Barisan Nasional
The National Front (Malay: Barisan Nasional; abbrev: BN) is a political coalition of Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of centre-right and right-wing political parties. It is also the third largest political coalition with 30 seats in the Dewan Rakyat after coalition Pakatan Harapan with 82 seats and the coalition Perikatan Nasional with 73 seats.
National Front | |
|---|---|
| Malay name | Barisan Nasional باريسن ناسيونل |
| Chinese name | 国民阵线 國民陣線 |
| Tamil name | தேசிய முன்னனி |
| Abbreviation | BN |
| Chairman | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi |
| Secretary-General | Zambry Abdul Kadir |
| Deputy Chairman | Mohamad Hasan |
| Vice Chairman | |
| Advisor | Najib Razak |
| Treasurer-General | Hishammuddin Hussein |
| Founder | Abdul Razak Hussein |
| Founded | 1 January 1973[1] |
| Legalised | 1 June 1974 (as a party) |
| Preceded by | Alliance |
| Succeeded by | Gabungan Parti Sarawak (in Sarawak) (2018) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (in Sabah) (2022)[2] |
| Headquarters | Aras 8, Menara Dato’ Onn, Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Newspaper |
|
| Student wing | Barisan Nasional Student Movement |
| Youth wing | Barisan Nasional Youth Movement |
| Women's wing | Barisan Nasional Women Movement |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-right to right-wing |
| Colours | Royal blue and sky white |
| Slogan | Rakyat Didahulukan Hidup Rakyat Bersama Barisan Nasional Hidup Negaraku (People's First, Nation First, With the National Front, Long Live the Nation!) Kestabilan dan Kemakmuran |
| Anthem | Barisan Nasional[6] |
| Dewan Negara | 19 / 70 |
| Dewan Rakyat | 30 / 222 |
| State Legislative Assemblies | 140 / 607 |
| Chief minister of states | 4 / 13 |
| Election symbol | |
| Website | |
| www | |
The Barisan Nasional coalition employs the same inter-communal governing model of its predecessor the Alliance Party but on a wider scale, with up to 14 communal political parties involved in the coalition at one point.[1] It dominated Malaysian politics for over thirty years after it was founded, but since 2008 has faced stronger challenges from opposition parties, notably the Pakatan Rakyat and later the Pakatan Harapan (PH) alliances. Taken together with its predecessor Alliance, it had a combined period of rule of almost 61 years from 1957 to 2018, and was considered the longest ruling coalition party in the democratic world.[7]
The Barisan Nasional coalition lost its hold of the parliament to PH for the first time in Malaysian history after the 2018 general election. It was also the first time Barisan Nasional became the opposition coalition, with former prime minister and Barisan Nasional chairman Mahathir Mohamad becoming PH's leader. In the aftermath of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, together with four other parties, the Barisan Nasional coalition returned to power under a Perikatan Nasional-led government. However, it suffered its worst result in the 2022 election, falling to third behind Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but it stayed in government by supporting Pakatan Harapan.
History
Formation
Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to the three-party Alliance coalition formed by United Malays National Organisation, Malaysian Chinese Association, and Malaysian Indian Congress. It was founded in the aftermath of the 1969 general election and the 13 May riots. The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties, Democratic Action Party and Gerakan, as well as Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. Although the Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to the May 13 riots and the declaration of a state of emergency.[8] After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations to form a new alliance began with parties such as Gerakan and People's Progressive Party, both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed by Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS).
In 1973, the Alliance Party was replaced by Barisan Nasional.[1][9] The Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties from Sabah and Sarawak (Sabah Alliance Party, Sarawak United Peoples' Party, Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu), registered in June 1974 as a coalition of nine parties.[9] It contested the 1974 general election as a grand coalition under the leadership of the prime minister Tun Abdul Razak, which it won with considerable success.[10]
1977–2007
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In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt by PAS within the Kelantan state legislature against a chief minister appointed by the federal government.[1] Barisan Nasional nevertheless won the 1978 general election convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss of Kelantan to PAS, and Sabah to United Sabah Party which later joined Barisan Nasional.
By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the 2004 general election, winning 198 out of 219 seats.
Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of the popular vote in elections from 1974 to 2008, it maintained the consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in this period in the Dewan Rakyat until the 2008 election, benefitting from Malaysia's first-past-the-post voting system.[11]
2008–2018
In the 2008 general election, Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the parliamentary seats to Pakatan Rakyat, a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure a two-thirds supermajority in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, namely Selangor, Kelantan, Penang, Perak and Kedah fell to Pakatan Rakyat. Perak however was later returned via a court ruling following a constitutional crisis. Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the peninsula.[12]
The losses continued in the 2013 general election, and it recorded its worst election result at the time. BN regained Kedah but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament.[13]
And finally, during the 2018 general election, Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament to Pakatan Harapan, winning a total of only 79 parliamentary seats. The crushing defeat ended their 61-year rule of the country, taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), and this paved the way for the first change of government in Malaysian history. The coalition won only 34% of the popular vote amid vote split of Islamic Party. In addition to their failure in regaining the Penang, Selangor and Kelantan state governments, six state governments, namely Johor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Kedah and Sabah fell to Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN (Sabah). The Terengganu state government also fell but to the Gagasan Sejahtera. Barisan Nasional was only in power in three states; namely Perlis, Pahang and Sarawak.
Many of BN's component parties left the coalition following its humiliating defeat at the 2018 general election, reducing its number to 4 compared to 13 before the election.[14] These parties either aligned themselves with the new Pakatan Harapan federal government, formed a new state-based pact or remained independent. They include three Sabah-based parties (UPKO, PBS and LDP),[15][16] four Sarawak-based parties (PBB, SUPP, PRS and PDP, which formed a new state-based pact GPS),[17][18] myPPP (under Kayveas faction)[19] and Gerakan.[20] myPPP experienced a leadership dispute, with Maglin announcing that the party remained within the coalition and Kayveas announcing that the party had left the coalition, resulting in the dissolution of the party on 14 January 2019.
Among the remaining four component parties in Barisan National, UMNO's parliamentary seats have reduced from 54 to 38 since 16 members of parliament left the party,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] while MCA's parliamentary seat maintains one. MIC's parliamentary seats have reduced from two to one after the Election Court nullified the results of the election for the Cameron Highlands federal constituency due to bribery,[29] but BN regained its seat from a direct member under the 2019 by-election.[30]
As a result of these developments, BN's parliamentary seats have reduced to 41, compared with 79 seats that BN won in the general election.
MCA and MIC made a statement in March 2019 that they want to "move on" and find a new alliance following disputes with the secretary-general, Nazri Abdul Aziz. Mohamad Hasan, the acting BN chairman, chaired a Supreme Council meeting in which all parties showed no consensus on dissolving the coalition.
2019–present
In January 2019, all Sabah UMNO branches including Sabah BN branches were dissolved and officially closed, leaving only one BN branch open. This brings the total BN seats in Sabah to only 2 seats.
Since 2019, Barisan Nasional recovered some ground and won a number of by-elections, such as the 2019 Cameron Highlands by-election,[31] 2019 Semenyih by-election,[32] 2019 Rantau by-election,[33] and 2019 Tanjung Piai by-election,[34] defeating Pakatan Harapan.
In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) called Muafakat Nasional. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.[35] There was however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there were calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.[36][37] Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS but aligned themselves with Perikatan Nasional to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government.[38] Barisan Nasional form a new government on 15 August 2021 with Perikatan Nasional after the collapse of the Perikatan Nasional government.
Barisan Nasional also recovered control of the Johor,[39] Malacca[40] and Perak[41] state governments.
On 20 November 2021, Barisan Nasional won a two-thirds majority of 21 out of 28 seats in the Malacca State Legislative Assembly.[42]
On 12 March 2022, Barisan gained a landslide victory in the 2022 Johor state election, allowing it to form the much more stable Johor state government with a two-thirds majority in the Johor State Legislative Assembly, which is 40 out of 56 seats while defeating Pakatan Harapan with 12 seats, Perikatan Nasional with 3 seats and Malaysian United Democratic Alliance with 1 seat.
2022 election
In the 2022 election, BN faced the worst result in its history, winning 30 out of 222 seats, compared to 82 and 74 seats for Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional respectively.[43] Several key figures including Noh Omar, Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, Mahdzir Khalid, Azeez Rahim, Tengku Zafrul Aziz, and Khairy Jamaluddin, lost to either PN or PH candidates.[43][44][45][46] BN also lost several state elections held in Pahang and Perak and won no seats in Perlis.[47] Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, the party president, was re-elected with a slim majority.[48] The election produced a hung parliament, but BN was elected to support the biggest coalition Pakatan Harapan and was rewarded with cabinet posts in the government.[49][50]
Organisation
In 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasional's seats were held by its two largest Bumiputera-based political parties—the United Malays National Organisation, and Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu. For most of its history, both the Malaysian Chinese Association and Malaysian Indian Congress have played major roles in Barisan Nasional, but their representation in Parliament and state legislatures has become much more diminished. Nevertheless, each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a certain race: UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese and so on. In the view of some scholars:
Since its inception the Alliance remained a coalition of communal parties. Each of the component parties operated to all intents and purposes, save that of elections, as a separate party. Their membership was communal, except perhaps Gerakan, and their success was measured in terms of their ability to achieve the essentially parochial demands of their constituents.[51]
Although both the Alliance and BN registered themselves as political parties, membership is mostly indirect through one of the constituent parties while direct membership is allowed.[52] The BN defines itself as a "confederation of political parties which subscribe to the objects of the Barisan Nasional". Although in elections, all candidates stand under the BN symbol, and there is a BN manifesto, each individual constituent party also issues its own manifesto, and there is intra-coalition competition for seats prior to nomination day.[53]
Member parties and allied parties
| Logo | Name | Ideology | Position | Leader(s) | Seats contested | 2022 result | Current seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes (%) | Seats | Composition | ||||||||
| Member parties | ||||||||||
| UMNO | United Malays National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu | Ketuanan Melayu | Centre-right | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | 119 | 16.43% | 26 / 222 | 26 / 30 | ||
| MCA | Malaysian Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Malaysia | Chinese interests | Wee Ka Siong | 44 | 4.29% | 2 / 222 | 2 / 30 | |||
| MIC | Malaysian Indian Congress Kongres India Malaysia | Dravidian movement | Vigneswaran Sanasee | 10 | 1.11% | 1 / 222 | 1 / 30 | |||
| PBRS | United Sabah People's Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah | Sabah nationalism | Right-wing | Arthur Joseph Kurup | 2 | 0.15% | 1 / 222 | 1 / 30 | ||
| Friends of BN | ||||||||||
| PCM | Love Malaysia Party Parti Cinta Malaysia | National conservatism | Right-wing | Huan Cheng Guan | 1 | 0.03% | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | ||
| AMIPF | All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front Barisan Progresif India Se-Malaysia | Dravidian movement | Centre-right | Loganathan Thoraisamy | 1 | 0.05% | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | ||
| KIMMA | Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress Kongres India Muslim Malaysia | Islamism Indo-Malaysian Muslim interests | Right-wing | Syed Ibrahim Kader | 1 | 0.14% | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | ||
| MIUP | Malaysian Indian United Party Parti Bersatu India Malaysia | Dravidian movement | Nallakaruppan Solaimalai | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | |||
| MMSP | Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia | R.S. Thanenthiran | 1 | 0.07% | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | ||||
| MAP | Malaysian Advancement Party Parti Kemajuan Malaysia | Waytha Moorthy Ponnusamy | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | ||||
| PPM | Punjabi Party of Malaysia Parti Punjabi Malaysia | Sikhism | Gurjeet Singh Rhande | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | |||
| IKATAN | Malaysia National Alliance Party Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia | Social democracy | Centre-left | Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | ||
| Other allied parties | ||||||||||
| MIRA | Minority Rights Action Party Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti | Liberal democracy | N/A | S. Gobi Krishnan | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | ||
Former member parties
*denotes defunct parties
- Malaysian People's Movement Party (GERAKAN) (1973-2018)
- Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) (1973-1978)
- People's Progressive Party (PPP or myPPP) (1973-2018)*
- Sabah Alliance Party (ALLIANCE) (1973-1975)*
- United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) (1973-1975 under Sabah Alliance, 1976-1984, 1986-1993)*
- Sabah Chinese Association (SCA) (1973-1975 under Sabah Alliance)*
- United Bumiputera Heritage Party (PBB) (1973-2018)
- Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP) (1973-2018)
- Sarawak National Party (SNAP) (1976-2004)*
- Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA) (1976-1986)*
- Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA) (1978-1983)
- Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) (1983-1989)*
- Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS) (1983-2004)*
- United Sabah Party (PBS) (1986-1990, 2002-2018)
- Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) (1991-2018)
- People's Justice Front (AKAR) (1991-2001)*
- Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP) (1994-2008)
- Sabah Democratic Party (PDS) (1995-1999)*
- United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) (1999-2018)
- Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP/PDP) (2002-2018)
- Sarawak Peoples' Party (PRS) (2004-2018)
List of party chairmen
| No. | Name (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Term of office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abdul Razak Hussein (1922–1976) | 1 January 1973 | 14 January 1976 | |
| 2 | Hussein Onn (1922–1990) | 15 January 1976 | 28 June 1981 | |
| 3 | Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925) | 28 June 1981 | 4 February 1988 | |
| – | Ling Liong Sik (Acting) (b. 1943) | 4 February 1988 | 16 February 1988 | |
| (3) | Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925) | 16 February 1988 | 30 October 2003 | |
| 4 | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (b. 1939) | 31 October 2003 | 26 March 2009 | |
| 5 | Mohd Najib Abdul Razak (b. 1953) | 26 March 2009 | 12 May 2018 | |
| 6 | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (b. 1953) | 30 June 2018 | 18 December 2018 | |
| – | Mohamad Hasan (Acting) (b. 1956) | 18 December 2018 | 30 June 2019 | |
| (6) | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (b. 1953) | 30 June 2019 | Incumbent | |
Leadership structure
Barisan Nasional Supreme Council:[54]
- Chairman of Advisor Council:
- Mohd Najib Abdul Razak (UMNO)
- Chairman:
- Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (UMNO)
- Deputy Chairman:
- Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)
- Vice-Chairman:
- Wee Ka Siong (MCA)
- Vigneswaran Sanasee (MIC)
- Arthur Joseph Kurup (PBRS)
- Secretary-General:
- Zambry Abdul Kadir (UMNO)
- Treasurer-General:
- Hishammuddin Hussein (UMNO)
- Women Leader:
- Dr. Noraini Ahmad (UMNO)
- Youth Leader:
- Dr. Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki (UMNO)
- Executive Secretary:
- Ahmad Masrizal Muhammad (UMNO)
- Supreme Council Members:
- Ismail Sabri Yaakob (UMNO)
- Mahdzir Khalid (UMNO)
- Mohamed Khaled Nordin (UMNO)
- Zambry Abdul Kadir (UMNO)
- Mah Hang Soon (MCA)
- Ti Lian Ker (MCA)
- Lim Ban Hong (MCA)
- Yew Teong Look (MCA)
- Saravanan Murugan (MIC)
- Sivarraajh Chandran (MIC)
- Thinalan T. Rajagopalu (MIC)
- Kamalanathan Panchanathan (MIC)
- Richard Mosinal Kastum (PBRS)
- Zainon Hj. Kayum (PBRS)
- Edwin Laimin (PBRS)
- State Chairman:
- Johor: Hasni Mohammad (UMNO)
- Kedah: Jamil Khir Baharom (UMNO)
- Kelantan: Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub (UMNO)
- Malacca: Ab Rauf Yusoh (UMNO)
- Negeri Sembilan: Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)
- Pahang: Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail (UMNO)
- Perak: Saarani Mohammad (UMNO)
- Penang: Musa Sheikh Fadzir (UMNO)
- Perlis: Azlan Man (UMNO)
- Sabah: Bung Moktar Radin (UMNO)
- Selangor: Megat Zulkarnain Omardin (UMNO)
- Terengganu: Ahmad Said (UMNO)
- Federal Territories: Johari Abdul Ghani (UMNO)
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- His Majesty's appointee:
- Mohd Hisamudin Yahaya (UMNO)
- S Vell Peeri (MIC)
- Ti Lian Ker (MCA)
- Arman Azha Abu Hanifah (UMNO)
- Zurainah Musa (UMNO)
- Nelson Renganathan (MIC)
- Ros Suyati Alang (UMNO)
- Zambry Abdul Kadir (UMNO)
- Tengku Zafrul Aziz (UMNO)
- Malacca State Legislative Assembly:
- Mohamad Ali Mohamad (UMNO)
- Koh Nai Kwong (MCA)
- Johor State Legislative Assembly:
- Jefridin Atan (UMNO)
- Lim Pay Hen (MCA)
- Pahang State Legislative Assembly:
- Junahis Abdul Aziz (UMNO)
- Ajiz Sitin (UMNO)
- Perlis State Legislative Assembly:
- Aziz Ariffin (UMNO)
- Seruandi Saad (UMNO)
- Perak State Legislative Assembly:
- Shamsuddin Abdul Ghafar (UMNO)
- Sabah State Legislative Assembly:
- Noraini Idris (UMNO)
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
Barisan Nasional has 30 MPs in the House of Representatives, with 26 MPs (or 92.5%) of them from UMNO.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
| State | No. | Parliamentary Constituency | No. | State Assembly Constituency | Member | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kedah | P11 | Pendang | N19 | Sungai Tiang | Suraya Yaacob | UMNO | |
| P18 | Kulim Bandar Baharu | N36 | Bandar Baharu | Norsabrina Mohd. Noor | UMNO | ||
| Kelantan | P26 | Ketereh | N25 | Kok Lanas | Md. Alwi Che Ahmad | UMNO | |
| P27 | Tanah Merah | N27 | Gual Ipoh | Bakri Mustapha | UMNO | ||
| P30 | Jeli | N36 | Bukit Bunga | Mohd. Adhan Kechik | UMNO | ||
| N38 | Kuala Balah | Abd Aziz Derashid | UMNO | ||||
| P32 | Gua Musang | N43 | Nenggiri | Ab. Aziz Yusoff | UMNO | ||
| N44 | Paloh | Amran Ariffin | UMNO | ||||
| N45 | Galas | Mohd. Syahbuddin Hashim | UMNO | ||||
| Terengganu | P33 | Besut | N1 | Kuala Besut | Tengku Zaihan Che Ku Abd. Raham | UMNO | |
| N3 | Jertih | Muhammad Pehimi Yusof | UMNO | ||||
| N4 | Hulu Besut | Nawi Mohamad | UMNO | ||||
| P34 | Setiu | N6 | Permaisuri | Abd. Halim Jusoh | UMNO | ||
| N7 | Langkap | Sabri Mohd. Noor | UMNO | ||||
| N8 | Batu Rakit | Bazlan Abd Rahman | UMNO | ||||
| P35 | Kuala Nerus | N11 | Seberang Takir | Ahmad Razif Abdul Rahman | UMNO | ||
| N12 | Telemung | Rozi Mamat | UMNO | ||||
| P38 | Dungun | N25 | Bukit Besi | Roslee Daud | UMNO | ||
| P40 | Kemaman | N30 | Kijal | Ahmad Said | UMNO | ||
| Penang | P42 | Tasek Gelugor | N4 | Permatang Berangan | Nor Hafizah Othman | UMNO | |
| N5 | Sungai Dua | Muhamad Yusoff Mohd Noor | UMNO | ||||
| Perak | P54 | Gerik | N2 | Temenggor | Salbiah Mohamed | UMNO | |
| P55 | Lenggong | N4 | Kota Tampan | Saarani Mohammad | UMNO | ||
| P62 | Sungai Siput | N21 | Lintang | Mohd Zolkafly Harun | UMNO | ||
| P68 | Bruas | N36 | Pengkalan Baharu | Ahmad Faisal Mansor | UMNO | ||
| P69 | Parit | N39 | Belanja | Khairudin Abu Hanipah | UMNO | ||
| P72 | Tapah | N57 | Chenderiang | Choong Sin Heng | MCA | ||
| N48 | Ayer Kuning | Isham Shahruddin | UMNO | ||||
| P75 | Bagan Datuk | N53 | Rungkup | Shahrul Zaman Yahya | UMNO | ||
| P77 | Tanjong Malim | N59 | Behrang | Salina Samsudin | UMNO | ||
| Pahang | P78 | Cameron Highlands | N2 | Jelai | Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail | UMNO | |
| P79 | Lipis | N3 | Padang Tengku | Mustapa Long | UMNO | ||
| N5 | Benta | Mohd. Soffi Abd. Razak | UMNO | ||||
| P80 | Raub | N6 | Batu Talam | Abd Aziz Mat Kiram | UMNO | ||
| N8 | Dong | Fazdzli Kamal | UMNO | ||||
| P83 | Kuantan | N16 | Inderapura | Shafik Fauzan Sharif | UMNO | ||
| P85 | Pekan | N21 | Peramu Jaya | Sh. Mohamed Puzi Sh. Ali | UMNO | ||
| N22 | Bebar | Mohd. Fakhruddin Mohd. Ariff | UMNO | ||||
| N23 | Chini | Mohd Sharim Md Zain | UMNO | ||||
| P87 | Kuala Krau | N27 | Jenderak | Rodzuan Zaaba | UMNO | ||
| N28 | Kerdau | Syed Ibrahim Syed Ahmad | UMNO | ||||
| P89 | Bentong | N35 | Sabai | V Arumugam | MIC | ||
| N36 | Pelangai | Johari Harun | UMNO | ||||
| P90 | Bera | N37 | Guai | Sabariah Sadan | UMNO | ||
| N39 | Kemayan | Khairulnizam Mohamad Zuldin | UMNO | ||||
| P91 | Rompin | N41 | Muadzam Shah | Razali Kassim | UMNO | ||
| N42 | Tioman | Mohd. Johari Hussain | UMNO | ||||
| Selangor | P92 | Sabak Bernam | N1 | Sungai Air Tawar | Rizam Ismail | UMNO | |
| P93 | Sungai Besar | N3 | Sungai Panjang | Mohd Imran Tamrin | UMNO | ||
| P94 | Ulu Selangor | N5 | Hulu Bernam | Rosni Sohar | UMNO | ||
| P95 | Tanjong Karang | N8 | Sungai Burong | Mohd Shamsudin Lias | UMNO | ||
| P101 | Ulu Langat | N24 | Semenyih | Zakaria Hanafi | UMNO | ||
| Negeri Sembilan | P126 | Jelebu | N2 | Pertang | Noor Azmi Yusuf | UMNO | |
| N3 | Sungai Lui | Mohd Razi Mohd Ali | UMNO | ||||
| P127 | Jempol | N5 | Serting | Shamsulkahar Mod. Deli | UMNO | ||
| N6 | Palong | Mustafa Nagoor | UMNO | ||||
| N7 | Jeram Padang | Manickam Letchuman | MIC | ||||
| P129 | Kuala Pilah | N15 | Juasseh | Ismail Lasim | UMNO | ||
| N16 | Seri Menanti | Abdul Samad Ibrahim | UMNO | ||||
| N17 | Senaling | Adnan Abu Hasan | UMNO | ||||
| N19 | Johol | Saiful Yazan Sulaiman | UMNO | ||||
| P131 | Rembau | N26 | Chembong | Zaifulbahri Idris | UMNO | ||
| N27 | Rantau | Mohamad Hasan | UMNO | ||||
| N28 | Kota | Awaludin Said | UMNO | ||||
| P132 | Port Dickson | N31 | Bagan Pinang | Tun Hairuddin Abu Bakar | UMNO | ||
| N32 | Linggi | Abdul Rahman Mohd. Redza | UMNO | ||||
| P133 | Tampin | N34 | Gemas | Abdul Razak Said | UMNO | ||
| N35 | Gemencheh | Mohd. Isam Mohd. Isa | UMNO | ||||
| Malacca | P134 | Masjid Tanah | N1 | Kuala Linggi | Rosli Abdullah | UMNO | |
| N2 | Tanjung Bidara | Ab Rauf Yusoh | UMNO | ||||
| N3 | Ayer Limau | Hameed Mytheen Kunju Bahseer | UMNO | ||||
| N4 | Lendu | Sulaiman Md Ali | UMNO | ||||
| N5 | Taboh Naning | Zulkiflee Mohd Zin | UMNO | ||||
| P135 | Alor Gajah | N6 | Rembia | Muhammad Jailani Khamis | UMNO | ||
| N7 | Gadek | Shanmugam Ptcyhay | MIC | ||||
| N8 | Machap Jaya | Ngwe Hee Sem | MCA | ||||
| N9 | Durian Tunggal | Zahari Kalil | UMNO | ||||
| N10 | Asahan | Fairul Nizam Roslan | UMNO | ||||
| P136 | Tangga Batu | N12 | Pantai Kundor | Tuminah Kadi @ Mohd Hashim | UMNO | ||
| N13 | Paya Rumput | Rais Yasin | UMNO | ||||
| N14 | Kelebang | Lim Ban Hong | MCA | ||||
| P137 | Hang Tuah Jaya | N15 | Pengkalan Batu | Kalsom Noordin | UMNO | ||
| N18 | Ayer Molek | Rahmad Mariman | UMNO | ||||
| P138 | Kota Melaka | N21 | Duyong | Mohd Noor Helmy Abu Halem | UMNO | ||
| N23 | Telok Mas | Abdul Razak Abdul Rahman | UMNO | ||||
| P139 | Jasin | N25 | Rim | Khaidhirah Abu Zahar | UMNO | ||
| N26 | Serkam | Zaidi Attan | UMNO | ||||
| N27 | Merlimau | Muhamad Akmal Saleh | UMNO | ||||
| N28 | Sungai Rambai | Siti Faizah Abdul Azis | UMNO | ||||
| Johor | P140 | Segamat | N1 | Buloh Kasap | Zahari Sarip | UMNO | |
| P141 | Sekijang | N3 | Pemanis | Anuar Abdul Manap | UMNO | ||
| N4 | Kemelah | Saraswathy Nallathanby | MIC | ||||
| P142 | Labis | N5 | Tenang | Haslinda Salleh | UMNO | ||
| N6 | Bekok | Tan Chong | MCA | ||||
| P143 | Pagoh | N8 | Bukit Pasir | Mohamad Fazli Mohamad Salleh | UMNO | ||
| P144 | Ledang | N9 | Gambir | Sahrihan Jani | UMNO | ||
| N11 | Serom | Khairin Nisa Ismail | UMNO | ||||
| P145 | Bakri | N14 | Bukit Naning | Fuad Tukirin | UMNO | ||
| P146 | Muar | N16 | Sungai Balang | Selamat Takim | UMNO | ||
| P147 | Parit Sulong | N17 | Semerah | Mohd Fared Mohd Khalid | UMNO | ||
| N18 | Sri Medan | Zulkurnain Kamisan | UMNO | ||||
| P148 | Ayer Hitam | N19 | Yong Peng | Ling Tian Soon | MCA | ||
| N20 | Semarang | Samsolbari Jamali | UMNO | ||||
| P149 | Sri Gading | N21 | Parit Yaani | Mohd Najib Samuri | UMNO | ||
| N22 | Pasir Raja | Nor Rashidah Ramli | UMNO | ||||
| P150 | Batu Pahat | N24 | Senggarang | Mohd Yusla Ismail | UMNO | ||
| N25 | Rengit | Mohd Puad Zarkashi | UMNO | ||||
| P151 | Simpang Renggam | N26 | Machap | Onn Hafiz Ghazi | UMNO | ||
| N27 | Layang-Layang | Abd Mutalip Abd Rahim | UMNO | ||||
| P152 | Kluang | N29 | Mahkota | Sharifah Azizah Syed Zain | UMNO | ||
| P153 | Sembrong | N30 | Paloh | Lee Ting Han | MCA | ||
| N31 | Kahang | Vidyananthan Ramanadhan | MIC | ||||
| P154 | Mersing | N33 | Tenggaroh | Raven Kumar Krishnasamy | MIC | ||
| P155 | Tenggara | N34 | Panti | Hahasrin Hashim | UMNO | ||
| N35 | Pasir Raja | Rashidah Ismail | UMNO | ||||
| P156 | Kota Tinggi | N36 | Sedili | Muszaidi Makmor | UMNO | ||
| N37 | Johor Lama | Norlizah Noh | UMNO | ||||
| P157 | Pengerang | N38 | Penawar | Fauziah Misri | UMNO | ||
| N39 | Tanjung Surat | Aznan Tamin | UMNO | ||||
| P158 | Tebrau | N40 | Tiram | Azizul Bachok | UMNO | ||
| P159 | Pasir Gudang | N43 | Permas | Baharudin Mohd Taib | UMNO | ||
| P160 | Johor Bahru | N44 | Larkin | Mohd Hairi Mad Shah | UMNO | ||
| P161 | Pulai | N47 | Kempas | Ramlee Bohani | UMNO | ||
| P162 | Iskandar Puteri | N49 | Kota Iskandar | Pandak Ahmad | UMNO | ||
| P163 | Kulai | N50 | Bukit Permai | Mohd Jafni Md Shukor | UMNO | ||
| P164 | Pontian | N53 | Benut | Hasni Mohammad | UMNO | ||
| N54 | Pulai Sebatang | Hasrunizah Hassan | UMNO | ||||
| P165 | Tanjung Piai | N55 | Pekan Nanas | Tan Eng Meng | MCA | ||
| N56 | Kukup | Jefridin Atan | UMNO | ||||
| Sabah | P167 | Kudat | N2 | Bengkoka | Harun Durabi | UMNO | |
| P169 | Kota Belud | N10 | Usukan | Salleh Said Keruak | UMNO | ||
| P171 | Sepanggar | N16 | Karambunai | Yakubah Khan | UMNO | ||
| P174 | Putatan | N24 | Tanjung Keramat | Shahelmey Yahya | UMNO | ||
| P175 | Papar | N29 | Pantai Manis | Mohd Tamin @ Tamin Zainal | UMNO | ||
| P184 | Libaran | N51 | Sungai Manila | Mokran Ingkat | UMNO | ||
| N52 | Sungai Sibuga | Mohamad Hamsan Awang Supain | UMNO | ||||
| P187 | Kinabatangan | N58 | Lamag | Bung Mokhtar Radin | UMNO | ||
| N59 | Sukau | Jafry Ariffin | UMNO | ||||
| P188 | Lahad Datu | N61 | Segama | Mohammadin Ketapi | UMNO | ||
| P191 | Kalabakan | N71 | Tanjong Batu | Andi Muhammad Suryady Bandy | UMNO | ||
| — | Nominated member | Suhaimi Nasir | UMNO | ||||
| — | Nominated member | Raime Unggi | UMNO | ||||
| Total | Kedah (2), Kelantan (7), Terengganu (10), Penang (2), Perak (9), Pahang (16), Selangor (5), Negeri Sembilan (16), Malacca (21), Johor (40), Sabah (13) | ||||||
Barisan Nasional state governments
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johor | Menteri Besar | Onn Hafiz Ghazi | UMNO | Machap | |
| Malacca | Chief Minister | Sulaiman Md Ali | UMNO | Lendu | |
| Pahang | Menteri Besar | Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail | UMNO | Jelai | |
| Perak | Menteri Besar | Saarani Mohammad | UMNO | Kota Tampan | |
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sabah | Deputy Chief Minister III | Shahelmey Yahya | UMNO | Tanjung Keramat | |
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johor | Speaker | Mohd Puad Zarkashi | UMNO | Rengit | |
| Johor | Deputy Speaker | Samsolbari Jamali | UMNO | Semarang | |
| Malacca | Speaker | Ibrahim Durum | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Malacca | Deputy Speaker | Khaidiriah Abu Zahar | UMNO | Rim | |
| Pahang | Speaker | Mohd Sharkar Shamsudin | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Perak | Speaker | Mohamad Zahir Abdul Khalid | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Sabah | Speaker | Kadzim M Yahya | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
General election results
| Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Share of seats | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | 135 / 154 | 154 | 87.7% | 1,287,400 | 60.8% | 135 seats; Governing coalition | Abdul Razak Hussein |
| 1978 | 131 / 154 | 154 | 85.1% | 1,987,907 | 57.2% | 4 seats; Governing coalition | Hussein Onn |
| 1982 | 132 / 154 | 154 | 85.7% | 2,522,079 | 60.5% | 1 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1986 | 148 / 177 | 177 | 83.6% | 2,649,263 | 57.3% | 16 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1990 | 127 / 180 | 180 | 70.6% | 2,985,392 | 53.4% | 21 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1995 | 162 / 192 | 192 | 84.4% | 3,881,214 | 65.2% | 35 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1999 | 148 / 193 | 193 | 76.2% | 3,748,511 | 56.53% | 15 seats; Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 2004 | 198 / 219 | 219 | 90.4% | 4,420,452 | 63.9% | 51 seats; Governing coalition | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
| 2008 | 140 / 222 | 222 | 63.1% | 4,082,411 | 50.27% | 58 seats; Governing coalition | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
| 2013 | 133 / 222 | 222 | 59.9% | 5,237,555 | 47.38% | 7 seats;[55] Governing coalition | Najib Razak |
| 2018 | 79 / 222 | 222 | 35.59% | 3,794,827 | 33.96% | 54 seats; Opposition coalition (2018-2020) Governing coalition with Perikatan Nasional (2020-2022) | Najib Razak |
| 2022 | 30 / 222 | 178 | 13.51% | 3,462,231 | 22.36% | 49 seats; Governing coalition with Pakatan Harapan, Gabungan Parti Sarawak and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi |
Ministerial posts
| Portfolio | Office bearer | Party | Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Advancement of Rural and Region /Territories | Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi MP | BN (UMNO) | Bagan Datuk | |
| Minister of Laws and Institutional Reform | Dato' Sri Azalina Othman Said MP | BN (UMNO) | Pengerang | |
| Minister of Defence | Dato' Seri Utama Mohamad Hasan MP | BN (UMNO) | Rembau | |
| Minister of International Trade and Industry | Datuk Seri Utama Tengku Zafrul Tengku Abdul Aziz | BN (UMNO) | Senator | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Dato' Seri Diraja Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir | BN (UMNO) | Senator | |
| Minister of Higher Education | Dato' Seri Mohamed Khaled Nordin MP | BN (UMNO) | Kota Tinggi | |
State election results
| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Sabah | Sarawak | Total won / Total contested | |
| 2/3 majority | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | |
| 1974 | 12 / 12 | 24 / 26 | 36 / 36 | 27 / 28 | 23 / 27 | 31 / 42 | 32 / 32 | 30 / 33 | 21 / 24 | 16 / 20 | 31 / 32 | 30 / 48 | ||
| 1976 | ||||||||||||||
| 1978 | 12 / 12 | 19 / 26 | 23 / 36 | 28 / 28 | 20 / 27 | 32 / 42 | 32 / 32 | 29 / 33 | 21 / 24 | 16 / 20 | 31 / 32 | 239 / 257 | ||
| 1979 | ||||||||||||||
| 1981 | ||||||||||||||
| 1982 | 11 / 12 | 24 / 26 | 26 / 36 | 23 / 28 | 25 / 27 | 38 / 42 | 31 / 32 | 31 / 33 | 22 / 24 | 18 / 20 | 32 / 32 | |||
| 1983 | 30 / 48 | 30 / 32 | ||||||||||||
| 1985 | 6 / 48 | 6 / 48 | ||||||||||||
| 1986 | 14 / 14 | 25 / 28 | 29 / 39 | 30 / 32 | 23 / 33 | 33 / 46 | 32 / 33 | 37 / 42 | 24 / 28 | 17 / 20 | 35 / 36 | 1 / 48 | 300 / 351 | |
| 1987 | 28 / 48 | 28 / 48 | ||||||||||||
| 1990 | 14 / 14 | 26 / 28 | 0 / 39 | 22 / 32 | 19 / 33 | 33 / 46 | 31 / 33 | 35 / 42 | 24 / 28 | 17 / 20 | 32 / 36 | 0 / 48 | 253 / 351 | |
| 1991 | 49 / 56 | 49 / 56 | ||||||||||||
| 1994 | 23 / 48 | 23 / 48 | ||||||||||||
| 1995 | 15 / 15 | 34 / 36 | 7 / 43 | 25 / 32 | 32 / 33 | 51 / 52 | 37 / 38 | 45 / 48 | 30 / 32 | 22 / 25 | 40 / 40 | 338 / 394 | ||
| 1996 | 57 / 62 | 57 / 64 | ||||||||||||
| 1999 | 12 / 15 | 24 / 36 | 2 / 43 | 4 / 32 | 30 / 33 | 44 / 52 | 30 / 38 | 42 / 48 | 32 / 32 | 21 / 25 | 40 / 40 | 31 / 48 | 312 / 329 | |
| 2001 | 60 / 62 | 60 / 62 | ||||||||||||
| 2004 | 14 / 15 | 31 / 36 | 21 / 45 | 28 / 32 | 38 / 40 | 52 / 59 | 41 / 42 | 54 / 56 | 34 / 36 | 26 / 28 | 55 / 56 | 59 / 60 | 452 / 504 | |
| 2006 | 62 / 71 | 62 / 71 | ||||||||||||
| 2008 | 14 / 15 | 14 / 36 | 6 / 45 | 24 / 32 | 11 / 40 | 28 / 59 | 37 / 42 | 20 / 56 | 21 / 36 | 23 / 28 | 50 / 56 | 59 / 60 | 307 / 504 | |
| 2011 | 55 / 71 | 55 / 71 | ||||||||||||
| 2013 | 13 / 15 | 21 / 36 | 12 / 45 | 17 / 32 | 10 / 40 | 31 / 59 | 30 / 42 | 12 / 56 | 22 / 36 | 21 / 28 | 38 / 56 | 48 / 60 | 275 / 505 | |
| 2016 | 77 / 82 | 77 / 82 | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 10 / 15 | 3 / 36 | 8 / 45 | 10 / 32 | 2 / 40 | 24 / 59 | 25 / 42 | 4 / 56 | 16 / 36 | 13 / 28 | 16 / 56 | 29 / 60 | 160 / 505 | |
| 2020 | 14 / 73 | 14 / 41 | ||||||||||||
| 2021 | 21 / 28 | 21 / 28 | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 40 / 56 | 40 / 56 | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 0 / 15 | 9 / 59 | 16 / 42 | 25 / 116 | ||||||||||
Notes
References
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Literature
- Chok, Suat Ling (4 October 2005). "MPs in the dock". New Straits Times, p. 1, 6.
- Chin, James. 2002. Malaysia: The Barisan National Supremacy. In David Newman & John Fuh-sheng Hsieh (eds), How Asia Votes, pp. 210–233. New York: Chatham House, Seven Bridges Press. ISBN 1-889119-41-5.
- Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005). . Malaysia Not Today
External links
- Official website