San José, Costa Rica
San José (Spanish: [saŋ xoˈse]; meaning "Saint Joseph") is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica, and the capital of the province of the same name. It is in the center of the country, in the mid-west of the Central Valley, within San José Canton. San José is Costa Rica's seat of national government, focal point of political and economic activity, and major transportation hub. San José Canton's population was 288,054 in 2011,[6] and San José's municipal land area is 44.2 square kilometers (17.2 square miles), with an estimated 333,980 residents in 2015.[7] Together with several other cantons of the central valley, including Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago, it forms the country's Greater Metropolitan Area, with an estimated population of over 2 million in 2017.[8] The city is named in honor of Joseph of Nazareth.
San José | |
|---|---|
| Ciudad de San José de Costa Rica | |
From top, left to right: Skyline of San José, La Sabana Park, southeastern face of the National Museum, National Theatre, Morazán Park, the Edificio Metálico, entrance of the National Museum, Paseo Colón avenue, Metropolitan Cathedral | |
Flag Coat of arms Wordmark | |
| Nickname: Chepe | |
| Motto(s): | |
San José Location of San José within Costa Rica | |
| Coordinates: 09°55′57″N 84°04′48″W / 9.93250°N 84.08000°WCoordinates: 09°55′57″N 84°04′48″W / 9.93250°N 84.08000°W | |
| Country | Costa Rica |
| Province | Province of San José |
| Canton | Canton of San José |
| Founded | c. 1739 |
| Capital as of | 16 May 1823 |
| Districts | 10 total, 1 partial.[1][2] |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Johnny Araya Monge (PLN) |
| Area | |
| • Capital city | 44.62 km2 (17.23 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,044 km2 (789 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,172 m (3,845 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| • Capital city | 342,188[3] |
| • Urban | 1,543,000 (March 2,013)[4] |
| • Metro | 2,158,898 |
| • Metro density | 1,056.2/km2 (2,736/sq mi) |
| • Demonym | Josefino/a |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Area code | + 506 |
| HDI (2019) | 0.828[5] Very High |
| Climate | Aw |
| Website | msj.go.cr |
Founded in 1736 by order of Cabildo de León, the population of San José rose during the 18th century through the use of colonial planning. It has historically been a city of strategic importance, having been the capital of Costa Rica three times. More than a million people pass through it daily. It is home to the Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, the National Theatre of Costa Rica, and La Sabana Metropolitan Park. Juan Santamaría International Airport serves the city.
San José is notable among Latin American cities for its high quality of life,[9] security, level of globalization, environmental performance, public service,[10] and recognized institutions. According to studies on Latin America, San José is one of the safest and least violent cities in the region.[11] In 2006, the city was appointed Ibero-American Capital of Culture. According to The MasterCard Global Destinations Cities Index 2012, San José is the sixth-most visited destination in Latin America, ranking first in Central America.[12] San José ranked 15th in the world's fastest-growing destination cities by visitor cross-border spending.[13] It is considered a "Beta-" global city by GaWC. San José joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
History
The population of San José grew during the eighteenth-century colonization planning, which was different from the traditional foundation plans of Spanish cities in the continent of Central America.
Founded in 1736 by order of Cabildo de León, its objective was to concentrate the scattered inhabitants of the Aserrí Valley.[14] De León thus ordered the construction of a chapel near the area known as La Boca del Monte which was completed a year later. That year St. Joseph was chosen as parish patron, hence its name. The chapel, which was very modest, was erected with help from the church of Cartago.
Unlike neighboring Cartago, San José was not founded by formal decree and thus lacked a city government. It was not until the enactment of the Constitution of Cádiz in 1812 that San José had its first city government. On 18 October 1813, the area was first defined as a city by presbyter Florencio del Castillo, on behalf of the Spanish government, a title which was then lost in 1814 when Ferdinand VII of Spain annulled the proceedings of the courts. The municipal government was restored in 1820 along with the title of city and in 1823 San José became the capital of Costa Rica.[14][15] This makes San José one of the youngest capital cities in Latin America by year of conception.
Population and economic growth were spurred by improvements in access to water and the installment of the Tobacco Factory in 1782. The accumulation of capital brought by tobacco plantations allowed the city to economically surpass neighboring provinces.[16]
The first modern urban neighborhood carries the name of its founder, the French coffee entrepreneur Monsieur Amon, and was created in the late 19th century, in line with Belle Époque contemporary architecture. Barrio Amon, as well as the National Theatre, remain symbols of the so-called Costa Rican coffee golden age.
Today San José is a modern city with bustling commerce and brisk expressions of art and architecture. Spurred by the country's improved tourism industry, it is a significant destination and stopover for foreign visitors.[17]
San José exerts a strong influence because of its proximity to other cities (Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago) and the country's demographic assemblage in the Central Valley.[18]
Districts
The borders of San José city, as defined in the Administrative Territorial Division[1] and stipulated in the Executive Decree 11562 of 27 May 1980,[2] assign the borders of San José canton except an East sector of Uruca district. Therefore the city is composed of the totality of the districts of Carmen, Merced, Hospital, Catedral, Zapote, San Francisco de Dos Ríos, Mata Redonda, Pavas, Hatillo, San Sebastián and partially of Uruca district.
Climate
San José has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw).[19] Precipitation varies widely between the driest month (6.3 mm (0.25 in)) and the wettest month (355.1 mm (13.98 in)), while average temperatures vary little.[20] The hottest month is April with an average temperature of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F), while the coolest month is October with an average temperature of 21.8 °C (71.2 °F).
| Climate data for San José, Costa Rica (Juan Santamaría International Airport) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) | 33.3 (91.9) | 33.4 (92.1) | 34.5 (94.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.7 (89.1) | 32.0 (89.6) | 32.0 (89.6) | 31.4 (88.5) | 30.3 (86.5) | 31.5 (88.7) | 34.5 (94.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.2 (82.8) | 29.1 (84.4) | 29.9 (85.8) | 30.3 (86.5) | 28.8 (83.8) | 28.2 (82.8) | 28.2 (82.8) | 28.3 (82.9) | 27.8 (82.0) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.9 (82.2) | 28.4 (83.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.7 (74.7) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.0 (71.6) | 21.8 (71.2) | 21.9 (71.4) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.6 (72.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 18.5 (65.3) | 18.7 (65.7) | 18.8 (65.8) | 19.1 (66.4) | 19.2 (66.6) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 18.3 (64.9) | 18.5 (65.3) | 18.3 (64.9) | 18.3 (64.9) | 18.7 (65.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) | 13.2 (55.8) | 14.5 (58.1) | 14.9 (58.8) | 14.9 (58.8) | 15.8 (60.4) | 15.2 (59.4) | 16.0 (60.8) | 15.8 (60.4) | 15.5 (59.9) | 14.5 (58.1) | 14.2 (57.6) | 11.7 (53.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 6.3 (0.25) | 10.2 (0.40) | 13.8 (0.54) | 79.9 (3.15) | 267.6 (10.54) | 280.1 (11.03) | 181.5 (7.15) | 276.9 (10.90) | 355.1 (13.98) | 330.6 (13.02) | 135.5 (5.33) | 33.5 (1.32) | 1,971 (77.61) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 23 | 22 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 25 | 17 | 8 | 184 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 68 | 66 | 70 | 77 | 83 | 80 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 79 | 74 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 285.2 | 266.0 | 282.1 | 240.0 | 182.9 | 144.0 | 151.9 | 158.1 | 147.0 | 161.2 | 177.0 | 244.9 | 2,440.3 |
| Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[21] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[22] | |||||||||||||
Education
Costa Rica has developed high education levels. As of 2011 97.6% of the population over 10 was literate,[23] 96% of children aged 6–11 attend primary school and 71% of students of high-school age attend high-school.[24] The country as a whole has the highest education levels in Central America and one of the best in Latin America. This is especially true for San José, the nation's educational hub home to a large number of public and private universities.[25]
University of Santo Tomas, the first university of Costa Rica, was established here in 1843.[26] That institution maintained close ties with the Roman Catholic Church and was closed in 1888 by the progressive and anti-clerical government of President Bernardo Soto Alfaro as part of a campaign to modernize public education. The schools of law, agronomy, fine arts, and pharmacy continued to operate independently, but Costa Rica had no university proper until 1940, when those four schools were re-united to establish the modern University of Costa Rica (UCR), during the reformist administration of President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia. The University for Peace, an intergovernmental organization with university status, established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1980, is located in San José.
The city's public education system is composed of pre-schools, elementary and high schools (from grades 7 to 11), which are located in all of the city's districts and are under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Education. Nevertheless, private institutions do exist within the city. These educational institutions range from pre-schools to universities. Most tend to be bilingual, teaching subjects in either French or English and Spanish, among other languages, apart from just teaching a certain language.
Security
San José is one of Latin America's safest cities. As of 19 June 2012, both city and nation reduced their crime indices considerably.[timeframe?] Nationwide, crime was reduced from 12.5 to 9.5 incidents per 100,000 inhabitants.
In 2012, new police equipment was issued by the government, and the security budget was increased. President Laura Chinchilla's government has donated vehicles and other equipment to the police department on at least two occasions.[27]
The city's greater metropolitan area (in Los Yoses, San Pedro) also serves as the headquarters of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
Major landmarks
Theaters and auditoriums
San José has a number of theaters, many with European-inspired architecture. These buildings serve as the city's main tourist attractions, not only because of their architecture, but because of the cultural, musical, and artistic presentations and activities, which include traditional and modern Costa Rican and San Josefinan culture.[citation needed]
The most well-known are:
- The National Theater of Costa Rica (Teatro Nacional de Costa Rica).
- The Melico Salazar Theater (Teatro Popular Melico Salazar).
- The National Auditorium of The Children's Museum of Costa Rica (Museo de los Niños).
The National Theater of Costa Rica (considered the finest historic building in the capital and known for its exquisite interior which includes its lavish Italian furnishings[28]) and the Melico Salazar Theater present drama, dance performances and concerts throughout the year. Nevertheless, other 'smaller' theaters can be found throughout the city and provide a large array of entertainment.
El Teatro Variedades (1892) is San José's oldest theater.[29]
Museums
San José is also host to various museums. These museums allow visitors to view Costa Rican history, scientific discoveries, pre-Columbian era culture and art, as well as modern Costa Rican art. The city is also host to the nation's museum of gold and museum of jade.
Some of the city's main museums are:
- The Children's Museum (Museo de los Niños)
- The National Museum of Costa Rica (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica)
- The Museum of Pre-Columbian Gold (Museo de Oro Precolombino)
- The Museum of Costa Rican Art
- The Museum of Contemporary Art and Design (Museo de Arte y Diseño Contemporáneo)
- The Museum of Jade (Museo del Jade Marco Fidel Tristán Castro)
Parks, plazas, and zoos
San José is home to many parks and squares (plazas in Spanish); where one can find gazebos, open green areas, recreational areas, lakes, fountains, statues and sculptures by Costa Rican artists and many different bird, tree and plant species.
Parks and zoos
The city's primary parks include:
- The National Park (Parque Nacional)
- Morazán Park (Parque Morazán) — with Neoclassical Temple of Music (Templo de la Música) pavilion
- La Sabana Metropolitan Park (Parque Metropolitano La Sabana) — largest park and "the lungs of San José," in Mata Redonda District (west city)
- Peace Park (Parque de la Paz)
- Okayama Park (Parque Okayama) — Japanese style garden and architectural elements, ornamental ponds, and garden sculptures
- Simón Bolívar Zoo — the city's only zoo, with a large variety of native Costa Rican and exotic animals and plant species
Plazas
Plazas, or town squares, are very prominent across San José's districts.
- Plaza de la Democracia
- Culture Square — La Plaza de La Cultura
Transportation
San José has several internal transportation networks that connect the city districts and metropolitan area; as well as national transportation networks that connect the city to other parts of Costa Rica.
San José is undergoing modernization in transportation. The mayor, Johnny Araya, has announced the establishment of an urban tramway system that will, in its first phase, cover the central core of the city going from west to east. This entire plan was announced and publicly presented in February 2011 by the city mayor and Costa Rican President, Laura Chinchilla.
On 27 September 2012, San José disclosed plans to install its first street signs, about 22,000 signs and plaques. It is estimated that the lack of proper street names for directions causes the loss of $720 million a year by the Inter-American Development Bank in 2008, due to undelivered, returned or re-sent mail.[30]
Buses
Private bus companies connect different areas of the city with each other and the suburbs. Services to other parts of the country are provided by other private companies which have stations or stops spread all over the city center. There are also bus services between Juan Santamaría International Airport and downtown San José.
Train
The Instituto Costarricense de Ferrocarriles, or the state owned railway institute, is in charge of all of Costa Rica's railways. In 2004, this institution began work on the establishment of an inter-urban railway network. This network would connect Tibás, Heredia, San Antonio de Belén, Pavas, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Sabanilla, and Curridabat, among other locations.
There are plans to expand this inter-urban railway system into Cartago, Alajuela, and the Juan Santamaría International Airport.
Trains run to Heredia from Estación Atlantico and San Antonio de Belen and from Estación Pacifico.[31]
Taxis
San José public taxi services complement the urban transportation network. Taxis are characterized by their red color and belong to registered cooperatives. There are other taxi services which do not belong to the registered system, there are also taxis from the airport that are usually orange.
The car-sharing company Uber is active in Costa Rica and, despite repeated clashes with and strikes by taxi drivers protesting unfair competition, continues to operate in the country.[when?]
Airports
The city is serviced by Juan Santamaría International Airport (IATA: SJO, ICAO: MROC), 23 km (14 mi) west of downtown, in the city of Alajuela, which is one of the busiest airports in Central America. In 2010, Juan Santamaría International Airport received 4.3 million passengers, most of them from international flights. In 2011, the airport was named the 3rd Best Airport in Latin America/Caribbean from the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International.[32]
The airport is undergoing a modernization plan, which is expected to be brief. The previous remodeling done to the airport cost around $7 million.
Another important airport in San José is Tobías Bolaños International Airport (IATA: SYQ, ICAO: MRPV). It is located 8 km (5 mi) north-west of the city proper and 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Juan Santamaría International Airport.
Cuisine
Costa Rican cuisine (comida típica) is generally not spicy. Throughout San José, the most popular food is the national dish of gallo pinto, which is a mixture of fried rice and black beans. Gallo pinto is usually served for breakfast with tortillas and natilla, a thin sour cream. Costa Rican restaurants serving traditional food at an affordable price are called sodas and usually offer casados for lunch and dinner. A casado (which means "married" in Spanish) consists of rice, beans, and meat, and normally comes with cabbage-and-tomato salad, fried plantains, and/or tortillas.[33] San José Central Market, in downtown San José, has numerous stalls and sodas.
Sports
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2019) |
The city's major football club is Deportivo Saprissa, which has won a record 36 league titles. The team plays its home games at the Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá, which is located in Tibas. Another top-level club, Universidad, plays at the Estadio Ecológico.
San José hosted the 2015 FIBA COCABA Championship, where the Costa Rica national basketball team finished 2nd. Playground was the Gimnasio Nacional.
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
San José is twinned with:
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Notable people
This is an alphabetical list of notable people who were born in or have lived in San José.
- Manuel Aguilar Chacón, former head of state of Costa Rica
- Randall Arauz, environmentalist
- Alicia Avilés, community leader
- Randall Azofeifa, football player for Herediano
- Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, former president of Costa Rica
- Daniel Cambronero, goalkeeper
- Joel Campbell, football player who used to play for Arsenal F.C.
- Laura Chinchilla, former president of Costa Rica
- es:Alex Curling Delisser, senator, human rights activist
- Mirta González Suárez, psychologist and writer
- Jens Hoffmann, writer and art curator
- Eunice Odio, writer
- Virginia Pérez-Ratton, artist
- Raquel Rodríguez, football player for Portland Thorns FC and the Costa Rica women's national football team
- Fernando Sánchez Campos, politician
- Ariel Sexton, mixed martial artist for ONE Championship
- Harry Shum Jr., dancer and actor
- Daniel Zovatto, American actor
See also
References
- ^ a b c "División Territorial Administrativa de la República de Costa Rica Decreto Ejecutivo N° 40184-MGP, del 9 de enero de 2017, publicado en el Alcance N° 52, a La Gaceta N° 48 del 8 de marzo de 2017" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "Decreto Ejecutivo 11562 del 27/05/1980". from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ "Anuario Estadístico | Instituto Nacional De Estadistica Y Censos" (in Spanish). Inec.cr. from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ . Instituto Nacional de Censos de Costa Rica. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
- ^ "Subnational Human Development Index". from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ Conrad, Peter (23 November 2012). "Interest activities to do in San Jose, Costa Rica". TravelExcellence.com. from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
- ^ "Capital Facts for San José, Costa Rica". World's Capital Cities. 17 June 2019. from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
- ^ "Costa Rica - Country Profile - Nations Online Project". www.nationsonline.org. from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ Rosales, Daniel (23 February 2016). "Ciudad Panamá y San José tienen la mejor calidad de vida de la región". Revista Summa (in European Spanish). from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ "San José's air among cleanest of Latin American cities". The Tico Times Costa Rica. 9 August 2015. from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ "Costa Rica still one of the safest places in Latin America". The Costa Rica News. 17 June 2012. from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ . MasterCard Social Newsroom (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ "San Jose Costa Rica is the sixth most important destination in Latin America". The Costa Rica News. 14 June 2012. from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ a b "Historia de San José: Ciudad hace 200 años". La Nación, Grupo Nación (in Spanish). from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- ^ History of San José, Costa Rica 3 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, by Spanish Abroad, Inc. 17 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Historia de San José: ciudad hace 200 años". La Nación, Grupo Nación (in Spanish). from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- ^ "San José, city, Costa Rica". from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
- ^ In San José, Costa Rica, effective metropolitan planning and selective infrastructure investment can improve the quality of life for the poor 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, by Rosendo Pujol, researcher of ProDUS 30 May 2002 at the Wayback Machine on the World Bank Urban Research Symposium in Brasilia, Brasil, 4–6 April 2005
- ^ "CHAPTER 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere". PhysicalGeography.net. from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
- ^ "The Climate of Tropical Regions". The British Geographer. from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
- ^ "Klimatafel von San José (Int. Flugh.) / Costa Rica" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
- ^ "Juan Santamaria Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ inec. "Censos 2011 | Instituto Nacional De Estadistica Y Censos". www.inec.go.cr (in Spanish). from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- ^ Costa Rica Ministry of Education, Unicef, MICS (2011). "Costa Rica- Alfabetizacion y Educación (Costa Rica- Literacy and Education)" (PDF). Unicef.org.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link] - ^ "Universidades de San José (Privadas y Públicas)". Altillo.com. from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ "La Universidad de Santo Tomás (1843-1888)". Universidad de Costa Rica archive. from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- ^ "CHINA DONA 200 PATRULLAS CON GARANTÍA DE REPUESTOS". Prensalibre.cr. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ Baker, C.P. (2005). Costa Rica. Dorling Kindersley Eye Witness Travel Guides. p. 60.
- ^ . si.cultura.cr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014.
- ^ Cota, Isabella. "San Jose, Costa Rica to install its first street signs". Yahoo News. from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- ^ Horario de Tren, www.horariodetren.com. "Urban Train in Costa Rica". Horariodetren.com. from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ "ASQ Award for Best Airport in Latin America - Caribbean" 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Airports Council International. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012
- ^ . Globalgourmet.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ . Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
External links
- San José, Costa Rica travel guide from Wikivoyage
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.