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Wikipedia

The Bahamas

January 10, 2023

"Bahama" and "Bahamas" redirect here. For other uses, see Bahama (disambiguation).

The Bahamas (/bəˈhɑːməz/ (listen)), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas,[11] is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the North Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the U.S. state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing 470,000 km2 (180,000 sq mi) of ocean space.

Commonwealth of The Bahamas
Motto: "Forward, Upward, Onward, Together"
Anthem: "March On, Bahamaland"
Royal anthem: "God Save the King"[1]
Capital
and largest city
Nassau
25°04′41″N 77°20′19″W / 25.07806°N 77.33861°W / 25.07806; -77.33861
Official languagesEnglish
Vernacular languageBahamian Creole
Ethnic groups
(2010)
Religion
(2020)[4]
  • 4.5% No religion
  • 1.9% Folk religions
  • 0.6% Others
Demonym(s)Bahamian
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary
constitutional monarchy[5][6]
• Monarch
Charles III
Sir Cornelius A. Smith
Philip Davis
LegislatureParliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Assembly
Independence 
from the United Kingdom
• Realm
10 July 1973[7]
Area
• Total
13,878 km2 (5,358 sq mi) (155th)
• Water (%)
28%
Population
• 2022 estimate
400,516 (177th)
• 2018 census
385,637
• Density
25.21/km2 (65.3/sq mi) (181st)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
$16.130 billion[8] (148th)
• Per capita
$40,274[8] (40th)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
$12.803 billion[8] (130th)
• Per capita
$32,077[8] (26th)
HDI (2019) 0.814[9]
very high · 58th
CurrencyBahamian dollar (BSD) United States dollar (USD)
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−4 (EDT)
Driving sideleft
Calling code+1 242
ISO 3166 codeBS
Internet TLD.bs
  1. ^ Also referred to as Bahamian[10]

The Bahama Islands were inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno, for many centuries.[12] Christopher Columbus was the first European to see the islands, making his first landfall in the "New World" in 1492 when he landed on the island of San Salvador. Later, the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to and enslaved them on Hispaniola, after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 due to nearly all native Bahamians being forcefully removed through enslavement or dying due to diseases brought to the islands by the Europeans. In 1649,[13] English colonists from Bermuda, known as the Eleutheran Adventurers, settled on the island of Eleuthera.

The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American Revolutionary War, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas; they took enslaved people with them and established plantations on land grants. Enslaved Africans and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on. The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807; slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834. Subsequently, The Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves. Africans liberated from illegal slave ships were resettled on the islands by the Royal Navy, while some North American slaves and Seminoles escaped to The Bahamas from Florida. Bahamians were even known to recognise the freedom of enslaved people carried by the ships of other nations which reached The Bahamas. Today Black-Bahamians make up 90% of the population of 400,516.[12]

The country gained governmental independence in 1973, led by Sir Lynden O. Pindling. Charles III is currently its monarch.[12] In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest independent countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and offshore finance.[14]

Naming and etymology

The name Bahamas is derived from the Lucayan name Bahama ('large upper middle island'), used by the indigenous Taíno people for the island of Grand Bahama.[15][16] Tourist guides often state that the name comes from the Spanish baja mar ('shallow sea'). Wolfgang Ahrens of York University argues that this is a folk etymology.[15] Alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning.[17]

First attested on the c. 1523 Turin Map, Bahama originally referred to Grand Bahama alone but was used inclusively in English by 1670.[18] Toponymist Isaac Taylor argues that the name was derived from Bimani (Bimini), which Spaniards in Haiti identified with Palombe, a legendary place where John Mandeville's Travels said there was a fountain of youth.[19]

History

Main article: History of the Bahamas

Pre-colonial era

The first inhabitants of the Bahamas were the Taino people, who moved into the uninhabited southern islands from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 800s–1000s AD, having migrated there from South America; they came to be known as the Lucayan people.[20] An estimated 30,000 Lucayans inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492.[21]

Arrival of the Spanish

 
A depiction of Columbus's first landing, claiming possession of the New World for the Crown of Castile in caravels; the Niña and the Pinta, on Watling Island, an island of the Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador, on 12 October 1492.[22]

Columbus's first landfall in what was to Europeans a "New World" was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayans as Guanahani). Whilst there is a general consensus that this island lay within the Bahamas, precisely which island Columbus landed on is a matter of scholarly debate. Some researchers believe the site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas, whilst an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbus's log. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayans and exchanged goods with them, claiming the islands for the Crown of Castile, before proceeding to explore the larger isles of the Greater Antilles.[20]

The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas theoretically divided the new territories between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal, placing the Bahamas in the Spanish sphere; however they did little to press their claim on the ground. The Spanish did however exploit the native Lucayan peoples, many of whom were enslaved and sent to Hispaniola for use as forced labour.[20] The slaves suffered harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone.[23] As a result of these depredations the population of the Bahamas was severely diminished.[24]

Arrival of the English

The English had expressed an interest in the Bahamas as early as 1629. However, it was not until 1648 that the first English settlers arrived on the islands. Known as the Eleutherian Adventurers and led by William Sayle, they migrated from Bermuda seeking greater religious freedom. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera, Greek for free. They later settled New Providence, naming it Sayle's Island. Life proved harder than envisaged however, and many – including Sayle – chose to return to Bermuda.[20] To survive, the remaining settlers salvaged goods from wrecks.

In 1670, King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America. They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading, tax, appointing governors, and administering the country from their base on New Providence.[25][20] Piracy and attacks from hostile foreign powers were a constant threat. In 1684, Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital Charles Town (later renamed Nassau),[26] and in 1703, a joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied Nassau during the War of the Spanish Succession.[27][28]

18th century

 
Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African-American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in The Bahamas

During proprietary rule, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates, including Blackbeard (circa 1680–1718).[29] To put an end to the "Pirates' republic" and restore orderly government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718, which they dubbed "the Bahama islands" under the governorship of Woodes Rogers.[20] After a difficult struggle, he succeeded in suppressing piracy.[30] In 1720, the Spanish attacked Nassau during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. In 1729, a local assembly was established giving a degree of self-governance for British settlers.[20][31] The reforms had been planned by the previous Governor George Phenney and authorised in July 1728.[32]

During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century, the islands became a target for US naval forces. Under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins, US Marines, the US Navy occupied Nassau in 1776, before being evacuated a few days later. In 1782 a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau, and the city surrendered without a fight. Later, in April 1783, on a visit made by Prince William of the United Kingdom (later to become King William IV) to Luis de Unzaga at his residence in the Captaincy General of Havana, they made prisoner exchange agreements and also dealt with the preliminaries of the Treaty of Paris (1783), in which the recently conquered Bahamas would be exchanged for East Florida, which would still have to conquer the city of St. Augustine, Florida in 1784 by order of Luis de Unzaga; after that, also in 1784, the Bahamas would be declared a British colony.[33]

After US independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists with their African slaves in the Bahamas, including 2,000 from New York[34] and at least 1,033 European, 2,214 African ancestrals and a few Native American Creeks from East Florida. Most of the refugees resettled from New York had fled from other colonies, including West Florida, which the Spanish captured during the war.[35] The government granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent. These Loyalists, who included Deveaux and also Lord Dunmore, established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital.[20] European Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory.

19th century

The Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished slave trading to British possessions, including the Bahamas. The United Kingdom pressured other slave-trading countries to also abolish slave-trading, and gave the Royal Navy the right to intercept ships carrying slaves on the high seas.[36][37] Thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships by the Royal Navy were resettled in the Bahamas.

In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida, hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas. They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island, where they developed the village of Red Bays. From eyewitness accounts, 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823, aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops, with others using canoes for the journey. This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park.[38][39] Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking.[40]

In 1818,[41] the Home Office in London had ruled that "any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted." This led to a total of nearly 300 enslaved people owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835.[42] The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade, were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834, respectively. When wreckers took the masters, passengers and slaves into Nassau, customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them, over the protests of the Americans. There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium. The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855, under the Treaty of Claims of 1853, which settled several compensation cases between the two countries.[43][44]

 
The lighthouse in Great Isaac Cay.

Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834.[20] After that British colonial officials freed 78 North American slaves from the Enterprise, which went into Bermuda in 1835; and 38 from the Hermosa, which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840.[45] The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841: as a result of a slave revolt on board, the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau. It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans. The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands. The Creole case has been described as the "most successful slave revolt in U.S. history".[46]

These incidents, in which a total of 447 enslaved people belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842, increased tension between the United States and the United Kingdom. They had been co-operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade. However, worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value, the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress as part of the international trade. The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships.

During the American Civil War of the 1860s, the islands briefly prospered as a focus for blockade runners aiding the Confederate States.[47][48]

Early 20th century

The early decades of the 20th century were ones of hardship for many Bahamians, characterised by a stagnant economy and widespread poverty. Many eked out a living via subsistence agriculture or fishing.[20]

 
The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945

In August 1940, the Duke of Windsor (erstwhile King Edward VIII) was appointed Governor of the Bahamas. He arrived in the colony with his wife. Although disheartened at the condition of Government House, they "tried to make the best of a bad situation".[49] He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[50] He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940. The couple visited the "Out Islands" that November, on Axel Wenner-Gren's yacht, which caused controversy;[51] the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised by United States intelligence that Wenner-Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring of Nazi Germany.[51][52]

The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands. A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler, however, described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non-European peoples of the Empire. He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a "full-scale riot".[53] Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[54] The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945.[55][56]

Post-Second World War

 
The Bahamas was a Crown colony until it gained independence in 1973

Modern political development began after the Second World War. The first political parties were formed in the 1950s, split broadly along ethnic lines, with the United Bahamian Party (UBP) representing the English-descended Bahamians (known informally as the "Bay Street Boys")[57] and the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) representing the Black-Bahamian majority.[20]

A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964, with Chief Minister Sir Roland Symonette of the UBP becoming the first Premier.[58]: p.73 [59] In 1967, Lynden Pindling of the PLP became the first black Premier of the Bahamian colony; in 1968, the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister. In 1968, Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence.[60] A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968.[61] In 1971, the UBP merged with a disaffected faction of the PLP to form a new party, the Free National Movement (FNM), a centre-right party which aimed to counter the growing power of Pindling's PLP.[62]

The United Kingdom Government gave the Bahamas its independence by an Order in Council dated 20 June 1973.[63] The Order came into force on 10 July 1973, on which date Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling.[64] This date is now celebrated as the country's Independence Day.[65] It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day.[66] Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first governor-general of The Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II) shortly after independence.[67]

See also: Monarchy of the Bahamas

Post-independence

Shortly after independence, The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973,[68] and later the United Nations on 18 September 1973.[69]

Politically, the first two decades were dominated by Pindling's PLP, who went on to win a string of electoral victories. Allegations of corruption, links with drug cartels and financial malfeasance within the Bahamian government failed to dent Pindling's popularity. Meanwhile, the economy underwent a dramatic growth period fuelled by the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance, significantly raising the standard of living on the islands. The Bahamas' booming economy led to it becoming a beacon for immigrants, most notably from Haiti.[20]

 
Hurricane Dorian's destruction in the Bahamas

In 1992, Pindling was unseated by Hubert Ingraham of the FNM.[58]: p.78  Ingraham went on to win the 1997 Bahamian general election, before being defeated in 2002, when the PLP returned to power under Perry Christie.[58]: p.82  Ingraham returned to power from 2007 to 2012, followed by Christie again from 2012 to 2017. With economic growth faltering, Bahamians re-elected the FNM in 2017, with Hubert Minnis becoming the fourth prime minister.[20]

In September 2019, Hurricane Dorian struck the Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama at Category 5 intensity, devastating the northwestern Bahamas. The storm inflicted at least US$7 billion in damages and killed more than 50 people,[70][71] with 1,300 people still missing.[72]

In September 2021, the ruling Free National Movement lost to the opposition Progressive Liberal Party in a snap election, as the economy struggled to recover from its deepest crash since at least 1971.[73][74] Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) won 32 of the 39 seats in the House of Assembly. Free National Movement (FNM), led by Minnis, took the remaining seats.[75] On 17 September 2021, the chairman of the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) Phillip "Brave" Davis was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Bahamas to succeed Hubert Minnis.[76]

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Bahamas
 
Map of The Bahamas

The landmass that makes up what is the modern-day Bahamas, lies at the northern part of the Greater Antilles region and was believed to have been formed 200 million years ago when they began to separate from the supercontinent Pangaea. The Pleistocene Ice Age around 3 million years ago, had a profound impact on the archipelago's formation. The Bahamas consists of a chain of islands spread out over some 800 km (500 mi) in the Atlantic Ocean, located to the east of Florida in the United States, north of Cuba and Hispaniola and west of the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands (with which it forms the Lucayan archipelago). It lies between latitudes 20° and 28°N, and longitudes 72° and 80°W and straddles the Tropic of Cancer.[12] There are some 700 islands and 2,400 cays in total (of which 30 are inhabited) with a total land area of 10,010 km2 (3,860 sq mi).[12][20]

Nassau, capital city of The Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence; the other main inhabited islands are Grand Bahama, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Long Island, San Salvador Island, Ragged Island, Acklins, Crooked Island, Exuma, Berry Islands, Mayaguana, the Bimini islands, Great Abaco and Great Inagua. The largest island is Andros.[20]

All the islands are low and flat, with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m (49 to 66 ft). The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia (formerly Como Hill) on Cat Island at 64 m (210 ft).[12]

The country contains three terrestrial ecoregions: Bahamian dry forests, Bahamian pine mosaic, and Bahamian mangroves.[77] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.35/10, ranking it 44th globally out of 172 countries.[78]

Climate

See also: Geography of the Bahamas § Climate
 
The Bahamas map of Köppen climate classification.

According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate of The Bahamas is mostly tropical savannah climate or Aw, with a hot and wet season and a warm and dry season. The low latitude, warm tropical Gulf Stream, and low elevation give The Bahamas a warm and winterless climate.[79]

As with most tropical climates, seasonal rainfall follows the sun, and summer is the wettest season. There is only a 7 °C (13 °F) difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands. Every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 °C (50 °F) for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes down from the North American mainland, however there has never been a frost or freeze recorded in the Bahamian Islands. Only once in recorded history has snow been seen in the air anywhere in The Bahamas, this occurred in Freeport on 19 January 1977, when snow mixed with rain was seen in the air for a short time.[80] The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time, and average more than 3,000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually. Much of the natural vegetation is tropical scrub and cactus and succulents are common in landscapes.[81]

Tropical storms and hurricanes occasionally impact The Bahamas. In 1992, Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands, and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999. Hurricane Dorian of 2019 passed over the archipelago at destructive Category 5 strength with sustained winds of 298 km/h (185 mph) and wind gusts up to 350 km/h (220 mph), becoming the strongest tropical cyclone on record to impact the northwestern islands of Grand Bahama and Great Abaco.[82]

Geology

Main article: Bahama Banks
 
The Blue Lagoon Island, Bahamas.

It was generally believed that the Bahamas were formed in approximately 200 million years ago, when Pangaea started to break apart. In current times, it endures as an archipelago containing over 700 islands and cays, fringed around different coral reefs. The limestone that comprises the Banks has been accumulating since at least the Cretaceous period, and perhaps as early as the Jurassic; today the total thickness under the Great Bahama Bank is over 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles).[83] As the limestone was deposited in shallow water, the only way to explain this massive column is to estimate that the entire platform has subsided under its own weight at a rate of roughly 3.6 centimetres (2 inches) per 1,000 years.[83] The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago, which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Mouchoir Bank, the Silver Bank, and the Navidad Bank.[84] The Bahamas Platform, which includes The Bahamas, Southern Florida, Northern Cuba, the Turks and Caicos, and the Blake Plateau, formed about 150 Ma, not long after the formation of the North Atlantic. The 6.4 km (4.0 mi) thick limestones, which predominate in The Bahamas, date back to the Cretaceous. These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas, assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust. Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight. Thus, the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands. Then, at about 80 Ma, the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream. This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau, the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida, the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks, the creation of the Cay Sal Bank, plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks. Sedimentation from the "carbonate factory" of each bank, or atoll, continues today at the rate of about 20 mm (0.79 in) per kyr. Coral reefs form the "retaining walls" of these atolls, within which oolites and pellets form.[85]

Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary, until the start of the ice ages, and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m (118 ft). In fact, an ancient extinct reef exists half a kilometre seaward of the present one, 30 m (98 ft) below sea level. Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks, increasing the temperature about 3 °C (5.4 °F) and the salinity by 0.5 per cent. Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone. Additionally, giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays.[85]: 22, 29–30 

Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level, causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding. Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges, which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater, called eolianite. Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m (98 to 148 ft), though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m (200 ft) in height. The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps.[85]: 41–59, 61–64 

Solution weathering of the limestone results in a "Bahamian Karst" topography. This includes potholes, blue holes such as Dean's Blue Hole, sinkholes, beachrock such as the Bimini Road ("pavements of Atlantis"), limestone crust, caves due to the lack of rivers, and sea caves. Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line. Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common, but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition.[85]: 33–40, 65, 72–84, 86 

The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl's Hole Formation, overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation, and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation. However, these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally. The oldest formation, Owl's Hole, is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil, as is the Grotto Beach, unless eroded. The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread.[84]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of the Bahamas
 
The Bahamian Parliament, located in Nassau

The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, with King of the Bahamas Charles III as head of state represented locally by a governor-general.[12] Political and legal traditions closely follow those of England and the Westminster system.[20] The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and shares its head of state with some other Commonwealth realms.[86][87]

The prime minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly.[12][20] Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the prime minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current governor-general is The Honourable Cornelius A. Smith, and the current prime minister is The Hon. Philip Davis MP.[12]

Legislative power is vested in a bicameral parliament, which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house), with members elected from single-member districts, and a 16-member Senate, with members appointed by the governor-general, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition, and three on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. As under the Westminster system, the prime minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term.[88]

Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement and association. The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law.[12]

Political culture

 
Bahamian Prime Minister Hubert Minnis with US President Donald Trump on 22 March 2019

The Bahamas has a two-party system dominated by the centre-left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre-right Free National Movement. A handful of other political parties have been unable to win election to parliament; these have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement, the Coalition for Democratic Reform, Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance.[89]

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of the Bahamas

The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom, represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London. The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).[90]

The embassy of the United States in Nassau donated $3.6 million to the Minister for Disaster Preparedness, Management, and Reconstruction for modular shelters, medical evacuation boats, and construction materials. The donation was made 2 weeks after the one year anniversary of Hurricane Dorian.[91]

Armed forces

Main article: Royal Bahamas Defence Force

The Bahamian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF),[92] the navy of The Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron (Regiment) and an Air Wing (Air Force). Under the Defence Act, the RBDF has been mandated, in the name of the King, to defend The Bahamas, protect its territorial integrity, patrol its waters, provide assistance and relief in times of disaster, maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of The Bahamas, and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council.[93] The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)'s Regional Security Task Force.[92]

The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980. Its duties include defending The Bahamas, stopping drug smuggling, illegal immigration and poaching, and providing assistance to mariners. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1,100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women.[94]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Local government in the Bahamas
Further information: List of islands of The Bahamas

The districts of The Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70 percent of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the "Local Government Act" to facilitate the establishment of family island administrators, local government districts, local district councillors and local town committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of the central government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 councillors and 281 town committee members elected to represent the various districts.[95]

Each councillor or town committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency.

The districts other than New Providence are:[96]

  1. Acklins
  2. Berry Islands
  3. Bimini
  4. Black Point, Exuma
  5. Cat Island
  6. Central Abaco
  7. Central Andros
  8. Central Eleuthera
  9. City of Freeport, Grand Bahama
  10. Crooked Island
  11. East Grand Bahama
  12. Exuma
  13. Grand Cay, Abaco
  14. Harbour Island, Eleuthera
  15. Hope Town, Abaco
  16. Inagua
  17. Long Island
  18. Mangrove Cay, Andros
  19. Mayaguana
  20. Moore's Island, Abaco
  21. North Abaco
  22. North Andros
  23. North Eleuthera
  24. Ragged Island
  25. Rum Cay
  26. San Salvador
  27. South Abaco
  28. South Andros
  29. South Eleuthera
  30. Spanish Wells, Eleuthera
  31. West Grand Bahama
 
Districts of The Bahamas

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Bahamas
Further information: Agriculture in the Bahamas
 
A proportional representation of The Bahamas' exports in 2019.

In terms of GDP per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas.[97] Its currency (the Bahamian dollar) is kept at a 1-to-1 peg with the US dollar.[14]

The Bahamas relies heavily on tourism to generate most of its economic activity. Tourism as an industry not only accounts for about 70% of the Bahamian GDP, but also provides jobs for about half of the country's workforce.[98] The Bahamas attracted 5.8 million visitors in 2012, more than 70% of whom were cruise visitors.[99]

After tourism, the next most important economic sector is banking and offshore international financial services, accounting for some 15% of GDP.[14] It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies in the world.[100]

The economy has a very competitive tax regime (classified by some as a tax haven). The government derives its revenue from import tariffs, VAT, licence fees, property and stamp taxes, but there is no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, or wealth tax. Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3.9% paid by the employee and 5.9% paid by the employer.[101] In 2010, overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17.2%.[2]

Agriculture and manufacturing form the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy, representing 5–7% of total GDP.[14] An estimated 80% of the Bahamian food supply is imported. Major crops include onions, okra, tomatoes, oranges, grapefruit, cucumbers, sugar cane, lemons, limes, and sweet potatoes.[102]

Access to biocapacity in the Bahamas is much higher than world average. In 2016, the Bahamas had 9.2 global hectares[103] of biocapacity per person within its territory, much more than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.[104] In 2016 the Bahamas used 3.7 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use less biocapacity than the Bahamas contains. As a result, the Bahamas is running a biocapacity reserve.[103]

Transport

 
Leonard M. Thompson International Airport

The Bahamas contains about 1,620 km (1,010 mi) of paved roads.[12] Inter-island transport is conducted primarily via ship and air. The country has 61 airports, the chief of which are Lynden Pindling International Airport on New Providence, Grand Bahama International Airport on Grand Bahama Island and Leonard M. Thompson International Airport (formerly Marsh Harbour Airport) on Abaco Island.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Bahamas
 
Demographics of Bahamas, data of FAO; number of inhabitants in thousands

The Bahamas had a population of 407,906 at the 2018 Census, of which 25.9% were 14 or under, 67.2% 15 to 64 and 6.9% over 65. It has a population growth rate of 0.925% (2010), with a birth rate of 17.81/1,000 population, death rate of 9.35/1,000, and net migration rate of −2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population.[105] The infant mortality rate is 23.21 deaths/1,000 live births. Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69.87 years: 73.49 years for females, 66.32 years for males. The total fertility rate is 2.0 children born/woman (2010).[2] The latest official estimate (as at 2022) is 400,516.

The most populous islands are New Providence, where Nassau, the capital and largest city, is located;[106] and Grand Bahama, home to the second largest city of Freeport.[107]

Racial and ethnic groups

According to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 90.6% of the population identified themselves as being Black, 4.7% White and 2.1% of a Mixed (African and European).[108] Three centuries prior, in 1722 when the first official census of The Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was native European and 26% native African.[108]

 
Afro-Bahamian children at a local school

Since the colonial era of plantations, Africans or Afro-Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in The Bahamas, whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa. The first Africans to arrive to The Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda; they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives.[109]

The Haitian community in The Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80,000. Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to The Bahamas, the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014.[110]

 
White Bahamians on the island of New Providence

The white Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783, respectively.[111] Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands, half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985.[112] The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry, as well as some light-skinned Afro-Bahamians. Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent. Generally, however, Bahamians self-identify as white or black along the lines similar to the distinction made in the US.[113]

A small portion of the Euro-Bahamian population are Greek Bahamians, descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s.[114] They make up less than 2% of the nation's population, but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture.[115][116]

Religion

Further information: Religion in the Bahamas

Religion in The Bahamas (2010)[117]

  Protestant (80%)
  Roman Catholic (14.5%)
  Other Christian (1.3%)
  Unaffiliated (3.1%)
  Other religion (1.1%)

The islands' population is predominantly Christian.[14][20] Protestant denominations collectively account for more than 70% of the population, with Baptists representing 35% of the population, Anglicans 15%, Pentecostals 8%, Church of God 5%, Seventh-day Adventists 5% and Methodists 4%. There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14%.[118]

Jews in the Bahamas have a history dating back to the Columbus expeditions, where Luis De Torres, an interpreter and member of Columbus' party, is believed to have been secretly Jewish. Today, there is a small community with about 200 members, according to census data, although higher estimates place this figure at 300.[119][120][121]

Muslims also have a minority presence. While some slaves and free Africans in the colonial era were Muslim, the religion was eradicated until around the 1970s, when it experienced a revival. Today, there are about 300 Muslims.[122][121]

There are also smaller communities of Baháʼís, Hindus, Rastafarians and practitioners of traditional African religions such as Obeah.[121]

Languages

The official language of The Bahamas is English. Many people speak an English-based creole language called Bahamian dialect (known simply as "dialect") or "Bahamianese".[123] Laurente Gibbs, a Bahamian writer and actor, was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage.[124][125] Both are used as autoglossonyms.[126] Haitian Creole, a French-based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants, who make up of about 25% of the total population. It is known simply as Creole[2] to differentiate it from Bahamian English.[127]

Education

Main article: Education in the Bahamas

According to 2011 estimates, 95% of the Bahamian adult population are literate.

The University of the Bahamas (UB) is the national higher education/tertiary system. Offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, UB has three campuses, and teaching and research centres throughout The Bahamas. The University of the Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016.[128]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas
 
Junkanoo celebration in Nassau

The culture of the islands is a mixture of African (Afro-Bahamians being the largest ethnicity), British and American due to historical family ties, migration of freed slaves from the United States to The Bahamas, and as the dominant country in the region and source of most tourists).[20]

A form of African-based folk magic is practiced by some Bahamians, mainly in the Family Islands (out-islands) of The Bahamas.[129] The practice of obeah is illegal in The Bahamas and punishable in law.[130]

In the outer islands also called Family Islands, handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds. This material, commonly called "straw", is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items.[131]

Junkanoo is a traditional Afro-Bahamian street parade of 'rushing', music, dance and art held in Nassau (and a few other settlements) every Boxing Day and New Year's Day. Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day.[20]

Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements. They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old-fashioned work boats, as well as an onshore festival.[132]

Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine, which reflects Caribbean, African and European influences. Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area, such as the "Pineapple Fest" in Gregory Town, Eleuthera or the "Crab Fest" on Andros. Other significant traditions include story telling.

Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry, short stories, plays and short fictional works. Common themes in these works are (1) an awareness of change, (2) a striving for sophistication, (3) a search for identity, (4) nostalgia for the old ways and (5) an appreciation of beauty. Some major writers are Susan Wallace, Percival Miller, Robert Johnson, Raymond Brown, O.M. Smith, William Johnson, Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders.[133][134]

Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs, traditions, folklore and legend. The best-known folklore and legends in The Bahamas include the lusca and chickcharney creatures of Andros, Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas.

Symbols

Main articles: Flag of the Bahamas and Coat of arms of the Bahamas
 
The national flag of The Bahamas

The Bahamian flag was adopted in 1973. Its colours symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; its design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and economic and social development.[12] The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine.[12]

 
Coat of arms of the Bahamas

The coat of arms of The Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point. The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo, which are the national animals of The Bahamas. The flamingo is located on the land, and the marlin on the sea, indicating the geography of the islands.

On top of the shield is a conch shell, which represents the varied marine life of the island chain. The conch shell rests on a helmet. Below this is the actual shield, the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa María of Christopher Columbus, shown sailing beneath the sun. Along the bottom, below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto:[135]

Forward, Upward, Onward Together.

The national flower of The Bahamas is the yellow elder, as it is endemic to the Bahama islands and it blooms throughout the year.[136]

Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence's garden clubs of the 1970s—the Nassau Garden Club, the Carver Garden Club, the International Garden Club and the YWCA Garden Club. They reasoned that other flowers grown there—such as the bougainvillea, hibiscus and poinciana—had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries. The yellow elder, on the other hand, was unclaimed by other countries (although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands) and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands.[137]

Sport

See also: Sport in the Bahamas

Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture. The national sport is cricket, which has been played in The Bahamas from 1846[138] and is the oldest sport played in the country today. The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936, and from the 1940s to the 1970s, cricket was played amongst many Bahamians. Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board, so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team. The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers, who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket, were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States. The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field, basketball, baseball, softball,[139] volleyball[140] and Association football[141] where primary and high schools compete against each other. Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country, usually from Jamaica, Guyana, Trinidad and Barbados. Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval in Nassau, Bahamas.[142] Whiles the main and only cricket grounds on Grand Bahama is the Lucaya Cricket Oval.[143]

The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing, which started in 1796. The most popular spectator sports are those imported from the United States, such as basketball,[144] American football,[145] and baseball,[146] rather than from the British Isles, due to the country's close proximity to the United States, unlike their other Caribbean counterparts, where cricket, soccer, and netball have proven to be more popular.

Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer. Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation.[147] However soccer, as it is commonly known in the country, is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils. Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association. In 2013 the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting The Bahamas in the European market. In 2013, 'Spurs' became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in The Bahamas, facing the Jamaica men's national team. Joe Lewis, the owner of the club, is based in The Bahamas.[148][149][150]

Other popular sports are swimming,[151] tennis[152] and boxing,[153] where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level. Other sports such as golf,[154] rugby league,[155] rugby union,[156] beach soccer,[157] and netball are considered growing sports. Athletics, commonly known as 'track and field' in the country, is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians. Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps. Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years. Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands.

The Bahamas first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. The nation has never participated in any Winter Olympic Games. Bahamian athletes have won a total of sixteen medals, all in athletics and sailing. The Bahamas has won more Olympic medals than any other country with a population under one million.[158]

The Bahamas were hosts of the first men's senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean, the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup.[159] The Bahamas also hosted the first 3 editions of the IAAF World Relays.[160] The nation also hosted the 2017 Commonwealth Youth Games,[161] along with annual events Bahamas Bowl[162] and Battle 4 Atlantis.[163]

See also

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Sources

  • Horne, Gerald (2012). Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4463-5. from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  • Higham, Charles (1988). The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0471485230.

Further reading

For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of the Bahamas.
General history
  • Cash Philip et al. (Don Maples, Alison Packer). The Making of The Bahamas: A History for Schools. London: Collins, 1978.
  • Miller, Hubert W. The Colonization of The Bahamas, 1647–1670, The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no.1 (January 1945): 33–46.
  • Craton, Michael. A History of The Bahamas. London: Collins, 1962.
  • Craton, Michael and Saunders, Gail. Islanders in the Stream: A History of the Bahamian People. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992
  • Collinwood, Dean. "Columbus and the Discovery of Self", Weber Studies, Vol. 9 No. 3 (Fall) 1992: 29–44.
  • Dodge, Steve. Abaco: The History of an Out Island and its Cays, Tropic Isle Publications, 1983.
  • Dodge, Steve. The Compleat Guide to Nassau, White Sound Press, 1987.
  • Boultbee, Paul G. The Bahamas. Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1990.
  • Wood, David E., comp., A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays, Andros, 1817–1980, Nassau: Department of Archives
Economic history
  • Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1991.
  • Johnson, Howard. The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude, 1783–1933. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996.
  • Alan A. Block. Masters of Paradise, New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 1998.
  • Storr, Virgil H. Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates: Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas. New York: Peter Lang, 2004.
Social history
  • Johnson, Wittington B. Race Relations in the Bahamas, 1784–1834: The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society, Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 2000.
  • Shirley, Paul. "Tek Force Wid Force", History Today 54, no. 41 (April 2004): 30–35.
  • Saunders, Gail. The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s–1920s. Nassau: Media Publishing, 1996.
  • Saunders, Gail. Bahamas Society After Emancipation. Kingston: Ian Randle Publishing, 1990.
  • Curry, Jimmy. Filthy Rich Gangster/First Bahamian Movie. Movie Mogul Pictures: 1996.
  • Curry, Jimmy. To the Rescue/First Bahamian Rap/Hip Hop Song. Royal Crown Records, 1985.
  • Collinwood, Dean. The Bahamas Between Worlds, White Sound Press, 1989.
  • Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. Modern Bahamian Society, Caribbean Books, 1989.
  • Dodge, Steve, Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood. The Bahamas Index, White Sound Press, 1989.
  • Collinwood, Dean. "The Bahamas", in The Whole World Handbook 1992–1995, 12th ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
  • Collinwood, Dean. "The Bahamas", chapters in Jack W. Hopkins, ed., Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record, Vols. 1,2,3,4, Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986.
  • Collinwood, Dean. "Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty", in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean, UNESCO, No. 48, 1982.
  • Collinwood, Dean and Rick Phillips, "The National Literature of the New Bahamas", Weber Studies, Vol.7, No. 1 (Spring) 1990: 43–62.
  • Collinwood, Dean. "Writers, Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean", Tsuda Review, No. 31 (November) 1986: 45–57.
  • Collinwood, Dean. "Terra Incognita: Research on the Modern Bahamian Society", Journal of Caribbean Studies, Vol. 1, Nos. 2–3 (Winter) 1981: 284–297.
  • Collinwood, Dean and Steve Dodge. "Political Leadership in the Bahamas", The Bahamas Research Institute, No.1, May 1987.

External links

Coordinates: 25°00′N 77°24′W / 25.00°N 77.40°W / 25.00; -77.40

January 10, 2023
bahamas, bahama, bahamas, redirect, here, other, uses, bahama, disambiguation, ɑː, listen, officially, commonwealth, island, country, within, lucayan, archipelago, west, indies, north, atlantic, takes, lucayan, archipelago, land, area, home, archipelago, popul. Bahama and Bahamas redirect here For other uses see Bahama disambiguation The Bahamas b e ˈ h ɑː m e z listen officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas 11 is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the North Atlantic It takes up 97 of the Lucayan Archipelago s land area and is home to 88 of the archipelago s population The archipelagic state consists of more than 3 000 islands cays and islets in the Atlantic Ocean and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti and the Turks and Caicos Islands southeast of the U S state of Florida and east of the Florida Keys The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas territory as encompassing 470 000 km2 180 000 sq mi of ocean space Commonwealth of The BahamasFlag Coat of armsMotto Forward Upward Onward Together Anthem March On Bahamaland source source track track track track Royal anthem God Save the King 1 source track track Capitaland largest cityNassau25 04 41 N 77 20 19 W 25 07806 N 77 33861 W 25 07806 77 33861Official languagesEnglishVernacular languageBahamian CreoleEthnic groups 2010 90 6 Black4 7 White2 1 Mixed1 9 Others0 7 Unspecified 2 3 Religion 2020 4 93 0 Christianity 75 1 Protestantism 17 9 Other Christian4 5 No religion1 9 Folk religions0 6 OthersDemonym s BahamianGovernmentUnitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy 5 6 MonarchCharles III Governor GeneralSir Cornelius A Smith Prime MinisterPhilip DavisLegislatureParliament Upper houseSenate Lower houseHouse of AssemblyIndependence from the United Kingdom Realm10 July 1973 7 Area Total13 878 km2 5 358 sq mi 155th Water 28 Population 2022 estimate400 516 177th 2018 census385 637 Density25 21 km2 65 3 sq mi 181st GDP PPP 2022 estimate Total 16 130 billion 8 148th Per capita 40 274 8 40th GDP nominal 2022 estimate Total 12 803 billion 8 130th Per capita 32 077 8 26th HDI 2019 0 814 9 very high 58thCurrencyBahamian dollar BSD United States dollar USD Time zoneUTC 5 EST Summer DST UTC 4 EDT Driving sideleftCalling code 1 242ISO 3166 codeBSInternet TLD bs Also referred to as Bahamian 10 The Bahama Islands were inhabited by the Lucayans a branch of the Arawakan speaking Taino for many centuries 12 Christopher Columbus was the first European to see the islands making his first landfall in the New World in 1492 when he landed on the island of San Salvador Later the Spanish shipped the native Lucayans to and enslaved them on Hispaniola after which the Bahama islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648 due to nearly all native Bahamians being forcefully removed through enslavement or dying due to diseases brought to the islands by the Europeans In 1649 13 English colonists from Bermuda known as the Eleutheran Adventurers settled on the island of Eleuthera The Bahamas became a British crown colony in 1718 when the British clamped down on piracy After the American Revolutionary War the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists to the Bahamas they took enslaved people with them and established plantations on land grants Enslaved Africans and their descendants constituted the majority of the population from this period on The slave trade was abolished by the British in 1807 slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834 Subsequently The Bahamas became a haven for freed African slaves Africans liberated from illegal slave ships were resettled on the islands by the Royal Navy while some North American slaves and Seminoles escaped to The Bahamas from Florida Bahamians were even known to recognise the freedom of enslaved people carried by the ships of other nations which reached The Bahamas Today Black Bahamians make up 90 of the population of 400 516 12 The country gained governmental independence in 1973 led by Sir Lynden O Pindling Charles III is currently its monarch 12 In terms of gross domestic product per capita The Bahamas is one of the richest independent countries in the Americas following the United States and Canada with an economy based on tourism and offshore finance 14 Contents 1 Naming and etymology 2 History 2 1 Pre colonial era 2 2 Arrival of the Spanish 2 3 Arrival of the English 2 4 18th century 2 5 19th century 2 6 Early 20th century 2 7 Post Second World War 2 8 Post independence 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Geology 4 Government and politics 4 1 Political culture 4 2 Foreign relations 4 3 Armed forces 4 4 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5 1 Transport 6 Demographics 6 1 Racial and ethnic groups 6 2 Religion 6 3 Languages 6 4 Education 7 Culture 7 1 Symbols 7 2 Sport 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Citations 9 2 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External linksNaming and etymology EditThe name Bahamas is derived from the Lucayan name Bahama large upper middle island used by the indigenous Taino people for the island of Grand Bahama 15 16 Tourist guides often state that the name comes from the Spanish baja mar shallow sea Wolfgang Ahrens of York University argues that this is a folk etymology 15 Alternatively it may originate from Guanahani a local name of unclear meaning 17 First attested on the c 1523 Turin Map Bahama originally referred to Grand Bahama alone but was used inclusively in English by 1670 18 Toponymist Isaac Taylor argues that the name was derived from Bimani Bimini which Spaniards in Haiti identified with Palombe a legendary place where John Mandeville s Travels said there was a fountain of youth 19 History EditMain article History of the Bahamas Pre colonial era Edit The first inhabitants of the Bahamas were the Taino people who moved into the uninhabited southern islands from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 800s 1000s AD having migrated there from South America they came to be known as the Lucayan people 20 An estimated 30 000 Lucayans inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus s arrival in 1492 21 Arrival of the Spanish Edit A depiction of Columbus s first landing claiming possession of the New World for the Crown of Castile in caravels the Nina and the Pinta on Watling Island an island of the Bahamas that the natives called Guanahani and that he named San Salvador on 12 October 1492 22 Columbus s first landfall in what was to Europeans a New World was on an island he named San Salvador known to the Lucayans as Guanahani Whilst there is a general consensus that this island lay within the Bahamas precisely which island Columbus landed on is a matter of scholarly debate Some researchers believe the site to be present day San Salvador Island formerly known as Watling s Island situated in the southeastern Bahamas whilst an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge based on Columbus s log On the landfall island Columbus made first contact with the Lucayans and exchanged goods with them claiming the islands for the Crown of Castile before proceeding to explore the larger isles of the Greater Antilles 20 The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas theoretically divided the new territories between the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal placing the Bahamas in the Spanish sphere however they did little to press their claim on the ground The Spanish did however exploit the native Lucayan peoples many of whom were enslaved and sent to Hispaniola for use as forced labour 20 The slaves suffered harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity half of the Taino died from smallpox alone 23 As a result of these depredations the population of the Bahamas was severely diminished 24 Arrival of the English Edit The English had expressed an interest in the Bahamas as early as 1629 However it was not until 1648 that the first English settlers arrived on the islands Known as the Eleutherian Adventurers and led by William Sayle they migrated from Bermuda seeking greater religious freedom These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera Greek for free They later settled New Providence naming it Sayle s Island Life proved harder than envisaged however and many including Sayle chose to return to Bermuda 20 To survive the remaining settlers salvaged goods from wrecks In 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America They rented the islands from the king with rights of trading tax appointing governors and administering the country from their base on New Providence 25 20 Piracy and attacks from hostile foreign powers were a constant threat In 1684 Spanish corsair Juan de Alcon raided the capital Charles Town later renamed Nassau 26 and in 1703 a joint Franco Spanish expedition briefly occupied Nassau during the War of the Spanish Succession 27 28 18th century Edit Continental Marines land at New Providence during the Battle of Nassau in 1776 Sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park commemorating hundreds of African American slaves who escaped to freedom in the early 1820s in The Bahamas During proprietary rule the Bahamas became a haven for pirates including Blackbeard circa 1680 1718 29 To put an end to the Pirates republic and restore orderly government Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718 which they dubbed the Bahama islands under the governorship of Woodes Rogers 20 After a difficult struggle he succeeded in suppressing piracy 30 In 1720 the Spanish attacked Nassau during the War of the Quadruple Alliance In 1729 a local assembly was established giving a degree of self governance for British settlers 20 31 The reforms had been planned by the previous Governor George Phenney and authorised in July 1728 32 During the American War of Independence in the late 18th century the islands became a target for US naval forces Under the command of Commodore Esek Hopkins US Marines the US Navy occupied Nassau in 1776 before being evacuated a few days later In 1782 a Spanish fleet appeared off the coast of Nassau and the city surrendered without a fight Later in April 1783 on a visit made by Prince William of the United Kingdom later to become King William IV to Luis de Unzaga at his residence in the Captaincy General of Havana they made prisoner exchange agreements and also dealt with the preliminaries of the Treaty of Paris 1783 in which the recently conquered Bahamas would be exchanged for East Florida which would still have to conquer the city of St Augustine Florida in 1784 by order of Luis de Unzaga after that also in 1784 the Bahamas would be declared a British colony 33 After US independence the British resettled some 7 300 Loyalists with their African slaves in the Bahamas including 2 000 from New York 34 and at least 1 033 European 2 214 African ancestrals and a few Native American Creeks from East Florida Most of the refugees resettled from New York had fled from other colonies including West Florida which the Spanish captured during the war 35 The government granted land to the planters to help compensate for losses on the continent These Loyalists who included Deveaux and also Lord Dunmore established plantations on several islands and became a political force in the capital 20 European Americans were outnumbered by the African American slaves they brought with them and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory 19th century Edit The Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished slave trading to British possessions including the Bahamas The United Kingdom pressured other slave trading countries to also abolish slave trading and gave the Royal Navy the right to intercept ships carrying slaves on the high seas 36 37 Thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships by the Royal Navy were resettled in the Bahamas In the 1820s during the period of the Seminole Wars in Florida hundreds of North American slaves and African Seminoles escaped from Cape Florida to the Bahamas They settled mostly on northwest Andros Island where they developed the village of Red Bays From eyewitness accounts 300 escaped in a mass flight in 1823 aided by Bahamians in 27 sloops with others using canoes for the journey This was commemorated in 2004 by a large sign at Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park 38 39 Some of their descendants in Red Bays continue African Seminole traditions in basket making and grave marking 40 In 1818 41 the Home Office in London had ruled that any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted This led to a total of nearly 300 enslaved people owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835 42 The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834 respectively When wreckers took the masters passengers and slaves into Nassau customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them over the protests of the Americans There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium The United Kingdom finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855 under the Treaty of Claims of 1853 which settled several compensation cases between the two countries 43 44 The lighthouse in Great Isaac Cay Slavery was abolished in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 20 After that British colonial officials freed 78 North American slaves from the Enterprise which went into Bermuda in 1835 and 38 from the Hermosa which wrecked off Abaco Island in 1840 45 The most notable case was that of the Creole in 1841 as a result of a slave revolt on board the leaders ordered the US brig to Nassau It was carrying 135 slaves from Virginia destined for sale in New Orleans The Bahamian officials freed the 128 slaves who chose to stay in the islands The Creole case has been described as the most successful slave revolt in U S history 46 These incidents in which a total of 447 enslaved people belonging to US nationals were freed from 1830 to 1842 increased tension between the United States and the United Kingdom They had been co operating in patrols to suppress the international slave trade However worried about the stability of its large domestic slave trade and its value the United States argued that the United Kingdom should not treat its domestic ships that came to its colonial ports under duress as part of the international trade The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships During the American Civil War of the 1860s the islands briefly prospered as a focus for blockade runners aiding the Confederate States 47 48 Early 20th century Edit The early decades of the 20th century were ones of hardship for many Bahamians characterised by a stagnant economy and widespread poverty Many eked out a living via subsistence agriculture or fishing 20 The Duke of Windsor and Governor of the Bahamas from 1940 to 1945 In August 1940 the Duke of Windsor erstwhile King Edward VIII was appointed Governor of the Bahamas He arrived in the colony with his wife Although disheartened at the condition of Government House they tried to make the best of a bad situation 49 He did not enjoy the position and referred to the islands as a third class British colony 50 He opened the small local parliament on 29 October 1940 The couple visited the Out Islands that November on Axel Wenner Gren s yacht which caused controversy 51 the British Foreign Office strenuously objected because they had been advised by United States intelligence that Wenner Gren was a close friend of the Luftwaffe commander Hermann Goring of Nazi Germany 51 52 The Duke was praised at the time for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands A 1991 biography by Philip Ziegler however described him as contemptuous of the Bahamians and other non European peoples of the Empire He was praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942 when there was a full scale riot 53 Ziegler said that the Duke blamed the trouble on mischief makers communists and men of Central European Jewish descent who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft 54 The Duke resigned from the post on 16 March 1945 55 56 Post Second World War Edit The Bahamas was a Crown colony until it gained independence in 1973 Modern political development began after the Second World War The first political parties were formed in the 1950s split broadly along ethnic lines with the United Bahamian Party UBP representing the English descended Bahamians known informally as the Bay Street Boys 57 and the Progressive Liberal Party PLP representing the Black Bahamian majority 20 A new constitution granting the Bahamas internal autonomy went into effect on 7 January 1964 with Chief Minister Sir Roland Symonette of the UBP becoming the first Premier 58 p 73 59 In 1967 Lynden Pindling of the PLP became the first black Premier of the Bahamian colony in 1968 the title of the position was changed to Prime Minister In 1968 Pindling announced that the Bahamas would seek full independence 60 A new constitution giving the Bahamas increased control over its own affairs was adopted in 1968 61 In 1971 the UBP merged with a disaffected faction of the PLP to form a new party the Free National Movement FNM a centre right party which aimed to counter the growing power of Pindling s PLP 62 The United Kingdom Government gave the Bahamas its independence by an Order in Council dated 20 June 1973 63 The Order came into force on 10 July 1973 on which date Prince Charles delivered the official documents to Prime Minister Lynden Pindling 64 This date is now celebrated as the country s Independence Day 65 It joined the Commonwealth of Nations on the same day 66 Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first governor general of The Bahamas the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II shortly after independence 67 See also Monarchy of the Bahamas Post independence Edit Shortly after independence The Bahamas joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank on 22 August 1973 68 and later the United Nations on 18 September 1973 69 Politically the first two decades were dominated by Pindling s PLP who went on to win a string of electoral victories Allegations of corruption links with drug cartels and financial malfeasance within the Bahamian government failed to dent Pindling s popularity Meanwhile the economy underwent a dramatic growth period fuelled by the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance significantly raising the standard of living on the islands The Bahamas booming economy led to it becoming a beacon for immigrants most notably from Haiti 20 Hurricane Dorian s destruction in the Bahamas In 1992 Pindling was unseated by Hubert Ingraham of the FNM 58 p 78 Ingraham went on to win the 1997 Bahamian general election before being defeated in 2002 when the PLP returned to power under Perry Christie 58 p 82 Ingraham returned to power from 2007 to 2012 followed by Christie again from 2012 to 2017 With economic growth faltering Bahamians re elected the FNM in 2017 with Hubert Minnis becoming the fourth prime minister 20 In September 2019 Hurricane Dorian struck the Abaco Islands and Grand Bahama at Category 5 intensity devastating the northwestern Bahamas The storm inflicted at least US 7 billion in damages and killed more than 50 people 70 71 with 1 300 people still missing 72 In September 2021 the ruling Free National Movement lost to the opposition Progressive Liberal Party in a snap election as the economy struggled to recover from its deepest crash since at least 1971 73 74 Progressive Liberal Party PLP won 32 of the 39 seats in the House of Assembly Free National Movement FNM led by Minnis took the remaining seats 75 On 17 September 2021 the chairman of the Progressive Liberal Party PLP Phillip Brave Davis was sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Bahamas to succeed Hubert Minnis 76 Geography EditMain article Geography of the Bahamas Map of The Bahamas The landmass that makes up what is the modern day Bahamas lies at the northern part of the Greater Antilles region and was believed to have been formed 200 million years ago when they began to separate from the supercontinent Pangaea The Pleistocene Ice Age around 3 million years ago had a profound impact on the archipelago s formation The Bahamas consists of a chain of islands spread out over some 800 km 500 mi in the Atlantic Ocean located to the east of Florida in the United States north of Cuba and Hispaniola and west of the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands with which it forms the Lucayan archipelago It lies between latitudes 20 and 28 N and longitudes 72 and 80 W and straddles the Tropic of Cancer 12 There are some 700 islands and 2 400 cays in total of which 30 are inhabited with a total land area of 10 010 km2 3 860 sq mi 12 20 Nassau capital city of The Bahamas lies on the island of New Providence the other main inhabited islands are Grand Bahama Eleuthera Cat Island Rum Cay Long Island San Salvador Island Ragged Island Acklins Crooked Island Exuma Berry Islands Mayaguana the Bimini islands Great Abaco and Great Inagua The largest island is Andros 20 All the islands are low and flat with ridges that usually rise no more than 15 to 20 m 49 to 66 ft The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia formerly Como Hill on Cat Island at 64 m 210 ft 12 The country contains three terrestrial ecoregions Bahamian dry forests Bahamian pine mosaic and Bahamian mangroves 77 It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7 35 10 ranking it 44th globally out of 172 countries 78 Climate Edit See also Geography of the Bahamas Climate The Bahamas map of Koppen climate classification According to the Koppen climate classification the climate of The Bahamas is mostly tropical savannah climate or Aw with a hot and wet season and a warm and dry season The low latitude warm tropical Gulf Stream and low elevation give The Bahamas a warm and winterless climate 79 As with most tropical climates seasonal rainfall follows the sun and summer is the wettest season There is only a 7 C 13 F difference between the warmest month and coolest month in most of the Bahama islands Every few decades low temperatures can fall below 10 C 50 F for a few hours when a severe cold outbreak comes down from the North American mainland however there has never been a frost or freeze recorded in the Bahamian Islands Only once in recorded history has snow been seen in the air anywhere in The Bahamas this occurred in Freeport on 19 January 1977 when snow mixed with rain was seen in the air for a short time 80 The Bahamas are often sunny and dry for long periods of time and average more than 3 000 hours or 340 days of sunlight annually Much of the natural vegetation is tropical scrub and cactus and succulents are common in landscapes 81 Tropical storms and hurricanes occasionally impact The Bahamas In 1992 Hurricane Andrew passed over the northern portions of the islands and Hurricane Floyd passed near the eastern portions of the islands in 1999 Hurricane Dorian of 2019 passed over the archipelago at destructive Category 5 strength with sustained winds of 298 km h 185 mph and wind gusts up to 350 km h 220 mph becoming the strongest tropical cyclone on record to impact the northwestern islands of Grand Bahama and Great Abaco 82 Geology Edit Main article Bahama Banks Dean s Blue Hole in Clarence Town on Long Island Bahamas The Blue Lagoon Island Bahamas It was generally believed that the Bahamas were formed in approximately 200 million years ago when Pangaea started to break apart In current times it endures as an archipelago containing over 700 islands and cays fringed around different coral reefs The limestone that comprises the Banks has been accumulating since at least the Cretaceous period and perhaps as early as the Jurassic today the total thickness under the Great Bahama Bank is over 4 5 kilometres 2 8 miles 83 As the limestone was deposited in shallow water the only way to explain this massive column is to estimate that the entire platform has subsided under its own weight at a rate of roughly 3 6 centimetres 2 inches per 1 000 years 83 The Bahamas is part of the Lucayan Archipelago which continues into the Turks and Caicos Islands the Mouchoir Bank the Silver Bank and the Navidad Bank 84 The Bahamas Platform which includes The Bahamas Southern Florida Northern Cuba the Turks and Caicos and the Blake Plateau formed about 150 Ma not long after the formation of the North Atlantic The 6 4 km 4 0 mi thick limestones which predominate in The Bahamas date back to the Cretaceous These limestones would have been deposited in shallow seas assumed to be a stretched and thinned portion of the North American continental crust Sediments were forming at about the same rate as the crust below was sinking due to the added weight Thus the entire area consisted of a large marine plain with some islands Then at about 80 Ma the area became flooded by the Gulf Stream This resulted in the drowning of the Blake Plateau the separation of The Bahamas from Cuba and Florida the separation of the southeastern Bahamas into separate banks the creation of the Cay Sal Bank plus the Little and Great Bahama Banks Sedimentation from the carbonate factory of each bank or atoll continues today at the rate of about 20 mm 0 79 in per kyr Coral reefs form the retaining walls of these atolls within which oolites and pellets form 85 Coral growth was greater through the Tertiary until the start of the ice ages and hence those deposits are more abundant below a depth of 36 m 118 ft In fact an ancient extinct reef exists half a kilometre seaward of the present one 30 m 98 ft below sea level Oolites form when oceanic water penetrate the shallow banks increasing the temperature about 3 C 5 4 F and the salinity by 0 5 per cent Cemented ooids are referred to as grapestone Additionally giant stromatolites are found off the Exuma Cays 85 22 29 30 Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross bedding Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater called eolianite Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m 98 to 148 ft though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m 200 ft in height The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps 85 41 59 61 64 Solution weathering of the limestone results in a Bahamian Karst topography This includes potholes blue holes such as Dean s Blue Hole sinkholes beachrock such as the Bimini Road pavements of Atlantis limestone crust caves due to the lack of rivers and sea caves Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition 85 33 40 65 72 84 86 The stratigraphy of the islands consists of the Middle Pleistocene Owl s Hole Formation overlain by the Late Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation and then the Holocene Rice Bay Formation However these units are not necessarily stacked on top of each other but can be located laterally The oldest formation Owl s Hole is capped by a terra rosa paleosoil as is the Grotto Beach unless eroded The Grotto Beach Formation is the most widespread 84 Government and politics EditMain article Politics of the Bahamas The Bahamian Parliament located in Nassau The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with King of the Bahamas Charles III as head of state represented locally by a governor general 12 Political and legal traditions closely follow those of England and the Westminster system 20 The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and shares its head of state with some other Commonwealth realms 86 87 The prime minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly 12 20 Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet selected by the prime minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly The current governor general is The Honourable Cornelius A Smith and the current prime minister is The Hon Philip Davis MP 12 Legislative power is vested in a bicameral parliament which consists of a 38 member House of Assembly the lower house with members elected from single member districts and a 16 member Senate with members appointed by the governor general including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister four on the advice of the leader of His Majesty s Loyal Opposition and three on the advice of the prime minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition As under the Westminster system the prime minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five year term 88 Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech press worship movement and association The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature Jurisprudence is based on English law 12 Political culture Edit Bahamian Prime Minister Hubert Minnis with US President Donald Trump on 22 March 2019 The Bahamas has a two party system dominated by the centre left Progressive Liberal Party and the centre right Free National Movement A handful of other political parties have been unable to win election to parliament these have included the Bahamas Democratic Movement the Coalition for Democratic Reform Bahamian Nationalist Party and the Democratic National Alliance 89 Foreign relations Edit Further information Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community CARICOM 90 The embassy of the United States in Nassau donated 3 6 million to the Minister for Disaster Preparedness Management and Reconstruction for modular shelters medical evacuation boats and construction materials The donation was made 2 weeks after the one year anniversary of Hurricane Dorian 91 Armed forces Edit Main article Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS Nassau P 61 The Bahamian military is the Royal Bahamas Defence Force RBDF 92 the navy of The Bahamas which includes a land unit called Commando Squadron Regiment and an Air Wing Air Force Under the Defence Act the RBDF has been mandated in the name of the King to defend The Bahamas protect its territorial integrity patrol its waters provide assistance and relief in times of disaster maintain order in conjunction with the law enforcement agencies of The Bahamas and carry out any such duties as determined by the National Security Council 93 The Defence Force is also a member of the Caribbean Community CARICOM s Regional Security Task Force 92 The RBDF came into existence on 31 March 1980 Its duties include defending The Bahamas stopping drug smuggling illegal immigration and poaching and providing assistance to mariners The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 3 aircraft and over 1 100 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women 94 Administrative divisions Edit Main article Local government in the Bahamas Further information List of islands of The Bahamas The districts of The Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence which holds 70 percent of the national population whose affairs are handled directly by the central government In 1996 the Bahamian Parliament passed the Local Government Act to facilitate the establishment of family island administrators local government districts local district councillors and local town committees for the various island communities The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of the central government In total there are 32 districts with elections being held every five years There are 110 councillors and 281 town committee members elected to represent the various districts 95 Each councillor or town committee member is responsible for the proper use of public funds for the maintenance and development of their constituency The districts other than New Providence are 96 Acklins Berry Islands Bimini Black Point Exuma Cat Island Central Abaco Central Andros Central Eleuthera City of Freeport Grand Bahama Crooked Island East Grand Bahama Exuma Grand Cay Abaco Harbour Island Eleuthera Hope Town Abaco Inagua Long Island Mangrove Cay Andros Mayaguana Moore s Island Abaco North Abaco North Andros North Eleuthera Ragged Island Rum Cay San Salvador South Abaco South Andros South Eleuthera Spanish Wells Eleuthera West Grand Bahama Districts of The BahamasEconomy EditMain article Economy of the Bahamas Further information Agriculture in the Bahamas A proportional representation of The Bahamas exports in 2019 In terms of GDP per capita The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas 97 Its currency the Bahamian dollar is kept at a 1 to 1 peg with the US dollar 14 The Bahamas relies heavily on tourism to generate most of its economic activity Tourism as an industry not only accounts for about 70 of the Bahamian GDP but also provides jobs for about half of the country s workforce 98 The Bahamas attracted 5 8 million visitors in 2012 more than 70 of whom were cruise visitors 99 After tourism the next most important economic sector is banking and offshore international financial services accounting for some 15 of GDP 14 It was revealed in the Panama Papers that The Bahamas is the jurisdiction with the most offshore entities or companies in the world 100 The economy has a very competitive tax regime classified by some as a tax haven The government derives its revenue from import tariffs VAT licence fees property and stamp taxes but there is no income tax corporate tax capital gains tax or wealth tax Payroll taxes fund social insurance benefits and amount to 3 9 paid by the employee and 5 9 paid by the employer 101 In 2010 overall tax revenue as a percentage of GDP was 17 2 2 Agriculture and manufacturing form the third largest sector of the Bahamian economy representing 5 7 of total GDP 14 An estimated 80 of the Bahamian food supply is imported Major crops include onions okra tomatoes oranges grapefruit cucumbers sugar cane lemons limes and sweet potatoes 102 Access to biocapacity in the Bahamas is much higher than world average In 2016 the Bahamas had 9 2 global hectares 103 of biocapacity per person within its territory much more than the world average of 1 6 global hectares per person 104 In 2016 the Bahamas used 3 7 global hectares of biocapacity per person their ecological footprint of consumption This means they use less biocapacity than the Bahamas contains As a result the Bahamas is running a biocapacity reserve 103 Transport Edit Leonard M Thompson International Airport The Bahamas contains about 1 620 km 1 010 mi of paved roads 12 Inter island transport is conducted primarily via ship and air The country has 61 airports the chief of which are Lynden Pindling International Airport on New Providence Grand Bahama International Airport on Grand Bahama Island and Leonard M Thompson International Airport formerly Marsh Harbour Airport on Abaco Island Demographics EditMain article Demographics of the Bahamas Demographics of Bahamas data of FAO number of inhabitants in thousands The Bahamas had a population of 407 906 at the 2018 Census of which 25 9 were 14 or under 67 2 15 to 64 and 6 9 over 65 It has a population growth rate of 0 925 2010 with a birth rate of 17 81 1 000 population death rate of 9 35 1 000 and net migration rate of 2 13 migrant s 1 000 population 105 The infant mortality rate is 23 21 deaths 1 000 live births Residents have a life expectancy at birth of 69 87 years 73 49 years for females 66 32 years for males The total fertility rate is 2 0 children born woman 2010 2 The latest official estimate as at 2022 is 400 516 The most populous islands are New Providence where Nassau the capital and largest city is located 106 and Grand Bahama home to the second largest city of Freeport 107 Racial and ethnic groups Edit According to the 99 response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire 90 6 of the population identified themselves as being Black 4 7 White and 2 1 of a Mixed African and European 108 Three centuries prior in 1722 when the first official census of The Bahamas was taken 74 of the population was native European and 26 native African 108 Afro Bahamian children at a local school Since the colonial era of plantations Africans or Afro Bahamians have been the largest ethnic group in The Bahamas whose primary ancestry was based in West Africa The first Africans to arrive to The Bahamas were freed slaves from Bermuda they arrived with the Eleutheran Adventurers looking for new lives 109 The Haitian community in The Bahamas is also largely of African descent and numbers about 80 000 Due to an extremely high immigration of Haitians to The Bahamas the Bahamian government started deporting illegal Haitian immigrants to their homeland in late 2014 110 White Bahamians on the island of New Providence The white Bahamian population are mainly the descendants of the English Puritans and American Loyalists escaping the American Revolution who arrived in 1649 and 1783 respectively 111 Many Southern Loyalists went to the Abaco Islands half of whose population was of European descent as of 1985 112 The term white is usually used to identify Bahamians with Anglo ancestry as well as some light skinned Afro Bahamians Sometimes Bahamians use the term Conchy Joe to describe people of Anglo descent Generally however Bahamians self identify as white or black along the lines similar to the distinction made in the US 113 A small portion of the Euro Bahamian population are Greek Bahamians descended from Greek labourers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s 114 They make up less than 2 of the nation s population but have still preserved their distinct Greek Bahamian culture 115 116 Religion Edit Further information Religion in the Bahamas Religion in The Bahamas 2010 117 Protestant 80 Roman Catholic 14 5 Other Christian 1 3 Unaffiliated 3 1 Other religion 1 1 The islands population is predominantly Christian 14 20 Protestant denominations collectively account for more than 70 of the population with Baptists representing 35 of the population Anglicans 15 Pentecostals 8 Church of God 5 Seventh day Adventists 5 and Methodists 4 There is also a significant Roman Catholic community accounting for about 14 118 Jews in the Bahamas have a history dating back to the Columbus expeditions where Luis De Torres an interpreter and member of Columbus party is believed to have been secretly Jewish Today there is a small community with about 200 members according to census data although higher estimates place this figure at 300 119 120 121 Muslims also have a minority presence While some slaves and free Africans in the colonial era were Muslim the religion was eradicated until around the 1970s when it experienced a revival Today there are about 300 Muslims 122 121 There are also smaller communities of Bahaʼis Hindus Rastafarians and practitioners of traditional African religions such as Obeah 121 Languages Edit The official language of The Bahamas is English Many people speak an English based creole language called Bahamian dialect known simply as dialect or Bahamianese 123 Laurente Gibbs a Bahamian writer and actor was the first to coin the latter name in a poem and has since promoted its usage 124 125 Both are used as autoglossonyms 126 Haitian Creole a French based creole language is spoken by Haitians and their descendants who make up of about 25 of the total population It is known simply as Creole 2 to differentiate it from Bahamian English 127 Education Edit Main article Education in the Bahamas According to 2011 estimates 95 of the Bahamian adult population are literate The University of the Bahamas UB is the national higher education tertiary system Offering baccalaureate masters and associate degrees UB has three campuses and teaching and research centres throughout The Bahamas The University of the Bahamas was chartered on 10 November 2016 128 Culture EditMain articles Culture of the Bahamas and Music of the Bahamas Junkanoo celebration in Nassau The culture of the islands is a mixture of African Afro Bahamians being the largest ethnicity British and American due to historical family ties migration of freed slaves from the United States to The Bahamas and as the dominant country in the region and source of most tourists 20 A form of African based folk magic is practiced by some Bahamians mainly in the Family Islands out islands of The Bahamas 129 The practice of obeah is illegal in The Bahamas and punishable in law 130 In the outer islands also called Family Islands handicrafts include basketry made from palm fronds This material commonly called straw is plaited into hats and bags that are popular tourist items 131 Junkanoo is a traditional Afro Bahamian street parade of rushing music dance and art held in Nassau and a few other settlements every Boxing Day and New Year s Day Junkanoo is also used to celebrate other holidays and events such as Emancipation Day 20 Regattas are important social events in many family island settlements They usually feature one or more days of sailing by old fashioned work boats as well as an onshore festival 132 Many dishes are associated with Bahamian cuisine which reflects Caribbean African and European influences Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area such as the Pineapple Fest in Gregory Town Eleuthera or the Crab Fest on Andros Other significant traditions include story telling Bahamians have created a rich literature of poetry short stories plays and short fictional works Common themes in these works are 1 an awareness of change 2 a striving for sophistication 3 a search for identity 4 nostalgia for the old ways and 5 an appreciation of beauty Some major writers are Susan Wallace Percival Miller Robert Johnson Raymond Brown O M Smith William Johnson Eddie Minnis and Winston Saunders 133 134 Bahamas culture is rich with beliefs traditions folklore and legend The best known folklore and legends in The Bahamas include the lusca and chickcharney creatures of Andros Pretty Molly on Exuma Bahamas and the Lost City of Atlantis on Bimini Bahamas Symbols Edit Main articles Flag of the Bahamas and Coat of arms of the Bahamas The national flag of The Bahamas The Bahamian flag was adopted in 1973 Its colours symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people its design reflects aspects of the natural environment sun and sea and economic and social development 12 The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast superimposed on a horizontal background made up of three equal stripes of aquamarine gold and aquamarine 12 Coat of arms of the Bahamas The coat of arms of The Bahamas contains a shield with the national symbols as its focal point The shield is supported by a marlin and a flamingo which are the national animals of The Bahamas The flamingo is located on the land and the marlin on the sea indicating the geography of the islands On top of the shield is a conch shell which represents the varied marine life of the island chain The conch shell rests on a helmet Below this is the actual shield the main symbol of which is a ship representing the Santa Maria of Christopher Columbus shown sailing beneath the sun Along the bottom below the shield appears a banner upon which is the national motto 135 Forward Upward Onward Together The national flower of The Bahamas is the yellow elder as it is endemic to the Bahama islands and it blooms throughout the year 136 Selection of the yellow elder over many other flowers was made through the combined popular vote of members of all four of New Providence s garden clubs of the 1970s the Nassau Garden Club the Carver Garden Club the International Garden Club and the YWCA Garden Club They reasoned that other flowers grown there such as the bougainvillea hibiscus and poinciana had already been chosen as the national flowers of other countries The yellow elder on the other hand was unclaimed by other countries although it is now also the national flower of the United States Virgin Islands and also the yellow elder is native to the family islands 137 Sport Edit See also Sport in the Bahamas Thomas Robinson Stadium in Nassau Sport is a significant part of Bahamian culture The national sport is cricket which has been played in The Bahamas from 1846 138 and is the oldest sport played in the country today The Bahamas Cricket Association was formed in 1936 and from the 1940s to the 1970s cricket was played amongst many Bahamians Bahamas is not a part of the West Indies Cricket Board so players are not eligible to play for the West Indies cricket team The late 1970s saw the game begin to decline in the country as teachers who had previously come from the United Kingdom with a passion for cricket were replaced by teachers who had been trained in the United States The Bahamian physical education teachers had no knowledge of the game and instead taught track and field basketball baseball softball 139 volleyball 140 and Association football 141 where primary and high schools compete against each other Today cricket is still enjoyed by a few locals and immigrants in the country usually from Jamaica Guyana Trinidad and Barbados Cricket is played on Saturdays and Sundays at Windsor Park and Haynes Oval in Nassau Bahamas 142 Whiles the main and only cricket grounds on Grand Bahama is the Lucaya Cricket Oval 143 The only other sporting event that began before cricket was horse racing which started in 1796 The most popular spectator sports are those imported from the United States such as basketball 144 American football 145 and baseball 146 rather than from the British Isles due to the country s close proximity to the United States unlike their other Caribbean counterparts where cricket soccer and netball have proven to be more popular Over the years American football has become much more popular than soccer Leagues for teens and adults have been developed by the Bahamas American Football Federation 147 However soccer as it is commonly known in the country is still a very popular sport amongst high school pupils Leagues are governed by the Bahamas Football Association In 2013 the Bahamian government has been working closely with Tottenham Hotspur of London to promote the sport in the country as well as promoting The Bahamas in the European market In 2013 Spurs became the first Premier League club to play an exhibition match in The Bahamas facing the Jamaica men s national team Joe Lewis the owner of the club is based in The Bahamas 148 149 150 Other popular sports are swimming 151 tennis 152 and boxing 153 where Bahamians have enjoyed some degree of success at the international level Other sports such as golf 154 rugby league 155 rugby union 156 beach soccer 157 and netball are considered growing sports Athletics commonly known as track and field in the country is the most successful sport by far amongst Bahamians Bahamians have a strong tradition in the sprints and jumps Track and field is probably the most popular spectator sport in the country next to basketball due to their success over the years Triathlons are gaining popularity in Nassau and the Family Islands The Bahamas first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952 and has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then except when they participated in the American led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics The nation has never participated in any Winter Olympic Games Bahamian athletes have won a total of sixteen medals all in athletics and sailing The Bahamas has won more Olympic medals than any other country with a population under one million 158 The Bahamas were hosts of the first men s senior FIFA tournament to be staged in the Caribbean the 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 159 The Bahamas also hosted the first 3 editions of the IAAF World Relays 160 The nation also hosted the 2017 Commonwealth Youth Games 161 along with annual events Bahamas Bowl 162 and Battle 4 Atlantis 163 See also Edit Caribbean portalOutline of the Bahamas Index of Bahamas related articlesReferences EditCitations Edit Bahamas The Government The World Factbook 2023 ed Central Intelligence Agency Retrieved 10 July 2022 a b c d Bahamas The The World Factbook 2023 ed Central Intelligence Agency 26 January 2021 Archived 2021 edition Bahamas Department of Statistics Archived 9 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine PDF document retrieved 20 April 2014 National Profiles GENERAL SITUATION AND TRENDS Pan American Health Organization Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 Retrieved 1 August 2011 Mission to Long Island in the Bahamas Evangelical Association of the Caribbean Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 1 August 2011 1973 Bahamas sun sets on British Empire BBC News 9 July 1973 Archived from the original on 18 September 2019 Retrieved 1 May 2009 a b c d World Economic Outlook Database April 2019 IMF org International Monetary Fund Archived from the original on 20 December 2019 Retrieved 25 April 2019 Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier Human Development and the Anthropocene PDF United Nations Development Programme 15 December 2020 pp 343 346 ISBN 978 92 1 126442 5 Archived PDF from the original on 15 December 2020 Retrieved 16 December 2020 Bahamas Ethnologue Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 Retrieved 7 February 2017 The Constitution of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bahamas The The World Factbook 2023 ed Central Intelligence Agency Retrieved 21 July 2019 Archived 2019 edition History of The Bahamas Archived from the original on 11 June 2022 Retrieved 4 June 2022 a b c d e Country Comparison GDP per capita PPP Archived 23 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine CIA World Factbook a b Ahrens Wolfgang P 2016 Naming the Bahamas Islands History and Folk Etymology In Hough Carole Izdebska Daria eds Names and Their Environment Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Onomastic Sciences Glasgow 25 29 August 2014 Volume 1 Keynote Lectures Toponomastics I PDF University of Glasgow p 47 ISBN 978 0 85261 947 6 Archived PDF from the original on 1 April 2022 Retrieved 10 July 2022 Granberry Julian Vescelius Gary 2004 Languages of the Pre Columbian Antilles University of 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2014 Boxing Government Non Residents Bahamas gov bs Archived from the original on 26 July 2020 Retrieved 20 April 2014 Golf Government Non Residents Bahamas gov bs Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 Retrieved 20 April 2014 Rugby Government Non Residents Bahamas gov bs Retrieved on 20 April 2014 RugbyBahamas Archived 3 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Rugbybahamas com Retrieved on 20 April 2014 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 2013 CONCACAF Qualifier Bahamas beachsoccer com Celebrate the Olympic Games The World s Biggest Sports Event International Olympic Committee 29 January 2022 Archived from the original on 1 June 2022 Retrieved 10 July 2022 Ethics Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process FIFA com 19 December 2014 Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 IAAF BTC World Relays Bahamas 2017 World Athletics Archived from the original on 27 April 2021 Retrieved 4 February 2021 Bahamas 2017 Commonwealth Youth Games End on High Note bahamaspress Archived from the original on 16 February 2022 Retrieved 16 February 2022 This Year s Bahamas Bowl Most Watched Edition Of Event In Four Years The Tribune Archived from the original on 16 February 2022 Retrieved 16 February 2022 Star Studded Field All Set For Battle 4 Atlantis The Tribune Archived from the original on 16 February 2022 Retrieved 16 February 2022 Sources Edit Horne Gerald 2012 Negro Comrades of the Crown African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U S Before Emancipation NYU Press ISBN 978 0 8147 4463 5 Archived from the original on 9 December 2015 Retrieved 18 October 2015 Higham Charles 1988 The Duchess of Windsor The Secret Life McGraw Hill ISBN 978 0471485230 Further reading EditFor a more comprehensive list see Bibliography of the Bahamas General historyCash Philip et al Don Maples Alison Packer The Making of The Bahamas A History for Schools London Collins 1978 Miller Hubert W The Colonization of The Bahamas 1647 1670 The William and Mary Quarterly 2 no 1 January 1945 33 46 Craton Michael A History of The Bahamas London Collins 1962 Craton Michael and Saunders Gail Islanders in the Stream A History of the Bahamian People Athens University of Georgia Press 1992 Collinwood Dean Columbus and the Discovery of Self Weber Studies Vol 9 No 3 Fall 1992 29 44 Dodge Steve Abaco The History of an Out Island and its Cays Tropic Isle Publications 1983 Dodge Steve The Compleat Guide to Nassau White Sound Press 1987 Boultbee Paul G The Bahamas Oxford ABC Clio Press 1990 Wood David E comp A Guide to Selected Sources to the History of the Seminole Settlements of Red Bays Andros 1817 1980 Nassau Department of Archives Economic historyJohnson Howard The Bahamas in Slavery and Freedom Kingston Ian Randle Publishing 1991 Johnson Howard The Bahamas from Slavery to Servitude 1783 1933 Gainesville University of Florida Press 1996 Alan A Block Masters of Paradise New Brunswick and London Transaction Publishers 1998 Storr Virgil H Enterprising Slaves and Master Pirates Understanding Economic Life in the Bahamas New York Peter Lang 2004 Social historyJohnson Wittington B Race Relations in the Bahamas 1784 1834 The Nonviolent Transformation from a Slave to a Free Society Fayetteville University of Arkansas 2000 Shirley Paul Tek Force Wid Force History Today 54 no 41 April 2004 30 35 Saunders Gail The Social Life in the Bahamas 1880s 1920s Nassau Media Publishing 1996 Saunders Gail Bahamas Society After Emancipation Kingston Ian Randle Publishing 1990 Curry Jimmy Filthy Rich Gangster First Bahamian Movie Movie Mogul Pictures 1996 Curry Jimmy To the Rescue First Bahamian Rap Hip Hop Song Royal Crown Records 1985 Collinwood Dean The Bahamas Between Worlds White Sound Press 1989 Collinwood Dean and Steve Dodge Modern Bahamian Society Caribbean Books 1989 Dodge Steve Robert McIntire and Dean Collinwood The Bahamas Index White Sound Press 1989 Collinwood Dean The Bahamas in The Whole World Handbook 1992 1995 12th ed New York St Martin s Press 1994 Collinwood Dean The Bahamas chapters in Jack W Hopkins ed Latin American and Caribbean Contemporary Record Vols 1 2 3 4 Holmes and Meier Publishers 1983 1984 1985 1986 Collinwood Dean Problems of Research and Training in Small Islands with a Social Science Faculty in Social Science in Latin America and the Caribbean UNESCO No 48 1982 Collinwood Dean and Rick Phillips The National Literature of the New Bahamas Weber Studies Vol 7 No 1 Spring 1990 43 62 Collinwood Dean Writers Social Scientists and Sexual Norms in the Caribbean Tsuda Review No 31 November 1986 45 57 Collinwood Dean Terra Incognita Research on the Modern Bahamian Society Journal of Caribbean Studies Vol 1 Nos 2 3 Winter 1981 284 297 Collinwood Dean and Steve Dodge Political Leadership in the Bahamas The Bahamas Research Institute No 1 May 1987 External links EditBahamas at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel information from Wikivoyage Official website Wikimedia Atlas of Bahamas Bahamas The The World Factbook 2023 ed Central Intelligence Agency The Bahamas from UCB Libraries GovPubs The Bahamas at Curlie The Bahamas from the BBC News Key Development Forecasts for The Bahamas from International Futures Maps of the Bahamas from the American Geographical Society Library The Nassau Guardian newspaper 1849 1922 as Open Access from the Digital Library of the Caribbean Coordinates 25 00 N 77 24 W 25 00 N 77 40 W 25 00 77 40 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Bahamas amp oldid 1130558182, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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