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Daniel Ortega

January 16, 2024

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Ortega and the second or maternal family name is Saavedra.

José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (Spanish pronunciation: [daˈnjel oɾˈteɣa]; born 11 November 1945) is a Nicaraguan politician who has been President of Nicaragua since 2007. Previously he was leader of Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as coordinator (1979–1985) of the Junta of National Reconstruction, and then as President of Nicaragua (1985–1990). During his first term, he implemented policies to achieve leftist reforms across Nicaragua. In later years, Ortega's left-wing radical politics cooled significantly, leading him to pursue pro-business[1] policies and even rapprochement with the Catholic Church. As a part of this, his government adopted strong anti-abortion policies, and his rhetoric took on a new, strongly religious tenor.[2]

Daniel Ortega
Ortega in 2017
President of Nicaragua
Assumed office
10 January 2007
Vice PresidentJaime Morales Carazo
(2007–2012)
Omar Halleslevens
(2012–2017)
Rosario Murillo
(2017–present)
Preceded byEnrique Bolaños
In office
10 January 1985 – 25 April 1990
Vice PresidentSergio Ramírez
Preceded byAnastasio Somoza Debayle
Succeeded byVioleta Chamorro
Coordinator of the
Junta of National Reconstruction
In office
18 July 1979 – 10 January 1985
Preceded byFrancisco Urcuyo
(Acting President of Nicaragua)
Succeeded byHimself
(President of Nicaragua)
Personal details
Born
José Daniel Ortega Saavedra

(1945-11-11) 11 November 1945 (age 78)
La Libertad, Chontales, Nicaragua
Political partyFSLN
Spouse
​
(m. 1979)​
Children8
RelativesHumberto Ortega (brother)
Camilo Ortega (brother)
AwardsAl-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights
Signature
Military service
Allegiance Nicaragua
Years of service1963–present
Battles/warsNicaraguan Revolution

Ortega came to prominence with the overthrow and exile of US-backed dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979 during the Nicaraguan Revolution. As a leader in the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Spanish: Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN) Ortega became leader of the ruling Junta of National Reconstruction. A Marxist–Leninist, Ortega pursued a program of nationalization, land reform, wealth redistribution and literacy programs during his first period in office. Ortega's government was responsible for the forced displacement of 10,000 indigenous people. In 1984, Ortega won Nicaragua's first ever free and fair presidential election with over 60% of the vote as the FSLN's candidate.[3] Throughout the 1980s, Ortega's government faced a rebellion by US-backed rebels, known as the Contras. The US also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinista government, imposing a full trade embargo,[4] and planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's ports.[5] After a presidency marred by conflict and economic collapse, Ortega was defeated in the 1990 Nicaraguan general election by Violeta Chamorro, in an election marked by US interference.[6]

Ortega was an unsuccessful candidate for president in 1996 and 2001 but won the 2006 Nicaraguan general election.[7] In office, he made alliances with fellow Latin American socialists. His second administration, in contrast to his previous political career, abandoned most of his earlier leftist principles, and became increasingly anti-democratic, alienating many of his former revolutionary allies.[8][9]

In June 2018, organisations such as Amnesty International and the OAS reported that Ortega had engaged in a violent oppression campaign against the anti-Ortega 2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests.[10][11] The violent crackdown and subsequent constriction of civil liberties have led to massive waves of emigration to neighboring Costa Rica, with more than 30,000 Nicaraguans filing for asylum in that country.[12] In his fourth term, Ortega ordered the closure of several NGOs, universities, and newspapers.[13][14][15]

His government jailed many potential rival candidates in the 2021 Nicaraguan general election,[16] including Cristiana Chamorro Barrios. Ortega's government also imprisoned other opponents, such as former allies Dora María Téllez and Hugo Torres Jiménez.[17] In August 2021, Nicaragua cancelled the operating permits of six US and European NGOs.[18] Many critics of the Ortega government, including opposition leaders, journalists and members of civil society, fled the country in mid-2021.[19] After Ortega was re-elected in 2021, United States President Joe Biden banned him and his officials from entering the United States.[20]

Early life edit

Early childhood edit

Ortega was born in La Libertad, department of Chontales, Nicaragua,[21] into a working-class family. His parents, Daniel Ortega Cerda and Lidia Saavedra, were opposed to the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. His mother was imprisoned by Somoza's National Guard for being in possession of "love letters", which the police said were coded political missives. Ortega and his two brothers grew up to become revolutionaries. His brother Humberto Ortega is a former general, military leader, and published writer, and the third brother Camilo Ortega died fighting the Somoza regime in 1978. They had a sister, Germania, who died.[22]

Juigalpa and Managua edit

Seeking stable employment, the family migrated from La Libertad to the provincial capital of Juigalpa, and then to a middle-class neighborhood in Managua.[23] In Managua, Ortega and his brother studied at the upper-middle class high school, the LaSalle Institute, where Ortega was classmates with Arnoldo Aleman, who would go on to be mayor of Managua (1990-1995) and later President of Nicaragua (1997-2002). Ortega's father Daniel Ortega Cedra detested US military intervention in Nicaragua and Washington's support for the Somoza government. He imparted this anti-American sentiment to his sons.[23]

Early political activity edit

From an early age, Ortega opposed Nicaragua's president Anastasio Somoza Debayle, and became involved in the underground movement against his government. Ortega and his brother Humberto formed the Insurrectionist, or Tercerista (Third Way) faction, culminating in the Nicaraguan Revolution. After the overthrow and exile of Somoza Debayle's government, Ortega became leader of the ruling multi-partisan Junta of National Reconstruction.

Ortega was first arrested for political activities at the age of 15,[24] and quickly joined the then-underground Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in 1963.[25] In 1964, Ortega travelled to Guatemala, where the police arrested him and turned him over to the Nicaraguan National Guard.[26] After his release from detainment, Ortega arranged the assassination of his torturer, Guardsman Gonzalo Lacayo, in August 1967.[26]

Imprisonment edit

He was imprisoned in 1967 for taking part in armed robbery of a branch of the Bank of America. He told collaborators that they should be killed if they did not take part in the robbery.[27] Ortega was released in late 1974, along with other Sandinista prisoners, in exchange for Somocista hostages. While imprisoned at the El Modelo jail, just outside Managua, Ortega wrote poems, one of which he titled "I Never Saw Managua When Miniskirts Were in Fashion".[27] During his imprisonment, Ortega was tortured.[28] While he was incarcerated at El Modelo, his mother helped stage protests and hunger strikes for political prisoners; this resulted in improving the treatment of incarcerated Sandinistas.[29]

Exile in Cuba edit

Upon release in 1974, Ortega was exiled to Cuba. There he received training in guerrilla warfare from Fidel Castro's Marxist–Leninist government. He later returned secretly to Nicaragua.[30]

Sectional division within the FSLN edit

In the late 1970s, divisions over the FSLN's campaign against Somoza led Ortega and his brother Humberto to form the Insurrectionist, or Tercerista (Third Way) faction.[31] The Terceristas sought to combine the distinct guerrilla war strategies of the two other factions, Tomás Borge's Guerra Prolongada Popular (GPP, or Prolonged People's War), and Jaime Wheelock's Proletarian Tendency.[32] The Ortega brothers forged alliances with a wide array of anti-Somoza forces, including Catholic and Protestant activists, and other non-Marxist civil society groups.[33] The Terceristas became the most effective faction in wielding political and military strength, and their push for FSLN solidarity received the support of revolutionary leaders such as Fidel Castro.[32]

Marriage and family edit

Ortega married Rosario Murillo in 1979 in a secret ceremony.[24] They moved to Costa Rica with her three children from a previous marriage.[27] Ortega remarried Murillo in 2005 in order to have the marriage recognized by the Catholic Church, as part of his effort to reconcile with the church. The couple has eight children,[34] three of them together.[24] Murillo serves as the Ortega government's spokeswoman and a government minister, among other positions.[35][36] Ortega adopted stepdaughter Zoilamérica Narváez in 1986, through a court case.[37]

Sandinista revolution and first presidency (1979–1990) edit

 
Nicaragua inflation rate 1980–1993
For more details on Ortega's past presidency, see Sandinista National Liberation Front and Iran–Contra affair.

When Somoza was overthrown by the FSLN in July 1979, Ortega became a member of the five-person Junta of National Reconstruction, which included Sandinista militant Moisés Hassan, novelist Sergio Ramírez, businessman Alfonso Robelo, and Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, the widow of a murdered journalist. In September 1979, United States President Carter hosted Ortega at the White House, and warned him against arming other Central American leftist guerrilla movements.[38] At the time, Ortega spoke truthfully when he denied Sandinista involvement in neighboring countries.[38] When Ortega questioned the Americans about CIA support for anti-Sandinista groups, Carter and Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher said the reports were false.[38] After the meeting, Carter asked Congress for $75 million in aid to Nicaragua, contingent on the Sandinista government's promise not to aid other guerrillas.[39]

The FSLN came to dominate the junta, Robelo and Chamorro resigned, and in 1981 Ortega became the coordinator of the Junta.[40] As the only member of the FSLN National Directorate in the Junta, he was the effective leader of the country. After attaining power, the FSLN embarked upon an ambitious programme of social reform. They arranged to redistribute 20,000 square kilometres (5 million acres) of land to about 100,000 families; launched a literacy drive, and made health care improvements that ended polio through mass vaccinations, and reduced the frequency of other treatable diseases.[41] The Sandinista nationalization efforts affected mostly banks and industries owned by the extended Somoza family.[42] More than half of all farms, businesses, and industries remained in private hands. The revolutionary government wanted to preserve a mixed economy and support private sector investment.[42] The Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) opposed the Sandinistas' economic reform.[43] The main organization of Nicaraguan big business was composed of prosperous families from the Pacific coast cities, who dominated commerce and banking.[44] Ortega took a very hard line against opposition to his policies: On 21 February 1981, the Sandinista army killed 7 Miskito Indians and wounded 17.[45]

Ortega's administration forced displacement of many of the indigenous population: 10,000 individuals had been moved by 1982.[45] Thousands of Indians fled to take refuge across the border in Honduras, and Ortega's government imprisoned 14,000 in Nicaragua. Anthropologist Gilles Bataillon termed this "politics of ethnocide" in Nicaragua.[46] The Indians formed two rebel groups – the Misura and Misurasata. They were joined in the north by Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) and in the south by former Sandinistas and peasantry who, under the leadership of Edén Pastora, were resisting forced collectivization.[45]

In 1980 the Sandinista government launched the massive Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign and said the illiteracy rate fell from 50% to 13% in the span of five months. Robert F. Arnove said the figures were excessive because many "unteachable" illiterates were omitted from the statistics, and many people declared literate were found to be unable to read or write a simple sentence. Richard Kraft said that even if the figures were exaggerated, the "accomplishment is without precedent in educational history". In 1980, UNESCO awarded Nicaragua the Nadezhda K. Krupskaya prize in recognition of its efforts.[47][unreliable source?] The FSLN also focused on improving the Nicaraguan health system, particularly through vaccination campaigns and the construction of public hospitals. These actions reduced child mortality by half,[48] to 40 deaths per thousand.[49] By 1982, the World Health Organization deemed Nicaragua a model for primary health care.[43] During this period, Nicaragua won the UNESCO prize for exceptional health progress.[17]

In 1981, United States President Ronald Reagan accused the FSLN of joining with Soviet-backed Cuba in supporting Marxist revolutionary movements in other Latin American countries, such as El Salvador. People within the Reagan administration authorized the CIA to begin financing, arming and training rebels as anti-Sandinista guerrillas, some of whom were former officers from Somoza's National Guard. These were known collectively as the Contras. This resulted in one of the largest political scandals in US history, (the Iran–Contra affair). Oliver North and several members of the Reagan administration defied the Boland Amendment, selling arms to Iran and using the proceeds in order to secretly fund the Contras.

The Contra war claimed 30,000 lives in Nicaragua.[50] The tactics used by the Sandinista government to fight the Contras have been widely condemned for their suppression of civil rights. On 15 March 1982, the junta declared a state of siege, which allowed it to close independent radio stations, suspend the right of association, and limit the freedom of trade unions. Nicaragua's Permanent Commission on Human Rights condemned Sandinista human rights violations, accusing them of killing and forcibly disappearing thousands of persons in the first few years of the war.[51][52]

 
Ortega (far left) with Spanish Prime Minister Felipe González, Cuban President Fidel Castro and Spanish Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso Guerra in Madrid, 1984

At the 1984 general election Ortega won the presidency with 67% of the vote and took office on 10 January 1985. In the early phases of the campaign, Ortega enjoyed many institutional advantages, and used the full power of the press, police, and Supreme Electoral Council against the fractured opposition.[53] In the weeks before the November election, Ortega gave a U.N. speech denouncing talks held in Rio de Janeiro on electoral reform.[54] But by 22 October, the Sandinistas signed an accord with opposition parties to reform electoral and campaign laws, making the process more fair and transparent.[55] While campaigning, Ortega promoted the Sandinistas' achievements, and at a rally said that "Democracy is literacy, democracy is land reform, democracy is education and public health."[56] International observers judged the election to be the first free election held in the country in more than half a century. A report by an Irish governmentary delegation stated: "The electoral process was carried out with total integrity. The seven parties participating in the elections represented a broad spectrum of political ideologies." The general counsel of New York's Human Rights Commission described the election as "free, fair and hotly contested". A study by the US Latin American Studies Association (LASA) concluded that the FSLN (Sandinista Front) "did little more to take advantage of its incumbency than incumbent parties everywhere (including the U.S.) routinely do." However some[weasel words] people described the election as "rigged". According to a detailed study, since the 1984 election was for posts subordinate to the Sandinista Directorate, the elections were no more subject to approval by vote than the Central Committee of the Communist Party is in countries of the East Bloc.[57]

 
Ortega and Spanish Prime Minister Felipe González in 1989

Thirty-three per cent of the Nicaraguan voters cast ballots for one of six opposition parties—three to the right of the Sandinistas, three to the left—which had campaigned with the aid of government funds and free TV and radio time. Two conservative parties captured a combined 23% of the vote. They held rallies across the country (a few of which were disrupted by FSLN supporters) and blasted the Sandinistas in harsh terms. Most foreign and independent observers noted this pluralism in debunking the Reagan administration charge—ubiquitous in the US media—that it was a "Soviet-style sham" election.[58] Some[which?] opposition parties boycotted the election, allegedly under pressure from US embassy officials, and so it was denounced as being unfair by the Reagan administration.[59][60] Reagan thus maintained that he was justified to continue supporting what he referred to as the Contras' "democratic resistance".[61]

The illegal[62] intervention of the Contras continued (albeit covertly) after Ortega's democratic election. Peace talks between five Central American heads of state in July 1987 led to the signing of the Central American Peace Accords, and the beginning of a roadmap to the end of the conflict. In 1988, the Contras first entered into peace talks with the Sandinista government, although the violence continued, as did their US support. Despite US opposition,[63] disarmament of the Contras began in 1989.

In opposition (1990–2007) edit

In the 1990 presidential election, Ortega lost his reelection bid to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, his former colleague in the junta. Chamorro was supported by the US and a 14-party anti-Sandinista alliance known as the National Opposition Union (Unión Nacional Oppositora, UNO), an alliance that ranged from conservatives and liberals to communists. She ran an effective campaign, presenting herself as the peace candidate and promising to end the US-funded Contra War if she won.[64] Ortega campaigned on the slogan, "Everything Will Be Better", and promised that, with the Contra war over, he could focus on the nation's recovery.[65] Contrary to what most observers expected,[66] Chamorro shocked Ortega and won the election. Chamorro's UNO coalition garnered 54% of the vote, and won 51 of the 92 seats in the National Assembly.[67] Immediately after the loss, the Sandinistas tried to maintain unity around their revolutionary posture. In Ortega's concession speech the following day he vowed to keep "ruling from below" a reference to the power that the FSLN still wielded in various sectors. He also stressed his belief that the Sandinistas had the goal of bringing "dignity" to Latin America, and not necessarily to hold on to government posts. In 1991, Ortega said elections were "an instrument to reaffirm" the FSLN's "political and ideological positions," and also "confront capitalism."[68] However, the electoral loss led to pronounced divisions in the FSLN. Some members adopted more pragmatic positions, and sought to transform the FSLN into a modern social democratic party engaged in national reconciliation and class cooperation. Ortega and other party insiders found common ground with the radicals, who still promoted anti-imperialism and class conflict to achieve social change.[32]

Possible explanations for his loss include that the Nicaraguan people were disenchanted with the Ortega government as well as the fact that already in November 1989, the White House had announced that the economic embargo against Nicaragua would continue unless Violeta Chamorro won.[69] Also, there had been reports of intimidation from the side of the contras,[70] with a Canadian observer mission stating that 42 people were killed by the contras in "election violence" in October 1989.[71] This led many commentators to assume that Nicaraguans voted against the Sandinistas out of fear of a continuation of the contra war and economic deprivation.[72]

From 19 to 21 July 1991, the FSLN held a National Congress to mend the rifts between members and form a new overarching political program. The effort failed to unite the party, and intense debates over the internal governance of the FSLN continued. The pragmatists, led by the former vice president Sergio Ramirez, formed the basis of a "renovating" faction, and supported collaboration with other political forces to preserve the rule of law in Nicaragua. Under the leadership of Ortega and Tomás Borge, the radicals regrouped into the "principled" faction, and branded themselves the Izquierda Democratica (ID), or Democratic Left (DL).[73] The DL fought the Chamorro government with disruptive labor strikes and demonstrations, and renewed calls for the revolutionary reconstruction of Nicaraguan society.[74] During the 20–23 May 1994, extraordinary congress, Ortega ran against a fellow National Directorate member, Henry Ruiz, for the position of party secretary-general. Ortega was elected with 287 to Ruiz's 147 votes, and the DL secured the most dominant role in the FSLN.[75]

On 9 September 1994, Ortega gained more power after taking over Sergio Ramirez's seat in the Asamblea Sandinista (Sandinista Assembly).[73] Ramirez had been chief of the FSLN's parliamentary caucus since 1990, but Ortega came to oppose his actions in the National Assembly, setting the stage for Ramirez's removal. Historic leaders, such as Ernesto Cardenal, a former minister of culture in the Sandinista government, rejected Ortega's consolidation of power: "My resignation from the FSLN has been caused by the kidnapping of the party carried out by Daniel Ortega and the group he heads."[75] The party formally split on 8 January 1995, when Ramirez and a number of prominent Sandinista officials quit.[73]

Ortega ran for election again, in October 1996 and November 2001, but lost on both occasions to Arnoldo Alemán and Enrique Bolaños, respectively. In these elections, a key issue was the allegation of corruption. In Ortega's last days as president, through a series of legislative acts known as "The Piñata", estates that had been seized by the Sandinista government (some valued at millions and even billions of US dollars) became the private property of various FSLN officials, including Ortega himself.[76]

In the 1996 campaign, Ortega faced the Liberal Alliance (Alianza Liberal), headed by Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo, a former mayor of Managua. The Sandinistas softened their anti-imperialist rhetoric, with Ortega calling the US "our great neighbor," and vowing to cooperate "within a framework of respect, equality, and justice." The image change failed, as Aleman's Liberal Alliance came first with 51.03% of the vote, while Ortega's FSLN secured 37.75%.[77]

Ortega's policies became more moderate during his time in opposition, and he gradually changed much of his former Marxist–Leninist stance in favor of an agenda of democratic socialism. His Roman Catholic faith has become more public in recent years as well, leading Ortega to embrace a variety of socially conservative policies; in 2006 the FSLN endorsed a strict law banning all abortions in Nicaragua.[78] In the run-up to the 2006 elections, Ortega displayed his ties to the Catholic Church by renewing his marriage vows before Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo.[79]

Ortega was instrumental in creating the controversial strategic pact between the FSLN and the Constitutional Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista, PLC). The controversial alliance of Nicaragua's two major parties is aimed at distributing power between the PLC and FSLN, and preventing other parties from rising. After sealing the agreement in January 2000, the two parties controlled the three key institutions of the state: the Comptroller General of the Republic, the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Electoral Council.[73] "El Pacto", as it is known in Nicaragua, is said to have personally benefited former presidents Ortega and Alemán greatly, while constraining then-president Bolaños. One of the key accords of the pact was to lower the ratio necessary to win a presidential election in the first round from 45% to 35%, a change in electoral law that would become decisive in Ortega's favor in the 2006 elections.[80]

At the Fourth Ordinary Congress of the FSLN, held 17–18 March 2002, Ortega eliminated the National Directorate (DN). Once the main collective leadership body of the party, with nine members, the DN no longer met routinely, and only three historic members remained. Instead, the body just supported decisions already made by the secretary-general. Ortega sidelined party officials and other members while empowering his own informal circle, known as the ring of iron.[73]

2001 presidential election edit

Main article: 2001 Nicaraguan general election

In the November 2001 general elections, Ortega lost his third successive presidential election, this time to Enrique Bolaños of the Constitutionalist Liberal Party.

Under Ortega's direction, the FSLN formed the broad National Convergence (Convergencia Nacional) coalition in opposition to the PLC. Ortega abandoned the revolutionary tone of the past, and infused his campaign with religious imagery, giving thanks in speeches to "God and the Revolution" for the post-1990 democracy, and said a Sandinista victory would enable the Nicaraguan people to "pass through the sea and reach the Promised Land."[81] The US opposed Ortega's candidacy from the beginning. The US ambassador even appeared with the PLC's Enrique Bolaños while distributing food aid.[82] The 11 September 2001, terrorist attacks doomed Ortega's chances, as the threat of a US invasion became an issue. Bolanos convinced many Nicaraguans that the renewed US hostility towards terrorism would endanger their country if the openly anti-US Ortega prevailed.[83] Bolanos ended up with 56.3% of the vote, and Ortega won 42.3%.[84]

2006 presidential election edit

Main article: 2006 Nicaraguan general election

In 2006, Daniel Ortega was elected president with 38% of the vote. This occurred despite the fact that the breakaway Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS) continued to oppose the FSLN, running former Mayor of Managua, Herty Lewites as its candidate for president. Ortega personally attacked Lewites' Jewish background, compared him to Judas, and warned he "could end up hanged."[85] However, Lewites died several months before the elections.

Ortega emphasized peace and reconciliation in his campaign, and selected a former Contra leader, Jaime Morales Carazo, as his running mate.[86] The FSLN also won 38 seats in the congressional elections, becoming the party with the largest representation in parliament. The split in the Constitutionalist Liberal Party helped allow the FSLN to become the largest party in Congress; however, the Sandinista vote had a minuscule split between the FSLN and MRS, and that the liberal party combined is larger than the Frente Faction. In 2010, several liberal congressmen raised accusations about the FSLN presumably attempting to buy votes to pass constitutional reforms that would allow Ortega to run for office for the 6th time since 1984.[87]

Second presidency (2007–present) edit

Presidential styles of
Daniel Ortega
 
Reference styleDaniel Ortega, Presidente de la República de Nicaragua
Daniel Ortega, President of the Republic of Nicaragua
Spoken stylePresidente Ortega
President Ortega
Alternative styleSeñor Presidente
Mister President

According to Tim Rogers, writing in The Atlantic, during his second term as president, Ortega took "full control of all four branches of government, state institutions, the military, and police", and in the process dismantled "Nicaragua's institutional democracy".[88] Frances Robles wrote that Ortega took control "every aspect of government ... the National Assembly, the Supreme Court, the armed forces, the judiciary, the police and the prosecutor's office".[89] In its 2019 World Report, Human Rights Watch wrote that Ortega "aggressively dismantled all institutional checks on presidential power".[90] Many journalists and governments criticize Ortega and label him a dictator.[91][92][93][94]

2008 elections edit

In June 2008, the Nicaraguan Supreme Court disqualified the MRS and the Conservative Party from participation in municipal elections.[95] In November 2008, the Supreme Electoral Council received national and international criticism following irregularities in municipal elections, but agreed to review results for Managua only, while the opposition demanded a nationwide review.[96] For the first time since 1990, the Council decided not to allow national or international observers to witness the election.[97][98] Instances of intimidation, violence, and harassment of opposition political party members and NGO representatives have been recorded.[99] Official results show Sandinista candidates winning 94 of the 146 municipal mayoralties, compared to 46 for the main opposition Liberal Constitutional Party (PLC).[100] The opposition claimed that marked ballots were dumped and destroyed, that party members were refused access to some of the vote counts and that tallies from many polling places were altered.[101] As a result of the fraud allegations, the European Union suspended $70m of aid, and the US$64m.[102]

With the late-2000s recession, Ortega in 2011 characterised capitalism as in its "death throes" and portrayed the Bolivarian Alternative for the People of Our America (ALBA) was the most advanced, most Christian and fairest project.[103] He also said God was punishing the United States with the financial crisis for trying to impose its economic principles on poor countries. "It's incredible that in the most powerful country in the world, which spends billions of dollars on brutal wars ... people do not have enough money to stay in their homes."[104]

Before the National Sandinista Council held in September 2009, Lenin Cerna, the secretary of the party organization, called for diversifying its political strategies. He declared the FSLN's future depended on implementing new plans, "so that the party can advance via new routes and in new ways, always under Ortega's leadership." Ortega gained power over the selection of candidates, allowing him to personally choose all candidates for public office.[73]

During an interview with David Frost for the Al Jazeera English programme Frost Over the World in March 2009, Ortega suggested that he would like to change the constitution to allow him to run again for president.[105] In Judicial Decision 504, issued on 19 October 2009, the Supreme Court of Justice of Nicaragua declared portions of Articles 147 and 178 of the Constitution of Nicaragua inapplicable; these provisions concerned the eligibility of candidates for president, vice-president, mayor, and vice-mayor—a decision that had the effect of allowing Ortega to run for reelection in 2011.[106]

For this decision, the Sandinista magistrates formed the required quorum by excluding the opposition magistrates and replacing them with Sandinista substitutes, violating the Nicaraguan constitution.[107] Opposing parties, the church and human rights groups in Nicaragua denounced the decision.[108][109][110] Throughout 2010, court rulings gave Ortega greater power over judicial and civil service appointments.[111]

While supporting abortion rights during his presidency during the 1980s, Ortega has since embraced the Catholic Church's position of strong opposition.[112] While non-emergency abortions have long been illegal in Nicaragua, recently even abortions "in the case where the pregnancy endangers the mother's life", otherwise known as therapeutic abortions have been made illegal in the days before the 2006 election, with a six-year prison term in such cases, too—a move supported by Ortega.[113]

2011 election edit

Main article: 2011 Nicaraguan general election

Ortega was re-elected president with a vote on 6 November and confirmation on 16 November 2011.[114] During the election, the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) blocked both domestic and international poll observers from multiple polling stations.[111] According to the Supreme Electoral Council, Ortega defeated Fabio Gadea, with 63% of the vote.[111]

 
Daniel Ortega in 2013.
2014 amendments

In January 2014 the National Assembly, dominated by the FSLN, approved constitutional amendments that abolished term limits for the presidency and allowed a president to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms. While the FSLN claimed the amendments would assure the stability Nicaragua needed to deal with long-term problems, the opposition claimed they were a threat to democracy.[115] The constitutional reforms also gave Ortega the sole power to appoint military and police commanders.[111]

2016 elections edit

Main article: 2016 Nicaraguan general election

As of 2016, Ortega's family owns three of the nine free-to-air television channels in Nicaragua, and controls a fourth (the public Channel 6). Four of the remaining five are controlled by Mexican mogul Ángel González, and are generally considered to be aligned with Ortega's ruling FSLN party. There are no government restrictions on Internet use; the Ortega administration attempted to gain complete control over online media in 2015, but failed due to opposition from civil society, political parties, and private organizations.[116]

In June 2016, the Nicaraguan supreme court ruled to oust Eduardo Montealegre, the leader of the main opposition party, leaving the main opposition coalition with no means of contesting the November 2016 national elections.[117] In August 2016, Ortega chose his wife, Rosario Murillo, as his vice-presidential running-mate for re-election.[118]

According to The Washington Post, figures announced on November 7, 2016, put Daniel Ortega in line for his third consecutive term as president, also being his fourth term overall. The Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) reported Ortega and Murillo won 72.4% of the vote, with 68% turnout.[111] The opposition coalition had called the election a "farce" and had called for the boycott of the election. International observers were not allowed to observe the vote. Nevertheless, according to the BBC, Ortega was the most popular candidate by far, possibly due to Nicaragua's stable economic growth and lack of violence compared to its neighbours El Salvador and Honduras in recent years.[119]

Economic situation during presidency

According to Tim Rogers, until the 2018 unrest, as president Ortega presided over "the fastest-growing economy in Central America" and was a "poster child for foreign investment and citizen security in a region known for gangs and unrest".[88] During this time the Ortega government formed an alliance with the Superior Council for Private Enterprise (COSEP), Nicaragua's council of business chambers. However the same unpopular decree which "unilaterally overhauling the social-security tax system"[88] (mentioned below) and precipitated the unrest in April 2018, also broke Ortega's arrangement with COSEP,[88] and along with US sanctions, brought a sharp economic drop that as of mid-2020 is still "crippling" Nicaragua's economy.[120]

Response to the COVID-19 pandemic edit

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua

President Ortega's government has been the target of criticism for its lack of a response to the pandemic.[121]

On 14 March 2020, Ortega's government called a massive demonstration called "Love in the Time of COVID-19" as a show of support to him and his government. This occurred in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic which had only recently been officially declared by the WHO.[122][123]

According to CNN, as of mid-June 2020, Ortega had "refused to impose strict, preventive quarantine measures seen in neighboring countries" to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.[120] "Public schools remain open, businesses continue to operate, festivals and cultural events are happening on an almost-weekly basis." The story stated that from mid-March to mid-June six politicians had died, and, according to witnesses, their remains disposed of at night in "express burials" (with police in attendance but "no Mass, no wake and no funeral arrangements", no photographs).[120] The Ortega government said reports of "express burials" were "false news".[120] According to AP News "the government threatened to ban" professional baseball players "who refuse to play baseball ... And everyone is warned to keep quiet."[124] In hospitals "ruling-party activists ensure no information leaks out", and it quotes a doctor (anesthesiologist María Nela Escoto) complaining that in the public hospital where she works "everything is secret. They don't allow suggestions, and you can't question anything because they're watching. It's a very hostile environment."[124] (At the start of the pandemic, Ortega was out of the public eye for "more than 40 days", and no explanation was given for his absence when he returned.)[120][121]

2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests edit

Main article: 2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests

In April 2018, student protests over a nature reserve fire expanded to cover an unpopular decree that would have cut social security benefits and increased taxpayer contributions.[89] The protesters were violently set upon by the state sponsored Sandinista Youth.[125] Despite attempts by Ortega's government to hide the incident through censorship of all private-owned news outlets, photos and videos of the violence made their way to social media where they sparked outrage and urged more Nicaraguans to join in on the protests.[126][127][128] Tensions escalated quickly, as police began using tear gas canisters and rubber bullets, and eventually live ammunition on unarmed protesters.[129] Authorities were also seen arming Sandinista Youth members with weapons to serve as paramilitary forces.[129] Dozens of student protesters were subsequently killed. Despite the withdrawal of the unpopular decree, the protests continue, with most protesters demanding Ortega's and his cabinet's resignations.[130]

On 30 May 2018, Nicaragua's Mother's Day, over 300,000 people marched to honor the mothers of students killed in the preceding protests. Despite the attendance of children, mothers and retirees, and lack of any violence by marchers, marchers were attacked in an event dubbed the "Mother's Day Massacre".[131][132][133][134] 16 were killed, and 88 injured, as "police sprayed the crowd with bullets, government sharpshooters positioned on the roof of the national baseball stadium went headhunting with sniper rifles".[88]

In June 2018, Tim Rogers wrote in The Atlantic magazine:

Over the past seven weeks, Ortega's police and paramilitaries have killed more than 120 people, mostly students and other young protesters who are demanding the president's ouster and a return to democracy, according to a human-rights group [CENIDH, Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights]. Police hunt students like enemy combatants. Sandinista Youth paramilitaries, armed and paid by Ortega's party, drive around in pickup trucks attacking protesters. Gangs of masked men loot and burn shops with impunity. Cops wear civilian clothing, and some paramilitaries dress in police uniforms. "This is starting to look more like Syria than Caracas," one Nicaraguan business leader told me.[88]

By December 3, 22 people were dead and 565 imprisoned. Professionals involved in the protests (lawyers, engineering majors, radio broadcasters and merchants) had been reduced to lives of "ever-changing safe houses, encrypted messaging apps and pseudonyms", with the Ortega government allegedly "hunting us like deer," according to one dissident (Roberto Carlos Membreño Briceño). Human rights organization offices were raided, computers seized and observers expelled.[89] Observers from the Organization of American States were expelled after releasing a critical investigative report of the government's response to the protests.[89] The report found the government had progressed from "using tear gas to rubber bullets, then real bullets and finally military firepower like assault rifles and grenade launchers", based on an analysis of videos posted on social media. At least 1,400 people involved in the protests were hurt, although that the number was probably "far higher because most people were too afraid to go to public hospitals, where doctors were fired for treating wounded protesters".[89] By July 2019 the international human rights organization Human Rights Watch called on the United States to impose sanctions on Ortega "and other top" Nicaraguan officials "implicated" in the crackdown on protests.[135]

Foreign policy edit

 
Ortega with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Russia on 18 December 2008

Soon after the 2006 election, Ortega paid an official visit to Iran and met Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Ortega told the press that the "revolutions of Iran and Nicaragua are almost twin revolutions...since both revolutions are about justice, liberty, self-determination, and the struggle against imperialism."[136]

On 6 March 2008, following the 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis, Ortega announced that Nicaragua was breaking diplomatic ties with Colombia "in solidarity with the Ecuadorian people".[137] Ortega also stated, "We are not breaking relations with the Colombian people. We are breaking relations with the terrorist policy practiced by Álvaro Uribe's government".[138] The relations were restored with the resolution at a Rio Group summit held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, on 7 March 2008. At the summit Colombia's Álvaro Uribe, Ecuador's Rafael Correa, Venezuela's Hugo Chávez and Ortega publicly shook hands in a show of good-will. The handshakes, broadcast live throughout Latin America, appeared to signal that a week of military buildups and diplomatic repercussions was over. After the handshakes, Ortega said he would re-establish diplomatic ties with Colombia. Uribe then quipped that he would send him the bill for his ambassador's plane fare.[139][140]

On 25 May 2008, Ortega, upon learning of the death of FARC guerrilla leader Manuel Marulanda in Colombia, expressed condolences to the family of Marulanda and solidarity with the FARC and called Marulanda an extraordinary fighter who battled against profound inequalities in Colombia.[141][142] The declarations were protested by the Colombian government and criticized in the major Colombian media outlets.[143]

 
Ortega with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva at Itamaraty Palace in Brasília, 28 July 2010.

On 2 September 2008, during ceremonies for the 29th anniversary of the founding of the Nicaraguan army, Ortega announced that "Nicaragua recognizes the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia and fully supports the Russian government's position". Ortega's decision made Nicaragua the second country (after Russia) to recognize the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from Georgia.[citation needed]

 
Ortega with the president of the Republic of China Tsai Ing-wen, 10 January 2017

Under Ortega's leadership, Nicaragua joined the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas.

When seeking office, Ortega threatened to cut diplomatic recognition with the Republic of China (Taiwan, formerly Nationalist China) in order to restore relations with the Mainland-based People's Republic of China (as in the period from 1985 to 1990) as the legal government of China. But he did not do so. In 2007 Ortega stated that Nicaragua did not accept the One China Policy of the PRC government and that Nicaragua reserved the right to maintain official diplomatic relations with the ROC. He reassured President Chen Shui Bian in 2007 that Nicaragua would not break diplomatic relations with the ROC. He explained that during the Reagan administration the United States imposed sanctions on Nicaragua. But cutting ties with Taipei was a sad and painful decision because of the friendship between Nicaragua and Taiwan's people and government. Ortega met with the ROC President Ma Ying-jeou in 2009 and both agreed to improve the diplomatic ties between both countries.[144] However, with a trade show from China (PRC) in Managua in 2010, he is attempting a two-track policy to get benefits from both sides. In 2016 Nicaragua and China (ROC) signed an air services agreement and Ortega stated that Nicaragua's free trade deal with the ROC had benefited both nations. The ROC increased its investment in Nicaragua.[145][unreliable source?] In December 2021, Nicaragua once again switched recognition with the PRC.

In September 2010, after a US report listed Nicaragua as a "major" drug-trafficking centre, with Costa Rica and Honduras, Ortega urged the US Congress and Obama administration to allocate more resources to assist the fight against drug trafficking.[146][147]

During the Libyan Civil War, Ortega was among the very few leaders who spoke out in clear defense of the embattled Muammar Gaddafi.[148] During a telephone conversation between the two, Ortega told Gaddafi that he was "waging a great battle to defend his nation"[149] and stated that "it's at difficult times that loyalty and resolve are put to the test."[150]

Ortega has said that Assad's victory in the 2014 election is an important step to "attain peace in Syria and a clear cut evidence that the Syrian people trust their president as a national leader and support his policies which aim at maintaining Syria's sovereignty and unity".[151]

Ortega attended the swearing-in ceremony of Nicolás Maduro for his second term on 10 January 2019.[152]

In an interview with Max Blumenthal in August 2019, Ortega stated that he was open to the idea of Bernie Sanders (who had visited him in 1985) winning the US presidency in 2020 and that Sanders's message "goes in the right direction for the U.S. to become a pole of peace, development, and cooperation."[153]

Environmental policy edit

In 2016, Daniel Ortega did not sign the Paris Agreement because he felt the deal did not do enough to protect the climate, although he later changed his mind. Moreover, Nicaragua rejected projects of mining of the Canadian group B2 Gold which could represent a threat to the environment.[154] According to government estimates, Nicaragua has passed from 25% renewable electricity to 52% between 2007 and 2016.[155]

International sanctions edit

United States edit

In November 2021, Joe Biden signed into law the "Reinforcing Nicaragua's Adherence to Conditions for Electoral Reform Act" (RENACER Act) which extended US sanctions against Nicaragua and gave Biden the power to exclude Nicaragua from the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) and to obstruct multilateral loans to Nicaragua. Venezuela and Russia condemned the new law.[156][157]

Ukraine edit

In February 2021, Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada approved economic sanctions against President Ortega and his government. The sanctions were in response to Ortega sending a delegation to the Russian-occupied territory of Crimea in November 2020.[158]

Electoral history edit

1984 general election edit

Main article: 1984 Nicaraguan general election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front735,96766.97
Clemente Guido ChavezDemocratic Conservative Party154,32714.04
Virgilio Godoy ReyesIndependent Liberal Party 105,5609.61
Mauricio Díaz DávilaPopular Social Christian Party61,1995.57
Allan Zambrana SalmerónCommunist Party of Nicaragua16,0341.46
Domingo Sánchez SalgadoNicaraguan Socialist Party14,4941.32
Isidro Téllez ToruñoMarxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement11,3521.03
Total1,098,933100.00
Valid votes1,098,93393.91
Invalid/blank votes71,2096.09
Total votes1,170,142100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,551,59775.42
Source: Nohlen

1990 general election edit

Main article: 1990 Nicaraguan general election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Violeta ChamorroNational Opposition Union777,55254.74
Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front579,88640.82
Erick Ramírez BeneventesSocial Christian Party16,7511.18
Moisés HassánRevolutionary Unity Movement11,1360.78
Bonifacio Miranda BengoecheaWorkers' Revolutionary Party8,5900.60
Isidro Téllez ToruñoMarxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement8,1150.57
Fernando Bernabé Agüero RochaSocial Conservative Party5,7980.41
Blanca Rojas EchaverryCentral American Unionist Party5,0650.36
Eduardo Molina PalaciosDemocratic Conservative Party4,5000.32
Rodolfo Robelo HerreraIndependent Liberal Party for National Unity3,1510.22
Total1,420,544100.00
Valid votes1,420,54494.02
Invalid/blank votes90,2945.98
Total votes1,510,838100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,752,08886.23
Source: Nohlen, Sarti

1996 general election edit

Main article: 1996 Nicaraguan general election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Arnoldo AlemánLiberal Alliance896,20750.99
Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front664,90937.83
Guillermo Antonio Osorno MolinaNicaraguan Party of the Christian Path71,9084.09
Noel José Vidaurre ArgüelloConservative Party39,9832.27
Benjamin Ramón Lanzas SelvaNational Project9,2650.53
Sergio RamírezSandinista Renovation Movement7,6650.44
Francisco José Mayorga BalladaresBread and Strength Alliance (PAN–ASR)7,1020.40
Francisco José Duarte TapiaNational Conservative Action6,1780.35
Edgar Enrique Quiñónes TucklerNicaraguan Resistance Party5,8130.33
Andrés Abelino Robles PérezNicaraguan Workers, Peasants and Professionals Unity Party5,7890.33
Virgilio GodoyIndependent Liberal Party5,6920.32
Jorge Alberto Díaz CruzNational Justice Party5,5820.32
Alejandro Serrano CalderaUnity Alliance4,8730.28
Elí AltamiranoCommunist Party of Nicaragua4,8020.27
Miriam Auxiliadora Argüello MoralesPopular Conservative Alliance4,6320.26
Ausberto Narváez ArgüelloLiberal Unity Party3,8870.22
Alfredo César AguirreUNO–96 Alliance (PND–MAC–MDN)3,6640.21
Allan Antonio Tefel AlbaNational Renovation Movement2,6410.15
James Odnith Webster PittsDemocratic Action Party1,8950.11
Sergio Abilio Mendieta CastilloCentral American Integrationist Party1,6530.09
Moisés HassánRenovating Action Movement1,3930.08
Gustavo Ernesto Tablada ZelayaNicaraguan Socialist Party1,3520.08
Roberto Urcuyo MuñozNicaraguan Democratic Party8900.05
Total1,757,775100.00
Valid votes1,757,77595.05
Invalid/blank votes91,5874.95
Total votes1,849,362100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,421,06776.39
Source: Nohlen

2001 general election edit

Main article: 2001 Nicaraguan general election
CandidateRunning matePartyVotes%
Enrique BolañosJosé RizoConstitutionalist Liberal Party1,228,41256.31
Daniel OrtegaAgustín JarquínSandinista National Liberation Front922,43642.28
Alberto Saborío Conservative Party30,6701.41
Total2,181,518100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,980,641–
Source: IPADE, La Nacion

2006 general election edit

Main article: 2006 Nicaraguan general election

2011 general election edit

Main article: 2011 Nicaraguan general election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front1,569,28762.46
Fabio Gadea MantillaIndependent Liberal Party778,88931.00
Arnoldo AlemánConstitutionalist Liberal Party148,5075.91
Édgar Enrique Quiñónez TucklerNicaraguan Liberal Alliance10,0030.40
Róger Antonio Guevara MenaAlliance for the Republic5,8980.23
Total2,512,584100.00
Source:

2016 general election edit

Main article: 2016 Nicaraguan general election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front1,806,65172.44
Maximino RodríguezConstitutionalist Liberal Party374,89815.03
José AlvaradoIndependent Liberal Party112,5624.51
Saturnino CerratoNicaraguan Liberal Alliance107,3924.31
Erick CabezasConservative Party57,4372.30
Carlos CanalesAlliance for the Republic35,0021.40
Total2,493,942100.00
Valid votes2,493,94296.51
Invalid/blank votes90,2463.49
Total votes2,584,188100.00
Source: , IFES

2021 general election edit

Main article: 2021 Nicaraguan general election
CandidatePartyVotes%
Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front2,093,83475.87
Walter EspinozaConstitutionalist Liberal Party395,40614.33
Guillermo OsornoNicaraguan Party of the Christian Path89,8533.26
Marcelo MontielNicaraguan Liberal Alliance85,7113.11
Gerson GutiérrezAlliance for the Republic48,4291.75
Mauricio OruéIndependent Liberal Party46,5101.69
Total2,759,743100.00
Valid votes2,759,74394.47
Invalid/blank votes161,6875.53
Total votes2,921,430100.00
Registered voters/turnout4,476,60165.26
Source: CSE, adam-carr

Controversy edit

Ortega's second presidency has been subject to much criticism and accusations of his becoming a strongman.[159] The 2018 protests have been pointed to as being symbolic of these tensions.[10][160] In 2018, Frances Robles wrote in The New York Times that the "many Ortega adult children manage everything from gasoline distribution to television stations" in Nicaragua.[89]

In the months preceding the November 2021 Nicaraguan general election, Ortega's government arrested many prominent opposition members. As of 23 July, 26 opposition leaders have been imprisoned.[161][162][163]

On 24 March 2022, the ambassador Arturo McFields, condemned the Ortega government and requested the release of political prisoners, alluding that the government people were "tired of dictatorship" and that it was not easy to denounce it. As a result, he was dismissed.[164][165][166][167][168]

The American lawyer Paul Reichler also left his position as representative due to "moral conscience",[169] who felt that the president "was no longer the Daniel Ortega whom he respected so much and served with so much pride." Reichler found it inconceivable that someone like Ortega would have mercilessly suppressed peaceful demonstrations and imprisoned his former colleagues in inhumane conditions, and accused him of "murdering" a general by withholding medical treatment. This figure of American origin served as Nicaragua's international legal adviser before the International Court of Justice, when Managua denounced the United States for financing the counterrevolution, winning the case.[170]

The Ortega administration also ordered the closure of the Nicaraguan Language Academy for failing to register as a "foreign agent" ratified by the Sandinista parliament with the favorable vote of 75 deputies of the ruling FSLN.[171][172][173][174]

Sexual abuse allegations edit

In 1998, Daniel Ortega's adopted stepdaughter Zoilamérica Narváez released a 48-page report[175] in which she alleged he had sexually abused her from 1979, when she was 12, until 1990.[176][177] Ortega and his wife Murillo denied the allegation.[178] The case could not proceed in Nicaraguan courts, which have been consistently allied with Ortega,[179] because he had immunity from prosecution as a member of parliament,[180] and the five-year statute of limitations for sexual abuse and rape charges had expired.[181] Narváez's complaint to the Inter-American Human Rights Commission was ruled admissible on 15 October 2001.[182] On 4 March 2002, the Nicaraguan government accepted the commission's recommendation of a "friendly agreement".[37] Narváez withdrew the accusations in 2008.[why?][178][179] Following the 2016 election, Narváez renewed her accusations and said that she had become an outcast in her family.[176][179]

In 2019 a documentary film Exiliada was released which revolves around Zoilamérica Narváez and her sexual abuse allegations against Ortega.[183]

There is also the case of Elvia Junieth who was allegedly abused by the president in 2005, and, according to the family, a girl was born from that relationship that Ortega did not recognize. Ernesto Moncada Lau, another of the assistants to the Sandinista president, appears on the birth certificate as the father of the minor.[184][185] Her brother died in the Tipitapa Model prison in November 2021.[186][187]

Foreign honours edit

References edit

Citations edit

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Sources edit

  • DeFronzo, James (2011). Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements (4th ed.). Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 9780813344805.
  • Kinzer, Stephen (1991). Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 9780399135941.
  • Close, David; Marti i Puig, Salvador; McConnell, Shelley, eds. (2012). The Sandinistas & Nicaragua Since 1979. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58826-798-6 – via EBSCOHost., especially:
    • Baltodano, Andrés Péréz, "Political Culture", pp. 65-90. loc. cit.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel Ortega.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Daniel Ortega.
  • Office of the President 8 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  • Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)
Political offices
Preceded byas Acting President of Nicaragua Coordinator of the Junta of National Reconstruction
1979–1985 		Succeeded by
Himself
as President of Nicaragua
Preceded by
Himself
as Coordinator of the Junta of National Reconstruction 		President of Nicaragua
1985–1990 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Nicaragua
2007–present 		Incumbent
Party political offices
New political party FSLN nominee for President of Nicaragua
1984, 1990, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021 		Most recent

January 16, 2024
daniel, ortega, this, spanish, name, first, paternal, surname, ortega, second, maternal, family, name, saavedra, josé, saavedra, spanish, pronunciation, daˈnjel, oɾˈteɣa, born, november, 1945, nicaraguan, politician, been, president, nicaragua, since, 2007, pr. In this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Ortega and the second or maternal family name is Saavedra Jose Daniel Ortega Saavedra Spanish pronunciation daˈnjel oɾˈteɣa born 11 November 1945 is a Nicaraguan politician who has been President of Nicaragua since 2007 Previously he was leader of Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990 first as coordinator 1979 1985 of the Junta of National Reconstruction and then as President of Nicaragua 1985 1990 During his first term he implemented policies to achieve leftist reforms across Nicaragua In later years Ortega s left wing radical politics cooled significantly leading him to pursue pro business 1 policies and even rapprochement with the Catholic Church As a part of this his government adopted strong anti abortion policies and his rhetoric took on a new strongly religious tenor 2 Daniel OrtegaOrtega in 2017President of NicaraguaIncumbentAssumed office 10 January 2007Vice PresidentJaime Morales Carazo 2007 2012 Omar Halleslevens 2012 2017 Rosario Murillo 2017 present Preceded byEnrique BolanosIn office 10 January 1985 25 April 1990Vice PresidentSergio RamirezPreceded byAnastasio Somoza DebayleSucceeded byVioleta ChamorroCoordinator of the Junta of National ReconstructionIn office 18 July 1979 10 January 1985Preceded byFrancisco Urcuyo Acting President of Nicaragua Succeeded byHimself President of Nicaragua Personal detailsBornJose Daniel Ortega Saavedra 1945 11 11 11 November 1945 age 78 La Libertad Chontales NicaraguaPolitical partyFSLNSpouseRosario Murillo m 1979 wbr Children8RelativesHumberto Ortega brother Camilo Ortega brother AwardsAl Gaddafi International Prize for Human RightsSignatureMilitary serviceAllegiance NicaraguaYears of service1963 presentBattles warsNicaraguan RevolutionOrtega came to prominence with the overthrow and exile of US backed dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979 during the Nicaraguan Revolution As a leader in the Sandinista National Liberation Front Spanish Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional FSLN Ortega became leader of the ruling Junta of National Reconstruction A Marxist Leninist Ortega pursued a program of nationalization land reform wealth redistribution and literacy programs during his first period in office Ortega s government was responsible for the forced displacement of 10 000 indigenous people In 1984 Ortega won Nicaragua s first ever free and fair presidential election with over 60 of the vote as the FSLN s candidate 3 Throughout the 1980s Ortega s government faced a rebellion by US backed rebels known as the Contras The US also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinista government imposing a full trade embargo 4 and planting underwater mines in Nicaragua s ports 5 After a presidency marred by conflict and economic collapse Ortega was defeated in the 1990 Nicaraguan general election by Violeta Chamorro in an election marked by US interference 6 Ortega was an unsuccessful candidate for president in 1996 and 2001 but won the 2006 Nicaraguan general election 7 In office he made alliances with fellow Latin American socialists His second administration in contrast to his previous political career abandoned most of his earlier leftist principles and became increasingly anti democratic alienating many of his former revolutionary allies 8 9 In June 2018 organisations such as Amnesty International and the OAS reported that Ortega had engaged in a violent oppression campaign against the anti Ortega 2018 2022 Nicaraguan protests 10 11 The violent crackdown and subsequent constriction of civil liberties have led to massive waves of emigration to neighboring Costa Rica with more than 30 000 Nicaraguans filing for asylum in that country 12 In his fourth term Ortega ordered the closure of several NGOs universities and newspapers 13 14 15 His government jailed many potential rival candidates in the 2021 Nicaraguan general election 16 including Cristiana Chamorro Barrios Ortega s government also imprisoned other opponents such as former allies Dora Maria Tellez and Hugo Torres Jimenez 17 In August 2021 Nicaragua cancelled the operating permits of six US and European NGOs 18 Many critics of the Ortega government including opposition leaders journalists and members of civil society fled the country in mid 2021 19 After Ortega was re elected in 2021 United States President Joe Biden banned him and his officials from entering the United States 20 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Early childhood 1 2 Juigalpa and Managua 1 3 Early political activity 1 4 Imprisonment 1 5 Exile in Cuba 1 6 Sectional division within the FSLN 1 7 Marriage and family 2 Sandinista revolution and first presidency 1979 1990 3 In opposition 1990 2007 3 1 2001 presidential election 3 2 2006 presidential election 4 Second presidency 2007 present 4 1 2008 elections 4 2 2011 election 4 3 2016 elections 4 4 Response to the COVID 19 pandemic 4 5 2018 2022 Nicaraguan protests 4 6 Foreign policy 4 7 Environmental policy 4 8 International sanctions 4 8 1 United States 4 8 2 Ukraine 5 Electoral history 5 1 1984 general election 5 2 1990 general election 5 3 1996 general election 5 4 2001 general election 5 5 2006 general election 5 6 2011 general election 5 7 2016 general election 5 8 2021 general election 6 Controversy 6 1 Sexual abuse allegations 7 Foreign honours 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 Sources 9 External linksEarly life editEarly childhood edit Ortega was born in La Libertad department of Chontales Nicaragua 21 into a working class family His parents Daniel Ortega Cerda and Lidia Saavedra were opposed to the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle His mother was imprisoned by Somoza s National Guard for being in possession of love letters which the police said were coded political missives Ortega and his two brothers grew up to become revolutionaries His brother Humberto Ortega is a former general military leader and published writer and the third brother Camilo Ortega died fighting the Somoza regime in 1978 They had a sister Germania who died 22 Juigalpa and Managua edit Seeking stable employment the family migrated from La Libertad to the provincial capital of Juigalpa and then to a middle class neighborhood in Managua 23 In Managua Ortega and his brother studied at the upper middle class high school the LaSalle Institute where Ortega was classmates with Arnoldo Aleman who would go on to be mayor of Managua 1990 1995 and later President of Nicaragua 1997 2002 Ortega s father Daniel Ortega Cedra detested US military intervention in Nicaragua and Washington s support for the Somoza government He imparted this anti American sentiment to his sons 23 Early political activity edit From an early age Ortega opposed Nicaragua s president Anastasio Somoza Debayle and became involved in the underground movement against his government Ortega and his brother Humberto formed the Insurrectionist or Tercerista Third Way faction culminating in the Nicaraguan Revolution After the overthrow and exile of Somoza Debayle s government Ortega became leader of the ruling multi partisan Junta of National Reconstruction Ortega was first arrested for political activities at the age of 15 24 and quickly joined the then underground Sandinista National Liberation Front FSLN in 1963 25 In 1964 Ortega travelled to Guatemala where the police arrested him and turned him over to the Nicaraguan National Guard 26 After his release from detainment Ortega arranged the assassination of his torturer Guardsman Gonzalo Lacayo in August 1967 26 Imprisonment edit He was imprisoned in 1967 for taking part in armed robbery of a branch of the Bank of America He told collaborators that they should be killed if they did not take part in the robbery 27 Ortega was released in late 1974 along with other Sandinista prisoners in exchange for Somocista hostages While imprisoned at the El Modelo jail just outside Managua Ortega wrote poems one of which he titled I Never Saw Managua When Miniskirts Were in Fashion 27 During his imprisonment Ortega was tortured 28 While he was incarcerated at El Modelo his mother helped stage protests and hunger strikes for political prisoners this resulted in improving the treatment of incarcerated Sandinistas 29 Exile in Cuba edit Upon release in 1974 Ortega was exiled to Cuba There he received training in guerrilla warfare from Fidel Castro s Marxist Leninist government He later returned secretly to Nicaragua 30 Sectional division within the FSLN edit In the late 1970s divisions over the FSLN s campaign against Somoza led Ortega and his brother Humberto to form the Insurrectionist or Tercerista Third Way faction 31 The Terceristas sought to combine the distinct guerrilla war strategies of the two other factions Tomas Borge s Guerra Prolongada Popular GPP or Prolonged People s War and Jaime Wheelock s Proletarian Tendency 32 The Ortega brothers forged alliances with a wide array of anti Somoza forces including Catholic and Protestant activists and other non Marxist civil society groups 33 The Terceristas became the most effective faction in wielding political and military strength and their push for FSLN solidarity received the support of revolutionary leaders such as Fidel Castro 32 Marriage and family edit Ortega married Rosario Murillo in 1979 in a secret ceremony 24 They moved to Costa Rica with her three children from a previous marriage 27 Ortega remarried Murillo in 2005 in order to have the marriage recognized by the Catholic Church as part of his effort to reconcile with the church The couple has eight children 34 three of them together 24 Murillo serves as the Ortega government s spokeswoman and a government minister among other positions 35 36 Ortega adopted stepdaughter Zoilamerica Narvaez in 1986 through a court case 37 Sandinista revolution and first presidency 1979 1990 edit nbsp Nicaragua inflation rate 1980 1993For more details on Ortega s past presidency see Sandinista National Liberation Front and Iran Contra affair When Somoza was overthrown by the FSLN in July 1979 Ortega became a member of the five person Junta of National Reconstruction which included Sandinista militant Moises Hassan novelist Sergio Ramirez businessman Alfonso Robelo and Violeta Barrios de Chamorro the widow of a murdered journalist In September 1979 United States President Carter hosted Ortega at the White House and warned him against arming other Central American leftist guerrilla movements 38 At the time Ortega spoke truthfully when he denied Sandinista involvement in neighboring countries 38 When Ortega questioned the Americans about CIA support for anti Sandinista groups Carter and Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher said the reports were false 38 After the meeting Carter asked Congress for 75 million in aid to Nicaragua contingent on the Sandinista government s promise not to aid other guerrillas 39 The FSLN came to dominate the junta Robelo and Chamorro resigned and in 1981 Ortega became the coordinator of the Junta 40 As the only member of the FSLN National Directorate in the Junta he was the effective leader of the country After attaining power the FSLN embarked upon an ambitious programme of social reform They arranged to redistribute 20 000 square kilometres 5 million acres of land to about 100 000 families launched a literacy drive and made health care improvements that ended polio through mass vaccinations and reduced the frequency of other treatable diseases 41 The Sandinista nationalization efforts affected mostly banks and industries owned by the extended Somoza family 42 More than half of all farms businesses and industries remained in private hands The revolutionary government wanted to preserve a mixed economy and support private sector investment 42 The Superior Council of Private Enterprise COSEP opposed the Sandinistas economic reform 43 The main organization of Nicaraguan big business was composed of prosperous families from the Pacific coast cities who dominated commerce and banking 44 Ortega took a very hard line against opposition to his policies On 21 February 1981 the Sandinista army killed 7 Miskito Indians and wounded 17 45 Ortega s administration forced displacement of many of the indigenous population 10 000 individuals had been moved by 1982 45 Thousands of Indians fled to take refuge across the border in Honduras and Ortega s government imprisoned 14 000 in Nicaragua Anthropologist Gilles Bataillon termed this politics of ethnocide in Nicaragua 46 The Indians formed two rebel groups the Misura and Misurasata They were joined in the north by Nicaraguan Democratic Force FDN and in the south by former Sandinistas and peasantry who under the leadership of Eden Pastora were resisting forced collectivization 45 In 1980 the Sandinista government launched the massive Nicaraguan Literacy Campaign and said the illiteracy rate fell from 50 to 13 in the span of five months Robert F Arnove said the figures were excessive because many unteachable illiterates were omitted from the statistics and many people declared literate were found to be unable to read or write a simple sentence Richard Kraft said that even if the figures were exaggerated the accomplishment is without precedent in educational history In 1980 UNESCO awarded Nicaragua the Nadezhda K Krupskaya prize in recognition of its efforts 47 unreliable source The FSLN also focused on improving the Nicaraguan health system particularly through vaccination campaigns and the construction of public hospitals These actions reduced child mortality by half 48 to 40 deaths per thousand 49 By 1982 the World Health Organization deemed Nicaragua a model for primary health care 43 During this period Nicaragua won the UNESCO prize for exceptional health progress 17 In 1981 United States President Ronald Reagan accused the FSLN of joining with Soviet backed Cuba in supporting Marxist revolutionary movements in other Latin American countries such as El Salvador People within the Reagan administration authorized the CIA to begin financing arming and training rebels as anti Sandinista guerrillas some of whom were former officers from Somoza s National Guard These were known collectively as the Contras This resulted in one of the largest political scandals in US history the Iran Contra affair Oliver North and several members of the Reagan administration defied the Boland Amendment selling arms to Iran and using the proceeds in order to secretly fund the Contras The Contra war claimed 30 000 lives in Nicaragua 50 The tactics used by the Sandinista government to fight the Contras have been widely condemned for their suppression of civil rights On 15 March 1982 the junta declared a state of siege which allowed it to close independent radio stations suspend the right of association and limit the freedom of trade unions Nicaragua s Permanent Commission on Human Rights condemned Sandinista human rights violations accusing them of killing and forcibly disappearing thousands of persons in the first few years of the war 51 52 nbsp Ortega far left with Spanish Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez Cuban President Fidel Castro and Spanish Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso Guerra in Madrid 1984At the 1984 general election Ortega won the presidency with 67 of the vote and took office on 10 January 1985 In the early phases of the campaign Ortega enjoyed many institutional advantages and used the full power of the press police and Supreme Electoral Council against the fractured opposition 53 In the weeks before the November election Ortega gave a U N speech denouncing talks held in Rio de Janeiro on electoral reform 54 But by 22 October the Sandinistas signed an accord with opposition parties to reform electoral and campaign laws making the process more fair and transparent 55 While campaigning Ortega promoted the Sandinistas achievements and at a rally said that Democracy is literacy democracy is land reform democracy is education and public health 56 International observers judged the election to be the first free election held in the country in more than half a century A report by an Irish governmentary delegation stated The electoral process was carried out with total integrity The seven parties participating in the elections represented a broad spectrum of political ideologies The general counsel of New York s Human Rights Commission described the election as free fair and hotly contested A study by the US Latin American Studies Association LASA concluded that the FSLN Sandinista Front did little more to take advantage of its incumbency than incumbent parties everywhere including the U S routinely do However some weasel words people described the election as rigged According to a detailed study since the 1984 election was for posts subordinate to the Sandinista Directorate the elections were no more subject to approval by vote than the Central Committee of the Communist Party is in countries of the East Bloc 57 nbsp Ortega and Spanish Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez in 1989Thirty three per cent of the Nicaraguan voters cast ballots for one of six opposition parties three to the right of the Sandinistas three to the left which had campaigned with the aid of government funds and free TV and radio time Two conservative parties captured a combined 23 of the vote They held rallies across the country a few of which were disrupted by FSLN supporters and blasted the Sandinistas in harsh terms Most foreign and independent observers noted this pluralism in debunking the Reagan administration charge ubiquitous in the US media that it was a Soviet style sham election 58 Some which opposition parties boycotted the election allegedly under pressure from US embassy officials and so it was denounced as being unfair by the Reagan administration 59 60 Reagan thus maintained that he was justified to continue supporting what he referred to as the Contras democratic resistance 61 The illegal 62 intervention of the Contras continued albeit covertly after Ortega s democratic election Peace talks between five Central American heads of state in July 1987 led to the signing of the Central American Peace Accords and the beginning of a roadmap to the end of the conflict In 1988 the Contras first entered into peace talks with the Sandinista government although the violence continued as did their US support Despite US opposition 63 disarmament of the Contras began in 1989 In opposition 1990 2007 editIn the 1990 presidential election Ortega lost his reelection bid to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro his former colleague in the junta Chamorro was supported by the US and a 14 party anti Sandinista alliance known as the National Opposition Union Union Nacional Oppositora UNO an alliance that ranged from conservatives and liberals to communists She ran an effective campaign presenting herself as the peace candidate and promising to end the US funded Contra War if she won 64 Ortega campaigned on the slogan Everything Will Be Better and promised that with the Contra war over he could focus on the nation s recovery 65 Contrary to what most observers expected 66 Chamorro shocked Ortega and won the election Chamorro s UNO coalition garnered 54 of the vote and won 51 of the 92 seats in the National Assembly 67 Immediately after the loss the Sandinistas tried to maintain unity around their revolutionary posture In Ortega s concession speech the following day he vowed to keep ruling from below a reference to the power that the FSLN still wielded in various sectors He also stressed his belief that the Sandinistas had the goal of bringing dignity to Latin America and not necessarily to hold on to government posts In 1991 Ortega said elections were an instrument to reaffirm the FSLN s political and ideological positions and also confront capitalism 68 However the electoral loss led to pronounced divisions in the FSLN Some members adopted more pragmatic positions and sought to transform the FSLN into a modern social democratic party engaged in national reconciliation and class cooperation Ortega and other party insiders found common ground with the radicals who still promoted anti imperialism and class conflict to achieve social change 32 Possible explanations for his loss include that the Nicaraguan people were disenchanted with the Ortega government as well as the fact that already in November 1989 the White House had announced that the economic embargo against Nicaragua would continue unless Violeta Chamorro won 69 Also there had been reports of intimidation from the side of the contras 70 with a Canadian observer mission stating that 42 people were killed by the contras in election violence in October 1989 71 This led many commentators to assume that Nicaraguans voted against the Sandinistas out of fear of a continuation of the contra war and economic deprivation 72 From 19 to 21 July 1991 the FSLN held a National Congress to mend the rifts between members and form a new overarching political program The effort failed to unite the party and intense debates over the internal governance of the FSLN continued The pragmatists led by the former vice president Sergio Ramirez formed the basis of a renovating faction and supported collaboration with other political forces to preserve the rule of law in Nicaragua Under the leadership of Ortega and Tomas Borge the radicals regrouped into the principled faction and branded themselves the Izquierda Democratica ID or Democratic Left DL 73 The DL fought the Chamorro government with disruptive labor strikes and demonstrations and renewed calls for the revolutionary reconstruction of Nicaraguan society 74 During the 20 23 May 1994 extraordinary congress Ortega ran against a fellow National Directorate member Henry Ruiz for the position of party secretary general Ortega was elected with 287 to Ruiz s 147 votes and the DL secured the most dominant role in the FSLN 75 On 9 September 1994 Ortega gained more power after taking over Sergio Ramirez s seat in the Asamblea Sandinista Sandinista Assembly 73 Ramirez had been chief of the FSLN s parliamentary caucus since 1990 but Ortega came to oppose his actions in the National Assembly setting the stage for Ramirez s removal Historic leaders such as Ernesto Cardenal a former minister of culture in the Sandinista government rejected Ortega s consolidation of power My resignation from the FSLN has been caused by the kidnapping of the party carried out by Daniel Ortega and the group he heads 75 The party formally split on 8 January 1995 when Ramirez and a number of prominent Sandinista officials quit 73 Ortega ran for election again in October 1996 and November 2001 but lost on both occasions to Arnoldo Aleman and Enrique Bolanos respectively In these elections a key issue was the allegation of corruption In Ortega s last days as president through a series of legislative acts known as The Pinata estates that had been seized by the Sandinista government some valued at millions and even billions of US dollars became the private property of various FSLN officials including Ortega himself 76 In the 1996 campaign Ortega faced the Liberal Alliance Alianza Liberal headed by Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo a former mayor of Managua The Sandinistas softened their anti imperialist rhetoric with Ortega calling the US our great neighbor and vowing to cooperate within a framework of respect equality and justice The image change failed as Aleman s Liberal Alliance came first with 51 03 of the vote while Ortega s FSLN secured 37 75 77 Ortega s policies became more moderate during his time in opposition and he gradually changed much of his former Marxist Leninist stance in favor of an agenda of democratic socialism His Roman Catholic faith has become more public in recent years as well leading Ortega to embrace a variety of socially conservative policies in 2006 the FSLN endorsed a strict law banning all abortions in Nicaragua 78 In the run up to the 2006 elections Ortega displayed his ties to the Catholic Church by renewing his marriage vows before Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo 79 Ortega was instrumental in creating the controversial strategic pact between the FSLN and the Constitutional Liberal Party Partido Liberal Constitucionalista PLC The controversial alliance of Nicaragua s two major parties is aimed at distributing power between the PLC and FSLN and preventing other parties from rising After sealing the agreement in January 2000 the two parties controlled the three key institutions of the state the Comptroller General of the Republic the Supreme Court and the Supreme Electoral Council 73 El Pacto as it is known in Nicaragua is said to have personally benefited former presidents Ortega and Aleman greatly while constraining then president Bolanos One of the key accords of the pact was to lower the ratio necessary to win a presidential election in the first round from 45 to 35 a change in electoral law that would become decisive in Ortega s favor in the 2006 elections 80 At the Fourth Ordinary Congress of the FSLN held 17 18 March 2002 Ortega eliminated the National Directorate DN Once the main collective leadership body of the party with nine members the DN no longer met routinely and only three historic members remained Instead the body just supported decisions already made by the secretary general Ortega sidelined party officials and other members while empowering his own informal circle known as the ring of iron 73 2001 presidential election edit Main article 2001 Nicaraguan general election In the November 2001 general elections Ortega lost his third successive presidential election this time to Enrique Bolanos of the Constitutionalist Liberal Party Under Ortega s direction the FSLN formed the broad National Convergence Convergencia Nacional coalition in opposition to the PLC Ortega abandoned the revolutionary tone of the past and infused his campaign with religious imagery giving thanks in speeches to God and the Revolution for the post 1990 democracy and said a Sandinista victory would enable the Nicaraguan people to pass through the sea and reach the Promised Land 81 The US opposed Ortega s candidacy from the beginning The US ambassador even appeared with the PLC s Enrique Bolanos while distributing food aid 82 The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks doomed Ortega s chances as the threat of a US invasion became an issue Bolanos convinced many Nicaraguans that the renewed US hostility towards terrorism would endanger their country if the openly anti US Ortega prevailed 83 Bolanos ended up with 56 3 of the vote and Ortega won 42 3 84 2006 presidential election edit Main article 2006 Nicaraguan general election In 2006 Daniel Ortega was elected president with 38 of the vote This occurred despite the fact that the breakaway Sandinista Renovation Movement MRS continued to oppose the FSLN running former Mayor of Managua Herty Lewites as its candidate for president Ortega personally attacked Lewites Jewish background compared him to Judas and warned he could end up hanged 85 However Lewites died several months before the elections Ortega emphasized peace and reconciliation in his campaign and selected a former Contra leader Jaime Morales Carazo as his running mate 86 The FSLN also won 38 seats in the congressional elections becoming the party with the largest representation in parliament The split in the Constitutionalist Liberal Party helped allow the FSLN to become the largest party in Congress however the Sandinista vote had a minuscule split between the FSLN and MRS and that the liberal party combined is larger than the Frente Faction In 2010 several liberal congressmen raised accusations about the FSLN presumably attempting to buy votes to pass constitutional reforms that would allow Ortega to run for office for the 6th time since 1984 87 Second presidency 2007 present editPresidential styles of Daniel Ortega nbsp Reference styleDaniel Ortega Presidente de la Republica de Nicaragua Daniel Ortega President of the Republic of NicaraguaSpoken stylePresidente Ortega President OrtegaAlternative styleSenor Presidente Mister PresidentAccording to Tim Rogers writing in The Atlantic during his second term as president Ortega took full control of all four branches of government state institutions the military and police and in the process dismantled Nicaragua s institutional democracy 88 Frances Robles wrote that Ortega took control every aspect of government the National Assembly the Supreme Court the armed forces the judiciary the police and the prosecutor s office 89 In its 2019 World Report Human Rights Watch wrote that Ortega aggressively dismantled all institutional checks on presidential power 90 Many journalists and governments criticize Ortega and label him a dictator 91 92 93 94 2008 elections edit In June 2008 the Nicaraguan Supreme Court disqualified the MRS and the Conservative Party from participation in municipal elections 95 In November 2008 the Supreme Electoral Council received national and international criticism following irregularities in municipal elections but agreed to review results for Managua only while the opposition demanded a nationwide review 96 For the first time since 1990 the Council decided not to allow national or international observers to witness the election 97 98 Instances of intimidation violence and harassment of opposition political party members and NGO representatives have been recorded 99 Official results show Sandinista candidates winning 94 of the 146 municipal mayoralties compared to 46 for the main opposition Liberal Constitutional Party PLC 100 The opposition claimed that marked ballots were dumped and destroyed that party members were refused access to some of the vote counts and that tallies from many polling places were altered 101 As a result of the fraud allegations the European Union suspended 70m of aid and the US 64m 102 With the late 2000s recession Ortega in 2011 characterised capitalism as in its death throes and portrayed the Bolivarian Alternative for the People of Our America ALBA was the most advanced most Christian and fairest project 103 He also said God was punishing the United States with the financial crisis for trying to impose its economic principles on poor countries It s incredible that in the most powerful country in the world which spends billions of dollars on brutal wars people do not have enough money to stay in their homes 104 Before the National Sandinista Council held in September 2009 Lenin Cerna the secretary of the party organization called for diversifying its political strategies He declared the FSLN s future depended on implementing new plans so that the party can advance via new routes and in new ways always under Ortega s leadership Ortega gained power over the selection of candidates allowing him to personally choose all candidates for public office 73 During an interview with David Frost for the Al Jazeera English programme Frost Over the World in March 2009 Ortega suggested that he would like to change the constitution to allow him to run again for president 105 In Judicial Decision 504 issued on 19 October 2009 the Supreme Court of Justice of Nicaragua declared portions of Articles 147 and 178 of the Constitution of Nicaragua inapplicable these provisions concerned the eligibility of candidates for president vice president mayor and vice mayor a decision that had the effect of allowing Ortega to run for reelection in 2011 106 For this decision the Sandinista magistrates formed the required quorum by excluding the opposition magistrates and replacing them with Sandinista substitutes violating the Nicaraguan constitution 107 Opposing parties the church and human rights groups in Nicaragua denounced the decision 108 109 110 Throughout 2010 court rulings gave Ortega greater power over judicial and civil service appointments 111 While supporting abortion rights during his presidency during the 1980s Ortega has since embraced the Catholic Church s position of strong opposition 112 While non emergency abortions have long been illegal in Nicaragua recently even abortions in the case where the pregnancy endangers the mother s life otherwise known as therapeutic abortions have been made illegal in the days before the 2006 election with a six year prison term in such cases too a move supported by Ortega 113 2011 election edit Main article 2011 Nicaraguan general election Ortega was re elected president with a vote on 6 November and confirmation on 16 November 2011 114 During the election the Supreme Electoral Council CSE blocked both domestic and international poll observers from multiple polling stations 111 According to the Supreme Electoral Council Ortega defeated Fabio Gadea with 63 of the vote 111 nbsp Daniel Ortega in 2013 2014 amendmentsIn January 2014 the National Assembly dominated by the FSLN approved constitutional amendments that abolished term limits for the presidency and allowed a president to run for an unlimited number of five year terms While the FSLN claimed the amendments would assure the stability Nicaragua needed to deal with long term problems the opposition claimed they were a threat to democracy 115 The constitutional reforms also gave Ortega the sole power to appoint military and police commanders 111 2016 elections edit Main article 2016 Nicaraguan general election As of 2016 Ortega s family owns three of the nine free to air television channels in Nicaragua and controls a fourth the public Channel 6 Four of the remaining five are controlled by Mexican mogul Angel Gonzalez and are generally considered to be aligned with Ortega s ruling FSLN party There are no government restrictions on Internet use the Ortega administration attempted to gain complete control over online media in 2015 but failed due to opposition from civil society political parties and private organizations 116 In June 2016 the Nicaraguan supreme court ruled to oust Eduardo Montealegre the leader of the main opposition party leaving the main opposition coalition with no means of contesting the November 2016 national elections 117 In August 2016 Ortega chose his wife Rosario Murillo as his vice presidential running mate for re election 118 According to The Washington Post figures announced on November 7 2016 put Daniel Ortega in line for his third consecutive term as president also being his fourth term overall The Supreme Electoral Council CSE reported Ortega and Murillo won 72 4 of the vote with 68 turnout 111 The opposition coalition had called the election a farce and had called for the boycott of the election International observers were not allowed to observe the vote Nevertheless according to the BBC Ortega was the most popular candidate by far possibly due to Nicaragua s stable economic growth and lack of violence compared to its neighbours El Salvador and Honduras in recent years 119 Economic situation during presidencyAccording to Tim Rogers until the 2018 unrest as president Ortega presided over the fastest growing economy in Central America and was a poster child for foreign investment and citizen security in a region known for gangs and unrest 88 During this time the Ortega government formed an alliance with the Superior Council for Private Enterprise COSEP Nicaragua s council of business chambers However the same unpopular decree which unilaterally overhauling the social security tax system 88 mentioned below and precipitated the unrest in April 2018 also broke Ortega s arrangement with COSEP 88 and along with US sanctions brought a sharp economic drop that as of mid 2020 is still crippling Nicaragua s economy 120 Response to the COVID 19 pandemic edit Main article COVID 19 pandemic in Nicaragua President Ortega s government has been the target of criticism for its lack of a response to the pandemic 121 On 14 March 2020 Ortega s government called a massive demonstration called Love in the Time of COVID 19 as a show of support to him and his government This occurred in the middle of the COVID 19 pandemic which had only recently been officially declared by the WHO 122 123 According to CNN as of mid June 2020 Ortega had refused to impose strict preventive quarantine measures seen in neighboring countries to fight the COVID 19 pandemic 120 Public schools remain open businesses continue to operate festivals and cultural events are happening on an almost weekly basis The story stated that from mid March to mid June six politicians had died and according to witnesses their remains disposed of at night in express burials with police in attendance but no Mass no wake and no funeral arrangements no photographs 120 The Ortega government said reports of express burials were false news 120 According to AP News the government threatened to ban professional baseball players who refuse to play baseball And everyone is warned to keep quiet 124 In hospitals ruling party activists ensure no information leaks out and it quotes a doctor anesthesiologist Maria Nela Escoto complaining that in the public hospital where she works everything is secret They don t allow suggestions and you can t question anything because they re watching It s a very hostile environment 124 At the start of the pandemic Ortega was out of the public eye for more than 40 days and no explanation was given for his absence when he returned 120 121 2018 2022 Nicaraguan protests edit Main article 2018 2022 Nicaraguan protests In April 2018 student protests over a nature reserve fire expanded to cover an unpopular decree that would have cut social security benefits and increased taxpayer contributions 89 The protesters were violently set upon by the state sponsored Sandinista Youth 125 Despite attempts by Ortega s government to hide the incident through censorship of all private owned news outlets photos and videos of the violence made their way to social media where they sparked outrage and urged more Nicaraguans to join in on the protests 126 127 128 Tensions escalated quickly as police began using tear gas canisters and rubber bullets and eventually live ammunition on unarmed protesters 129 Authorities were also seen arming Sandinista Youth members with weapons to serve as paramilitary forces 129 Dozens of student protesters were subsequently killed Despite the withdrawal of the unpopular decree the protests continue with most protesters demanding Ortega s and his cabinet s resignations 130 On 30 May 2018 Nicaragua s Mother s Day over 300 000 people marched to honor the mothers of students killed in the preceding protests Despite the attendance of children mothers and retirees and lack of any violence by marchers marchers were attacked in an event dubbed the Mother s Day Massacre 131 132 133 134 16 were killed and 88 injured as police sprayed the crowd with bullets government sharpshooters positioned on the roof of the national baseball stadium went headhunting with sniper rifles 88 In June 2018 Tim Rogers wrote in The Atlantic magazine Over the past seven weeks Ortega s police and paramilitaries have killed more than 120 people mostly students and other young protesters who are demanding the president s ouster and a return to democracy according to a human rights group CENIDH Nicaraguan Center for Human Rights Police hunt students like enemy combatants Sandinista Youth paramilitaries armed and paid by Ortega s party drive around in pickup trucks attacking protesters Gangs of masked men loot and burn shops with impunity Cops wear civilian clothing and some paramilitaries dress in police uniforms This is starting to look more like Syria than Caracas one Nicaraguan business leader told me 88 By December 3 22 people were dead and 565 imprisoned Professionals involved in the protests lawyers engineering majors radio broadcasters and merchants had been reduced to lives of ever changing safe houses encrypted messaging apps and pseudonyms with the Ortega government allegedly hunting us like deer according to one dissident Roberto Carlos Membreno Briceno Human rights organization offices were raided computers seized and observers expelled 89 Observers from the Organization of American States were expelled after releasing a critical investigative report of the government s response to the protests 89 The report found the government had progressed from using tear gas to rubber bullets then real bullets and finally military firepower like assault rifles and grenade launchers based on an analysis of videos posted on social media At least 1 400 people involved in the protests were hurt although that the number was probably far higher because most people were too afraid to go to public hospitals where doctors were fired for treating wounded protesters 89 By July 2019 the international human rights organization Human Rights Watch called on the United States to impose sanctions on Ortega and other top Nicaraguan officials implicated in the crackdown on protests 135 Foreign policy edit nbsp Ortega with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Russia on 18 December 2008Soon after the 2006 election Ortega paid an official visit to Iran and met Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ortega told the press that the revolutions of Iran and Nicaragua are almost twin revolutions since both revolutions are about justice liberty self determination and the struggle against imperialism 136 On 6 March 2008 following the 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis Ortega announced that Nicaragua was breaking diplomatic ties with Colombia in solidarity with the Ecuadorian people 137 Ortega also stated We are not breaking relations with the Colombian people We are breaking relations with the terrorist policy practiced by Alvaro Uribe s government 138 The relations were restored with the resolution at a Rio Group summit held in Santo Domingo Dominican Republic on 7 March 2008 At the summit Colombia s Alvaro Uribe Ecuador s Rafael Correa Venezuela s Hugo Chavez and Ortega publicly shook hands in a show of good will The handshakes broadcast live throughout Latin America appeared to signal that a week of military buildups and diplomatic repercussions was over After the handshakes Ortega said he would re establish diplomatic ties with Colombia Uribe then quipped that he would send him the bill for his ambassador s plane fare 139 140 On 25 May 2008 Ortega upon learning of the death of FARC guerrilla leader Manuel Marulanda in Colombia expressed condolences to the family of Marulanda and solidarity with the FARC and called Marulanda an extraordinary fighter who battled against profound inequalities in Colombia 141 142 The declarations were protested by the Colombian government and criticized in the major Colombian media outlets 143 nbsp Ortega with Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva at Itamaraty Palace in Brasilia 28 July 2010 On 2 September 2008 during ceremonies for the 29th anniversary of the founding of the Nicaraguan army Ortega announced that Nicaragua recognizes the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia and fully supports the Russian government s position Ortega s decision made Nicaragua the second country after Russia to recognize the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia from Georgia citation needed nbsp Ortega with the president of the Republic of China Tsai Ing wen 10 January 2017Under Ortega s leadership Nicaragua joined the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas When seeking office Ortega threatened to cut diplomatic recognition with the Republic of China Taiwan formerly Nationalist China in order to restore relations with the Mainland based People s Republic of China as in the period from 1985 to 1990 as the legal government of China But he did not do so In 2007 Ortega stated that Nicaragua did not accept the One China Policy of the PRC government and that Nicaragua reserved the right to maintain official diplomatic relations with the ROC He reassured President Chen Shui Bian in 2007 that Nicaragua would not break diplomatic relations with the ROC He explained that during the Reagan administration the United States imposed sanctions on Nicaragua But cutting ties with Taipei was a sad and painful decision because of the friendship between Nicaragua and Taiwan s people and government Ortega met with the ROC President Ma Ying jeou in 2009 and both agreed to improve the diplomatic ties between both countries 144 However with a trade show from China PRC in Managua in 2010 he is attempting a two track policy to get benefits from both sides In 2016 Nicaragua and China ROC signed an air services agreement and Ortega stated that Nicaragua s free trade deal with the ROC had benefited both nations The ROC increased its investment in Nicaragua 145 unreliable source In December 2021 Nicaragua once again switched recognition with the PRC In September 2010 after a US report listed Nicaragua as a major drug trafficking centre with Costa Rica and Honduras Ortega urged the US Congress and Obama administration to allocate more resources to assist the fight against drug trafficking 146 147 During the Libyan Civil War Ortega was among the very few leaders who spoke out in clear defense of the embattled Muammar Gaddafi 148 During a telephone conversation between the two Ortega told Gaddafi that he was waging a great battle to defend his nation 149 and stated that it s at difficult times that loyalty and resolve are put to the test 150 Ortega has said that Assad s victory in the 2014 election is an important step to attain peace in Syria and a clear cut evidence that the Syrian people trust their president as a national leader and support his policies which aim at maintaining Syria s sovereignty and unity 151 Ortega attended the swearing in ceremony of Nicolas Maduro for his second term on 10 January 2019 152 In an interview with Max Blumenthal in August 2019 Ortega stated that he was open to the idea of Bernie Sanders who had visited him in 1985 winning the US presidency in 2020 and that Sanders s message goes in the right direction for the U S to become a pole of peace development and cooperation 153 Environmental policy edit In 2016 Daniel Ortega did not sign the Paris Agreement because he felt the deal did not do enough to protect the climate although he later changed his mind Moreover Nicaragua rejected projects of mining of the Canadian group B2 Gold which could represent a threat to the environment 154 According to government estimates Nicaragua has passed from 25 renewable electricity to 52 between 2007 and 2016 155 International sanctions edit United States edit In November 2021 Joe Biden signed into law the Reinforcing Nicaragua s Adherence to Conditions for Electoral Reform Act RENACER Act which extended US sanctions against Nicaragua and gave Biden the power to exclude Nicaragua from the Dominican Republic Central America Free Trade Agreement CAFTA DR and to obstruct multilateral loans to Nicaragua Venezuela and Russia condemned the new law 156 157 Ukraine edit In February 2021 Ukraine s Verkhovna Rada approved economic sanctions against President Ortega and his government The sanctions were in response to Ortega sending a delegation to the Russian occupied territory of Crimea in November 2020 158 Electoral history edit1984 general election edit Main article 1984 Nicaraguan general election CandidatePartyVotes Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front735 96766 97Clemente Guido ChavezDemocratic Conservative Party154 32714 04Virgilio Godoy ReyesIndependent Liberal Party 105 5609 61Mauricio Diaz DavilaPopular Social Christian Party61 1995 57Allan Zambrana SalmeronCommunist Party of Nicaragua16 0341 46Domingo Sanchez SalgadoNicaraguan Socialist Party14 4941 32Isidro Tellez TorunoMarxist Leninist Popular Action Movement11 3521 03Total1 098 933100 00Valid votes1 098 93393 91Invalid blank votes71 2096 09Total votes1 170 142100 00Registered voters turnout1 551 59775 42Source Nohlen1990 general election edit Main article 1990 Nicaraguan general election CandidatePartyVotes Violeta ChamorroNational Opposition Union777 55254 74Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front579 88640 82Erick Ramirez BeneventesSocial Christian Party16 7511 18Moises HassanRevolutionary Unity Movement11 1360 78Bonifacio Miranda BengoecheaWorkers Revolutionary Party8 5900 60Isidro Tellez TorunoMarxist Leninist Popular Action Movement8 1150 57Fernando Bernabe Aguero RochaSocial Conservative Party5 7980 41Blanca Rojas EchaverryCentral American Unionist Party5 0650 36Eduardo Molina PalaciosDemocratic Conservative Party4 5000 32Rodolfo Robelo HerreraIndependent Liberal Party for National Unity3 1510 22Total1 420 544100 00Valid votes1 420 54494 02Invalid blank votes90 2945 98Total votes1 510 838100 00Registered voters turnout1 752 08886 23Source Nohlen Sarti1996 general election edit Main article 1996 Nicaraguan general election CandidatePartyVotes Arnoldo AlemanLiberal Alliance896 20750 99Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front664 90937 83Guillermo Antonio Osorno MolinaNicaraguan Party of the Christian Path71 9084 09Noel Jose Vidaurre ArguelloConservative Party39 9832 27Benjamin Ramon Lanzas SelvaNational Project9 2650 53Sergio RamirezSandinista Renovation Movement7 6650 44Francisco Jose Mayorga BalladaresBread and Strength Alliance PAN ASR 7 1020 40Francisco Jose Duarte TapiaNational Conservative Action6 1780 35Edgar Enrique Quinones TucklerNicaraguan Resistance Party5 8130 33Andres Abelino Robles PerezNicaraguan Workers Peasants and Professionals Unity Party5 7890 33Virgilio GodoyIndependent Liberal Party5 6920 32Jorge Alberto Diaz CruzNational Justice Party5 5820 32Alejandro Serrano CalderaUnity Alliance4 8730 28Eli AltamiranoCommunist Party of Nicaragua4 8020 27Miriam Auxiliadora Arguello MoralesPopular Conservative Alliance4 6320 26Ausberto Narvaez ArguelloLiberal Unity Party3 8870 22Alfredo Cesar AguirreUNO 96 Alliance PND MAC MDN 3 6640 21Allan Antonio Tefel AlbaNational Renovation Movement2 6410 15James Odnith Webster PittsDemocratic Action Party1 8950 11Sergio Abilio Mendieta CastilloCentral American Integrationist Party1 6530 09Moises HassanRenovating Action Movement1 3930 08Gustavo Ernesto Tablada ZelayaNicaraguan Socialist Party1 3520 08Roberto Urcuyo MunozNicaraguan Democratic Party8900 05Total1 757 775100 00Valid votes1 757 77595 05Invalid blank votes91 5874 95Total votes1 849 362100 00Registered voters turnout2 421 06776 39Source Nohlen2001 general election edit Main article 2001 Nicaraguan general election CandidateRunning matePartyVotes Enrique BolanosJose RizoConstitutionalist Liberal Party1 228 41256 31Daniel OrtegaAgustin JarquinSandinista National Liberation Front922 43642 28Alberto Saborio Conservative Party30 6701 41Total2 181 518100 00Registered voters turnout2 980 641 Source IPADE La Nacion2006 general election edit Main article 2006 Nicaraguan general election CandidatePartyVotes Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front854 31638 07Eduardo MontealegreNicaraguan Liberal Alliance650 87929 00Jose Rizo CastellonConstitutionalist Liberal Party588 30426 21Edmundo JarquinSandinista Renovation Movement144 5966 44Eden PastoraAlternative for Change6 1200 27Total2 244 215100 00Registered voters turnout3 665 141 Source IFES2011 general election edit Main article 2011 Nicaraguan general election CandidatePartyVotes Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front1 569 28762 46Fabio Gadea MantillaIndependent Liberal Party778 88931 00Arnoldo AlemanConstitutionalist Liberal Party148 5075 91Edgar Enrique Quinonez TucklerNicaraguan Liberal Alliance10 0030 40Roger Antonio Guevara MenaAlliance for the Republic5 8980 23Total2 512 584100 00Source CSE2016 general election edit Main article 2016 Nicaraguan general election CandidatePartyVotes Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front1 806 65172 44Maximino RodriguezConstitutionalist Liberal Party374 89815 03Jose AlvaradoIndependent Liberal Party112 5624 51Saturnino CerratoNicaraguan Liberal Alliance107 3924 31Erick CabezasConservative Party57 4372 30Carlos CanalesAlliance for the Republic35 0021 40Total2 493 942100 00Valid votes2 493 94296 51Invalid blank votes90 2463 49Total votes2 584 188100 00Source CSE IFES2021 general election edit Main article 2021 Nicaraguan general election CandidatePartyVotes Daniel OrtegaSandinista National Liberation Front2 093 83475 87Walter EspinozaConstitutionalist Liberal Party395 40614 33Guillermo OsornoNicaraguan Party of the Christian Path89 8533 26Marcelo MontielNicaraguan Liberal Alliance85 7113 11Gerson GutierrezAlliance for the Republic48 4291 75Mauricio OrueIndependent Liberal Party46 5101 69Total2 759 743100 00Valid votes2 759 74394 47Invalid blank votes161 6875 53Total votes2 921 430100 00Registered voters turnout4 476 60165 26Source CSE adam carrControversy editOrtega s second presidency has been subject to much criticism and accusations of his becoming a strongman 159 The 2018 protests have been pointed to as being symbolic of these tensions 10 160 In 2018 Frances Robles wrote in The New York Times that the many Ortega adult children manage everything from gasoline distribution to television stations in Nicaragua 89 In the months preceding the November 2021 Nicaraguan general election Ortega s government arrested many prominent opposition members As of 23 July 26 opposition leaders have been imprisoned 161 162 163 On 24 March 2022 the ambassador Arturo McFields condemned the Ortega government and requested the release of political prisoners alluding that the government people were tired of dictatorship and that it was not easy to denounce it As a result he was dismissed 164 165 166 167 168 The American lawyer Paul Reichler also left his position as representative due to moral conscience 169 who felt that the president was no longer the Daniel Ortega whom he respected so much and served with so much pride Reichler found it inconceivable that someone like Ortega would have mercilessly suppressed peaceful demonstrations and imprisoned his former colleagues in inhumane conditions and accused him of murdering a general by withholding medical treatment This figure of American origin served as Nicaragua s international legal adviser before the International Court of Justice when Managua denounced the United States for financing the counterrevolution winning the case 170 The Ortega administration also ordered the closure of the Nicaraguan Language Academy for failing to register as a foreign agent ratified by the Sandinista parliament with the favorable vote of 75 deputies of the ruling FSLN 171 172 173 174 Sexual abuse allegations edit In 1998 Daniel Ortega s adopted stepdaughter Zoilamerica Narvaez released a 48 page report 175 in which she alleged he had sexually abused her from 1979 when she was 12 until 1990 176 177 Ortega and his wife Murillo denied the allegation 178 The case could not proceed in Nicaraguan courts which have been consistently allied with Ortega 179 because he had immunity from prosecution as a member of parliament 180 and the five year statute of limitations for sexual abuse and rape charges had expired 181 Narvaez s complaint to the Inter American Human Rights Commission was ruled admissible on 15 October 2001 182 On 4 March 2002 the Nicaraguan government accepted the commission s recommendation of a friendly agreement 37 Narvaez withdrew the accusations in 2008 why 178 179 Following the 2016 election Narvaez renewed her accusations and said that she had become an outcast in her family 176 179 In 2019 a documentary film Exiliada was released which revolves around Zoilamerica Narvaez and her sexual abuse allegations against Ortega 183 There is also the case of Elvia Junieth who was allegedly abused by the president in 2005 and according to the family a girl was born from that relationship that Ortega did not recognize Ernesto Moncada Lau another of the assistants to the Sandinista president appears on the birth certificate as the father of the minor 184 185 Her brother died in the Tipitapa Model prison in November 2021 186 187 Foreign honours editAbkhazia nbsp Order of Honour and Glory First Class 188 Cuba nbsp Order of Jose Marti 189 Mongolia nbsp Order of Sukhbaatar citation needed Peru nbsp Order of the Sun of Peru 190 Russia nbsp Order of Friendship 191 South Ossetia nbsp Uatsamonga Order 192 References editCitations edit Webber Jude 22 August 2018 A rebel no more Daniel Ortega comes to resemble the dictator he replaced The Irish Times Archived from the original on 9 November 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Belli Gioconda 24 August 2018 How Daniel Ortega Became a Tyrant From Revolutionary to Strongman Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Helicon ed 2016 Ortega Saavedra Daniel The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide Abington Helicon US Policy Economic Embargo The War Goes On Envio Central American University UCA Archived from the original on 21 June 2007 Retrieved 21 August 2007 Truver SC Mines and Underwater IEDs in U S 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AlJazeera 6 July 2021 Archived from the original on 22 July 2021 Retrieved 23 July 2021 Nicaraguan opposition activists held as crackdown intensifies BBC news BBC 7 July 2021 Archived from the original on 22 July 2021 Retrieved 23 July 2021 Embajador Nicaragua ante rompe dictadura donde sesion vivo abc es permanent dead link 1 dead link https noticiasyprotagonistas com actualidad arturo mcfields el ambassador que permanent dead link I am encouraged to denounce daniel ortega pass the 15 most horrible days of my life https radio corporacion com blog permanent dead link archives 142943 it is the official government of ortega removing arturo mcfields as ambassador of nicaragua at the oas Balmaceda Marling 24 March 2022 Ortega officially dismisses Arturo McFields as his ambassador to the OAS Articulo66 Archived from the original on 27 March 2022 Retrieved 14 June 2022 Nicaragua s lawyer before the International Court of Justice Paul Reichler resigned from his position due to moral conscience infobae in European Spanish 27 March 2022 Archived from the original on 17 April 2022 Retrieved 15 April 2022 Miranda Wilfredo 29 March 2022 An important adviser to the Government of Nicaragua resigns He is no longer the Daniel Ortega whom I respected so much El Pais in Spanish Archived from the original on 17 April 2022 Retrieved 15 April 2022 El Parlamento sandinista ratifica el cierre de la Academia Nicaraguense de la Lengua pese a la repulsa internacional ELMUNDO in Spanish 31 May 2022 Archived from the original on 3 June 2022 Retrieved 3 June 2022 Mantilla Carlos Salinas Maldonado Jesus Ruiz 31 May 2022 La Academia Nicaraguense de la Lengua la nueva victima de la represion del Gobierno de Ortega El Pais in Spanish Archived from the original on 3 June 2022 Retrieved 3 June 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Asamblea Nacional de Nicaragua cancela la personeria juridica de la Academia de la Lengua y otras 82 organizaciones civiles CNN in Spanish 31 May 2022 Archived from the original on 3 June 2022 Retrieved 3 June 2022 Tras 94 anos de actividad parlamento de Nicaragua inhabilita a la Academia Nicaraguense de la Lengua El Universal in Spanish 31 May 2022 Archived from the original on 31 May 2022 Retrieved 3 June 2022 in Spanish Testimony of Zoilamerica Narvaez against her stepfather Daniel Ortega Archived 26 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Testimony of Zoilamerica Narvaez against her stepfather Daniel Ortega in English Archived 28 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine a b Watts Jonathan 4 November 2016 As Nicaragua s first couple consolidates power a daughter fears for her country The Guardian Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 Retrieved 4 November 2017 Time 23 March 1998 An Ugly Family Affair Charges of sexual abuse leveled against Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega swirl atop a power struggle a b Anthony Andrew 7 November 2006 From comandante to caudillo The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 27 April 2019 Retrieved 10 March 2019 a b c Margolis Mac 20 May 2013 Nicaragua s President Accused of Sex Abuse by His Stepdaughter The Daily Beast Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 Retrieved 4 November 2017 Ortega faces sex abuse case from his stepdaughter The Independent Archived from the original on 13 September 2018 Retrieved 30 August 2018 Picq Manuela Ignoring sexual violence in Nicaragua www aljazeera com Archived from the original on 31 August 2018 Retrieved 30 August 2018 Nicaragua 12 230 Admissible Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 Retrieved 5 August 2016 Documental Exiliada ya puede verse en Nicaragua Niu in Spanish 7 May 2020 Archived from the original on 6 September 2021 Retrieved 6 September 2021 Joven supuestamente abusada Soy victima de Daniel Ortega Archived from the original on 15 April 2022 Retrieved 15 April 2022 Mi nina fue violada por Daniel Ortega 26 October 2015 Archived from the original on 25 September 2022 Retrieved 15 April 2022 Muere en carcel de Nicaragua hombre que acuso a Ortega de violar a su hermana SWI in Spanish Swissinfo ch 11 November 2021 Archived from the original on 15 April 2022 Retrieved 20 April 2022 10 de Noviembre de 2021 27 October 2021 Nicaragua fue hallado muerto en prision el abogado que denuncio que su hermana fue violada por Daniel Ortega cuando tenia 15 anos Infobae Archived from the original on 23 November 2021 Retrieved 20 April 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Daniel Ortega Saavedra Biograficheskaya spravka in Russian RIA Novosti 18 December 2008 Archived from the original on 10 August 2021 Retrieved 9 August 2021 Comandante Daniel Ortega Saavedra siempre Daniel in Spanish La Voz del Sandinismo 11 November 2015 Archived from the original on 11 November 2021 Retrieved 9 August 2021 Condecorados Orden El Sol Del Peru PDF Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Archived PDF from the original on 1 November 2019 Retrieved 9 August 2021 Ukaz Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 20 10 2015 517 O nagrazhdenii gosudarstvennymi nagradami Rossijskoj Federacii inostrannyh grazhdan Oficialnyj internet portal pravovoj informacii Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 Retrieved 9 August 2021 Besplatnye programmy dlya android skachat besplatno bez registracii i sms programmy dlya android ru permanent dead link Sources edit DeFronzo James 2011 Revolutions and Revolutionary Movements 4th ed Boulder Westview Press ISBN 9780813344805 Kinzer Stephen 1991 Blood of Brothers Life and War in Nicaragua New York G P Putnam s Sons ISBN 9780399135941 Close David Marti i Puig Salvador McConnell Shelley eds 2012 The Sandinistas amp Nicaragua Since 1979 Boulder Lynne Rienner Publishers ISBN 978 1 58826 798 6 via EBSCOHost especially Baltodano Andres Perez Political Culture pp 65 90 loc cit External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel Ortega nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Daniel Ortega Office of the President Archived 8 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine Biography by CIDOB in Spanish Political officesPreceded byFrancisco Urcuyoas Acting President of Nicaragua Coordinator of the Junta of National Reconstruction1979 1985 Succeeded byHimselfas President of NicaraguaPreceded byHimselfas Coordinator of the Junta of National Reconstruction President of Nicaragua1985 1990 Succeeded byVioleta ChamorroPreceded byEnrique Bolanos President of Nicaragua2007 present IncumbentParty political officesNew political party FSLN nominee for President of Nicaragua1984 1990 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Most recent Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Daniel Ortega amp oldid 1195137573, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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