temple movement. According to Guha, the imagery employed by the yatra was "religious, allusive, militant, masculine, and anti-Muslim", and the speeches delivered by Advani during the yatra accused the government of appeasing Muslims and practising "pseudo-secularism" that obstructed the legitimate aspirations of Hindus.[71] Advani defended the yatra, stating that it had been free of the incident from Somnath to Ayodhya, and that the English media were to blame for the violence that followed.[72] Advani was placed under preventive detention on the orders of the then Bihar chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav. A large number of kar sevaks (religious volunteers) nonetheless converged at Ayodhya. On the orders of Uttar Pradesh chief minister Mulayam Singh Yadav, 150,000 of them were detained, yet half as many managed to reach Ayodhya and some attacked the mosque. Three days of fighting with the paramilitary forces ended with the deaths of several kar sevaks. Hindus were urged by VHP to "take revenge" for these deaths, resulting in riots against Muslims across Uttar Pradesh. [73] The BJP withdrew its support from the V.P. Singh government, leading to fresh general elections. It once again increased its tally, to 120 seats, and won a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly.[74]

On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100,000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque.[74] Under circumstances that are not entirely clear, the rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the demolition of the mosque.[74] Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country, killing over 2,000 people.[74] The government briefly banned the VHP, and many BJP leaders, including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition.[75][76] Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar, and not a spontaneous act.[74]

A 2009 report, authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan, found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition, mostly leaders from the BJP.[76] Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, and Murli Manohar Joshi. The report also criticised Kalyan Singh, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition.[76] He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition.[76] Anju Gupta, an Indian Police Service officer in charge of Advani's security, appeared as a prominent witness before the commission. She said that Advani and Joshi made provocative speeches that were a major factor in the mob's behaviour.[77] However, in a judgement on 30 September 2020, the Supreme Court of India acquitted all of the accused in the demolition including Advani and Joshi.[78]

In the parliamentary elections in 1996, the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats, making it the largest party in parliament.[46] Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha, forcing the government to resign after 13 days.[46]

Ekta Yatra (1991–1992)

In December 1991, then-BJP President Murli Manohar Joshi held another yatra, the Ekta Yatra, intended to signal that BJP supported national unity and opposed separatist movements. It began on 11 December in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu and visited 14 states.[79] The rally's final stop to hoist the Indian flag in Jammu and Kashmir on 26 January 1992 was considered unsuccessful, with minimal local participation.[80]

NDA government (1998–2004)

Further information: National Democratic Alliance

A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996, but this grouping was short-lived, and mid-term polls were held in 1998. The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which contained its existing allies like the Samata Party, the Shiromani Akali Dal, the Shiv Sena in addition to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and the Biju Janata Dal. Among these regional parties, the Shiv Sena was the only one that had an ideology similar to the BJP; Amartya Sen, for example, called the coalition an "ad hoc" grouping.[81][82] The NDA had a majority with outside support from the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister.[83] However, the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK, Jayalalitha, withdrew her support, and fresh elections were held again.[84]

On 13 October 1999, the NDA, without the AIADMK, won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority. The BJP had its highest ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time; Advani became Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister. This NDA government lasted its full term of five years. Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror as well as neo-liberal economic policies.[47]

In 2001, Bangaru Laxman, then the BJP president, was filmed accepting a bribe of ₹100,000 (equivalent to ₹340,000 or US$4,200 in 2020)[85] to recommend the purchase of hand-held thermal imagers for the Indian Army to the Defence Ministry, in a sting operation by Tehelka journalists.[86][87] The BJP was forced to make him resign and he was subsequently prosecuted. In April 2012, he was sentenced to four years in prison.[88]

2002 Gujarat violence

Main article: 2002 Gujarat violence

On 27 February 2002, a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned outside the town of Godhra, killing 59 people. The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus, and sparked off massive anti-Muslim violence across the state of Gujarat that lasted several weeks.[89] The death toll estimated was as high as 2000, while 150,000 were displaced.[90] Rape, mutilation, and torture were also widespread.[90][91] The then-Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high-ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties.[92] In April 2009, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases. In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT. BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government, was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment;[93][94] she was later acquitted by the Gujarat High Court.[95] Scholars such as Paul Brass, Martha Nussbaum and Dipankar Gupta have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents.[96][97][98]

General election defeats

Vajpayee called for early elections in 2004, six months ahead of schedule. The NDA's campaign was based on the slogan "India Shining", which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country.[99] However, the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat, winning only 186 seats in the Lok Sabha, compared to the 222 of the Congress and its allies. Manmohan Singh succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the United Progressive Alliance. The NDA's failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat, as was its divisive policy agenda.[99][100]

In May 2008, the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka. This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any South Indian state. In the 2009 general elections, its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats. It lost the Karnataka assembly election in 2013.[101]

NDA government (2014–present)

 
Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India since 2014
 
Amit Shah has been the longest (continuous) serving National President of the BJP

In the 2014 Indian general election, the BJP won 282 seats, leading the NDA to a tally of 336 seats in the 543-seat Lok Sabha.[102] Narendra Modi was sworn in as the 14th Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014.[103][104]

The vote share of the BJP was 31% of all votes cast, a low figure relative to the number of seats it won.[105] This was the first instance since 1984 of a single party achieving an outright majority in the Indian Parliament[106] and the first time that it achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha on its own strength. Support was concentrated in the Hindi-speaking belt in North-central India.[105] The magnitude of the victory was not predicted by most opinion and exit polls.[105]

Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory, including the popularity of Modi, and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term.[107] The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper-caste, upper-class support base and received significant support from middle-class and Dalit people, as well as among Other Backward Classes.[108][105] Its support among Muslims remained low; only 8% of Muslim voters voted for the BJP.[108][105] The BJP was also very successful at mobilising its supporters and raising voter turnout among them.[105]

In 2019, the BJP won the general election with a majority. Soon after coming to power, on 5 August 2019, the Modi administration revoked the special status, or limited autonomy, granted under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir—a region administered by India as a state and this states consists of the larger part of Kashmir which has been the subject of dispute among India, Pakistan, and China since 1947.[48][49]

Later in 2019, the Modi government introduced the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, which was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019. It amended the Citizenship Act, 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for illegal immigrants of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian religion, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014.[109][110] Muslims from those countries were not given such eligibility.[111] The act was the first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under Indian law.[111][a][b][c] A report by the V-Dem Institute described India as experiencing democratic backsliding during the Modi-led BJP's rule.[51][52]

Ideology and political positions

Social policies and Hindutva

Further information: Hindutva

The official philosophy of the BJP is "Integral humanism," a philosophy first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965, who described it as advocating an "indigenous economic model that puts the human being at center stage."[112][113] It is committed to Hindutva, an ideology articulated by Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. According to the party, Hindutva is cultural nationalism favouring Indian culture over westernisation, thus it extends to all Indians regardless of religion.[65] However, scholars and political analysts have called their Hindutva ideology an attempt to redefine India and recast it as a Hindu country to the exclusion of other religions, making it a Hindu nationalist party in a general sense.[74][65][114][115] The BJP has slightly moderated its stance after the NDA was formed in 1998, due to the presence of parties with a broader set of ideologies.[74][47]

The BJP's Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies. It supports the construction of the Ram Temple at the disputed site of the Babri Mosque.[114] This issue was its major poll plank in the 1991 general elections.[114] However, the demolition of the mosque during a BJP rally in 1992 resulted in a backlash against it, leading to a decline of the temple's prominence in its agenda.[114] The education policy of the NDA government reorganised the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and tasked it with extensively revising the textbooks used in Indian schools.[116] Various scholars have stated that this revision, especially in the case of history textbooks, was a covert attempt to "saffronise" Indian history.[116][117][118][119] The NDA government introduced Vedic astrology as a subject in college curricula, despite opposition from several leading scientists.[120]

Taking a position against what it calls the "pseudo-secularism" of the Congress party, the BJP instead supports "positive secularism".[114] Vajpayee laid out the BJP's interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi's doctrine of Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava and contrasted it with what he called European secularism.[121] He had said that Indian secularism attempted to see all religions with equal respect, while European secularism was independent of religion, thus making the former more "positive".[122] The BJP supports a uniform civil code, which would apply a common set of personal laws to every citizen regardless of their personal religion, replacing the existing laws which vary by religious community. Historian Yogendra Malik claims this ignores the differential procedures required to protect the cultural identity of the Muslim minority.[65][114] The BJP favoured, and later enacted[123][124][125] the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which granted a greater degree of autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir in recognition of the unusual circumstances surrounding its accession to the Indian Union.[65]

The BJP opposes illegal immigration into India from Bangladesh.[115] The party states that this migration, mostly in the states of Assam and West Bengal, threatens the security, economy and stability of the country.[115] Academics have pointed out that the BJP refers to Hindu migrants from Bangladesh as refugees, and reserves the term "illegal" for Muslim migrants.[115] Academic Michael Gillan perceived it as an attempt to use an emotive issue to mobilise Hindu sentiment in a region where the party has not been historically successful.[115][126] The party later became the party of government in Assam.[127]

In 2013, the Supreme Court of India reinstated the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which, among other things, criminalises homosexuality. There was a popular outcry, although clerics, including Muslim religious leaders, stated that they supported the verdict.[128][129] BJP president Rajnath Singh said that the party supported Section 377, because it believed that homosexuality was unnatural,[130] though the party softened the stance after its victory in the 2014 general elections.[131] Senior party members including Arun Jaitley and Harsh Vardhan openly support the rights of gender and sexual minorities in India. Vanathi Srinivasan, a BJP official from Tamil Nadu, launched the first book on LGBTQIA and Genderqueer in Tamil penned by Gopi Shankar Madurai.[132][133][134][135] However, other leading party figures, such as Subramanian Swamy, were strongly critical of the decision by the Supreme Court to strike down Section 377 in Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India.[136]

The Modi government is opposed to same-sex marriage, stating in a legal affidavit that legalizing it would cause "complete havoc with the delicate balance of personal laws in the country" and that it was "not comparable with Indian family unit concept of a husband, wife & children which necessarily presuppose a biological man as ‘husband’, a biological woman as ‘wife’ and children born out of union".[137]

Economic policies

The BJP's economic policy has changed considerably since its founding. There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party. In the 1980s, like the Jana Sangh, it reflected the thinking of the RSS and its affiliates. It supported swadeshi (the promotion of indigenous industries and products) and a protectionist export policy. However, it supported internal economic liberalisation, and opposed the state-driven industrialisation favoured by the Congress.[138]

During the 1996 elections, the BJP shifted its stance away from protectionism and towards globalisation; its election manifesto recommended increasing foreign investment in priority sectors, while restricting it in others. When the party was in power in 1998, it shifted its policy even further in favour of globalisation. The tenure of the NDA saw an unprecedented influx of foreign companies in India.[138] This was criticised by the left parties and the BJP's affiliates (the RSS and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch).[138] The communist parties said that the BJP was attempting to appease the World Bank and the United States government through its neoliberal policies.[138] Similarly, the RSS stated that the BJP was not being true to its swadeshi ideology.[138]

The two NDA governments in the period 1998–2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government-owned enterprises. It also introduced tariff-reducing measures. These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the P. V. Narasimha Rao-led Congress government in the early 1990s.[139] India's GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA. The 2004 campaign slogan India Shining was based on the party's belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society.[140] After its unexpected defeat, commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies.[99][100][141]

This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments, especially in Gujarat, where the BJP held power for 16 years.[142] Modi's government, in power from 2002 to 2014, followed a strongly neo-liberal agenda, presented as a drive towards development.[143][144] Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services, as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations. While this was praised by the business community, commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP's upper-class constituency instead of the poor.[143]

Modi has been described as taking a more economically populist approach on healthcare and agricultural policy.[145] Modi's government has also been described as taking a more protectionist turn on international trade during his second term, withdrawing from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership talks[146][147] and introducing the 2020 Atmanirbhar Bharat economic plan, which emphasises national self-sufficiency.[148][149] However, Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar has rejected accusations that Atmanirbhar Bharat is a protectionist initiative, while himself criticizing India's past free trade agreements for the "damaging impact they have had on India's manufacturing".[150] Similarly, Vice President Venkaiah Naidu has also disputed the initiative's protectionism, instead stating that it meant "adopting a pragmatic development strategy that would enable the country to recognise and capitalise on its inherent strengths".[151]

Defence and counterterrorism

Compared to Congress, the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism.[152][153] The Vajpayee-led NDA government carried out nuclear weapons tests and enacted the Prevention of Terrorism Act, which later came under heavy criticism.[152][153] It also deployed troops to evict infiltrators from Kargil, and supported the United States War on Terror.[154]

Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test, the Vajpayee government broke with India's historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised Pokhran-II, a series of five nuclear tests in 1998.[152] The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium-range ballistic missile. They were seen as an attempt to display India's military prowess to the world, and a reflection of anti-Pakistan sentiment within the BJP.[152]

The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying Kashmir territory, later known as the Kargil War.[155][156] Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence, it was successful in ousting them from the previously Indian-controlled territory.[155][156]

After the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001, the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act.[153] The aim of the act was to improve the government's ability to deal with terrorism.[153] It initially failed to pass in the Rajya Sabha; therefore, the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a joint session of the Parliament, where the numerical superior Lok Sabha allowed the bill to pass.[153] The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism.[153] However, it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon civil liberties, and the National Human Rights Commission of India stated that it had been used to target Muslims.[153] It was later repealed by the Congress-led UPA government in 2004.[157]

The Modi government has conducted several strikes on territory controlled by neighbouring countries on counterterrorism grounds. This included a 2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar against the National Socialist Council of Nagaland, the 2016 Indian Line of Control strike in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and the 2019 Balakot airstrike in Pakistan.[158] It also militarily intervened in defence of Bhutan during the 2017 Doklam standoff with China.[159]

The Modi government considers national security to be one of their key focuses and has implemented many long-standing defence reforms.[160][161] In August 2019, the Modi government established the post of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) to ensure better coordination between all three services, a reform that was widely requested after the 1999 Kargil War.[162] The Department of Military Affairs was also established and put under the CDS.[163] Retired Admiral Arun Prakash called it “the most significant development in the national security domain since Independence.”[164] Modi has also pushed for the indigenization and privatization of the defence production sector, as well as promoting the export of Indian-made arms to smaller countries.[165][166]

Foreign policy

The historical stance of the BJP towards foreign policy, like the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, was based on an aggressive Hindu nationalism combined with economic protectionism.[167] The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the partition of India; as a result, its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate.[167] This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP's ideology.[167][168] During the Cold War, the party and its affiliates strongly opposed India's long standing policy of non-alignment, and instead advocated closeness to the United States.[167] In the post-Cold War era, the party has largely embraced the Indian foreign policy consensus of improving relations with the United States,[169] while stressing a desire for a more multipolar world order.[170]

The Vajpayee government's foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy while maintaining some aspects of it.[138][168] Its policy also represented a significant change from the Nehruvian idealism of previous governments, opting instead for realism.[171] His party criticised him for adopting a much more moderate stance with Pakistan. In 1998, he made a landmark visit to Pakistan, and inaugurated the Delhi–Lahore Bus service.[167] Vajpayee signed the Lahore Declaration, which was an attempt to improve Indo-Pakistani relations that deteriorated after the 1998 nuclear tests.[167] However, the presence of Pakistani soldiers and militants in the disputed Kashmir territory was discovered a few months later, causing the 1999 Kargil War. The war ended a couple of months later, with the expulsion of the infiltrators two months later, without any shift in the Line of Control that marked the de facto border between the two countries.[167] Despite the war, Vajpayee continued to display a willingness to engage Pakistan in dialogue. This was not well received among the BJP cadre, who criticised the government for being "weak".[167] This faction of the BJP asserted itself at the post-Kargil Agra summit, preventing any significant deal from being reached. [167]

The Vajpayee administration also offered political support to the U.S. War on Terror, in the hope of better addressing India's issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir. This led to closer defence ties with the US, including negotiations for the sale of weapons.[154] However, the BJP strongly condemned the 2003 invasion of Iraq, stating that it "deplores the unjustified military action resorted to by the United States, Britain and their allies against Iraq".[172] The BJP also opposed the 2011 military intervention in Libya and urged the Lok Sabha to pass a unanimous resolution condemning it.[173]

The Modi government initially took a pragmatic stance towards Pakistan, attempting to improve relations with Nawaz Sharif's government, culminating in Modi visiting Pakistan in 2015.[174] Relations subsequently deteriorated, particularly after Sharif was ousted in 2017.[175] The Modi government has since been described as taking a "hardline" approach on Pakistan, and the BJP has accused the opposition Congress of collaborating with Pakistan through its criticism of government policy.[176]

In 2015, the Modi government was accused by the Nepalese government of imposing an undeclared blockade on Nepal.[177]

The Modi government has taken a neutral stance on the Russo-Ukrainian War.[178] In 2022, opposition figures Priyanka Chaturvedi and Shashi Tharoor criticised the Modi government's abstention on United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623, which condemned the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[179] However, the leadership of the Indian National Congress backed the government's stance.[180]

Organisation and structure

Main article: Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party
Further information: List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party and National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party

The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical, with the president being the highest authority in the party.[113] Until 2012, the BJP constitution mandated that any qualified member could be national or state president for a single three-year term.[113] This was amended to a maximum of two consecutive terms.[181]

Below the president is the National Executive, which contains a variable number of senior leaders from across the country. It is the higher decision-making body of the party. Its members are several vice-presidents, general-secretaries, treasurers and secretaries, who work directly with the president.[113] An identical structure, with an executive committee led by a president, exists at the state, regional, district and local level.[113]

In April 2015, the BJP stated that it had more than 100 million registered members, which would make it the world's largest political party by primary membership.[182][183] As of September 2022, the party does not have a single Muslim representative in the parliament and state assemblies.[184][185]

The BJP is a cadre-based party. It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideologies, such as the RSS, ABVP, BYSS and the VHP. The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP's. Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates, loosely known as the Sangh Parivar:[113]

The party has subsidiary organisations of its own, such as:

  • The BJP Mahila Morcha (BJP Women's Front), its women's division.[113]
  • The Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (Indian People's Youth Front), its youth wing.[113]
  • The BJP Minority Morcha (BJP Minority Front), its minority division.[113]

General election results

See also: Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party

The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially founded in 1980, and the first general election it contested was in 1984, in which it won only two Lok Sabha seats. Following the election in 1996, the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time, but the government it formed was short-lived.[46] In the elections of 1998 and 1999, it remained the largest party, and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions.[47] In the 2014 general election, it won an outright majority in parliament. From 1991 onwards, a BJP member has led the Opposition whenever the party was not in power.[186][d]

Lok Sabha seats

Year Legislature Party leader Seats won Change in seats Percentage
of votes 		Vote swing Outcome Ref.
1984 8th Lok Sabha Lal Krishna Advani
2 / 543
   2 7.74% – Opposition [187]
1989 9th Lok Sabha
85 / 543
   83 11.36%   3.62% Outside support for NF [188]
1991 10th Lok Sabha
120 / 543
   35 20.11%   8.75% Opposition [189]
1996 11th Lok Sabha Atal Bihari Vajpayee
161 / 543
   41 20.29%   0.18% Government, later opposition [190]
1998 12th Lok Sabha
182 / 543
   21 25.59%   5.30% Government [191]
1999 13th Lok Sabha
182 / 543
   23.75%   1.84% Government [192]
2004 14th Lok Sabha
138 / 543
   44 22.16%   1.69% Opposition [193]
2009 15th Lok Sabha Lal Krishna Advani
116 / 543
   22 18.80%   3.36% Opposition [194]
2014 16th Lok Sabha Narendra Modi
282 / 543
   166 31.34%   12.54% Government [195]
2019 17th Lok Sabha
303 / 543
   21 37.46%   6.12% Government [196][197]

As of September 2022, 11 states have Chief Ministers from the BJP, and governments led by that party, sometimes including allied parties. The 11 states are Arunachal Pradesh, Assam (with Asom Gana Parishad and United People's Party Liberal), Goa, Gujarat, Haryana (with Jannayak Janta Party), Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur (with Naga People's Front, National People's Party and Lok Janshakti Party), Tripura (with Indigenous People's Front of Tripura), Uttar Pradesh (with Apna Dal (Sonelal)) and Uttarakhand.

In 4 other states and in the Union Territory of Puducherry, it participates in the government as the junior partner in the ruling alliance with other members of the National Democratic Alliance. The states are: Maharashtra (with Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena, other small parties and independents), Meghalaya (with the National People's Party, United Democratic Party, People's Democratic Front and Hill State People's Democratic Party), Nagaland (with the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party), and Puducherry (with the All India N.R. Congress). The BJP's ally, the Sikkim Krantikari Morcha, holds power in Sikkim, but the BJP has no ministers in the government.

The BJP has previously held power in Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Rajasthan and Jharkhand, and has been the junior coalition partner in governments in Andhra Pradesh (with the Telugu Desam Party), Jammu and Kashmir (with the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party), Odisha (with the Biju Janata Dal), Punjab (with the Shiromani Akali Dal), and Tamil Nadu (with the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam). It has never held power in Kerala, Telangana, and West Bengal.

In addition to the NDA, the BJP is also a part of a regional political alliance in Northeast India named the North-East Democratic Alliance.[198][199][200]

Current seats in State Legislative Assemblies

Legislative Assembly
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
0 / 175
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
48 / 60
Assam Legislative Assembly
63 / 126
Bihar Legislative Assembly
78 / 243
Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
14 / 90
Delhi Legislative Assembly
8 / 70
Goa Legislative Assembly
28 / 40
Gujarat Legislative Assembly
156 / 182
Haryana Legislative Assembly
40 / 90
Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
25 / 68
Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly†
0 / 90
Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
26 / 81
Karnataka Legislative Assembly
119 / 224
Kerala Legislative Assembly
0 / 140
Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
130 / 230
Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
106 / 288
Manipur Legislative Assembly
37 / 60
Meghalaya Legislative Assembly
2 / 60
Mizoram Legislative Assembly
1 / 40
Nagaland Legislative Assembly
12 / 60
Odisha Legislative Assembly
22 / 147
Puducherry Legislative Assembly
6 / 33
Punjab Legislative Assembly
2 / 117
Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
70 / 200
Sikkim Legislative Assembly
12 / 32
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
4 / 234
Telangana Legislative Assembly
3 / 119
Tripura Legislative Assembly
34 / 60
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
255 / 403
Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
47 / 70
West Bengal Legislative Assembly
70 / 294

Current seats in State Legislative councils

Legislative Council
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council
2 / 58
Bihar Legislative Council
23 / 75
Karnataka Legislative Council
39 / 75
Maharashtra Legislative Council
25 / 78
Telangana Legislative Council
0 / 40
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
73 / 100

List of prime ministers

Further information: List of prime ministers of India
No. Prime minister Portrait Term in office Lok Sabha Cabinet Constituency
Start End Tenure
1 Atal Bihari Vajpayee   16 May 1996 1 June 1996 6 years, 80 days 11th Vajpayee I Lucknow
19 March 1998 22 May 2004 12th Vajpayee II
13th Vajpayee III
2 Narendra Modi   26 May 2014 Incumbent 8 years, 236 days 16th Modi I Varanasi
17th Modi II

List of chief ministers

Main article: List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party

As of May 2022, 49 people from Bharatiya Janata Party have held the position of a chief minister, 11 of whom are incumbent.

Incumbent chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party
S.No. State Name Portrait Cabinet Governing coalition
1. Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu   Khandu II BJP (48)
NPP (4)
2. Assam Himanta Biswa Sarma   Sarma BJP (63)
AGP (9)
UPPL (7)
3. Goa Pramod Sawant   Sawant II BJP (28)
MGP (2)
IND (3)
4. Gujarat Bhupendrabhai Patel   Patel II BJP (156)
5. Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar   Khattar II BJP (41)
JJP (10)
HLP (1)
IND (6)
6. Karnataka Basavaraj Bommai   Bommai BJP (119)
IND (1)
7. Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan   Chouhan IV BJP (130)
IND (4)
8. Manipur N. Biren Singh   Singh II BJP (37)
NPP (7)
NPF (5)
KPA (2)
IND (2)
9. Tripura Manik Saha   Saha BJP (34)
IPFT (5)
10. Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath   Adityanath II BJP (255)
AD(S) (12)
NP (6)
11 Uttarakhand Pushkar Singh Dhami   Dhami II BJP (47)
IND (2)

See also

References

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Sharma (2019), p. 523: "First, citizenship status biased towards religious identity is by no means a new idea.... A careful study of the policies and laws related to citizenship, adopted since independence substantiates the assertion that citizenship in India has always been based on an implicit belief that India is for Hindus."
  2. ^ Sen (2018), pp. 10–11: "Nehru's response [to Patel's warning] made it clear that Muslim migrants from Pakistan could not join the ranks of refugees in India... Thus, despite broad public statements promising citizenship to all displaced persons from Pakistan, Hindu migrants alone counted as citizen-refugees in post-partition India."
  3. ^ Jayal (2019), pp. 34–35: "While some elements of religious difference had... been covertly smuggled in earlier, this bill seeks to do so overtly."
  4. ^ For the electoral results of the BJP's predecessors, see the JP and BJS articles.

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Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of the Sangh Parivar
  • Ahuja, Gurdas M. (2004). Bharatiya Janata Party and Resurgent India. Ram Company.
  • Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987) [Originally published by Westview Press]. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism. Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
  • Bhambhri, C.P. (2001). Bharatiya Janata Party : Periphery to Centre. Delhi: Shipra. ISBN 978-81-7541-078-7.
  • Baxter, Craig (1971) [first published by University of Pennsylvania Press 1969]. The Jana Sangh — A Biography of an Indian Political Party. Oxford University Press, Bombay. ISBN 978-0-8122-7583-4.
  • Chadha, Kalyani; Guha, Pallavi (2016). "The Bharatiya Janata Party's online campaign and citizen involvement in India's 2014 election". International Journal of Communication. 10.
  • Ganguly, Sumit (2015). (PDF). Transatlantic Academy Paper Series. 2: 1–15. ISBN 978-1-5292-0460-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  • Graham, B. D. (1990). Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38348-6.
  • Harriss, John. "Hindu Nationalism in Action: The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 38.4 (2015): 712-718 online.
  • Malik, Yogendra K.; Singh, V.B. (1994). Hindu Nationalists in India : The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-8810-6.
  • Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-301-1.
  • Jaffrelot, Christophe (July 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics: 16. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  • Jain, Varsha; B.E., Ganesh (2020). "Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra Modi". Journal of Political Marketing. 19 (1–2): 15–33. doi:10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222. S2CID 202247610.
  • Mishra, Madhusudan (1997). Bharatiya Janata Party and India's Foreign Policy. New Delhi: Uppal Pub. House. ISBN 978-81-85565-79-8.
  • Nag, Kingshuk (2014). The Saffron Tide: The Rise of the BJP. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-8129134295.
  • Nag, Kingshuk. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (Rupa Publications, 2016).
  • Palshikar, Suhas, Sanjay Kumar, and Sanjay Lodha, eds. Electoral Politics in India: The Resurgence of the Bharatiya Janata Party (Taylor & Francis, 2017).
  • Raghavan, G.N.S. New Era in the Indian Polity, A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP (1996).
  • Sanjeev Kr, H.M. "Foreign Policy Position of Bharatiya Janata Party Towards Issues of India Pakistan Relations." Indian Journal of Political Science (2007): 275–291. online
  • Sharma, C.P. Thakur, Devendra P. (1999). India under Atal Behari Vajpayee : The BJP Era. New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7476-250-4.
  • Stein, Burton (2010). A history of India (edited by David Arnold. 2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
  • Rao, Ramesh (2001). Coalition conundrum: the BJP's trials, tribulations, and triumphs. Har Anand. ISBN 9788124108093.

External links

 
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January 18, 2023
bharatiya, janata, party, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, bʱaːɾət, iːjə, dʒənət, paːrtiː, listen, indian, people, party, political, party, india, major, indian, political, parties, alongside, indian, national, congress, since, 2014, been, ruling,. BJP redirects here For other uses see BJP disambiguation The Bharatiya Janata Party BJP bʱaːɾet iːje dʒenet aː paːrtiː listen lit Indian People s Party is a political party in India and one of the two major Indian political parties alongside the Indian National Congress 40 Since 2014 it has been the ruling political party in India under Narendra Modi the incumbent Indian prime minister 41 The BJP is aligned with right wing politics and its policies have historically reflected a traditional Hindu nationalist ideology 42 43 it has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh RSS 44 As of February 2022 update it is the country s largest political party in terms of representation in the Parliament of India as well as state legislatures Bharatiya Janata PartyAbbreviationBJPPresidentJ P Nadda 1 General SecretaryB L SanthoshShiv Prakash 2 PresidiumNational Executive 3 Parliamentary ChairpersonNarendra Modi Prime Minister Lok Sabha leaderNarendra Modi Leader of the House in Lok Sabha 4 Rajya Sabha leaderPiyush Goyal Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha TreasurerRajesh Agarwal 5 FounderAtal Bihari VajpayeeL K Advani 6 Founded6 April 1980 42 years ago 1980 04 06 7 Split fromJanata Party 7 Preceded byBharatiya Jana Sangh 1951 1977 7 Janata Party 1977 1980 7 Headquarters6 A Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg New Delhi Delhi India 8 NewspaperKamal Sandesh English and Hindi 9 Kamal Barta Bengali 10 Think tankPublic Policy Research Centre 11 12 Student wingAkhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad unofficial 13 Youth wingBharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha 14 Women s wingBJP Mahila Morcha 15 Labour wingBharatiya Mazdoor Sangh 16 Peasant s wingBharatiya Kisan Sangh 17 Membership180 million 2019 18 IdeologyConservatism 19 Neoliberalism 20 Nationalism 21 Hindutva 22 Right wing populism 23 Integral humanism 24 Political positionRight wing 25 International affiliationInternational Democrat Union 26 27 Asia Pacific Democrat Union 28 Colours Saffron 29 ECI StatusNational Party 30 AllianceNational Democratic Alliance All India 31 North East Democratic Alliance Northeast India 32 United Democratic Alliance Nagaland 33 Seats in Lok Sabha302 543 543 MPs amp 0 Vacant 34 Seats in Rajya Sabha93 245 237 MPs amp 8 Vacant 35 36 Seats in State Legislative Assemblies1 383 4 036 3987 MLAs amp 49 Vacant see complete list Seats in State Legislative Councils167 426 403 MLCs amp 23 Vacant see complete list Number of states and union territories in government11 28 28 States 37 1 3 3 UTs Election symbolLotusParty flagWebsitewww wbr bjp wbr orgPolitics of IndiaPolitical partiesElectionsThis article contains Indic text Without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text The party s origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh which was founded in 1951 by Indian politician Shyama Prasad Mukherjee 45 After The Emergency of 1975 1977 the Jana Sangh merged with several other political parties to form the Janata Party it defeated the then incumbent Indian National Congress in the 1977 general election After three years in power the Janata Party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the modern day BJP Although initially unsuccessful winning only two seats in the 1984 general election it grew in strength on the back of the movement around Ram Janmabhoomi in Uttar Pradesh Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections the BJP became the largest political party in the Parliament in 1996 however it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament and its government under its then leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee lasted for only 13 days 46 After the 1998 general election the BJP led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance NDA under prime minister Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year Following fresh elections the NDA government again headed by Vajpayee lasted for a full term in office this was the first non Congress government to do so In the 2004 general election the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat and for the next ten years the BJP was the principal opposition party However Narendra Modi who was then serving as the chief minister of Gujarat led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election Since that general election Modi has led the NDA government as Indian prime minister and as of December 2022 update the alliance governs 16 States and union territories of India The official ideology of the BJP is integral humanism which was first formulated by Indian politician Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965 The party advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles Since its assumption of power in 2014 its key focus issues have included Article 370 of the Constitution of India which conferred a special autonomous status to Jammu and Kashmir the building of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh and the implementation of the proposed Uniform Civil Code Conversely the 1998 2004 NDA government did not pursue any of these controversial issues focusing instead on a largely liberal economic policy that prioritised globalisation and economic growth over social welfare 47 Two of these policies have been implemented since 2014 On 5 August 2019 the newly re elected BJP government revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir and on 9 November 2019 the Supreme Court of India passed the final verdict on the case of the Ayodhya dispute that handed over the land to a trust organization to build the Ram Mandir a major Hindu temple 48 49 50 The V Dem Institute described India in a report as experiencing nationwide democratic backsliding under post 2014 BJP rule 51 52 Contents 1 History 1 1 Predecessors 1 1 1 Bharatiya Jana Sangh 1951 77 1 1 2 Janata Party 1977 80 1 2 BJP 1980 present 1 2 1 Formation and early days 1 2 2 Ram Janmabhoomi movement 1 2 3 Ekta Yatra 1991 1992 1 2 4 NDA government 1998 2004 1 2 5 2002 Gujarat violence 1 2 6 General election defeats 1 2 7 NDA government 2014 present 2 Ideology and political positions 2 1 Social policies and Hindutva 2 2 Economic policies 2 3 Defence and counterterrorism 2 4 Foreign policy 3 Organisation and structure 4 General election results 4 1 Lok Sabha seats 4 2 Current seats in State Legislative Assemblies 4 3 Current seats in State Legislative councils 5 List of prime ministers 6 List of chief ministers 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Explanatory notes 8 2 Citations 8 3 General and cited sources 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistoryPredecessors Bharatiya Jana Sangh 1951 77 Influential figures Syama Prasad Mookerjee founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh Atal Bihari Vajpayee the first BJP prime minister 1998 2004 Lal Krishna Advani deputy Prime Minister under Vajpayee and one of the architects of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement Main article Bharatiya Jana Sangh The BJP s origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh popularly known as the Jana Sangh founded by Syama Prasad Mukherjee in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant Congress party It was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh RSS and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS 53 The Jana Sangh s aims included the protection of India s Hindu cultural identity in addition to countering what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslim people and the country of Pakistan by the Congress party and then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks or full time workers to the Jana Sangh to get the new party off the ground Prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya who was appointed General Secretary The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952 It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967 54 55 The Jana Sangh s first major campaign begun in early 1953 centred on a demand for the complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India 56 Mukherjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir He died of a heart attack the following month while still in jail 56 Mauli Chandra Sharma was elected to succeed Mukherjee however he was forced out of power by the RSS activists within the party and the leadership went instead to Upadhyaya Upadhyay remained the General Secretary until 1967 and worked to build a committed grassroots organisation in the image of the RSS The party minimised engagement with the public focusing instead on building its network of propagandists Upadhyaya also articulated the philosophy of integral humanism which formed the official doctrine of the party 57 Younger leaders such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani also became involved with the leadership in this period with Vajpayee succeeding Upadhyaya as president in 1968 The major themes on the party s agenda during this period were legislating a uniform civil code banning cow slaughter and abolishing the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir 58 After assembly elections across the country in 1967 the party entered into a coalition with several other parties including the Swatantra Party and the socialists It formed governments in various states across the Hindi heartland including Madhya Pradesh Bihar and Uttar Pradesh It was the first time the Jana Sangh held political office albeit within a coalition this caused the shelving of the Jana Sangh s more radical agenda 59 Janata Party 1977 80 Main article Janata Party In 1975 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protests with thousands of its members being imprisoned along with other agitators across the country In 1977 the emergency was withdrawn and general elections were held The Jana Sangh merged with parties from across the political spectrum including the Socialist Party the Congress O and the Bharatiya Lok Dal to form the Janata Party with its main agenda being defeating Indira Gandhi 55 The Janata Party won a majority in 1977 and formed a government with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister The former Jana Sangh contributed the largest tally to the Janata Party s parliamentary contingent with 93 seats or 31 of its strength Vajpayee previously the leader of the Jana Sangh was appointed the Minister of External Affairs 60 The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles According to Christophe Jaffrelot this proved to be impossible assimilation 61 The state and local levels of the Jana Sangh remained relatively unchanged retaining a strong association with the RSS which did not sit well with the moderate centre right constituents of the Party 62 Violence between Hindus and Muslims increased sharply during the years that the Janata Party formed the government with former Jana Sangha members being implicated in the riots at Aligarh and Jamshedpur in 1978 79 The other major constituents of the Janata Party demanded that the Jana Sangh should break from the RSS which the Jana Sangh refused to do Eventually a fragment of the Janata Party broke off to form the Janata Party Secular The Morarji Desai government was reduced to a minority in the Parliament forcing its resignation Following a brief period of coalition rule general elections were held in 1980 in which the Janata Party fared poorly winning only 31 seats In April 1980 shortly after the elections the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being dual members of party and the RSS In response the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party known as the Bharatiya Janata Party 63 60 BJP 1980 present Formation and early days Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor with Vajpayee being its first president 64 Historian Ramachandra Guha writes that the early 1980s were marked by a wave of violence between Hindus and Muslims The BJP initially moderated the Hindu nationalist stance of its predecessor the Jana Sangh to gain a wider appeal emphasising its links to the Janata Party and the ideology of Gandhian Socialism 65 This was unsuccessful as it won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984 65 The assassination of Indira Gandhi a few months earlier resulted in a wave of support for the Congress which won a record tally of 403 seats contributing to the low number for the BJP 66 Ram Janmabhoomi movement Main article Ram Rath Yatra Further information Ayodhya dispute and Demolition of the Babri Masjid Ram Rath Yatra The failure of Vajpayee s moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindu nationalism 65 67 In 1984 Advani was appointed president of the party and under him it became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement In the early 1980s the Vishwa Hindu Parishad VHP began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the disputed site of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya The mosque had been constructed by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1527 There is a dispute about whether a temple once stood there 68 The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site is the birthplace of Rama and that a temple had been demolished to construct the mosque 69 The BJP threw its support behind this campaign and made it a part of their election platform It won 86 Lok Sabha seats in 1989 a tally which made its support crucial to the National Front government of V P Singh 70 In September 1990 Advani began a rath yatra chariot journey to Ayodhya in support of the Ram temple movement According to Guha the imagery employed by the yatra was religious allusive militant masculine and anti Muslim and the speeches delivered by Advani during the yatra accused the government of appeasing Muslims and practising pseudo secularism that obstructed the legitimate aspirations of Hindus 71 Advani defended the yatra stating that it had been free of the incident from Somnath to Ayodhya and that the English media were to blame for the violence that followed 72 Advani was placed under preventive detention on the orders of the then Bihar chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav A large number of kar sevaks religious volunteers nonetheless converged at Ayodhya On the orders of Uttar Pradesh chief minister Mulayam Singh Yadav 150 000 of them were detained yet half as many managed to reach Ayodhya and some attacked the mosque Three days of fighting with the paramilitary forces ended with the deaths of several kar sevaks Hindus were urged by VHP to take revenge for these deaths resulting in riots against Muslims across Uttar Pradesh 73 The BJP withdrew its support from the V P Singh government leading to fresh general elections It once again increased its tally to 120 seats and won a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly 74 On 6 December 1992 the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100 000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque 74 Under circumstances that are not entirely clear the rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the demolition of the mosque 74 Over the following weeks waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country killing over 2 000 people 74 The government briefly banned the VHP and many BJP leaders including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition 75 76 Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar and not a spontaneous act 74 A 2009 report authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition mostly leaders from the BJP 76 Among those named were Vajpayee Advani and Murli Manohar Joshi The report also criticised Kalyan Singh Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition 76 He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition 76 Anju Gupta an Indian Police Service officer in charge of Advani s security appeared as a prominent witness before the commission She said that Advani and Joshi made provocative speeches that were a major factor in the mob s behaviour 77 However in a judgement on 30 September 2020 the Supreme Court of India acquitted all of the accused in the demolition including Advani and Joshi 78 In the parliamentary elections in 1996 the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats making it the largest party in parliament 46 Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha forcing the government to resign after 13 days 46 Ekta Yatra 1991 1992 In December 1991 then BJP President Murli Manohar Joshi held another yatra the Ekta Yatra intended to signal that BJP supported national unity and opposed separatist movements It began on 11 December in Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu and visited 14 states 79 The rally s final stop to hoist the Indian flag in Jammu and Kashmir on 26 January 1992 was considered unsuccessful with minimal local participation 80 NDA government 1998 2004 Further information National Democratic Alliance A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996 but this grouping was short lived and mid term polls were held in 1998 The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the National Democratic Alliance NDA which contained its existing allies like the Samata Party the Shiromani Akali Dal the Shiv Sena in addition to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam AIADMK and the Biju Janata Dal Among these regional parties the Shiv Sena was the only one that had an ideology similar to the BJP Amartya Sen for example called the coalition an ad hoc grouping 81 82 The NDA had a majority with outside support from the Telugu Desam Party TDP and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister 83 However the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK Jayalalitha withdrew her support and fresh elections were held again 84 On 13 October 1999 the NDA without the AIADMK won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority The BJP had its highest ever tally of 183 Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time Advani became Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister This NDA government lasted its full term of five years Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror as well as neo liberal economic policies 47 In 2001 Bangaru Laxman then the BJP president was filmed accepting a bribe of 100 000 equivalent to 340 000 or US 4 200 in 2020 85 to recommend the purchase of hand held thermal imagers for the Indian Army to the Defence Ministry in a sting operation by Tehelka journalists 86 87 The BJP was forced to make him resign and he was subsequently prosecuted In April 2012 he was sentenced to four years in prison 88 2002 Gujarat violence Main article 2002 Gujarat violence On 27 February 2002 a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned outside the town of Godhra killing 59 people The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus and sparked off massive anti Muslim violence across the state of Gujarat that lasted several weeks 89 The death toll estimated was as high as 2000 while 150 000 were displaced 90 Rape mutilation and torture were also widespread 90 91 The then Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim owned properties 92 In April 2009 a Special Investigation Team SIT was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases In 2012 Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT BJP MLA Maya Kodnani who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment 93 94 she was later acquitted by the Gujarat High Court 95 Scholars such as Paul Brass Martha Nussbaum and Dipankar Gupta have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents 96 97 98 General election defeats Vajpayee called for early elections in 2004 six months ahead of schedule The NDA s campaign was based on the slogan India Shining which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country 99 However the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat winning only 186 seats in the Lok Sabha compared to the 222 of the Congress and its allies Manmohan Singh succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the United Progressive Alliance The NDA s failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat as was its divisive policy agenda 99 100 In May 2008 the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any South Indian state In the 2009 general elections its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats It lost the Karnataka assembly election in 2013 101 NDA government 2014 present Narendra Modi Prime Minister of India since 2014 Amit Shah has been the longest continuous serving National President of the BJP In the 2014 Indian general election the BJP won 282 seats leading the NDA to a tally of 336 seats in the 543 seat Lok Sabha 102 Narendra Modi was sworn in as the 14th Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014 103 104 The vote share of the BJP was 31 of all votes cast a low figure relative to the number of seats it won 105 This was the first instance since 1984 of a single party achieving an outright majority in the Indian Parliament 106 and the first time that it achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha on its own strength Support was concentrated in the Hindi speaking belt in North central India 105 The magnitude of the victory was not predicted by most opinion and exit polls 105 Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory including the popularity of Modi and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term 107 The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper caste upper class support base and received significant support from middle class and Dalit people as well as among Other Backward Classes 108 105 Its support among Muslims remained low only 8 of Muslim voters voted for the BJP 108 105 The BJP was also very successful at mobilising its supporters and raising voter turnout among them 105 In 2019 the BJP won the general election with a majority Soon after coming to power on 5 August 2019 the Modi administration revoked the special status or limited autonomy granted under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir a region administered by India as a state and this states consists of the larger part of Kashmir which has been the subject of dispute among India Pakistan and China since 1947 48 49 Later in 2019 the Modi government introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 which was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019 It amended the Citizenship Act 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for illegal immigrants of Hindu Sikh Buddhist Jain Parsi or Christian religion who had fled persecution from Pakistan Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014 109 110 Muslims from those countries were not given such eligibility 111 The act was the first time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under Indian law 111 a b c A report by the V Dem Institute described India as experiencing democratic backsliding during the Modi led BJP s rule 51 52 Ideology and political positionsSocial policies and Hindutva Further information Hindutva The official philosophy of the BJP is Integral humanism a philosophy first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965 who described it as advocating an indigenous economic model that puts the human being at center stage 112 113 It is committed to Hindutva an ideology articulated by Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar According to the party Hindutva is cultural nationalism favouring Indian culture over westernisation thus it extends to all Indians regardless of religion 65 However scholars and political analysts have called their Hindutva ideology an attempt to redefine India and recast it as a Hindu country to the exclusion of other religions making it a Hindu nationalist party in a general sense 74 65 114 115 The BJP has slightly moderated its stance after the NDA was formed in 1998 due to the presence of parties with a broader set of ideologies 74 47 The BJP s Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies It supports the construction of the Ram Temple at the disputed site of the Babri Mosque 114 This issue was its major poll plank in the 1991 general elections 114 However the demolition of the mosque during a BJP rally in 1992 resulted in a backlash against it leading to a decline of the temple s prominence in its agenda 114 The education policy of the NDA government reorganised the National Council of Educational Research and Training NCERT and tasked it with extensively revising the textbooks used in Indian schools 116 Various scholars have stated that this revision especially in the case of history textbooks was a covert attempt to saffronise Indian history 116 117 118 119 The NDA government introduced Vedic astrology as a subject in college curricula despite opposition from several leading scientists 120 Taking a position against what it calls the pseudo secularism of the Congress party the BJP instead supports positive secularism 114 Vajpayee laid out the BJP s interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi s doctrine of Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava and contrasted it with what he called European secularism 121 He had said that Indian secularism attempted to see all religions with equal respect while European secularism was independent of religion thus making the former more positive 122 The BJP supports a uniform civil code which would apply a common set of personal laws to every citizen regardless of their personal religion replacing the existing laws which vary by religious community Historian Yogendra Malik claims this ignores the differential procedures required to protect the cultural identity of the Muslim minority 65 114 The BJP favoured and later enacted 123 124 125 the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India which granted a greater degree of autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir in recognition of the unusual circumstances surrounding its accession to the Indian Union 65 The BJP opposes illegal immigration into India from Bangladesh 115 The party states that this migration mostly in the states of Assam and West Bengal threatens the security economy and stability of the country 115 Academics have pointed out that the BJP refers to Hindu migrants from Bangladesh as refugees and reserves the term illegal for Muslim migrants 115 Academic Michael Gillan perceived it as an attempt to use an emotive issue to mobilise Hindu sentiment in a region where the party has not been historically successful 115 126 The party later became the party of government in Assam 127 In 2013 the Supreme Court of India reinstated the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code which among other things criminalises homosexuality There was a popular outcry although clerics including Muslim religious leaders stated that they supported the verdict 128 129 BJP president Rajnath Singh said that the party supported Section 377 because it believed that homosexuality was unnatural 130 though the party softened the stance after its victory in the 2014 general elections 131 Senior party members including Arun Jaitley and Harsh Vardhan openly support the rights of gender and sexual minorities in India Vanathi Srinivasan a BJP official from Tamil Nadu launched the first book on LGBTQIA and Genderqueer in Tamil penned by Gopi Shankar Madurai 132 133 134 135 However other leading party figures such as Subramanian Swamy were strongly critical of the decision by the Supreme Court to strike down Section 377 in Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India 136 The Modi government is opposed to same sex marriage stating in a legal affidavit that legalizing it would cause complete havoc with the delicate balance of personal laws in the country and that it was not comparable with Indian family unit concept of a husband wife amp children which necessarily presuppose a biological man as husband a biological woman as wife and children born out of union 137 Economic policies The BJP s economic policy has changed considerably since its founding There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party In the 1980s like the Jana Sangh it reflected the thinking of the RSS and its affiliates It supported swadeshi the promotion of indigenous industries and products and a protectionist export policy However it supported internal economic liberalisation and opposed the state driven industrialisation favoured by the Congress 138 During the 1996 elections the BJP shifted its stance away from protectionism and towards globalisation its election manifesto recommended increasing foreign investment in priority sectors while restricting it in others When the party was in power in 1998 it shifted its policy even further in favour of globalisation The tenure of the NDA saw an unprecedented influx of foreign companies in India 138 This was criticised by the left parties and the BJP s affiliates the RSS and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch 138 The communist parties said that the BJP was attempting to appease the World Bank and the United States government through its neoliberal policies 138 Similarly the RSS stated that the BJP was not being true to its swadeshi ideology 138 The two NDA governments in the period 1998 2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government owned enterprises It also introduced tariff reducing measures These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the P V Narasimha Rao led Congress government in the early 1990s 139 India s GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA The 2004 campaign slogan India Shining was based on the party s belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society 140 After its unexpected defeat commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies 99 100 141 This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments especially in Gujarat where the BJP held power for 16 years 142 Modi s government in power from 2002 to 2014 followed a strongly neo liberal agenda presented as a drive towards development 143 144 Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations While this was praised by the business community commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP s upper class constituency instead of the poor 143 Modi has been described as taking a more economically populist approach on healthcare and agricultural policy 145 Modi s government has also been described as taking a more protectionist turn on international trade during his second term withdrawing from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership talks 146 147 and introducing the 2020 Atmanirbhar Bharat economic plan which emphasises national self sufficiency 148 149 However Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar has rejected accusations that Atmanirbhar Bharat is a protectionist initiative while himself criticizing India s past free trade agreements for the damaging impact they have had on India s manufacturing 150 Similarly Vice President Venkaiah Naidu has also disputed the initiative s protectionism instead stating that it meant adopting a pragmatic development strategy that would enable the country to recognise and capitalise on its inherent strengths 151 Defence and counterterrorism Compared to Congress the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism 152 153 The Vajpayee led NDA government carried out nuclear weapons tests and enacted the Prevention of Terrorism Act which later came under heavy criticism 152 153 It also deployed troops to evict infiltrators from Kargil and supported the United States War on Terror 154 Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test the Vajpayee government broke with India s historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised Pokhran II a series of five nuclear tests in 1998 152 The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium range ballistic missile They were seen as an attempt to display India s military prowess to the world and a reflection of anti Pakistan sentiment within the BJP 152 The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying Kashmir territory later known as the Kargil War 155 156 Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence it was successful in ousting them from the previously Indian controlled territory 155 156 After the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001 the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act 153 The aim of the act was to improve the government s ability to deal with terrorism 153 It initially failed to pass in the Rajya Sabha therefore the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a joint session of the Parliament where the numerical superior Lok Sabha allowed the bill to pass 153 The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism 153 However it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon civil liberties and the National Human Rights Commission of India stated that it had been used to target Muslims 153 It was later repealed by the Congress led UPA government in 2004 157 The Modi government has conducted several strikes on territory controlled by neighbouring countries on counterterrorism grounds This included a 2015 Indian counter insurgency operation in Myanmar against the National Socialist Council of Nagaland the 2016 Indian Line of Control strike in Pakistan administered Kashmir and the 2019 Balakot airstrike in Pakistan 158 It also militarily intervened in defence of Bhutan during the 2017 Doklam standoff with China 159 The Modi government considers national security to be one of their key focuses and has implemented many long standing defence reforms 160 161 In August 2019 the Modi government established the post of the Chief of Defence Staff CDS to ensure better coordination between all three services a reform that was widely requested after the 1999 Kargil War 162 The Department of Military Affairs was also established and put under the CDS 163 Retired Admiral Arun Prakash called it the most significant development in the national security domain since Independence 164 Modi has also pushed for the indigenization and privatization of the defence production sector as well as promoting the export of Indian made arms to smaller countries 165 166 Foreign policy The historical stance of the BJP towards foreign policy like the Bharatiya Jana Sangh was based on an aggressive Hindu nationalism combined with economic protectionism 167 The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the partition of India as a result its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate 167 This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP s ideology 167 168 During the Cold War the party and its affiliates strongly opposed India s long standing policy of non alignment and instead advocated closeness to the United States 167 In the post Cold War era the party has largely embraced the Indian foreign policy consensus of improving relations with the United States 169 while stressing a desire for a more multipolar world order 170 The Vajpayee government s foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy while maintaining some aspects of it 138 168 Its policy also represented a significant change from the Nehruvian idealism of previous governments opting instead for realism 171 His party criticised him for adopting a much more moderate stance with Pakistan In 1998 he made a landmark visit to Pakistan and inaugurated the Delhi Lahore Bus service 167 Vajpayee signed the Lahore Declaration which was an attempt to improve Indo Pakistani relations that deteriorated after the 1998 nuclear tests 167 However the presence of Pakistani soldiers and militants in the disputed Kashmir territory was discovered a few months later causing the 1999 Kargil War The war ended a couple of months later with the expulsion of the infiltrators two months later without any shift in the Line of Control that marked the de facto border between the two countries 167 Despite the war Vajpayee continued to display a willingness to engage Pakistan in dialogue This was not well received among the BJP cadre who criticised the government for being weak 167 This faction of the BJP asserted itself at the post Kargil Agra summit preventing any significant deal from being reached 167 The Vajpayee administration also offered political support to the U S War on Terror in the hope of better addressing India s issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir This led to closer defence ties with the US including negotiations for the sale of weapons 154 However the BJP strongly condemned the 2003 invasion of Iraq stating that it deplores the unjustified military action resorted to by the United States Britain and their allies against Iraq 172 The BJP also opposed the 2011 military intervention in Libya and urged the Lok Sabha to pass a unanimous resolution condemning it 173 The Modi government initially took a pragmatic stance towards Pakistan attempting to improve relations with Nawaz Sharif s government culminating in Modi visiting Pakistan in 2015 174 Relations subsequently deteriorated particularly after Sharif was ousted in 2017 175 The Modi government has since been described as taking a hardline approach on Pakistan and the BJP has accused the opposition Congress of collaborating with Pakistan through its criticism of government policy 176 In 2015 the Modi government was accused by the Nepalese government of imposing an undeclared blockade on Nepal 177 The Modi government has taken a neutral stance on the Russo Ukrainian War 178 In 2022 opposition figures Priyanka Chaturvedi and Shashi Tharoor criticised the Modi government s abstention on United Nations Security Council Resolution 2623 which condemned the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 179 However the leadership of the Indian National Congress backed the government s stance 180 Organisation and structureMain article Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party Further information List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party and National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical with the president being the highest authority in the party 113 Until 2012 the BJP constitution mandated that any qualified member could be national or state president for a single three year term 113 This was amended to a maximum of two consecutive terms 181 Below the president is the National Executive which contains a variable number of senior leaders from across the country It is the higher decision making body of the party Its members are several vice presidents general secretaries treasurers and secretaries who work directly with the president 113 An identical structure with an executive committee led by a president exists at the state regional district and local level 113 In April 2015 the BJP stated that it had more than 100 million registered members which would make it the world s largest political party by primary membership 182 183 As of September 2022 the party does not have a single Muslim representative in the parliament and state assemblies 184 185 The BJP is a cadre based party It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideologies such as the RSS ABVP BYSS and the VHP The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP s Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates loosely known as the Sangh Parivar 113 The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad All India Students Union the students wing of the RSS 113 The Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Indian Farmer s Union the farmers division 113 The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Indian Labourers Union the labour union associated with the RSS 113 The Bharatiya Yuva Seva Sangh Youth Awakening Front the Youth Awakening Front associated with the RSS The party has subsidiary organisations of its own such as The BJP Mahila Morcha BJP Women s Front its women s division 113 The Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Indian People s Youth Front its youth wing 113 The BJP Minority Morcha BJP Minority Front its minority division 113 A diagram of the structure of the Bharatiya Janata PartyGeneral election resultsSee also Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially founded in 1980 and the first general election it contested was in 1984 in which it won only two Lok Sabha seats Following the election in 1996 the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time but the government it formed was short lived 46 In the elections of 1998 and 1999 it remained the largest party and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions 47 In the 2014 general election it won an outright majority in parliament From 1991 onwards a BJP member has led the Opposition whenever the party was not in power 186 d Lok Sabha seats Year Legislature Party leader Seats won Change in seats Percentageof votes Vote swing Outcome Ref 1984 8th Lok Sabha Lal Krishna Advani 2 543 2 7 74 Opposition 187 1989 9th Lok Sabha 85 543 83 11 36 3 62 Outside support for NF 188 1991 10th Lok Sabha 120 543 35 20 11 8 75 Opposition 189 1996 11th Lok Sabha Atal Bihari Vajpayee 161 543 41 20 29 0 18 Government later opposition 190 1998 12th Lok Sabha 182 543 21 25 59 5 30 Government 191 1999 13th Lok Sabha 182 543 23 75 1 84 Government 192 2004 14th Lok Sabha 138 543 44 22 16 1 69 Opposition 193 2009 15th Lok Sabha Lal Krishna Advani 116 543 22 18 80 3 36 Opposition 194 2014 16th Lok Sabha Narendra Modi 282 543 166 31 34 12 54 Government 195 2019 17th Lok Sabha 303 543 21 37 46 6 12 Government 196 197 As of September 2022 update 11 states have Chief Ministers from the BJP and governments led by that party sometimes including allied parties The 11 states are Arunachal Pradesh Assam with Asom Gana Parishad and United People s Party Liberal Goa Gujarat Haryana with Jannayak Janta Party Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Manipur with Naga People s Front National People s Party and Lok Janshakti Party Tripura with Indigenous People s Front of Tripura Uttar Pradesh with Apna Dal Sonelal and Uttarakhand In 4 other states and in the Union Territory of Puducherry it participates in the government as the junior partner in the ruling alliance with other members of the National Democratic Alliance The states are Maharashtra with Balasahebanchi Shiv Sena other small parties and independents Meghalaya with the National People s Party United Democratic Party People s Democratic Front and Hill State People s Democratic Party Nagaland with the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party and Puducherry with the All India N R Congress The BJP s ally the Sikkim Krantikari Morcha holds power in Sikkim but the BJP has no ministers in the government The BJP has previously held power in Chhattisgarh Delhi Rajasthan and Jharkhand and has been the junior coalition partner in governments in Andhra Pradesh with the Telugu Desam Party Jammu and Kashmir with the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Odisha with the Biju Janata Dal Punjab with the Shiromani Akali Dal and Tamil Nadu with the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam It has never held power in Kerala Telangana and West Bengal In addition to the NDA the BJP is also a part of a regional political alliance in Northeast India named the North East Democratic Alliance 198 199 200 Current seats in State Legislative Assemblies Legislative AssemblyAndhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly0 175 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly48 60 Assam Legislative Assembly63 126 Bihar Legislative Assembly78 243 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly14 90 Delhi Legislative Assembly8 70 Goa Legislative Assembly28 40 Gujarat Legislative Assembly156 182 Haryana Legislative Assembly40 90 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly25 68 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 0 90 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly26 81 Karnataka Legislative Assembly119 224 Kerala Legislative Assembly0 140 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly130 230 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly106 288 Manipur Legislative Assembly37 60 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly2 60 Mizoram Legislative Assembly1 40 Nagaland Legislative Assembly12 60 Odisha Legislative Assembly22 147 Puducherry Legislative Assembly6 33 Punjab Legislative Assembly2 117 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly70 200 Sikkim Legislative Assembly12 32 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly4 234 Telangana Legislative Assembly3 119 Tripura Legislative Assembly34 60 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly255 403 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly47 70 West Bengal Legislative Assembly70 294 Current seats in State Legislative councils Legislative CouncilAndhra Pradesh Legislative Council2 58 Bihar Legislative Council23 75 Karnataka Legislative Council39 75 Maharashtra Legislative Council25 78 Telangana Legislative Council0 40 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council73 100List of prime ministersFurther information List of prime ministers of India No Prime minister Portrait Term in office Lok Sabha Cabinet ConstituencyStart End Tenure1 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 6 years 80 days 11th Vajpayee I Lucknow19 March 1998 22 May 2004 12th Vajpayee II13th Vajpayee III2 Narendra Modi 26 May 2014 Incumbent 8 years 236 days 16th Modi I Varanasi17th Modi IIList of chief ministersMain article List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party As of May 2022 update 49 people from Bharatiya Janata Party have held the position of a chief minister 11 of whom are incumbent Incumbent chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party S No State Name Portrait Cabinet Governing coalition1 Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Khandu II BJP 48 NPP 4 2 Assam Himanta Biswa Sarma Sarma BJP 63 AGP 9 UPPL 7 3 Goa Pramod Sawant Sawant II BJP 28 MGP 2 IND 3 4 Gujarat Bhupendrabhai Patel Patel II BJP 156 5 Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Khattar II BJP 41 JJP 10 HLP 1 IND 6 6 Karnataka Basavaraj Bommai Bommai BJP 119 IND 1 7 Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Chouhan IV BJP 130 IND 4 8 Manipur N Biren Singh Singh II BJP 37 NPP 7 NPF 5 KPA 2 IND 2 9 Tripura Manik Saha Saha BJP 34 IPFT 5 10 Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Adityanath II BJP 255 AD S 12 NP 6 11 Uttarakhand Pushkar Singh Dhami Dhami II BJP 47 IND 2 See alsoLeader of the Bharatiya Janata Party in the Parliament of India List of political parties in India List of presidents of the Bharatiya Janata Party Organisation of the Bharatiya Janata Party Politics of India List of ruling political parties by countryReferencesExplanatory notes Sharma 2019 p 523 First citizenship status biased towards religious identity is by no means a new idea A careful study of the policies and laws related to citizenship adopted since independence substantiates the assertion that citizenship in India has always been based on an implicit belief that India is for Hindus Sen 2018 pp 10 11 Nehru s response to Patel s warning made it clear that Muslim migrants from Pakistan could not join the ranks of refugees in India Thus despite broad public statements promising citizenship to all displaced persons from Pakistan Hindu migrants alone counted as citizen refugees in post partition India Jayal 2019 pp 34 35 While some elements of religious difference had been covertly smuggled in earlier this bill seeks to do so overtly For the electoral results of the BJP s predecessors see the JP and BJS articles Citations Ananya Das 20 January 2020 Jagat Prakash Nadda BJP s new national president rises through the ranks faces several challenges Zee News Retrieved 16 March 2020 Gyan Varma 15 July 2019 Meet BL Santhosh newly appointed general secretary of BJP live mint Retrieved 16 March 2020 Bharatiya Janata Party Constitution BJP official website Bharatiya Janata Party Archived PDF from the original on 18 November 2017 Retrieved 15 May 2020 BJP announces new parliamentary committee Modi leader in Lok Sabha Rajnath his deputy India Today 12 June 2019 Retrieved 16 March 2020 Rajesh Agarwal gets BJP treasurer post United News of India 27 September 2020 Retrieved 12 October 2020 What you need to know about India s BJP AlJazeera 23 May 2019 Retrieved 16 March 2020 a b c d BJP s foundation day Brief history of the achievements and failures of the party The Indian Express 6 April 2019 Retrieved 17 March 2020 BJP Gets A New Address Soul Of New Office Is The Party Worker Says PM Modi NDTV com Siddhartha Rai 27 January 2017 PM Modi goes cashless buys lifetime subscription of BJP mouthpiece Kamal Sandesh through cheque India Today Retrieved 17 March 2020 Sengupta Tamal Bengal BJP revamps party mouthpiece before 2018 panchayet elections The Economic Times Public Policy Research Centre Retrieved 22 July 2020 Express News Service 23 May 2020 BJP think tank offers online course in governance babus to impart 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Bhambhri C P 2001 Bharatiya Janata Party Periphery to Centre Delhi Shipra ISBN 978 81 7541 078 7 Baxter Craig 1971 first published by University of Pennsylvania Press 1969 The Jana Sangh A Biography of an Indian Political Party Oxford University Press Bombay ISBN 978 0 8122 7583 4 Chadha Kalyani Guha Pallavi 2016 The Bharatiya Janata Party s online campaign and citizen involvement in India s 2014 election International Journal of Communication 10 Ganguly Sumit 2015 Hindu nationalism and the foreign policy of India s Bharatiya Janata Party PDF Transatlantic Academy Paper Series 2 1 15 ISBN 978 1 5292 0460 5 Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2021 Retrieved 11 January 2021 Graham B D 1990 Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 38348 6 Harriss John Hindu Nationalism in Action The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian Politics South Asia Journal of South Asian Studies 38 4 2015 712 718 online Malik Yogendra K Singh V B 1994 Hindu Nationalists in India The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party Boulder Colorado Westview Press ISBN 978 0 8133 8810 6 Jaffrelot Christophe 1996 The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics C Hurst amp Co Publishers ISBN 978 1 85065 301 1 Jaffrelot Christophe July 2003 Communal Riots in Gujarat The State at Risk PDF Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics 16 Retrieved 5 November 2013 Jain Varsha B E Ganesh 2020 Understanding the Magic of Credibility for Political Leaders A Case of India and Narendra Modi Journal of Political Marketing 19 1 2 15 33 doi 10 1080 15377857 2019 1652222 S2CID 202247610 Mishra Madhusudan 1997 Bharatiya Janata Party and India s Foreign Policy New Delhi Uppal Pub House ISBN 978 81 85565 79 8 Nag Kingshuk 2014 The Saffron Tide The Rise of the BJP Rupa Publications ISBN 978 8129134295 Nag Kingshuk Atal Bihari Vajpayee Rupa Publications 2016 Palshikar Suhas Sanjay Kumar and Sanjay Lodha eds Electoral Politics in India The Resurgence of the Bharatiya Janata Party Taylor amp Francis 2017 Raghavan G N S New Era in the Indian Polity A Study of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the BJP 1996 Sanjeev Kr H M Foreign Policy Position of Bharatiya Janata Party Towards Issues of India Pakistan Relations Indian Journal of Political Science 2007 275 291 online Sharma C P Thakur Devendra P 1999 India under Atal Behari Vajpayee The BJP Era New Delhi UBS Publishers Distributors ISBN 978 81 7476 250 4 Stein Burton 2010 A history of India edited by David Arnold 2nd ed Chichester UK Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1 4051 9509 6 Rao Ramesh 2001 Coalition conundrum the BJP s trials tribulations and triumphs Har Anand ISBN 9788124108093 External links Wikinews has news related to Bharatiya Janata Party Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bharatiya Janata Party category Official website Bharatiya Janata Party at DNA India BJP at Curlie Bharatiya Janata Party Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Portals Conservatism India Politics Philosophy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bharatiya Janata Party amp oldid 1134093076, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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