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Aleksandar Vučić

Aleksandar Vučić (Serbian Cyrillic: Александар Вучић, pronounced [aleksǎːndar ʋǔtʃitɕ]; born 5 March 1970)[1] is a Serbian politician serving as the president of Serbia since 2017.[2] A member of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS), he previously served as the president of the SNS from 2012 to 2023,[3] first deputy prime minister from 2012 to 2014, and prime minister of Serbia from 2014 to 2017.

Aleksandar Vučić
Александар Вучић
Vučić in 2019
5th President of Serbia
Assumed office
31 May 2017
Prime MinisterIvica Dačić (acting)
Ana Brnabić
Preceded byTomislav Nikolić
Prime Minister of Serbia
In office
28 April 2014 – 31 May 2017
PresidentTomislav Nikolić
DeputyIvica Dačić
Rasim Ljajić
Zorana Mihajlović
Kori Udovički
Nebojša Stefanović
Preceded byIvica Dačić
Succeeded byIvica Dačić (acting)
Ana Brnabić
First Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia
In office
27 July 2012 – 27 April 2014
Prime MinisterIvica Dačić
Preceded byIvica Dačić
Succeeded byIvica Dačić
Minister of Defence
In office
27 July 2012 – 2 September 2013
Prime MinisterIvica Dačić
Preceded byDragan Šutanovac
Succeeded byNebojša Rodić
Minister of Information
In office
24 March 1998 – 24 October 2000
Prime MinisterMirko Marjanović
Preceded byRadmila Milentijević
Succeeded byIvica Dačić
Biserka Matić-Spasojević
Bogoljub Pejčić
Personal details
Born (1970-03-05) 5 March 1970 (age 53)
Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia
Political partySRS (1993–2008)
SNS (2008–present)
Spouses
Ksenija Janković
(m. 1997; div. 2011)
(m. 2013)
Children3
Parents
  • Anđelko Vučić
  • Angelina Milovanov
RelativesAndrej Vučić (brother)
Alma materUniversity of Belgrade
Signature
Websitevucic.rs

Born in Belgrade, Vučić graduated as a lawyer from the Faculty of Law of University of Belgrade. Vučić began his political career in 1993, as a member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS) in the National Assembly of Serbia. In 1995, he became the secretary-general of SRS. He was appointed minister of information in 1998 in the government of Mirko Marjanović. During his tenure as minister, which lasted until the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in 2000, Vučić introduced restrictive measures against journalists and banned foreign TV networks.[4][5] After 2000, he was one of the most prominent figures in the Serbian opposition. Together with Tomislav Nikolić, Vučić left SRS and co-founded SNS in 2008, initially serving as its deputy president. SNS became the largest party in the 2012 election and SNS soon formed a government with the Socialist Party of Serbia. Vučić was appointed first deputy prime minister and elected president of SNS.

Despite not being prime minister, Vučić held the most influence and power due to being the leader of the largest party in the government.[6][7][8] He was one of the crucial figures in cooperation and European Union (EU)-mediated dialogue between the governments of Kosovo and Serbia, advocating the implementation of the Brussels Agreement on the normalization of their relations. Vučić became prime minister in 2014, leading to the establishment of a dominant-party system.[9][10][11] He continued the accession process to the EU by privatizing state businesses and liberalizing the economy.[12] EU opened first chapters during the accession conference with the Serbian delegation led by Vučić in 2015. In 2017, Vučić was elected president of Serbia. He was re-elected in 2022. During his tenure as president, Vučić initiated Open Balkan, an economic zone of Balkan countries intended to guarantee "four freedoms", and signed an agreement in September 2020 to normalize economic relations with Kosovo. A populist politician, Vučić supports the accession of Serbia to the EU but also wants to retain good relations with Russia and China. Observers have described Vučić's rule as an authoritarian, autocratic or illiberal democratic regime, citing curtailed press freedom and a decline in civil liberties.[13][14][15][16]

Early life and education

Aleksandar Vučić was born in Belgrade to Anđelko Vučić and Angelina Milovanov. He has a younger brother, Andrej.[17]

His paternal ancestors came from Čipuljić, near Bugojno, in Central Bosnia. They were expelled by the Croatian fascists (Ustaše) during World War II and settled near Belgrade, where his father was born.[18] According to Vučić, his paternal grandfather Anđelko and tens of other close relatives were killed by the Ustaše.[19]

His mother was born in Bečej in Vojvodina.[18] Both of his parents were economics graduates. His father worked as an economist, and his mother as a journalist.[18]

Vučić was raised in New Belgrade,[18] where he attended the Branko Radičević Elementary School, and later a gymnasium in Zemun. He graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law. He learned English in Brighton, England, and worked as a merchant in London for some time. After returning to Yugoslavia, he worked as a journalist in Pale, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina. There, he interviewed politician Radovan Karadžić and once played chess with general Ratko Mladić.[20] As a youngster, Vučić was a fan of Red Star Belgrade, often attending their matches,[20] including the one played between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star on 13 May 1990, which turned into a huge riot.[21] The homes of his relatives were destroyed in the Bosnian War.[19]

Political career

Vučić joined the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) in 1993, a far right party whose core ideology is based on Serbian nationalism and the goal of creating a Greater Serbia,[22][23] and was elected to the National Assembly following the 1993 parliamentary election. Two years later, Vučić became secretary-general of the SRS. He was one of the SRS's volunteers who visited the army that kept Sarajevo under the siege.[24][25] After his party won the local elections in Zemun in 1996, he became the director of Pinki Hall,[1] which was his first employment.

Minister of Information (1998–2000)

In March 1998, Vučić was appointed Minister of Information in the government of Mirko Marjanović.[26] Scholars described Vučić as the crucial figure in the shaping of turn-of-the century media policies in Serbia.[27] Following rising resentment against Milošević, Vučić introduced fines for journalists who criticized the government and banned foreign TV networks.[28] He recalled in 2014 that he was wrong and had changed, stating "I was not ashamed to confess all my political mistakes".[29]

During this period, Serbian media was accused for broadcasting Serbian nationalist propaganda, which demonized ethnic minorities and legitimized Serb atrocities against them.[30] In 1998, the government adopted Europe's most restrictive media law by the end of the 20th century, which created a special misdemeanor court to try violations. It had the ability to impose heavy fines and to confiscate property if they were not immediately paid.[31][27] Serbian media were under severe repression of the state, and that foreign media had been seen as "foreign elements" and "spies".[27] Human Rights Watch reported that five independent newspaper editors were charged with disseminating misinformation because they referred to Albanians who had died in Kosovo as "people" rather than "terrorists".[32] The government crackdown on independent media intensified when NATO forces were threatening intervention in Kosovo in late September and early October 1998. Furthermore, the government also maintained direct control of state radio and television, which provided news for the majority of the population.[32] After the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia began in March 1999, Vučić called for a meeting of all Belgrade's editors. Print media were ordered to submit all copies to the Ministry for approval and they were allowed to publish only official statements and information taken from media outlets, which either are controlled by the state or practice radical self-censorship.[27] Also, Vučić ordered all NATO countries journalists to leave the country.[27]

Radical Party to Progressive Party

 
Vučić and Tomislav Nikolić on the founding congress of the Serbian Progressive Party, Belgrade, 2008

Tomislav Nikolić, deputy leader of the Radical Party and de facto interim leader due to absence of Vojislav Šešelj, resigned on 6 September 2008 because of disagreement with Šešelj over the party's support for Serbia's EU membership. With some other well-known Radical Party members he formed a new parliamentary club called "Napred Srbijo!" (Forward Serbia!). On 12 September 2008 Nikolić and his group were officially ejected from the Radical Party on the session of SRS leadership. Vučić, as secretary-general was called to attend this session, but he did not appear. Tomislav Nikolić announced he would form his own party and called Vučić to join. Vučić, one of the most popular figures among SRS supporters, resigned from Radical Party on 14 September 2008.[33] The next day, Vučić announced his temporary withdrawal from politics.[34]

 
Vučić and U.S. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta in Washington, D.C. in 2012

On 6 October 2008, Vučić confirmed in a TV interview that he was to join the newly formed Nikolić's Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) and that he would be the Deputy President of the party. He then seemed to change his positions. In 2010 he made statements such as a "horrible crime was committed in Srebrenica", saying he felt "ashamed" of the Serbs who did it. "I do not hide that I have changed... I am proud of that," he told AFP in an interview in 2012. "I was wrong, I thought I was doing the best for my country, but I saw the results and we failed, We need to admit that."[35]

Nikolić stepped down as party leader on 24 May 2012 following his election as President of Serbia. Vučić assumed leadership until the next party congress is held to elect a new leader. On 29 September 2012 Vučić was elected as party leader, with Jorgovanka Tabaković as his deputy.[citation needed]

Minister of Defence and First Deputy Prime Minister (2012–2014)

Vučić briefly served as Minister of Defence and First Deputy Prime Minister from July 2012 to August 2013, when he stepped down from his position of Defence Minister in a cabinet reshuffle. Although the Prime Minister, Ivica Dačić Deba, held formal power as head-of-government, many analysts thought that Vučić had the most influence in government as head of the largest party in the governing coalition and parliament.[28]

Prime Minister (2014–2017)

 
Vučić with US Vice President Mike Pence (2017)

2014 parliamentary election

As a result of the 2014 parliamentary election, Vučić's Serbian Progressive Party won 158 out of 250 seats in Parliament and formed a ruling coalition with the Socialist Party of Serbia. Vučić was elected Prime Minister of Serbia.

2016 parliamentary election

At a party conference of his ruling Serbian Progressive Party, Vučić announced early general elections, citing that: 'He wants to ensure that the country has stable rule that its current political direction will continue – including its attempt to secure membership of the EU.'[36] On 4 March 2016, Serbian President, Tomislav Nikolić, dissolved the parliament, scheduling early elections for 24 April.[37] The ruling coalition around Vučić's SNS obtained 48.25% of the vote.[38][39] Vučić's ruling SNS retained majority in the parliament, despite winning less seats than in 2014 parliamentary election. The coalition around SNS won 131 seats, 98 of which belong to SNS.[40]

2017 presidential election

 
President Aleksandar Vučić with Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi

Vučić announced his candidacy in the presidential election on 14 February 2017, despite earlier statements that he would not run.[41] According to the Constitution, Serbia is a parliamentary republic in which the presidency is largely ceremonial with no significant executive power.[42]

After initial speculations that the incumbent president, Tomislav Nikolić, would also run, he backed Vučić and his ruling SNS party. Vučić won the election in the first round, having obtained 56.01 percent of the vote. The independent candidate, Saša Janković was second with 16.63 percent, ahead of satirical politician Luka Maksimović and former Minister of Foreign Affairs Vuk Jeremić.[43]

A public opinion survey, carried out by CeSID, showed that significant proportions of Vučić supporters are composed of pensioners (41%) and that a large majority of them (63%) hold secondary education degrees, while 21% don't even have a high school degree.[44]

President (2017–present)

The election result sparked protests around Serbia. Thousands of protesters accused Vučić of leading the country towards authoritarianism. Protesters organized the rallies through social media, insisted that they are not linked to any party or politician, and demanded a total overhaul of what they call "corrupt political, business and media systems that serve an elite led by Mr Vučić".[45] Vučić maintained that the protests were organized by his political opponents who expected "the dictator would bring the police into the streets."[46]

However, Vučić was sworn in as President of Serbia on 31 May, in front of Parliament.[47] He promised to continue with reforms and said Serbia will remain on a European path. He also said Serbia will maintain military neutrality, but continue to build partnerships with both NATO and Russia.[48]

After becoming president, Vučić disbanded the traditional police security service responsible for President's protection, and replaced it with members of the Cobras, military police unit which contrary to the law, protected him while he served as the Prime Minister from 2014 to 2017.[49]

During late 2018 and early 2019, thousands of Serbians took to the streets to protest the presidency of Vučić. The protesters accused Vučić and the SNS of corruption and stated that Vučić is trying to cement himself as an autocrat, which he denied.[50][51] In 2019, Freedom House's report downgraded Serbia's status from Free to Partly Free due to the deterioration in the conduct of elections, continued attempts by the government and allied media outlets to undermine independent journalists through legal harassment and smear campaigns, and Vučić's accumulation of executive powers that conflict with his constitutional role.[52]

 
President Vučić with Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez during his official visit to Spain (2022)

After Vučić's announcement of the reintroduction of lockdown in July 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, thousands of people protested, accusing the government of missteps in handling of the pandemic, including the premature lifting of restrictions and downplaying the risk to hold the elections.[53][54] Some analysts said that they had not witnessed police brutality which occurred during the protest since the Slobodan Milošević's regime.[53]

According to Amnesty International's annual report for 2021, Vučić's mandate is characterized by human rights violations, restrictions on freedom of expression and campaigns of harassment against the opposition figures, journalists and media outlets.[55]

Vučić participated in the 2022 general election as the presidential candidate of the Serbian Progressive Party. He won 58% of the popular vote in the first round, and secured his second mandate as president of Serbia.[56] Vučić announced the formation of the People's Movement for the State in March 2023.[57]

Following the Belgrade school shooting and Mladenovac and Smederevo shootings in May 2023, large-scale anti-government protests took place against Vučić's rule. As a result, Vučić promised that early parliamentary elections would be held before the end of the year.[58]

Policies

Economy

 
Open Balkan Summit
 
Vučić at the opening of the TANAP pipeline with regional leaders in Turkey (2018)

After his election as Prime Minister in 2014, Vučić promoted austerity-based economic policies, whose aim was to reduce Serbia's budget deficit. Vučić's policy of fiscal consolidation was primarily aimed at cuts in the public sector. One of the measures was the reduction of pensions and salaries in the public sector as well as a ban on further employment in the public sector.[59] On 23 February 2015, Vučić's government has concluded a three-year stand-by arrangement with the IMF worth €1.2 billion as a precautionary measure to secure the country's long term fiscal stability.[60] The IMF has praised the reforms as has the EU[61][62] calling them one of the most successful programmes the IMF has ever had. The GDP of Serbia has surpassed the pre crisis of 2008 levels as have the salaries.[63] The economic prospects are good with GDP growth rising above 3% and the debt to GDP ratio falling below 68%[64][61]

 
President Aleksandar Vučić with Prime Minister of Slovenia Robert Golob and Charles Michel President of the European Council

Corruption and organized crime

Vučić has pledged to tackle corruption and organized crime in Serbia.[65] He also vowed to investigate controversial privatizations and ties between tycoons and former government members.[28][66]

On the other hand, data from the Transparency International showed that a significant increase in perceived corruption was seen exactly from 2012, when Vučić came into power.[67] According to research conducted by the Centre for Investigative Journalism, the battle against corruption in practice comes down to media announcements and arrests in front of cameras. "They are followed by a large number of criminal charges, significantly fewer indictments, and even fewer convictions".[67][68]

In May 2023, the New York Times published an article by journalist Robert F. Worth which described alleged ties between Vučić and organized crime in Serbia, particularly its leader Veljko Belivuk. It detailed crimes committed by the Belivuk criminal gang and court transcripts in which Belivuk stated he had met Vučić, worked directly under him and provided services such as intimidating political rivals.[69][70] Vučić called the allegations "lies", claiming the article was ordered by the CIA months prior to send him a message and that it was written in Belgrade; accusations which Worth rejected.[71]

EU and Immigration policy

During the 2015 – 2016 European migrant crisis, Vučić strongly aligned himself with the policies of the German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, and publicly praised German migration policy.[citation needed] Vučić also stated that Serbia will cooperate with the EU in solving the migrant stream going from the Middle East to EU member countries through the Balkan route, and that Serbia will be ready to take some portion of the migrants. "Serbia will receive a certain number of migrants. This makes us more European than some member states. We don't build fences," Vučić wrote on Twitter, while criticizing the migrant policies of some EU member countries.[72]

Policy towards Kosovo

Until the new coalition government was formed in 2012, during the time he served as the secretary general of the Serbian Radical Party, the largest opposition party at the time, as well as during his position of the vice president of then newly formed Serbian Progressive Party, in 2008, Vučić was highly critical towards Koštunica and Cvetković's administrations, and offered a "reversal" of the agreements made by Borko Stefanović and the other officials during the negotiation process. However, upon forming the government Vucic stated how "we [the government of Serbia] cannot pretend that that [the former administration] was some different state which made the deals".

Vučić was one of the key political figures in the negotiation process on Serbia's bid for EU accession, traveling to Brussels for talks with the EU's Foreign Affairs High Commissioner, Baroness Ashton, as well as to North Mitrovica to discuss the details of a political settlement between on behalf of the Government of Serbia and Kosovo administration.[73][74] During his visit to North Kosovo, to garner support for the Brussels-brokered deal, he urged Kosovo Serbs to "leave the past and think about the future".[66]

 
Vučić (left), Donald Trump, President of the United States (middle), and Avdullah Hoti, Prime Minister of Kosovo (right), signing the 2020 Kosovo and Serbia economic agreement in the White House

In 2017, Vučić criticized the EU for "hypocrisy and double standards over its very different attitude towards separatist crises in Kosovo and Catalonia".[75] In September 2018 in a speech to Kosovo Serbs he stated: "Slobodan Milošević was a great Serbian leader, he had the best intentions, but our results were far worse."[76] Journalists[which?] report that Vučić advocates the partition of Kosovo, in what he refers to as "ethnic demarcation with Albanians".[77][78][79][80]

On 27 May 2019, during a special session of the Serbian parliament on Kosovo, Vučić said: "We need to recognize that we have been defeated... We lost the territory",[81] while also criticizing the 'unprincipled attitude of great powers' and "no one reacting to announcements for the formation of a Greater Albania".[82] He stated that Serbia no longer controlled Kosovo and that a compromise was needed on the issue through a future referendum in the country.[81] Vučić has close links to the Serb List and he invited Kosovo Serbs to vote for them in the elections.[83][84]

On 20 January 2020, Serbia and Kosovo agreed to restore flights between their capitals for the first time in more than two decades.[85][86] The deal came after months of diplomatic talks by Richard Grenell, the United States ambassador to Germany, who was named special envoy for Serbia-Kosovo relations by President Donald Trump the year before.[85] Vućić welcomed the flights agreement and tweeted his thanks to American diplomats.[87]

On 4 September 2020 Serbia and Kosovo signed an agreement at the White House in Washington D.C., in the presence of US President Donald Trump. In addition to the economic agreement, Serbia agreed to move its Israeli embassy to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv starting in June 2021 and Israel and Kosovo agreed to mutually recognise each other.[88]

Open Balkan

On 10 October 2019, together with Edi Rama, Prime Minister of Albania, and Zoran Zaev, Prime Minister of North Macedonia, Vučić signed the so-called Mini Schengen (now known as Open Balkan) deal on regional economic cooperation, including on the free movement of goods, capital, services, and labor between their three countries, while they await progress on EU enlargement.[89] A month later, the leaders presented a set of proposals to achieve the "four freedoms" and the first steps towards them, including the possibility to the open border area.[90] In December, the three leaders also met with Milo Đukanović, President of Montenegro, opening the possibility for the country to join the zone.[91] Following the 2020 Kosovo and Serbia economic agreement the two sides pledged to join the Mini Schengen Zone.[92]

Relations with Croatia

In 2007 Vučić stated that the Democratic League of Croats in Vojvodina is a branch of the Croatian Democratic Union.[93] In 2008, with the establishment of the Serbian Progressive Party, Vučić said that the goal of a Greater Serbia taking Croatian territory up to the proposed Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag line "is unrealistic and silly".[94] The Croatian newspaper Jutarnji list claimed in a reportage that none of his family members had been killed during World War II, upon which he replied that these were "brutal lies and attacks on his family".[19]

During 2015 and 2016, relations between Croatia and Serbia were further affected by to the ongoing migrant crisis, when Croatia decided to close its border with Serbia. In September 2015, Croatia barred all cargo traffic from Serbia,[95] due to the migrant influx coming from Serbia in a move which further eroded the fragile relations between the two countries. In response to these actions, Vučić announced that counter measures will be enacted if an agreement with Croatia is not reached.[96] The dispute was eventually resolved through the mediation of the EU Commission, yet the relations between the two neighboring countries remain fragile. On 31 March 2016, Vojislav Seselj, leader of the Serbian Radical Party, was acquitted of War Crime charges in the Hague Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia. The verdict has caused controversy in Croatia. Vučić distanced himself from Šešelj and his policy, but stated that the verdict should not be used as a tool for political pressure on Serbia.

On 7 April 2016 Croatia refused to endorse the EU Commission opinion to open Chapter 23, a part of Serbia's EU accession negotiations, thus effectively blocking Serbia' EU integration process. Serbia accused Croatia of obstructing its EU membership, and Vučić said that his government was: "Stunned by Croatia's decision not to support Serbia's European path."[97] Croatia has not agreed for Serbia to open negotiations of Chapter 23. On 14 April 2016, the EU Commission rejected Croatian arguments in its dispute with Serbia.[98]

Relations with Russia

 
President Vučić with Russian President Vladimir Putin, Belgrade
 
President Aleksandar Vučić with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu during the 2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade

Vučić has maintained traditional good relations between Serbia and Russia, and his government refused to enact sanctions on Russia, following the crisis in Ukraine and the Annexation of Crimea. Vučić has repeatedly announced that Serbia will remain committed to its European integration, but also maintain historic relations with Russia. "We have proven our sincere and friendly attitude to Russia by being one of the European countries that refused to impose sanctions on Russia," Vučić said after meeting with Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. "Serbia will continue pursuing this policy in the future."[99]

During Vučić's mandate, Serbia has continued to expand its economic ties with Russia, especially by increasing Serbian exports to Russia. In early 2016, after a meeting with the Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, Vučić announced the possibility of Serbia boosting its military cooperation with Russia by purchasing Russian missile systems.[100]

In December 2017, Vučić made an official visit to the Russian Federation for the first time as the President of Serbia.[101] He expressed his gratefulness to Russia for protecting Serbian national interests, and stated that: "Serbia will never impose sanctions on the Russian Federation (in relation to the international sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis)".[101] During his visit, he focused on strengthening cooperation in the field of military industry and energy.[101]

On 25 February 2022, Vučić said Serbia would not impose sanctions against Russia during the 2022 Russian-Ukraine War.[102][103]

Relations with the United States

In July 2017 Vučić visited the United States and met with U.S. Vice President Mike Pence, where they discussed U.S. support for Serbia's efforts to join the European Union, the need for continued reforms, and further progress in normalizing the relationship with Kosovo.[104] Referencing the proposed land swap arrangement between Serbia and Kosovo, U.S. national security advisor John Bolton has said that the United States would not oppose a territorial exchange between Kosovo and Serbia to resolve their long-running dispute. The U.S. State Department continues to maintain that the full normalization of relations between Serbia and Kosovo is "essential for regional stability", which Vučić has said before.[105]

Relations with China

Vučić has sought closer cooperation with China.[106][107] He has met with Chinese president Xi Jinping in 2016,[108] 2018,[109] and 2019.[110] After meeting with Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi, he secured Chinese help in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia through delivery of PPE and CoronaVac vaccine doses,[111] which has contributed to Serbia leading COVID-19 vaccination rates in Europe.[112][113]

 
Vučić and Mike Pompeo address reporters before their bilateral meeting in Washington (2020)

The media

In 2014, Dunja Mijatović, OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, wrote Vučić and made attention with the suppression of the media, which he denied and demanded an apology from OSCE.[114] According to the 2015 Freedom House report and the 2017 Amnesty International report, media outlets and journalists has become subject to pressure after criticizing the government of Prime Minister Aleksandar Vučić.[115][116] Also, Serbian media are heavily dependent on advertising contracts and government subsidies which make journalists and media outlets exposed to economic pressures, such as payment defaults, termination of contracts and the like.[115] Four popular political talk TV programs were canceled in 2014, including the renowned political talk show Utisak nedelje by Olja Bećković, running since 24 years and well known for its critical scrutiny of all governments since.[115][117] In first report after Vučić took the office, European Commission expressed concerns about deteriorating conditions for the full exercise of freedom of expression.[118] Report said there was a growing trend of self-censorship which combined with undue influence on editorial policies.[118] Reports published in 2016 and 2018 stated that no progress was made to improve conditions for the full exercise of freedom of expression.[119][120] In July 2016, the ruling party organized an exhibition of government-critical press articles and social media posts, labeled as 'lies', saying that they wanted to document wrongful attacks and to prove there is no official censorship.[121][122][123] In 2017, Freedom House reported that Serbia posted one of the largest single-year declines in press freedom among all the countries and territories. Also, they emphasized that Vučić had sought to squeeze critical media out of the market and discredit the few journalists with the funds and fortitude to keep working.[124] Some commentators have described that Vučić built the cult of personality, with the significant role of mass media.[125][126][127][128][129][130][131]

 
Vučić with journalists during European People's Party Congress in Helsinki (2018)

Observers described that during the campaign for the 2017 presidential election, Vučić had ten times more airtime on national broadcasters than all other candidates combined and mainstream media under Vučić's control have been demonizing most of the opposition presidential candidates, without giving them the opportunity to respond.[132][133] Organizations that observed the elections emphasized that the presence of Vučić in newspaper and the electronic media during the presidential campaign was disproportionate, adding that media have lost their critical role and that they have become a means of political propaganda.[134][135] The OSCE Report explains that general reluctance of media to report critically on or to challenge the governing authorities, significantly reduced the amount of impartial information available to voters.[136] They also mentioned that the government used public resources to support Vučić.[136] Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch reported harassment and physical assaults on journalists during the presidential inauguration ceremony, after Vučić won the elections.[116][137]

Within five years of President Aleksandar Vučić in effect governing the country, Serbia has become a place where practicing journalism is neither safe nor supported by the state. The number of attacks on media is on the rise, including death threats, and inflammatory rhetoric targeting journalists is increasingly coming from the governing officials.

In 2018, International Research & Exchanges Board described the situation in the media in Serbia as the worst in recent history, and that Media Sustainability Index dropped because the most polarized media in almost 20 years, an increase in fake news and editorial pressure on media.[140] They also pointed out that the judiciary responds promptly only in cases in which the media allegedly violates the rights of authorities and ruling parties.[140] The increased government control of the media comes as Serbian journalists face more political pressure and intimidation, in 2018 the Independent Association of Serbian Journalists recorded the highest number of attacks against journalists in decade.[141] According to Serbian investigative journalism portal Crime and Corruption Reporting Network, more than 700 fake news were published on the front pages of pro-government tabloids during 2018.[142][143] Many of them were about alleged attacks on Vućić and attempts of coups, as well as messages of support to him by Vladimir Putin.[143] The bestselling newspaper in Serbia is the pro-government tabloid Informer, which most often presents Vučić as a powerful person under constant attack, and also has anti-European content and pro-war rhetoric.[15][144][145] After Vučić was hospitalized for cardiovascular problems in November 2019, his associates and pro-regime media accused the journalists of worsening the president's health by asking questions about alleged corruption by government ministers.[146][147] The Council of Europe warned that the investigative outlet was target of smear campaign from the state after they caught Vučić's son with members of crime groups, while the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project reported that Vučić "pledges to fight the lies".[148][149] In early November 2021, seven US congressman have accused Vučić of deepening corruption and putting pressure on the media.[150]

Internet surveillance

Since Vučić's party came to power, Serbia has seen a surge of internet trolls and pages on social networks praising the government and attacking its critics, free media and the opposition in general.[151] That includes a handful of dedicated employees running fake accounts, but also the Facebook page associated with a Serbian franchise of the far-right Breitbart News website.[152][151] On 26 March 2020, Twitter announced that they had shut down a network of 8,500 spam accounts that worked in concert to write 43 million tweets praising president Vučić and his party, boosting Vučić-aligned content to increase its visibility and popularity, and attacking his political opponents.[153]

Criticism and controversies

Public profile

 
Vučić at the EPP Congress Madrid (2015)

Some have compared Vučić to other strongmen in European politics and, as noted above, accused him of being an autocrat.[154][155]

Greater Serbia

Until 2008, Vučić publicly supported the Greater Serbia ideology, which he testified was envisaged as extending to a western border running along the Virovitica–Karlovac–Karlobag line.[156][157] In 1995, during the Croatian War of Independence, Vučić said in Glina (which was at the time controlled by Serbs rebels) that 'Serbian Krajina' and Glina would never be Croatian, Banovina would never be returned to Croatia, and that if Serbian Radical Party had won elections, Serbs would have lived in Greater Serbia.[158][159] In another speech from the early 2000s, Vučić called Karlobag, Ogulin, Karlovac and Virovitica "Serbian towns", stated that "they [SRS's critics] rejoice that Ustaše (referring to Croats) have occupied Serbian lands and want to convince us Serbian radicals that it wasn't Serbian, that we were saying nonsenses. (...) We want what's ours, Serbian."[159] After split from the Serbian Radical Party and creation of the Serbian Progressive Party, Vučić said he no longer supports the Greater Serbia ideology.[160]

On 1 September 2020, Montenegrin President Milo Đukanović accused Vučić and Belgrade-based media of interfering in the internal politics of Montenegro, as well of alleged trying to revive a "Greater Serbia policy".[161]

Srebrenica massacre and Ratko Mladić

 
Vučić attending the commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre, 11 July 2015

Only a few days after more than 8,000 Muslim Bosniaks were killed by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) and paramilitary groups from Serbia in the Srebrenica massacre, Vučić said on 20 July 1995 in the National Assembly in a comment on the NATO bombing campaign against the VRS positions that "for every Serb killed, we will kill 100 Muslims".[162][163][4][164] In 2015, he said that his statement from 1995 was "taken out of context" and "that was not the essence of that sentence."[165]

Before leaving the Radical Party of Vojislav Šešelj, Vučić openly and publicly celebrated and called for the protection of Ratko Mladić, a military leader convicted of committing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. In 2007, while Mladić was still at large in Serbia, Vučić distributed posters with the declaration "Safe House for General Mladić". During a parliament session he stated that the Serbian Parliament will always protect and be a safe house for the general and that any house in Serbia that bears the last name of Vučić will protect and shelter Mladić.[166]

In the same year, Vučić organized a street protest during which street signs with the name of the assassinated pro-western Serbian PM were replaced with Ratko Mladić Boulevard street signs.[166] This vandalism has become a frequent activity of Serbian ultra-right groups on the anniversary of the Zoran Đinđić assassination.[167]

Vučić also participated in protests against the arrests of war criminals convicted later, including Veselin Šljivančanin, Radovan Karadžić, and Vojislav Šešelj, who was president of his party.[168][169][170]

Slavko Ćuruvija

It was during Vučić's term as the Minister of Information that Slavko Ćuruvija, a prominent journalist who reported on the Kosovo War, was murdered in a state-sponsored assassination.[171][172] In 1999, before the assassination took place, Vučić gave a front page interview to the tabloid Argument in which he stated "I will wreak vengeance upon Slavko Ćuruvija for all the lies published in Dnevni telegraf" (Ćuruvija's paper).[173][174][175] In 2014, Vučić apologized to the Ćuruvija family for having waited so long to bring the perpetrators to justice, and thanked everyone who was involved in solving the case for their work.[176] Branka Prpa, Ćuruvija's common-law spouse, said Vučić participated in the murder and that he is the creator of the practice of persecution of journalists.[177]

Personal life

 
Tamara Đukanović, who married Vučić in 2013

At 198 cm (6 ft 6 in) tall, Vučić is one of the tallest world leaders.[178]

On 27 July 1997, Vučić married Ksenija Janković, a journalist at Radio Index and Srpska reč. The couple had two children before divorcing in 2011. Janković died on 29 January 2022.[179] On 14 December 2013, Vučić married Tamara Đukanović, a diplomat with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia.[180] On 9 June 2017, a week after Vučić took the presidential office, his wife gave birth to a son.[181]

Outside of Serbian, he is fluent in Russian, English and German. He learned Russian in a Belgrade high school and every second day of the week took a Russian language course to improve his knowledge.[182]

During the opposition period, he has frequently appeared in popular TV shows.[183] In 2006, Vučić became the winner of the first season of the Serbian version of The Pyramid, a talk show with a competitive element broadcast on Pink TV.[184] He was the first politician who participated in the humanitarian dance contest Plesom do snova (in 2009) and the first politician to guest-star on a late-night talk show Veče sa Ivanom Ivanovićem (in 2010).[183][185][186] He also was a guest judge in one episode of the third season of Zvezde Granda, the most popular music competition in Balkans.[183][187]

On 15 November 2019, he was hospitalized at a military hospital in Belgrade due to apparent "cardiovascular issues". Three days later it was reported that he was released. Some, including his media advisor and the deputy mayor of Belgrade, have claimed that his health problems were in part due to pressure from journalists. Vučić explicitly denied this at a media conference shortly after his hospital stay, stating that these health issues were chronic in nature.[188][189]

On 8 April 2020, it was revealed that Vučić's 22-year-old son, Danilo, had contracted the coronavirus and was admitted to the Infectious Diseases Clinic in Belgrade.[190]

During July 2020 Vučić became a student at Belgrade's College of sports and health, with the goal to become a basketball trainer for juniors after he ends his political career.[191][192] Some Serbian journalists have reported that a mandatory condition for entering the College was active participation in sports for three years, which was removed from the official website shortly after Vučić's enrollment.[193]

Honours

Orders

Honorary doctorates

Honorary citizenship

Country City Date
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Leskovac[203] 10 October 2013
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Novi Pazar[204] 20 April 2015
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Krupanj[205] 24 July 2015
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Svrljig[206] 8 May 2017
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Loznica[207] 16 June 2018
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Honorary citizen of Drvar[208][209] 21 July 2019
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Honorary citizen of Sokolac[210] 29 July 2019
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Aleksandrovac[211] 7 February 2020
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Honorary citizen of Banja Luka[212] 22 April 2021
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Šabac[213] 22 April 2021
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Smederevska Palanka[214] 28 June 2021
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Zvečan[215] 12 July 2021
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Valjevo[216] 28 July 2021
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Jagodina[217] 29 September 2021
  Serbia Honorary citizen of Rekovac[218] 17 October 2021
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Honorary citizen of Gradiška[219] 18 April 2022

Other

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Other sources

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External links

    Political offices
    Preceded by
    Radmila Milentijević
    Minister of Information
    1998–2000
    Succeeded by
    Ivica Dačić
    Bogoljub Pejčić
    Biserka Matić Spasojević
    Preceded by Minister of Defence
    2012–2013
    Succeeded by
    Nebojša Rodić
    Preceded by First Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia
    2012–2014
    Succeeded by
    Prime Minister of Serbia
    2014–2017
    Succeeded by
    Preceded by President of Serbia
    2017–present
    Incumbent
    Party political offices
    Preceded by Leader of the Serbian Progressive Party
    2012–2023
    Succeeded by

    aleksandar, vučić, serbian, cyrillic, Александар, Вучић, pronounced, aleksǎːndar, ʋǔtʃitɕ, born, march, 1970, serbian, politician, serving, president, serbia, since, 2017, member, serbian, progressive, party, previously, served, president, from, 2012, 2023, fi. Aleksandar Vucic Serbian Cyrillic Aleksandar Vuchiћ pronounced aleksǎːndar ʋǔtʃitɕ born 5 March 1970 1 is a Serbian politician serving as the president of Serbia since 2017 2 A member of the Serbian Progressive Party SNS he previously served as the president of the SNS from 2012 to 2023 3 first deputy prime minister from 2012 to 2014 and prime minister of Serbia from 2014 to 2017 Aleksandar VucicAleksandar VuchiћVucic in 20195th President of SerbiaIncumbentAssumed office 31 May 2017Prime MinisterIvica Dacic acting Ana BrnabicPreceded byTomislav NikolicPrime Minister of SerbiaIn office 28 April 2014 31 May 2017PresidentTomislav NikolicDeputyIvica DacicRasim LjajicZorana MihajlovicKori UdovickiNebojsa StefanovicPreceded byIvica DacicSucceeded byIvica Dacic acting Ana BrnabicFirst Deputy Prime Minister of SerbiaIn office 27 July 2012 27 April 2014Prime MinisterIvica DacicPreceded byIvica DacicSucceeded byIvica DacicMinister of DefenceIn office 27 July 2012 2 September 2013Prime MinisterIvica DacicPreceded byDragan SutanovacSucceeded byNebojsa RodicMinister of InformationIn office 24 March 1998 24 October 2000Prime MinisterMirko MarjanovicPreceded byRadmila MilentijevicSucceeded byIvica DacicBiserka Matic SpasojevicBogoljub PejcicPersonal detailsBorn 1970 03 05 5 March 1970 age 53 Belgrade SR Serbia SFR YugoslaviaPolitical partySRS 1993 2008 SNS 2008 present SpousesKsenija Jankovic m 1997 div 2011 wbr Tamara Đukanovic m 2013 wbr Children3ParentsAnđelko VucicAngelina MilovanovRelativesAndrej Vucic brother Alma materUniversity of BelgradeSignatureWebsitevucic wbr rsBorn in Belgrade Vucic graduated as a lawyer from the Faculty of Law of University of Belgrade Vucic began his political career in 1993 as a member of the far right Serbian Radical Party SRS in the National Assembly of Serbia In 1995 he became the secretary general of SRS He was appointed minister of information in 1998 in the government of Mirko Marjanovic During his tenure as minister which lasted until the overthrow of Slobodan Milosevic in 2000 Vucic introduced restrictive measures against journalists and banned foreign TV networks 4 5 After 2000 he was one of the most prominent figures in the Serbian opposition Together with Tomislav Nikolic Vucic left SRS and co founded SNS in 2008 initially serving as its deputy president SNS became the largest party in the 2012 election and SNS soon formed a government with the Socialist Party of Serbia Vucic was appointed first deputy prime minister and elected president of SNS Despite not being prime minister Vucic held the most influence and power due to being the leader of the largest party in the government 6 7 8 He was one of the crucial figures in cooperation and European Union EU mediated dialogue between the governments of Kosovo and Serbia advocating the implementation of the Brussels Agreement on the normalization of their relations Vucic became prime minister in 2014 leading to the establishment of a dominant party system 9 10 11 He continued the accession process to the EU by privatizing state businesses and liberalizing the economy 12 EU opened first chapters during the accession conference with the Serbian delegation led by Vucic in 2015 In 2017 Vucic was elected president of Serbia He was re elected in 2022 During his tenure as president Vucic initiated Open Balkan an economic zone of Balkan countries intended to guarantee four freedoms and signed an agreement in September 2020 to normalize economic relations with Kosovo A populist politician Vucic supports the accession of Serbia to the EU but also wants to retain good relations with Russia and China Observers have described Vucic s rule as an authoritarian autocratic or illiberal democratic regime citing curtailed press freedom and a decline in civil liberties 13 14 15 16 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Political career 2 1 Minister of Information 1998 2000 2 2 Radical Party to Progressive Party 2 3 Minister of Defence and First Deputy Prime Minister 2012 2014 2 4 Prime Minister 2014 2017 2 4 1 2014 parliamentary election 2 4 2 2016 parliamentary election 2 5 2017 presidential election 2 6 President 2017 present 3 Policies 3 1 Economy 3 2 Corruption and organized crime 3 3 EU and Immigration policy 3 4 Policy towards Kosovo 3 5 Open Balkan 3 6 Relations with Croatia 3 7 Relations with Russia 3 8 Relations with the United States 3 9 Relations with China 3 10 The media 3 10 1 Internet surveillance 4 Criticism and controversies 4 1 Public profile 4 2 Greater Serbia 4 3 Srebrenica massacre and Ratko Mladic 4 4 Slavko Curuvija 5 Personal life 6 Honours 6 1 Orders 6 2 Honorary doctorates 6 3 Honorary citizenship 6 4 Other 7 References 8 Sources 8 1 Other sources 9 External linksEarly life and educationAleksandar Vucic was born in Belgrade to Anđelko Vucic and Angelina Milovanov He has a younger brother Andrej 17 His paternal ancestors came from Cipuljic near Bugojno in Central Bosnia They were expelled by the Croatian fascists Ustase during World War II and settled near Belgrade where his father was born 18 According to Vucic his paternal grandfather Anđelko and tens of other close relatives were killed by the Ustase 19 His mother was born in Becej in Vojvodina 18 Both of his parents were economics graduates His father worked as an economist and his mother as a journalist 18 Vucic was raised in New Belgrade 18 where he attended the Branko Radicevic Elementary School and later a gymnasium in Zemun He graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law He learned English in Brighton England and worked as a merchant in London for some time After returning to Yugoslavia he worked as a journalist in Pale SR Bosnia and Herzegovina There he interviewed politician Radovan Karadzic and once played chess with general Ratko Mladic 20 As a youngster Vucic was a fan of Red Star Belgrade often attending their matches 20 including the one played between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star on 13 May 1990 which turned into a huge riot 21 The homes of his relatives were destroyed in the Bosnian War 19 Political careerVucic joined the Serbian Radical Party SRS in 1993 a far right party whose core ideology is based on Serbian nationalism and the goal of creating a Greater Serbia 22 23 and was elected to the National Assembly following the 1993 parliamentary election Two years later Vucic became secretary general of the SRS He was one of the SRS s volunteers who visited the army that kept Sarajevo under the siege 24 25 After his party won the local elections in Zemun in 1996 he became the director of Pinki Hall 1 which was his first employment Minister of Information 1998 2000 See also Propaganda during the Yugoslav Wars In March 1998 Vucic was appointed Minister of Information in the government of Mirko Marjanovic 26 Scholars described Vucic as the crucial figure in the shaping of turn of the century media policies in Serbia 27 Following rising resentment against Milosevic Vucic introduced fines for journalists who criticized the government and banned foreign TV networks 28 He recalled in 2014 that he was wrong and had changed stating I was not ashamed to confess all my political mistakes 29 During this period Serbian media was accused for broadcasting Serbian nationalist propaganda which demonized ethnic minorities and legitimized Serb atrocities against them 30 In 1998 the government adopted Europe s most restrictive media law by the end of the 20th century which created a special misdemeanor court to try violations It had the ability to impose heavy fines and to confiscate property if they were not immediately paid 31 27 Serbian media were under severe repression of the state and that foreign media had been seen as foreign elements and spies 27 Human Rights Watch reported that five independent newspaper editors were charged with disseminating misinformation because they referred to Albanians who had died in Kosovo as people rather than terrorists 32 The government crackdown on independent media intensified when NATO forces were threatening intervention in Kosovo in late September and early October 1998 Furthermore the government also maintained direct control of state radio and television which provided news for the majority of the population 32 After the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia began in March 1999 Vucic called for a meeting of all Belgrade s editors Print media were ordered to submit all copies to the Ministry for approval and they were allowed to publish only official statements and information taken from media outlets which either are controlled by the state or practice radical self censorship 27 Also Vucic ordered all NATO countries journalists to leave the country 27 Radical Party to Progressive Party nbsp Vucic and Tomislav Nikolic on the founding congress of the Serbian Progressive Party Belgrade 2008Tomislav Nikolic deputy leader of the Radical Party and de facto interim leader due to absence of Vojislav Seselj resigned on 6 September 2008 because of disagreement with Seselj over the party s support for Serbia s EU membership With some other well known Radical Party members he formed a new parliamentary club called Napred Srbijo Forward Serbia On 12 September 2008 Nikolic and his group were officially ejected from the Radical Party on the session of SRS leadership Vucic as secretary general was called to attend this session but he did not appear Tomislav Nikolic announced he would form his own party and called Vucic to join Vucic one of the most popular figures among SRS supporters resigned from Radical Party on 14 September 2008 33 The next day Vucic announced his temporary withdrawal from politics 34 nbsp Vucic and U S Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta in Washington D C in 2012 On 6 October 2008 Vucic confirmed in a TV interview that he was to join the newly formed Nikolic s Serbian Progressive Party SNS and that he would be the Deputy President of the party He then seemed to change his positions In 2010 he made statements such as a horrible crime was committed in Srebrenica saying he felt ashamed of the Serbs who did it I do not hide that I have changed I am proud of that he told AFP in an interview in 2012 I was wrong I thought I was doing the best for my country but I saw the results and we failed We need to admit that 35 Nikolic stepped down as party leader on 24 May 2012 following his election as President of Serbia Vucic assumed leadership until the next party congress is held to elect a new leader On 29 September 2012 Vucic was elected as party leader with Jorgovanka Tabakovic as his deputy citation needed Minister of Defence and First Deputy Prime Minister 2012 2014 Vucic briefly served as Minister of Defence and First Deputy Prime Minister from July 2012 to August 2013 when he stepped down from his position of Defence Minister in a cabinet reshuffle Although the Prime Minister Ivica Dacic Deba held formal power as head of government many analysts thought that Vucic had the most influence in government as head of the largest party in the governing coalition and parliament 28 Prime Minister 2014 2017 nbsp Vucic with US Vice President Mike Pence 2017 2014 parliamentary election Main article 2014 Serbian parliamentary election As a result of the 2014 parliamentary election Vucic s Serbian Progressive Party won 158 out of 250 seats in Parliament and formed a ruling coalition with the Socialist Party of Serbia Vucic was elected Prime Minister of Serbia 2016 parliamentary election Main article 2016 Serbian parliamentary election At a party conference of his ruling Serbian Progressive Party Vucic announced early general elections citing that He wants to ensure that the country has stable rule that its current political direction will continue including its attempt to secure membership of the EU 36 On 4 March 2016 Serbian President Tomislav Nikolic dissolved the parliament scheduling early elections for 24 April 37 The ruling coalition around Vucic s SNS obtained 48 25 of the vote 38 39 Vucic s ruling SNS retained majority in the parliament despite winning less seats than in 2014 parliamentary election The coalition around SNS won 131 seats 98 of which belong to SNS 40 2017 presidential election Main article 2017 Serbian presidential election nbsp President Aleksandar Vucic with Prime Minister of India Narendra ModiVucic announced his candidacy in the presidential election on 14 February 2017 despite earlier statements that he would not run 41 According to the Constitution Serbia is a parliamentary republic in which the presidency is largely ceremonial with no significant executive power 42 After initial speculations that the incumbent president Tomislav Nikolic would also run he backed Vucic and his ruling SNS party Vucic won the election in the first round having obtained 56 01 percent of the vote The independent candidate Sasa Jankovic was second with 16 63 percent ahead of satirical politician Luka Maksimovic and former Minister of Foreign Affairs Vuk Jeremic 43 A public opinion survey carried out by CeSID showed that significant proportions of Vucic supporters are composed of pensioners 41 and that a large majority of them 63 hold secondary education degrees while 21 don t even have a high school degree 44 President 2017 present The election result sparked protests around Serbia Thousands of protesters accused Vucic of leading the country towards authoritarianism Protesters organized the rallies through social media insisted that they are not linked to any party or politician and demanded a total overhaul of what they call corrupt political business and media systems that serve an elite led by Mr Vucic 45 Vucic maintained that the protests were organized by his political opponents who expected the dictator would bring the police into the streets 46 However Vucic was sworn in as President of Serbia on 31 May in front of Parliament 47 He promised to continue with reforms and said Serbia will remain on a European path He also said Serbia will maintain military neutrality but continue to build partnerships with both NATO and Russia 48 After becoming president Vucic disbanded the traditional police security service responsible for President s protection and replaced it with members of the Cobras military police unit which contrary to the law protected him while he served as the Prime Minister from 2014 to 2017 49 During late 2018 and early 2019 thousands of Serbians took to the streets to protest the presidency of Vucic The protesters accused Vucic and the SNS of corruption and stated that Vucic is trying to cement himself as an autocrat which he denied 50 51 In 2019 Freedom House s report downgraded Serbia s status from Free to Partly Free due to the deterioration in the conduct of elections continued attempts by the government and allied media outlets to undermine independent journalists through legal harassment and smear campaigns and Vucic s accumulation of executive powers that conflict with his constitutional role 52 nbsp President Vucic with Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sanchez during his official visit to Spain 2022 After Vucic s announcement of the reintroduction of lockdown in July 2020 due to the COVID 19 pandemic thousands of people protested accusing the government of missteps in handling of the pandemic including the premature lifting of restrictions and downplaying the risk to hold the elections 53 54 Some analysts said that they had not witnessed police brutality which occurred during the protest since the Slobodan Milosevic s regime 53 According to Amnesty International s annual report for 2021 Vucic s mandate is characterized by human rights violations restrictions on freedom of expression and campaigns of harassment against the opposition figures journalists and media outlets 55 Vucic participated in the 2022 general election as the presidential candidate of the Serbian Progressive Party He won 58 of the popular vote in the first round and secured his second mandate as president of Serbia 56 Vucic announced the formation of the People s Movement for the State in March 2023 57 Following the Belgrade school shooting and Mladenovac and Smederevo shootings in May 2023 large scale anti government protests took place against Vucic s rule As a result Vucic promised that early parliamentary elections would be held before the end of the year 58 PoliciesEconomy Further information Economy of Serbia nbsp Open Balkan Summit nbsp Vucic at the opening of the TANAP pipeline with regional leaders in Turkey 2018 After his election as Prime Minister in 2014 Vucic promoted austerity based economic policies whose aim was to reduce Serbia s budget deficit Vucic s policy of fiscal consolidation was primarily aimed at cuts in the public sector One of the measures was the reduction of pensions and salaries in the public sector as well as a ban on further employment in the public sector 59 On 23 February 2015 Vucic s government has concluded a three year stand by arrangement with the IMF worth 1 2 billion as a precautionary measure to secure the country s long term fiscal stability 60 The IMF has praised the reforms as has the EU 61 62 calling them one of the most successful programmes the IMF has ever had The GDP of Serbia has surpassed the pre crisis of 2008 levels as have the salaries 63 The economic prospects are good with GDP growth rising above 3 and the debt to GDP ratio falling below 68 64 61 nbsp President Aleksandar Vucic with Prime Minister of Slovenia Robert Golob and Charles Michel President of the European CouncilCorruption and organized crime Further information Corruption in Serbia Crime in Serbia and Serbian mafia Vucic has pledged to tackle corruption and organized crime in Serbia 65 He also vowed to investigate controversial privatizations and ties between tycoons and former government members 28 66 On the other hand data from the Transparency International showed that a significant increase in perceived corruption was seen exactly from 2012 when Vucic came into power 67 According to research conducted by the Centre for Investigative Journalism the battle against corruption in practice comes down to media announcements and arrests in front of cameras They are followed by a large number of criminal charges significantly fewer indictments and even fewer convictions 67 68 In May 2023 the New York Times published an article by journalist Robert F Worth which described alleged ties between Vucic and organized crime in Serbia particularly its leader Veljko Belivuk It detailed crimes committed by the Belivuk criminal gang and court transcripts in which Belivuk stated he had met Vucic worked directly under him and provided services such as intimidating political rivals 69 70 Vucic called the allegations lies claiming the article was ordered by the CIA months prior to send him a message and that it was written in Belgrade accusations which Worth rejected 71 EU and Immigration policy Further information Accession of Serbia to the European Union During the 2015 2016 European migrant crisis Vucic strongly aligned himself with the policies of the German Chancellor Angela Merkel and publicly praised German migration policy citation needed Vucic also stated that Serbia will cooperate with the EU in solving the migrant stream going from the Middle East to EU member countries through the Balkan route and that Serbia will be ready to take some portion of the migrants Serbia will receive a certain number of migrants This makes us more European than some member states We don t build fences Vucic wrote on Twitter while criticizing the migrant policies of some EU member countries 72 Policy towards Kosovo Further information Political status of Kosovo and Kosovo Serbia relations Until the new coalition government was formed in 2012 during the time he served as the secretary general of the Serbian Radical Party the largest opposition party at the time as well as during his position of the vice president of then newly formed Serbian Progressive Party in 2008 Vucic was highly critical towards Kostunica and Cvetkovic s administrations and offered a reversal of the agreements made by Borko Stefanovic and the other officials during the negotiation process However upon forming the government Vucic stated how we the government of Serbia cannot pretend that that the former administration was some different state which made the deals Vucic was one of the key political figures in the negotiation process on Serbia s bid for EU accession traveling to Brussels for talks with the EU s Foreign Affairs High Commissioner Baroness Ashton as well as to North Mitrovica to discuss the details of a political settlement between on behalf of the Government of Serbia and Kosovo administration 73 74 During his visit to North Kosovo to garner support for the Brussels brokered deal he urged Kosovo Serbs to leave the past and think about the future 66 nbsp Vucic left Donald Trump President of the United States middle and Avdullah Hoti Prime Minister of Kosovo right signing the 2020 Kosovo and Serbia economic agreement in the White HouseIn 2017 Vucic criticized the EU for hypocrisy and double standards over its very different attitude towards separatist crises in Kosovo and Catalonia 75 In September 2018 in a speech to Kosovo Serbs he stated Slobodan Milosevic was a great Serbian leader he had the best intentions but our results were far worse 76 Journalists which report that Vucic advocates the partition of Kosovo in what he refers to as ethnic demarcation with Albanians 77 78 79 80 On 27 May 2019 during a special session of the Serbian parliament on Kosovo Vucic said We need to recognize that we have been defeated We lost the territory 81 while also criticizing the unprincipled attitude of great powers and no one reacting to announcements for the formation of a Greater Albania 82 He stated that Serbia no longer controlled Kosovo and that a compromise was needed on the issue through a future referendum in the country 81 Vucic has close links to the Serb List and he invited Kosovo Serbs to vote for them in the elections 83 84 On 20 January 2020 Serbia and Kosovo agreed to restore flights between their capitals for the first time in more than two decades 85 86 The deal came after months of diplomatic talks by Richard Grenell the United States ambassador to Germany who was named special envoy for Serbia Kosovo relations by President Donald Trump the year before 85 Vucic welcomed the flights agreement and tweeted his thanks to American diplomats 87 On 4 September 2020 Serbia and Kosovo signed an agreement at the White House in Washington D C in the presence of US President Donald Trump In addition to the economic agreement Serbia agreed to move its Israeli embassy to Jerusalem from Tel Aviv starting in June 2021 and Israel and Kosovo agreed to mutually recognise each other 88 Open Balkan Main article Open Balkan On 10 October 2019 together with Edi Rama Prime Minister of Albania and Zoran Zaev Prime Minister of North Macedonia Vucic signed the so called Mini Schengen now known as Open Balkan deal on regional economic cooperation including on the free movement of goods capital services and labor between their three countries while they await progress on EU enlargement 89 A month later the leaders presented a set of proposals to achieve the four freedoms and the first steps towards them including the possibility to the open border area 90 In December the three leaders also met with Milo Đukanovic President of Montenegro opening the possibility for the country to join the zone 91 Following the 2020 Kosovo and Serbia economic agreement the two sides pledged to join the Mini Schengen Zone 92 Relations with Croatia Further information Croatia Serbia relations In 2007 Vucic stated that the Democratic League of Croats in Vojvodina is a branch of the Croatian Democratic Union 93 In 2008 with the establishment of the Serbian Progressive Party Vucic said that the goal of a Greater Serbia taking Croatian territory up to the proposed Virovitica Karlovac Karlobag line is unrealistic and silly 94 The Croatian newspaper Jutarnji list claimed in a reportage that none of his family members had been killed during World War II upon which he replied that these were brutal lies and attacks on his family 19 During 2015 and 2016 relations between Croatia and Serbia were further affected by to the ongoing migrant crisis when Croatia decided to close its border with Serbia In September 2015 Croatia barred all cargo traffic from Serbia 95 due to the migrant influx coming from Serbia in a move which further eroded the fragile relations between the two countries In response to these actions Vucic announced that counter measures will be enacted if an agreement with Croatia is not reached 96 The dispute was eventually resolved through the mediation of the EU Commission yet the relations between the two neighboring countries remain fragile On 31 March 2016 Vojislav Seselj leader of the Serbian Radical Party was acquitted of War Crime charges in the Hague Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia The verdict has caused controversy in Croatia Vucic distanced himself from Seselj and his policy but stated that the verdict should not be used as a tool for political pressure on Serbia On 7 April 2016 Croatia refused to endorse the EU Commission opinion to open Chapter 23 a part of Serbia s EU accession negotiations thus effectively blocking Serbia EU integration process Serbia accused Croatia of obstructing its EU membership and Vucic said that his government was Stunned by Croatia s decision not to support Serbia s European path 97 Croatia has not agreed for Serbia to open negotiations of Chapter 23 On 14 April 2016 the EU Commission rejected Croatian arguments in its dispute with Serbia 98 Relations with Russia Further information Russia Serbia relations nbsp President Vucic with Russian President Vladimir Putin Belgrade nbsp President Aleksandar Vucic with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu during the 2018 Moscow Victory Day ParadeVucic has maintained traditional good relations between Serbia and Russia and his government refused to enact sanctions on Russia following the crisis in Ukraine and the Annexation of Crimea Vucic has repeatedly announced that Serbia will remain committed to its European integration but also maintain historic relations with Russia We have proven our sincere and friendly attitude to Russia by being one of the European countries that refused to impose sanctions on Russia Vucic said after meeting with Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev Serbia will continue pursuing this policy in the future 99 During Vucic s mandate Serbia has continued to expand its economic ties with Russia especially by increasing Serbian exports to Russia In early 2016 after a meeting with the Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin Vucic announced the possibility of Serbia boosting its military cooperation with Russia by purchasing Russian missile systems 100 In December 2017 Vucic made an official visit to the Russian Federation for the first time as the President of Serbia 101 He expressed his gratefulness to Russia for protecting Serbian national interests and stated that Serbia will never impose sanctions on the Russian Federation in relation to the international sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis 101 During his visit he focused on strengthening cooperation in the field of military industry and energy 101 On 25 February 2022 Vucic said Serbia would not impose sanctions against Russia during the 2022 Russian Ukraine War 102 103 Relations with the United States Further information Serbia United States relations In July 2017 Vucic visited the United States and met with U S Vice President Mike Pence where they discussed U S support for Serbia s efforts to join the European Union the need for continued reforms and further progress in normalizing the relationship with Kosovo 104 Referencing the proposed land swap arrangement between Serbia and Kosovo U S national security advisor John Bolton has said that the United States would not oppose a territorial exchange between Kosovo and Serbia to resolve their long running dispute The U S State Department continues to maintain that the full normalization of relations between Serbia and Kosovo is essential for regional stability which Vucic has said before 105 Relations with China Further information China Serbia relationsVucic has sought closer cooperation with China 106 107 He has met with Chinese president Xi Jinping in 2016 108 2018 109 and 2019 110 After meeting with Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi he secured Chinese help in combating the COVID 19 pandemic in Serbia through delivery of PPE and CoronaVac vaccine doses 111 which has contributed to Serbia leading COVID 19 vaccination rates in Europe 112 113 nbsp Vucic and Mike Pompeo address reporters before their bilateral meeting in Washington 2020 The media Further information Mass media in Serbia and Media freedom in Serbia In 2014 Dunja Mijatovic OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media wrote Vucic and made attention with the suppression of the media which he denied and demanded an apology from OSCE 114 According to the 2015 Freedom House report and the 2017 Amnesty International report media outlets and journalists has become subject to pressure after criticizing the government of Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic 115 116 Also Serbian media are heavily dependent on advertising contracts and government subsidies which make journalists and media outlets exposed to economic pressures such as payment defaults termination of contracts and the like 115 Four popular political talk TV programs were canceled in 2014 including the renowned political talk show Utisak nedelje by Olja Beckovic running since 24 years and well known for its critical scrutiny of all governments since 115 117 In first report after Vucic took the office European Commission expressed concerns about deteriorating conditions for the full exercise of freedom of expression 118 Report said there was a growing trend of self censorship which combined with undue influence on editorial policies 118 Reports published in 2016 and 2018 stated that no progress was made to improve conditions for the full exercise of freedom of expression 119 120 In July 2016 the ruling party organized an exhibition of government critical press articles and social media posts labeled as lies saying that they wanted to document wrongful attacks and to prove there is no official censorship 121 122 123 In 2017 Freedom House reported that Serbia posted one of the largest single year declines in press freedom among all the countries and territories Also they emphasized that Vucic had sought to squeeze critical media out of the market and discredit the few journalists with the funds and fortitude to keep working 124 Some commentators have described that Vucic built the cult of personality with the significant role of mass media 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 nbsp Vucic with journalists during European People s Party Congress in Helsinki 2018 Observers described that during the campaign for the 2017 presidential election Vucic had ten times more airtime on national broadcasters than all other candidates combined and mainstream media under Vucic s control have been demonizing most of the opposition presidential candidates without giving them the opportunity to respond 132 133 Organizations that observed the elections emphasized that the presence of Vucic in newspaper and the electronic media during the presidential campaign was disproportionate adding that media have lost their critical role and that they have become a means of political propaganda 134 135 The OSCE Report explains that general reluctance of media to report critically on or to challenge the governing authorities significantly reduced the amount of impartial information available to voters 136 They also mentioned that the government used public resources to support Vucic 136 Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch reported harassment and physical assaults on journalists during the presidential inauguration ceremony after Vucic won the elections 116 137 Within five years of President Aleksandar Vucic in effect governing the country Serbia has become a place where practicing journalism is neither safe nor supported by the state The number of attacks on media is on the rise including death threats and inflammatory rhetoric targeting journalists is increasingly coming from the governing officials Reporters Without Borders 138 139 In 2018 International Research amp Exchanges Board described the situation in the media in Serbia as the worst in recent history and that Media Sustainability Index dropped because the most polarized media in almost 20 years an increase in fake news and editorial pressure on media 140 They also pointed out that the judiciary responds promptly only in cases in which the media allegedly violates the rights of authorities and ruling parties 140 The increased government control of the media comes as Serbian journalists face more political pressure and intimidation in 2018 the Independent Association of Serbian Journalists recorded the highest number of attacks against journalists in decade 141 According to Serbian investigative journalism portal Crime and Corruption Reporting Network more than 700 fake news were published on the front pages of pro government tabloids during 2018 142 143 Many of them were about alleged attacks on Vucic and attempts of coups as well as messages of support to him by Vladimir Putin 143 The bestselling newspaper in Serbia is the pro government tabloid Informer which most often presents Vucic as a powerful person under constant attack and also has anti European content and pro war rhetoric 15 144 145 After Vucic was hospitalized for cardiovascular problems in November 2019 his associates and pro regime media accused the journalists of worsening the president s health by asking questions about alleged corruption by government ministers 146 147 The Council of Europe warned that the investigative outlet was target of smear campaign from the state after they caught Vucic s son with members of crime groups while the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project reported that Vucic pledges to fight the lies 148 149 In early November 2021 seven US congressman have accused Vucic of deepening corruption and putting pressure on the media 150 Internet surveillance Since Vucic s party came to power Serbia has seen a surge of internet trolls and pages on social networks praising the government and attacking its critics free media and the opposition in general 151 That includes a handful of dedicated employees running fake accounts but also the Facebook page associated with a Serbian franchise of the far right Breitbart News website 152 151 On 26 March 2020 Twitter announced that they had shut down a network of 8 500 spam accounts that worked in concert to write 43 million tweets praising president Vucic and his party boosting Vucic aligned content to increase its visibility and popularity and attacking his political opponents 153 Criticism and controversiesPublic profile nbsp Vucic at the EPP Congress Madrid 2015 Some have compared Vucic to other strongmen in European politics and as noted above accused him of being an autocrat 154 155 Greater Serbia Until 2008 Vucic publicly supported the Greater Serbia ideology which he testified was envisaged as extending to a western border running along the Virovitica Karlovac Karlobag line 156 157 In 1995 during the Croatian War of Independence Vucic said in Glina which was at the time controlled by Serbs rebels that Serbian Krajina and Glina would never be Croatian Banovina would never be returned to Croatia and that if Serbian Radical Party had won elections Serbs would have lived in Greater Serbia 158 159 In another speech from the early 2000s Vucic called Karlobag Ogulin Karlovac and Virovitica Serbian towns stated that they SRS s critics rejoice that Ustase referring to Croats have occupied Serbian lands and want to convince us Serbian radicals that it wasn t Serbian that we were saying nonsenses We want what s ours Serbian 159 After split from the Serbian Radical Party and creation of the Serbian Progressive Party Vucic said he no longer supports the Greater Serbia ideology 160 On 1 September 2020 Montenegrin President Milo Đukanovic accused Vucic and Belgrade based media of interfering in the internal politics of Montenegro as well of alleged trying to revive a Greater Serbia policy 161 Srebrenica massacre and Ratko Mladic nbsp Vucic attending the commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre 11 July 2015Only a few days after more than 8 000 Muslim Bosniaks were killed by the Army of Republika Srpska VRS and paramilitary groups from Serbia in the Srebrenica massacre Vucic said on 20 July 1995 in the National Assembly in a comment on the NATO bombing campaign against the VRS positions that for every Serb killed we will kill 100 Muslims 162 163 4 164 In 2015 he said that his statement from 1995 was taken out of context and that was not the essence of that sentence 165 Before leaving the Radical Party of Vojislav Seselj Vucic openly and publicly celebrated and called for the protection of Ratko Mladic a military leader convicted of committing war crimes crimes against humanity and genocide In 2007 while Mladic was still at large in Serbia Vucic distributed posters with the declaration Safe House for General Mladic During a parliament session he stated that the Serbian Parliament will always protect and be a safe house for the general and that any house in Serbia that bears the last name of Vucic will protect and shelter Mladic 166 In the same year Vucic organized a street protest during which street signs with the name of the assassinated pro western Serbian PM were replaced with Ratko Mladic Boulevard street signs 166 This vandalism has become a frequent activity of Serbian ultra right groups on the anniversary of the Zoran Đinđic assassination 167 Vucic also participated in protests against the arrests of war criminals convicted later including Veselin Sljivancanin Radovan Karadzic and Vojislav Seselj who was president of his party 168 169 170 Slavko Curuvija It was during Vucic s term as the Minister of Information that Slavko Curuvija a prominent journalist who reported on the Kosovo War was murdered in a state sponsored assassination 171 172 In 1999 before the assassination took place Vucic gave a front page interview to the tabloid Argument in which he stated I will wreak vengeance upon Slavko Curuvija for all the lies published in Dnevni telegraf Curuvija s paper 173 174 175 In 2014 Vucic apologized to the Curuvija family for having waited so long to bring the perpetrators to justice and thanked everyone who was involved in solving the case for their work 176 Branka Prpa Curuvija s common law spouse said Vucic participated in the murder and that he is the creator of the practice of persecution of journalists 177 Personal life nbsp Tamara Đukanovic who married Vucic in 2013At 198 cm 6 ft 6 in tall Vucic is one of the tallest world leaders 178 On 27 July 1997 Vucic married Ksenija Jankovic a journalist at Radio Index and Srpska rec The couple had two children before divorcing in 2011 Jankovic died on 29 January 2022 179 On 14 December 2013 Vucic married Tamara Đukanovic a diplomat with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia 180 On 9 June 2017 a week after Vucic took the presidential office his wife gave birth to a son 181 Outside of Serbian he is fluent in Russian English and German He learned Russian in a Belgrade high school and every second day of the week took a Russian language course to improve his knowledge 182 During the opposition period he has frequently appeared in popular TV shows 183 In 2006 Vucic became the winner of the first season of the Serbian version of The Pyramid a talk show with a competitive element broadcast on Pink TV 184 He was the first politician who participated in the humanitarian dance contest Plesom do snova in 2009 and the first politician to guest star on a late night talk show Vece sa Ivanom Ivanovicem in 2010 183 185 186 He also was a guest judge in one episode of the third season of Zvezde Granda the most popular music competition in Balkans 183 187 On 15 November 2019 he was hospitalized at a military hospital in Belgrade due to apparent cardiovascular issues Three days later it was reported that he was released Some including his media advisor and the deputy mayor of Belgrade have claimed that his health problems were in part due to pressure from journalists Vucic explicitly denied this at a media conference shortly after his hospital stay stating that these health issues were chronic in nature 188 189 On 8 April 2020 it was revealed that Vucic s 22 year old son Danilo had contracted the coronavirus and was admitted to the Infectious Diseases Clinic in Belgrade 190 During July 2020 Vucic became a student at Belgrade s College of sports and health with the goal to become a basketball trainer for juniors after he ends his political career 191 192 Some Serbian journalists have reported that a mandatory condition for entering the College was active participation in sports for three years which was removed from the official website shortly after Vucic s enrollment 193 HonoursOrders Award or decoration Country Date Place nbsp Order of the Republika Srpska 194 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina nbsp Republika Srpska 15 February 2018 Banja Luka nbsp Order of Makarios III 195 nbsp Cyprus 20 May 2018 Nicosia nbsp Order of Friendship 196 nbsp Kazakhstan 9 October 2018 Astana nbsp Order of Alexander Nevsky 197 nbsp Russia 17 January 2019 Palace of Serbia Belgrade nbsp Order of St Sava 198 Serbian Orthodox Church 8 October 2019 Sava Centar Belgrade nbsp Order of the White Lion 199 nbsp Czech Republic 18 May 2021 Prague nbsp Order of Saint Charles 200 nbsp Monaco 22 February 2022 Monaco CityHonorary doctorates Date University Note2017 Moscow State Institute of International Relations 201 2018 Azerbaijan University of Languages 202 Honorary citizenship Country City Date nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Leskovac 203 10 October 2013 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Novi Pazar 204 20 April 2015 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Krupanj 205 24 July 2015 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Svrljig 206 8 May 2017 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Loznica 207 16 June 2018 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina Honorary citizen of Drvar 208 209 21 July 2019 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina Honorary citizen of Sokolac 210 29 July 2019 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Aleksandrovac 211 7 February 2020 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina Honorary citizen of Banja Luka 212 22 April 2021 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Sabac 213 22 April 2021 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Smederevska Palanka 214 28 June 2021 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Zvecan 215 12 July 2021 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Valjevo 216 28 July 2021 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Jagodina 217 29 September 2021 nbsp Serbia Honorary citizen of Rekovac 218 17 October 2021 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina Honorary citizen of Gradiska 219 18 April 2022Other Gold Medal of Merit of the City of Athens 220 221 Friends of Zion Award 222 References a b Aleksandar Vucic Archived 3 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine Istinomer rs Serbia Nations in Transit 2020 Country Report Freedom House Archived from the original on 30 October 2020 Retrieved 3 November 2020 Maric Dunja 27 May 2023 Milos Vucevic novi predsednik SNS NOVA portal in Serbian Retrieved 27 May 2023 a b Fisk Robert 2016 Europe has a troublingly short memory over Serbia s Aleksander Vucic The Independent Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 Retrieved 9 February 2017 Barber Lionel 15 May 2018 Interview Serbia s Vucic insists I m obsessed with Kosovo Financial 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2021 Serbia RTS Radio televizija Srbije Radio Television of Aprilske nagrade dodeљene u Shapcu Vuchiћu Poveљa pochasni graђanin www rts rs Retrieved 23 April 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Tanjug Alo V P NA VELIKI SRPSKI PRAZNIK Vucic u Smederevskoj Palanci proglasen za pocasnog građanina Alo rs alo in Serbian Archived from the original on 29 June 2021 Retrieved 29 June 2021 Serbia RTS Radio televizija Srbije Radio Television of Predsednik Vuchiћ pochasni graђanin Zvechana www rts rs Retrieved 23 April 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Vucic postao pocasni građanin Valjeva Politika Dnevni list Danas in Serbian 28 July 2021 Retrieved 23 April 2022 Vucic pocasni građanin Jagodine B92 net in Serbian 29 September 2021 Retrieved 23 April 2022 VUChIЋ POChASNI GRAЂANIN I REKOVCA Јosh јedno priznaњe za predsednika Srbiјe NOVOSTI in Serbian Retrieved 23 April 2022 Aleksandar Vucic je pocasni građanin Gradiske B92 net in Serbian 18 April 2022 Retrieved 23 April 2022 Announcement for the media for the 10th and 11th December 2019 President Vucic on a two day visit to the Hellenic Republic The President of the Republic of Serbia Retrieved 10 December 2019 dead link Vucic We are grateful to Greece for its support Independent Balkan News Agency 10 December 2019 Archived from the original on 10 December 2019 Retrieved 10 December 2019 Museum Friends of Zion Friends of Zion Museum Honors Eleven World Leaders at Israel s 4th Annual Christian Media Summit www prnewswire com Press release Archived from the original on 22 October 2020 Retrieved 19 October 2020 SourcesIsailovic Danijela 6 September 2010 Ispao majci dok ga je dojila in Serbian Index hr Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 28 May 2015 Najvazniji politicki lideri regije porijeklom su iz BiH Milanovic Bandic Jeremic Tadic Vucic in Croatian Index hr 18 July 2013 Retrieved 28 May 2015 Vucic se prisjetio dana kada se tukao s Boysima na Maksimiru Bilo je to ocekivano osjecala se mrznja in Croatian Index hr 13 May 2015 Retrieved 28 May 2015 Other sources Poreklo Aleksandra Vuchiћa in Serbian Poreklo n d Archived from the original on 7 July 2015 Retrieved 28 May 2015 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aleksandar Vucic nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Aleksandar Vucic Aleksandar Vucic profile at the Council of Europe websitePolitical officesPreceded byRadmila Milentijevic Minister of Information1998 2000 Succeeded byIvica DacicBogoljub PejcicBiserka Matic SpasojevicPreceded byDragan Sutanovac Minister of Defence2012 2013 Succeeded byNebojsa RodicPreceded byIvica Dacic First Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia2012 2014 Succeeded byIvica DacicPrime Minister of Serbia2014 2017 Succeeded byIvica DacicActingPreceded byTomislav Nikolic President of Serbia2017 present IncumbentParty political officesPreceded byTomislav Nikolic Leader of the Serbian Progressive Party2012 2023 Succeeded byMilos Vucevic Portals nbsp Biography nbsp Politics nbsp Serbia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aleksandar Vucic amp oldid 1195656037, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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