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Justin Trudeau

January 20, 2023

Justin Pierre James Trudeau PC MP (/ˈtruːdoʊ, truːˈdoʊ/ (listen) TROO-doh, troo-DOH, French: [ʒystɛ̃ pjɛʁ dʒɛms tʁydo]; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician who is the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada. He has served as the prime minister of Canada since 2015 and as the leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. Trudeau is the second-youngest prime minister in Canadian history after Joe Clark; he is also the first to be the child or other relative of a previous holder of the post, as the eldest son of Pierre Trudeau.

The Right Honourable
Justin Trudeau
PC MP
Trudeau in 2022
23rd Prime Minister of Canada
Assumed office
November 4, 2015
MonarchsElizabeth II
Charles III
Governors GeneralDavid Johnston
Julie Payette
Mary Simon
DeputyChrystia Freeland[a]
Preceded byStephen Harper
Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth
In office
November 4, 2015 – July 18, 2018
Preceded byDenis Lebel[b]
Succeeded byDominic LeBlanc[c]
Leader of the Liberal Party
Assumed office
April 14, 2013
DeputyRalph Goodale[d]
Preceded byBob Rae (interim)
Member of Parliament
for Papineau
Assumed office
October 14, 2008
Preceded byVivian Barbot
Personal details
Born
Justin Pierre James Trudeau

(1971-12-25) December 25, 1971 (age 51)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Political partyLiberal
Spouse
​
(m. 2005)​
Children3
Parents
RelativesTrudeau family
Residences
Alma mater
OccupationTeacher
Salary$379,000 (2022)[1]
Signature
Website
  • Government website
  • Party website

Trudeau was born in Ottawa and attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf. He graduated from McGill University in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in literature, then in 1998 acquired a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of British Columbia. After graduating he taught at the secondary school level in Vancouver, before relocating back to Montreal in 2002 to further his studies. He was chair for the youth charity Katimavik and director of the not-for-profit Canadian Avalanche Association. In 2006, he was appointed as chair of the Liberal Party's Task Force on Youth Renewal.

In the 2008 federal election, he was elected to represent the riding of Papineau in the House of Commons. He was the Liberal Party's Official Opposition critic for youth and multiculturalism in 2009, and the following year he became critic for citizenship and immigration. In 2011, he was appointed as a critic for secondary education and sport. Trudeau won the leadership of the Liberal Party in April 2013 and led his party to victory in the 2015 federal election, moving the third-placed Liberals from 36 seats to 184 seats, the largest-ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian federal election.

Major government initiatives he undertook during his first term as prime minister included legalizing recreational marijuana through the Cannabis Act; attempting Senate appointment reform by establishing the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments and establishing the federal carbon tax. In foreign policy, Trudeau's government negotiated trade deals such as the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, and signed the Paris Agreement on climate change. He was sanctioned by Canada's ethics commissioner for violating conflict of interest rules regarding the Aga Khan affair, and later again with the SNC-Lavalin affair.

Trudeau led the Liberals to consecutive minority governments in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections, during which his government has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. During his second term he announced an "assault-style" weapons ban in response to the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks. He was investigated for a third time by the ethics commissioner for his part in the WE Charity scandal, but was cleared of wrongdoing. In 2022, he invoked the Emergencies Act in response to the Freedom Convoy protests, the first time the act was brought into force since it was enacted in 1988.

Early life

Ancestry and birth

On June 23, 1971, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) announced that Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's wife of four months, the former Margaret Sinclair,[2] was pregnant and due in December.[3][4] Justin Trudeau was born on December 25, 1971, at 9:27 pm EST at the Ottawa Civic Hospital.[5] He is the second child in Canadian history to be born to a prime minister in office; the first was John A. Macdonald's daughter Margaret Mary Theodora Macdonald (February 8, 1869 – January 28, 1933). Trudeau's younger brothers Alexandre (Sacha) (born December 25, 1973) and Michel (October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) were the third and fourth.[6][7]

Trudeau is predominantly of Scottish and French Canadian descent.[8] His grandfathers were businessman Charles-Émile Trudeau[9] and Scottish-born James Sinclair,[10] who was minister of fisheries in the cabinet of Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent.[11] Trudeau's maternal great-grandfather Thomas Bernard was born in Makassar, Indonesia[12] and immigrated to Penticton, British Columbia, in 1906 at age 15 with his family.[13] Through the Bernard family, kinsmen of the Earls of Bandon,[14][15][16] Trudeau is the fifth great-grandson of Major-General William Farquhar,[17] a leader in the founding of modern Singapore; Trudeau also has remote ethnic Malaccan[18][19] and Nias[20][21][22] ancestry.

 
Margaret Trudeau with Pat Nixon holding Justin at Rideau Hall in Ottawa on April 14, 1972.

Trudeau was baptized with his father's niece Anne Rouleau-Danis as godmother and his mother's brother-in-law Thomas Walker as godfather,[23][24] at Ottawa's Notre Dame Basilica on the afternoon of January 16, 1972, which marked his first public appearance.[25] and given the names "Justin Pierre James".[26] On April 14, 1972, Trudeau's father and mother hosted a gala at the National Arts Centre, at which visiting U.S. president Richard Nixon said, "I'd like to toast the future prime minister of Canada, to Justin Pierre Trudeau" to which Pierre Trudeau responded that should his son ever assume the role, he hoped he would have "the grace and skill of the president".[27] Earlier that same day U.S. first lady Pat Nixon had come to see him in his nursery to deliver a gift, a stuffed toy Snoopy.[28][29] Nixon's White House audio tapes later revealed Nixon referred to that visit as "wasting three days up there. That trip we needed like a hole in the head."[30][31]

Childhood

Trudeau's parents announced their separation on May 27, 1977, when he was five years old; his father was given primary custody.[32] There had been repeated rumours of a reconciliation for many years afterwards.[33] However, his mother's attorney Michael Levine[34] filed in Toronto to the Supreme Court of Ontario for a no-fault divorce on November 16, 1983,[35] which was finalized on April 2, 1984;[36] his father had announced his intention to retire as prime minister on February 29 of that year.[37] Eventually his parents came to an amicable joint-custody arrangement and learned to get along quite well. Interviewed in October 1979, his nanny Dianne Lavergne was quoted, "Justin is a mommy's boy, so it's not easy, but children's hurts mend very quickly. And they're lucky kids, anyway."[38] Of his mother and father's marriage, Trudeau said in 2009, "They loved each other incredibly, passionately, completely. But there was 30 years between them, and my mom never was an equal partner in what encompassed my father's life, his duty, his country."[39] Trudeau has three half-siblings, Kyle and Alicia, from his mother's remarriage to Fried Kemper,[40] and Sarah, from his father's relationship with Deborah Coyne.[41]

Trudeau lived at 24 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, the official residence of Canada's prime minister, from his birth until his father's government was defeated in the federal election on May 22, 1979. The Trudeaus were expected to move into Stornoway, the residence of the leader of the Official Opposition, but because of flooding in the basement, Prime Minister Joe Clark offered them Harrington Lake, the prime minister's official country retreat in Gatineau Park, with the expectation they would move into Stornoway at the start of July.[42] However, the repairs were not complete, so Pierre Trudeau took a prolonged vacation with his sons to the Nova Scotia summer home of his friend, Member of Parliament Don Johnston, and later sent his sons to stay with their maternal grandparents in North Vancouver for the rest of the summer while he slept at his friend's Ottawa apartment. Justin and his brothers returned to Ottawa for the start of the school year but lived only on the top floor of Stornoway while repairs continued on the bottom floor.[43] His mother purchased and moved into a new home nearby at 95 Victoria Street in Ottawa's New Edinburgh neighbourhood in September 1979.[44][45] Pierre Trudeau and his sons returned to the prime minister's official residence after the February 1980 election that returned him to the Prime Minister's Office.[46]

 
10-year-old Justin (left) touring the Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille in France with his father on November 8, 1982

His father had intended Trudeau to begin his formal education at a French-language lycée, but Trudeau's mother convinced his father of the importance of sending their sons to a public school.[47] In the end, Trudeau was enrolled in 1976 in the French immersion program at Rockcliffe Park Public School, the same school his mother had attended for two years while her father was a member of Parliament.[48] He could have been dropped off by limousine, but his parents elected he take the school bus albeit with a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) car following.[49][50][51][52] This was followed by one year at the private Lycée Claudel d'Ottawa.[53][54]

After his father's retirement in June 1984, his mother remained at her New Edinburgh home while the rest of the family moved into his father's home at 1418 Pine Avenue, Montreal known as Cormier House,[55] where the following autumn he began attending the private Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, his father's alma mater. The school had begun as a Jesuit school but was non-denominational by the time Justin matriculated.[56][57] In 2008, Trudeau said that of all his early family outings he enjoyed camping with his father the most, because "that was where our father got to be just our father – a dad in the woods".[58] During the summers his father would send him and his brothers to Camp Ahmek, on Canoe Lake in Algonquin Provincial Park, where he would later work in his first paid job as a camp counsellor.[54][59][60][61][62]

Trudeau and his brothers were given shares in a numbered company by their father, from which they received regular dividends, up to $20,000 per year. As of August 2011, Trudeau's company had assets of $1.2 million.[63]

University and early career

Trudeau has a bachelor of arts degree in literature from McGill University and a bachelor of education degree from the University of British Columbia. In his first year at McGill, Trudeau became acquainted with his future principal secretary, Gerald Butts, through their mutual friend, Jonathan Ablett.[64] Butts invited Trudeau to join the McGill Debating Union.[65] They bonded while driving back to Montreal after a debate tournament at Princeton University,[64] in which the Princeton team included Ted Cruz, who would go on to be elected a U.S. senator for Texas in 2013 and be candidate for the U.S. Republican Party's presidential nomination in 2016.[66] After graduation, Trudeau stayed in Vancouver where he became a substitute teacher at local schools such as Killarney Secondary and worked permanently as a French and math teacher at the private West Point Grey Academy. He became a roommate at the Douglas Lodge[67] with fellow West Point Grey Academy faculty member and friend Christopher Ingvaldson.[64][68] From 2002 to 2004, he studied engineering at the École Polytechnique de Montréal, affiliated with Université de Montréal, but did not graduate.[69] He started a master's degree in environmental geography at McGill but withdrew from the program to seek public office.[70]

In August 2000, Justin Trudeau attended the Kokanee Summit in Creston, British Columbia, to raise funds in honour of his brother Michel Trudeau and other avalanche victims. After the event, an unsigned editorial in the Creston Valley Advance (a local newspaper) accused Trudeau of having groped an unnamed female reporter while at the music festival. The editorial stated Trudeau provided a "day-late" apology to the reporter, saying, "If I had known you were reporting for a national paper, I never would have been so forward".[71][72] In 2018, Trudeau was questioned about the groping incident but said he did not remember any negative incidents from that time. His apology and later statement about the event have been described as hypocritical, while responses to the story have been described as a witch hunt or non-story.[73]

External video
  "Trudeau delivers the eulogy at his father Pierre Trudeau's funeral". – The National – CBC/Radio-Canada, October 3, 2000. (12:07 mins). Archive (12:02 mins)

In October 2000, Trudeau, then 28, emerged as a prominent figure after delivering a eulogy at his father's state funeral.[74][75][76] The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) received numerous calls to rebroadcast the speech after its initial transmission, and leading Quebec politician Claude Ryan described it as "perhaps ... the first manifestation of a dynasty".[77] A book issued by the CBC in 2003 included the speech in its list of significant Canadian events from the past fifty years.[78]

In 2007, Trudeau starred in the two-part CBC Television miniseries The Great War, which gave an account of Canada's participation in the First World War. He portrayed his fifth cousin, twice removed,[79] Major Talbot Mercer Papineau, who was killed on October 30, 1917, during the Battle of Passchendaele.[80] Trudeau is one of several children of former prime ministers who have become Canadian media personalities. The others are Ben Mulroney (son of Brian Mulroney), Catherine Clark (daughter of Joe Clark), and Trudeau's younger brother, Alexandre.[81] Ben Mulroney was a guest at Trudeau's wedding.[82]

Advocacy

 
Trudeau (middle) in 2007 with "Maison des Grands-Parents" cofounders Lucille Girard and Jacqueline Desjardins, during the 15th anniversary of the non-profit seniors organization.

Trudeau and his family started the Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign for winter sports safety in 2000, two years after his brother Michel died in an avalanche during a ski trip.[83] In 2002, Trudeau criticized the Government of British Columbia's decision to stop its funding for a public avalanche warning system.[84][85]

From 2002 to 2006, Trudeau chaired the Katimavik youth program, a project started by longtime family friend Jacques Hébert.[86][87]

In 2002–03, Trudeau was a panelist on CBC Radio's Canada Reads series, where he championed The Colony of Unrequited Dreams by Wayne Johnston.[88][89] Trudeau and his brother Alexandre inaugurated the Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Toronto in April 2004; the centre later became a part of the Munk School of Global Affairs.[90] In 2006, he hosted the presentation ceremony for the Giller Prize for literature.[91][92]

In 2005, Trudeau fought against a proposed $100-million zinc mine that he argued would poison the Nahanni River, a United Nations World Heritage Site located in the Northwest Territories. He was quoted as saying, "The river is an absolutely magnificent, magical place. I'm not saying mining is wrong ... but that is not the place for it. It's just the wrong thing to be doing."[93][94]

On September 17, 2006, Trudeau was the master of ceremonies at a Toronto rally organized by Roméo Dallaire that called for Canadian participation in resolving the Darfur crisis.[95][96][97]

Political beginnings

Trudeau supported the Liberal Party from a young age, offering his support to party leader John Turner in the 1988 federal election.[98] Two years later, he defended Canadian federalism at a student event at the Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, which he attended.[99]

Following his father's death, Trudeau became more involved with the Liberal Party throughout the 2000s. Along with Olympian Charmaine Crooks, he co-hosted a tribute to outgoing prime minister Jean Chrétien at the party's 2003 leadership convention, and was appointed to chair a task force on youth renewal after the party's defeat in the 2006 federal election.[100][101]

In October 2006, Trudeau criticized Quebec nationalism by describing political nationalism generally as an "old idea from the 19th century", "based on a smallness of thought" and not relevant to modern Quebec. This comment was seen as a criticism of Michael Ignatieff, then a candidate in the 2006 Liberal Party leadership election, who was promoting recognition of Quebec as a nation.[102][103] Trudeau later wrote a public letter on the subject, describing the idea of Quebec nationhood as "against everything my father ever believed".[104][105]

Trudeau announced his support for leadership candidate Gerard Kennedy shortly before the 2006 convention and introduced Kennedy during the candidates' final speeches.[106] When Kennedy dropped off after the second ballot, Trudeau joined him in supporting the ultimate winner, Stéphane Dion.[107][108]

Rumours circulated in early 2007 that Trudeau would run in an upcoming by-election in the Montreal riding of Outremont. The Montreal newspaper La Presse reported despite Trudeau's keenness, Liberal leader Stéphane Dion wanted Outremont for a star candidate who could help rebuild the Liberal Party. Instead, Trudeau announced that he would seek the Liberal nomination in the nearby riding of Papineau for the next general election.[109][110][111] The riding, which had been held for 26 years by André Ouellet, a senior minister under his father, had been in Liberal hands for 53 years before falling to the Bloc Québécois in 2006.[112]

On April 29, 2007, Trudeau won the Liberal party's nomination, picking up 690 votes to 350 for Deros and 220 for Giordano against Mary Deros, a Montreal city councillor and Basilio Giordano, the publisher of a local Italian-language newspaper.[113]

Opposition, 2008–2015

Prime Minister Stephen Harper called an election for October 14, 2008, by which time Trudeau had been campaigning for a year in Papineau. On election day, Trudeau narrowly defeated Bloc Québécois incumbent Vivian Barbot.[114] Following his election win, Edward Greenspon, editor-in-chief of The Globe and Mail, noted that Trudeau would "be viewed as few other rookie MPs are—as a potential future Prime Minister—and scrutinized through that lens".[58]

 
2008 Trudeau promotional portrait by Jean-Marc Carisse

The Conservative Party won a minority government in the 2008 election, and Trudeau entered parliament as a member of the Official Opposition. Trudeau's first legislative act was a motion that called for the creation of a "national voluntary service policy for young people".[115] He later co-chaired the Liberal Party's April 2009 national convention in Vancouver, and in October of the same year he was appointed as the party's critic for multiculturalism and youth.[116]

In September 2010, he was reassigned as critic for youth, citizenship, and immigration.[117] During that time, he criticized the government's legislation targeting human smuggling, which he argued would penalize the victims of smuggling.[118]

Trudeau sparked controversy when it was revealed that he earned $1.3 million in public speaking fees from charities and school boards across Canada, $277,000 of which Trudeau received after becoming an MP.[119][120]

He encouraged an increase of Canada's relief efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and sought more accessible immigration procedures for Haitians moving to Canada in the time of crisis. His own riding includes a significant Haitian community.[121]

Trudeau was re-elected in Papineau in the 2011 federal election, as the Liberal Party fell to third-party standing in the House of Commons with only thirty-four seats. Ignatieff resigned as party leader immediately after the election, and rumours again circulated that Trudeau could run to become his successor. On this occasion, Trudeau said, "I don't feel I should be closing off any options ... because of the history packaged into my name, a lot of people are turning to me in a way that ... to be blunt, concerns me."[122][123] Weeks after the election, Toronto MP Bob Rae was selected as the interim leader until the party's leadership convention, which was later decided to be held in April 2013. Rae appointed Trudeau as the party's critic for post-secondary education, youth and amateur sport.[124] After his re-election, he travelled the country hosting fundraisers for charities and the Liberal Party.[125][126][127][128]

Trudeau wanted to take part in a charity boxing match on behalf of the cancer research fundraising event Fight for the Cure, but was having difficulty finding a Conservative opponent until Conservative senator Patrick Brazeau agreed when asked on Trudeau's behalf by their mutual hairdresser Stefania Capovilla.[129][130] The fight on March 31, 2012, in Ottawa at the Hampton Inn was broadcast live on Sun News with commentary by Ezra Levant and Brian Lilley and Trudeau won in the third round, the result considered an upset.[129][131]

Leader of the Liberal Party

Earlier speculation

After Dion's resignation as Liberal leader in 2008, Trudeau's name was mentioned as a potential candidate with polls showing him as a favourite among Canadians for the position.[132][133]

However, Trudeau did not enter the race and Ignatieff was named leader in December 2008.[134] After the party's poor showing in the 2011 election, Ignatieff resigned from the leadership and Trudeau was again seen as a potential candidate to lead the party.[135]

Following the election, Trudeau said he was undecided about seeking the leadership;[136] months later on October 12 at Wilfrid Laurier University, he announced he would not seek the post because he had a young family.[137] When interim leader Bob Rae, who was also seen as a frontrunner, announced he would not be entering the race in June 2012, Trudeau was hit with a "tsunami" of calls from supporters to reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership.[138]

Opinion polling conducted by several pollsters showed that if Trudeau were to become leader the Liberal Party would surge in support, from a distant third place to either being competitive with the Conservative Party or leading them.[139] In July 2012, Trudeau stated that he would reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership and would announce his final decision at the end of the summer.[140][141]

2013 leadership election

Main article: 2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election

On September 26, 2012, multiple media outlets started reporting that Trudeau would launch his leadership bid the following week.[142][143] While Trudeau was seen as a frontrunner for the leadership of the Liberal Party, he was criticized for his perceived lack of substance.[144][145] During his time as a member of Parliament, he spoke little on policy matters and it was not known where he stood on many issues such as the economy and foreign affairs.[146][147] Some strategists and pundits believed the leadership would be the time for Trudeau to be tested on these issues; however, there was also fear within the party that his celebrity status and large lead might deter other strong candidates from entering the leadership race.[148][149][150]

On October 2, 2012, Trudeau held a rally in Montreal to launch his bid for the leadership of the Liberal Party.[151] The core people on his campaign team were considered longtime friends, and all in their 30s and 40s. His senior advisor was Gerald Butts, the former president of WWF-Canada who had previously been principal secretary to former Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty. Other senior aides included campaign manager Katie Telford, and policy advisors Mike McNeir and Robert Asselin, who had all worked for recent Liberal Party leaders.[152] His brother Alexandre also took a break from his documentary work to be a senior advisor on Trudeau's campaign.[153]

During the leadership campaign three by-elections were held on November 26, 2012. The riding Calgary Centre was expected to be a three-way race between the Conservatives, Liberals and Green Party. A week before by-election day Sun Media reported on comments Trudeau had made in a 2010 interview with Télé-Québec, in which he said, "Canada isn't doing well right now because it's Albertans who control our community and socio-democratic agenda." Trudeau's campaign advisor said that the comments were being brought up now because of the close race in Calgary Centre.[154] The following day, Trudeau apologized, saying he was wrong to use "Alberta" as "shorthand" in referring to Stephen Harper's government.[155] The Conservatives held onto Calgary Centre in the by-election by less than 1,200 votes. Liberal candidate Harvey Locke said he lost the by-election on his own and that comments made by Trudeau did not influence the outcome.[156]

Fellow leadership candidate Marc Garneau, seen as Trudeau's main challenger in the race, criticized Trudeau for not releasing enough substantial policy positions. Garneau called on him to release more detailed policies before members and supporters begin to vote.[157] Garneau later challenged Trudeau to a one-on-one debate, and said that if Trudeau could not defend his ideas in a debate against him, he wouldn't be able to do so against Prime Minister Harper.[158] Trudeau clashed in debates with challenger Joyce Murray, who was the only Liberal leadership candidate to speak out strongly in favour of electing the House of Commons with a system of proportional representation. She challenged Trudeau over his support for a preferential ballot voting system.[159]

On March 13, 2013, Garneau dropped out of the leadership race, saying that polling conducted by his campaign showed he would be unable to defeat Trudeau.[160][161]

With Joyce Murray, the last challenger, receiving significant press time, more Liberal politicians and public figures declared themselves for Trudeau. Trudeau was declared the winner of the leadership election on April 14, 2013, garnering 80.1 per cent of 30,800 votes.[162] Joyce Murray finished in second place with 10.2 per cent points, ahead of Martha Hall Findlay's 5.7 per cent.[163] Trudeau had lost only five ridings, all to Murray and all in BC.[164]

Leadership, 2013–2015
 
Justin Trudeau delivering a speech on a doorstep in Toronto's Little Italy, 2014[165]

In the days following his victory in the leadership race, snapshot polls recorded a surge in support for the Liberal party.[166]

In 2013, Trudeau chose to give up his seat at the funeral of Nelson Mandela, in deference to Irwin Cotler as representative of the Liberal Party of Canada, because of Cotler's work for and with Nelson Mandela in fighting apartheid.[167]

During the leadership campaign Trudeau pledged to park all his assets, exclusive of real estate holdings, into a blind trust which is atypical for opposition MPs, including leaders. According to documents obtained by the Ottawa Citizen, he fulfilled the pledge in July 2013 when the blind trust was set up by BMO Private Banking.[168]

On January 27, 2014, Trudeau and MP Carolyn Bennett escorted Chrystia Freeland into the House of Commons, as is traditional for by-election victors.[169] Trudeau launched an internet video the week before the 2014 Liberal party convention titled "An economy that benefits us all" in which he narrates his economic platform. He said that Canada's debt to GDP ratios have come down in recent years and now it's time for Ottawa to "step up".[170]

2015 federal election

Main article: Canadian federal election, 2015
 
Trudeau at the Vancouver Pride Festival, shortly after launching his election campaign

On October 19, 2015, after the longest official campaign in over a century, Trudeau led the Liberals to a decisive victory in the federal election. The Liberals won 184 of the 338 seats, with 39.5% of the popular vote, for a strong majority government;[171][172] a gain of 150 seats compared to the 2011 federal election.[171]

This was the second-best performance in the party's history. The Liberals won mostly on the strength of a solid performance in the eastern half of the country. In addition to taking all of Atlantic Canada and Toronto,[171] they won 40 seats in Quebec—the most that the Liberals had won in that province since Trudeau's father led them to a near-sweep of the province in 1980, and also the first time since then that the Liberals won a majority of Quebec's seats in an election. The 150-seat gain was the biggest numerical increase for a single party since Confederation and marked the first time that a party had rebounded from third place in the Commons to a majority government.

In addition to the appeal of his party's platform, Trudeau's success has been credited to his performance both on the campaign trail and televised leaders' debates exceeding the lowered expectations created by Conservative advertisements and conservative media outlets.[173][174][175]

 
The Trudeau Liberals slogan during the 2015 campaign was "Real Change"

Trudeau declared victory shortly after CBC News projected that he had won a majority government. He began his speech with a reference to former Liberal prime minister Wilfrid Laurier's "sunny ways" (French: voies ensoleillées) approach to bringing Canadians together despite their differences. According to Trudeau, Laurier "knew that politics can be a positive force, and that's the message Canadians have sent today".[176] Harper announced his resignation as the leader of the Conservative Party that night.[177][178]

Prime Minister of Canada (2015–present)

Main article: Premiership of Justin Trudeau
 
Trudeau's Cabinet after they were sworn into office, November 4, 2015

Trudeau and the rest of the Cabinet were sworn in by Governor General David Johnston on November 4, 2015. He said that his first legislative priority was to lower taxes for middle-income Canadians and raise taxes for the top one per cent of income earners after parliament was reconvened on December 3, 2015.[179] Trudeau also issued a statement promising to rebuild relations with Indigenous peoples in Canada and run an open, ethical and transparent government.[180] On November 5, 2015, during the first Liberal caucus meeting since forming a majority government, the party announced that it would reinstate the mandatory long-form census that had been scrapped in 2010, effective with the 2016 census.[181][182]

Trudeau was criticized by opposition members in November 2016 for his fundraising tactics which they saw as "cash for access" schemes.[183] Trudeau attended fundraisers where attendees paid an upward of $1500 for access to him and other cabinet members.[184][185] In some instances, the events were attended by foreign businessmen who needed government approval for their businesses.[186] Trudeau defended his fundraising tactics, saying that they were not in breach of any ethics rules. He also stated that he was lobbied at the fundraisers but not influenced.[185] In 2017, Trudeau introduced legislation that would eliminate such exclusive events by requiring increased transparency for political fundraisers.[187]

 
Trudeau walks with US President Barack Obama along the Colonnade to the Oval Office, March 10, 2016

In January 2017, the ethics commissioner, Mary Dawson, began an investigation into Trudeau for a vacation he and his family took to Aga Khan IV's private island in the Bahamas.[188][189] The ethics commissioner's report, released in December 2017, found that Trudeau had violated four provisions of the Conflict of Interest Act.[190] He became the first sitting prime minister to break federal conflict of interest rules.[191] In 2022, it was reported that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police had considered bringing criminal charges against Trudeau over the affair.[192]

In February 2018, Trudeau was criticized when his government invited Khalistani nationalist Jaspal Atwal to the Canadian High Commission's dinner party in Delhi. Atwal had previously been convicted for the shooting and attempted murder of Indian Cabinet minister Malkiat Singh Sidhu in 1986, as well as the assault on former BC premier Ujjal Dosanjh in 1985. Following the dinner, the PMO rescinded the invitation, and apologized for the incident.[193][194][195][196]

During his time as Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau has been the target of multiple death threats and assassination plots.[197]

Assessment of campaign promises

In July 2019, a group of 20 independent academics published an assessment on Trudeau's first term as Prime Minister,[198] called Assessing Justin Trudeau's Liberal Government: 353 Promises and a Mandate for Change. The assessment found that Trudeau's Liberal government kept 92 per cent of pledges, including complete and partial pledges. When calculating completed and realized pledges, they found Trudeau's government kept 53.5 per cent of their campaign promises. Trudeau's government, along with the "last Harper government had the highest rates of follow-through on their campaign promises of any Canadian government over the last 35 years," according to the assessment.[199][200]

SNC-Lavalin affair

Main article: SNC-Lavalin affair

On February 8, 2019, The Globe and Mail reported that sources close to the government said that the Prime Minister's Office had allegedly attempted to influence Attorney General Jody Wilson-Raybould concerning an ongoing prosecution of SNC-Lavalin. When asked about the allegations, Trudeau said that the story in the Globe was false and that he had never "directed" Wilson-Raybould concerning the case.[201] Wilson-Raybould did not comment on the matter, citing solicitor-client privilege.[202] Soon after, Trudeau voluntarily waived privilege and cabinet confidences, permitting her to speak.[203] On February 11, the ethics commissioner announced the opening of an investigation into the allegations. Trudeau said he "welcomed the investigation".[204][205] The Justice Committee of the House of Commons has conducted a series of hearings on the alleged interference.[206][207][208] The investigation heard from several witnesses, including Jody Wilson-Raybould, who submitted as evidence a telephone call she secretly recorded between herself and Privy Council Clerk Michael Wernick, which was subsequently released to the public.[209] On the recording, Wernick is heard asking to understand why the "DPA route" is not being used, stating that people were "talking past each other", and suggesting Trudeau obtain independent legal advice from former Supreme Court chief justice Beverly McLachlin. Wilson-Raybould is heard suggesting that Trudeau would be "breaching a constitutional principle of prosecutorial independence". On March 19, 2019, the Liberal committee members voted as a bloc to shut down the Justice Committee's investigation.[210]

Trudeau was the subject of an investigation by the ethics commissioner, pursuant to the Conflict of Interest Act, in regards to criminal charges against SNC-Lavalin in the SNC-Lavalin affair. The commission's final report, issued August 14, 2019, concluded "Mr. Trudeau contravened section 9 of the Act".[211][212][213][214][215]

2019 federal election

Main article: 2019 Canadian federal election
 
Trudeau speaking at Juno Beach during the 75th anniversary of D-Day, June 6, 2019

On September 11, 2019, Trudeau visited Governor General Julie Payette, to request the dissolution of Parliament, and formally triggering an election.[216] Prior to the formal start of the campaign, Trudeau announced his intention to only participate in the three leaders' debates, two organized by the Leaders' Debates Commission, and one organized by TVA.[217] Other leader's debates were either cancelled or took place with an empty podium left on stage for Trudeau.[218][219]

In September 2019, controversial pictures and video were published showing Trudeau in brownface and blackface.[220] On September 18, 2019, Time magazine published a photograph of Trudeau wearing brownface makeup in the spring of 2001, at an Arabian Nights-themed gala, while Trudeau was a teacher at West Point Grey Academy.[221] Trudeau publicly apologized, agreeing the photo was racist and saying: "I shouldn't have done that. I should have known better and I didn't. I'm really sorry."[222] He further went on to say "It was something that I didn't think was racist at the time, but now I recognize it was something racist to do".[223] Trudeau also admitted to wearing blackface makeup in high school while singing "Day-O" at a talent show that was subsequently published by Global News.[224] A third instance, a video, of Trudeau in racist dress was also published.[225] After this video was published, Trudeau admitted he could not remember how often he had worn blackface makeup.[226] In the days following the scandal, pollsters pointed out that many Canadians either were not bothered by the scandal or had accepted Trudeau's apology.[227][228][229][230] Additionally, some minority community groups, racialized commentators and some of Trudeau's opponents came to his defence.[231][232][233][234] Others were more critical, including members of his own party.[235]

2019 election results

 
Canadian federal election 2019 showing the ridings by winning party colour

While Trudeau's Liberal Party lost 20 seats in the House of Commons (lowering its total from 177 to 157) from the time of dissolution, they still won the most seats of any party—enough seats to allow Trudeau to form a minority government.[236][237] For the first time since 1979, the party that garnered the largest share of the national popular vote did not win the most seats; the Liberals under Trudeau had 33.1 per cent of the popular vote, while the Conservatives under Andrew Scheer had 34.4 per cent.[238][239] It was also the first time a government took power with less than 35 per cent of the national popular vote since the Conservatives of John A. Macdonald, in 1867, who had 34.8 per cent of the votes.[240] In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the Liberal party won 14 per cent and 10 per cent of the popular vote, respectively.[241] In Ontario, Liberals won all 25 Toronto seats and 24 of 29 seats in the surrounding suburbs of the Greater Toronto Area—reportedly due in part to the unpopularity of the Progressive Conservative party government of Premier Doug Ford.[238][242]

COVID-19 pandemic

Further information: COVID-19 pandemic in Canada

Justin Trudeau was Prime Minister during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. His government's response to the pandemic included funds for provinces and territories to adapt to the new situation, funds for coronavirus research, travel restrictions, screening of international flights, self-isolation orders under the Quarantine Act, an industrial strategy, and a public health awareness campaign. Initially, Canada faced a shortage of personal protective equipment, as the Trudeau government had cut PPE stockpile funding in the previous years.[243][244]

To deal with the economic impact of the pandemic in 2020, Trudeau waived student loan payments, increased the Canada Child Benefit, doubled the annual Goods and Services Tax payment, and introduced the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB) as part of a first package in March. In April 2020, Trudeau introduced the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy, the Canada Emergency Business Account, and the Canada Emergency Student Benefit.[245] Trudeau also deployed the Canadian Forces in long-term care homes in Quebec and Ontario as part of Operation LASER.[246]

Throughout the pandemic, the federal government was also responsible for the procurement of COVID-19 vaccines.[247] On May 12, 2020, the Trudeau government announced it had reached an exclusive deal with CanSino Biologics.[248] However, due to deteriorating Canadian-Chinese relations, the Cansino deal fell through.[249] On August 5, 2020, the Trudeau government created a plan to secure doses of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines.[250] Starting in December 2020, Justin Trudeau oversaw the implementation of Canada's mass-vaccination program.[251][247]

The spread of COVID-19 in Canada continued beyond the initial outbreak, with a strong second wave in the fall of 2020 and an even more serious third wave in the spring of 2021.[252][253] Throughout the crisis, Trudeau periodically extended the scope and duration of the federal aid programs. The 2021 Canadian federal budget planned to phase them out by the end of September 2021, and projected a $354.2-billion deficit in the 2020-21 fiscal year.[254] While CERB was indeed phased out on September 26, the Canada Recovery Benefit (CBR) continued to provide support until October 23.[255] The Canada Worker Lockdown Benefit was introduced that month to replace the CBR, and expanded during the spread of the Omicron variant in December 2021.[256]

WE Charity ethics investigation

Main article: WE Charity scandal

Following complaints by opposition parties that the Trudeau family had ties to WE Charity, the ethics commissioner on July 3, 2020, announced an investigation into Trudeau's and the government's decision to have the charity administer a summer, student-grant program which could assist students financially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trudeau responded by saying WE was the charity that had the capability to administer such a program. WE and the federal government decided to "part ways" leaving administration of the grant program to the federal government.[257][258][259]

We Charity was criticized for its close ties to the Trudeau family; the investigation came after revelations that Trudeau's mother, brother, and wife were paid nearly $300,000 in total to speak at WE Charity events.[260][261][262] On July 16, 2020, the ethics commissioner also announced the investigation was being expanded to include Finance Minister Bill Morneau.[263] Trudeau was ultimately cleared of any wrongdoing by the ethics commissioner though Morneau was found to have broken the conflict of interest law.[264]

2021 federal election

Main article: 2021 Canadian federal election

On August 15, 2021, Trudeau advised Governor General Mary Simon to dissolve parliament, scheduling an election for September 20.[265] The election was called on the same day as the Fall of Kabul. In the first two weeks of the campaign, Trudeau received criticism for not acting fast enough in the face of the 2021 Taliban offensive to evacuate Canadian citizens and Afghans who supported Canada’s military and diplomatic efforts during the War in Afghanistan.[266]

In the 2021 federal election, Trudeau secured a third mandate and his second minority government after winning 160 seats. However, the Liberals came in second in the national popular vote, behind the Conservatives.[267] They received 32.6 percent of the popular vote, the lowest percentage of the national popular vote for a governing party in Canadian history.[268]

2022 convoy protest

Main article: Canada convoy protest

The Canada convoy protest, called the Freedom Convoy, was a protest in Canada against COVID-19 vaccine requirements for truckers to re-enter the country by land introduced by the Government of Canada on January 15, 2022. Originally composed of several routes traversing all of the Canadian provinces, the truck convoys converged on Ottawa.

On January 29, the first day of protest at Parliament Hill, Prime Minister Trudeau moved to an undisclosed location.[269][270]

According to The Guardian, the demonstration developed to express a number of "antigovernment grievances", particularly against Trudeau.[271]

On January 31, Trudeau called the protests an "insult to truth".[272] On February 3, he said that a military response was "not in the cards right now".[273]

On February 11, Reuters reported that Trudeau promised the US "quick action" regarding protesters who have forcefully blocked the Ambassador Bridge on the US-Canada border, the continent's busiest land border crossing."[274] Trudeau subsequently indicated that there would be "robust police intervention" and called for all protesters to "go home."[275]

Trudeau invoked the Emergencies Act on February 14, for the first time since it was enacted in 1988, as a result of the public order emergency caused by the demonstrations in Ottawa.[276] On February 23, Trudeau announced that the federal government would revoke the emergency declaration. Later that day, the governor general signed a proclamation revoking it.[277][278]

Policies

Domestic policy

Main article: Domestic policy of the Justin Trudeau government
 
Trudeau with Maryam Monsef and Marie-Claude Bibeau at the 2019 Women Deliver event in Vancouver.

The Trudeau government's economic policy initially relied on increased tax revenues to pay for increased government spending. While the government did not balance the budget in its first term, it reduced Canada's debt-to-GDP ratio every year until 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic hit.[279][280] Trudeau's progressive social policy has included strong advocacy for feminism and abortion rights.[281] His government introduced the bill that made conversion therapies illegal in Canada.[282]

In his first term, Canada set targets to welcome an increased number of immigrants and refugees.[283][284] Canada introduced the right to medically-assisted dying in 2016[285] and legalized cannabis for recreational use in 2018.[286] In 2021, Trudeau announced the creation of a national child care plan with the intention of reducing day care fees for parents down to $10 a day per child within five years.[287]

His environmental policy included introducing new commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% before 2030, and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.[288] His main tool for reaching this target is a federal carbon pricing policy.[289] Trudeau's parliament also adopted legislation for marine conservation,[290] banning six common single-use plastic products,[291] and strengthening environmental impact assessments.[292] Trudeau pledged to ban single use plastic in 2019. In the year 2022 his government announced a ban on producing and importing single use plastic from December 2022. The sale of those items will be banned from December 2023 and the export from 2025.[293] However, Trudeau is in favour of oil and gas pipelines to bring Canadian fossil fuel resources to foreign markets.[294]

Foreign policy

Main article: Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government
See also: List of international prime ministerial trips made by Justin Trudeau
 
Trudeau with US president Joe Biden and Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador at the White House on November 18, 2021

In 2015, Trudeau told the New York Times Magazine that Canada could be the “first postnational state".[295]

Trudeau enjoyed good relations with the "like-minded" United States president Barack Obama,[296] despite Trudeau's support for the Keystone Pipeline which was rejected by the Democratic president.[297] Trudeau's first foreign policy challenges included follow-through on his campaign promise to withdraw Canadian air support from the Syrian civil war[298] and to welcome 25,000 Syrian war refugees.[299] When Donald Trump became president, Canada-US relations deteriorated. The Trump administration forced the renegotiation of NAFTA to create the CUSMA, in which Canada made significant concessions in allowing increased imports of American milk, weakening Canada's dairy supply management system.[300][301] Donald Trump also implemented Tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminium, to which Trudeau retaliated by imposing Tariffs on American steel, aluminium and a variety of other American products.[302]

 
Amid the Ukraine war, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Kyiv and met President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on May 8, 2022

Canada's relationship with China also deteriorated during Justin Trudeau's time as Prime Minister. The turmoil led to the arrest of Meng Wanzhou at the Vancouver International Airport in December 2018 at the behest of the United States,[303] and the arrest of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig in China 12 days later.[304] As these three individuals were released at the exact same time in September 2021, many observers speculated they were exchanged as part of a deal between the United States and China.[305] In a similar fashion, Canada's relationship with Saudi Arabia was also put under strain, as human rights groups called on Trudeau to stop selling military equipment to that country under a deal struck by the Harper government. In 2018, Saudi Arabia recalled its Canadian ambassador and froze trade with the country in response to Canada's call for the Saudis to release opposition blogger Raif Badawi. However, in 2019, Canada doubled its weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, despite a "moratorium on export permits following the killing of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi and mounting civilian deaths from the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen."[306]

In 2020, Canada lost its bid to join the United Nations Security Council. This was the second time Canada had failed an attempt to join the Security Council, the first time being in 2009 under Prime Minister Stephen Harper.[307]

Personal life

Family

Main article: Trudeau family
 
Trudeau with his wife Sophie Grégoire at the 2017 Global Citizen Festival in Hamburg on the eve of the G20 Hamburg summit.

Trudeau first met Sophie Grégoire when they were both children growing up in Montreal; Grégoire was a classmate and childhood friend of Trudeau's youngest brother, Michel.[308] They reconnected as adults in June 2003, when Grégoire, by then a Quebec television personality, was assigned as Trudeau's co-host for a charity ball; they began dating several months later. Trudeau and Grégoire became engaged in October 2004 and married on May 28, 2005, in a ceremony at Montreal's Sainte-Madeleine d'Outremont Church.[309] They have three children: a boy Xavier born in 2007, a girl Ella-Grace born in 2009, and a boy Hadrien born in 2014.[310]

In June 2013, two months after Trudeau became the leader of the Liberal Party, the couple sold their home in the Côte-des-Neiges neighbourhood of Montreal.[311] They began living in a rented home in Ottawa's Rockcliffe Park, the neighbourhood near where Trudeau resided as a child during his father's time as prime minister.[311]

On August 18, 2014, an intruder broke into the house while Grégoire and the couple's three children were sleeping and left a threatening note; however, nothing was stolen and there was no damage to the property. Following the incident, Trudeau, who was in Winnipeg at the time of the break-in, stated his intention to inquire with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police about his home security.[312] After his 2015 electoral victory, Trudeau opted to live at Rideau Cottage, on the grounds of Rideau Hall.[313]

On March 12, 2020, the Trudeau family self-isolated at Rideau Cottage after Sophie began exhibiting flu-like symptoms and later tested positive for COVID-19.[314][315] By March 28, she had recovered.[316]

On January 31, 2022, Trudeau announced on Twitter that he tested positive for COVID-19.[317]

On June 13, 2022, Trudeau tested positive for COVID-19 for the second time.[318]

Religion

Trudeau's father was a devout Catholic[319] and his mother converted from Anglicanism to Catholicism just before their wedding.[320] Trudeau himself became a lapsed Catholic at age 18, as he felt that much of his day-to-day life was not addressed by the formality and structure of the church.[52][321] Trudeau described his faith during this period as "like so many Catholics across this country, I said, 'OK, I'm Catholic, I'm of faith, but I'm just not really going to go to church. Maybe on Easter, maybe midnight Mass at Christmas.'"[52][321] After the death of his brother Michel in 1998, Trudeau was persuaded by a friend to participate in an Alpha course, during which he regained his faith.[52][321] In 2011, Trudeau stated, "My own personal faith is an extremely important part of who I am and the values that I try to lead with."[322]

Honours

  

Ribbon Description Notes
  Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for Canada
  Grand Cross of the Order of La Pléiade
Honorary degrees
Location Date School Degree Gave commencement address
  Scotland July 5, 2017 University of Edinburgh Doctorate Yes [325][326]
  New York May 16, 2018 New York University Doctor of Laws (LL.D) Yes [327][328]

Electoral record

Main article: Electoral history of Justin Trudeau

Published works

  • Trudeau, Justin (October 20, 2014). Common Ground. HarperCollins Canada. ISBN 9781443433372. OCLC 937860095.

Footnotes

  1. ^ This position was vacant from February 6, 2006, until November 20, 2019.
  2. ^ The Cabinet position was titled “minister of infrastructure, communities and intergovernmental affairs”.
  3. ^ LeBlanc succeeded Trudeau in the Cabinet position, but with the title “minister of intergovernmental and northern affairs and internal trade”.
  4. ^ This position has been vacant since November 3, 2015.

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January 20, 2023
justin, trudeau, justin, pierre, james, trudeau, listen, troo, troo, french, ʒystɛ, pjɛʁ, dʒɛms, tʁydo, born, december, 1971, canadian, politician, 23rd, current, prime, minister, canada, served, prime, minister, canada, since, 2015, leader, liberal, party, si. Justin Pierre James Trudeau PC MP ˈ t r uː d oʊ t r uː ˈ d oʊ listen TROO doh troo DOH French ʒystɛ pjɛʁ dʒɛms tʁydo born December 25 1971 is a Canadian politician who is the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada He has served as the prime minister of Canada since 2015 and as the leader of the Liberal Party since 2013 Trudeau is the second youngest prime minister in Canadian history after Joe Clark he is also the first to be the child or other relative of a previous holder of the post as the eldest son of Pierre Trudeau The Right HonourableJustin TrudeauPC MPTrudeau in 202223rd Prime Minister of CanadaIncumbentAssumed office November 4 2015MonarchsElizabeth IICharles IIIGovernors GeneralDavid JohnstonJulie PayetteMary SimonDeputyChrystia Freeland a Preceded byStephen HarperMinister of Intergovernmental Affairs and YouthIn office November 4 2015 July 18 2018Preceded byDenis Lebel b Succeeded byDominic LeBlanc c Leader of the Liberal PartyIncumbentAssumed office April 14 2013DeputyRalph Goodale d Preceded byBob Rae interim Member of Parliamentfor PapineauIncumbentAssumed office October 14 2008Preceded byVivian BarbotPersonal detailsBornJustin Pierre James Trudeau 1971 12 25 December 25 1971 age 51 Ottawa Ontario CanadaPolitical partyLiberalSpouseSophie Gregoire m 2005 wbr Children3ParentsPierre Trudeau father Margaret Sinclair mother RelativesTrudeau familyResidencesRideau Cottage primary Harrington Lake seasonal Alma materCollege Jean de BrebeufMcGill University BA University of British Columbia BEd Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal no degree OccupationTeacherSalary 379 000 2022 1 SignatureWebsiteGovernment websiteParty websiteTrudeau was born in Ottawa and attended College Jean de Brebeuf He graduated from McGill University in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in literature then in 1998 acquired a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of British Columbia After graduating he taught at the secondary school level in Vancouver before relocating back to Montreal in 2002 to further his studies He was chair for the youth charity Katimavik and director of the not for profit Canadian Avalanche Association In 2006 he was appointed as chair of the Liberal Party s Task Force on Youth Renewal In the 2008 federal election he was elected to represent the riding of Papineau in the House of Commons He was the Liberal Party s Official Opposition critic for youth and multiculturalism in 2009 and the following year he became critic for citizenship and immigration In 2011 he was appointed as a critic for secondary education and sport Trudeau won the leadership of the Liberal Party in April 2013 and led his party to victory in the 2015 federal election moving the third placed Liberals from 36 seats to 184 seats the largest ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian federal election Major government initiatives he undertook during his first term as prime minister included legalizing recreational marijuana through the Cannabis Act attempting Senate appointment reform by establishing the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments and establishing the federal carbon tax In foreign policy Trudeau s government negotiated trade deals such as the Canada United States Mexico Agreement CUSMA and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership and signed the Paris Agreement on climate change He was sanctioned by Canada s ethics commissioner for violating conflict of interest rules regarding the Aga Khan affair and later again with the SNC Lavalin affair Trudeau led the Liberals to consecutive minority governments in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections during which his government has responded to the COVID 19 pandemic During his second term he announced an assault style weapons ban in response to the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks He was investigated for a third time by the ethics commissioner for his part in the WE Charity scandal but was cleared of wrongdoing In 2022 he invoked the Emergencies Act in response to the Freedom Convoy protests the first time the act was brought into force since it was enacted in 1988 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Ancestry and birth 1 2 Childhood 1 3 University and early career 1 4 Advocacy 2 Political beginnings 3 Opposition 2008 2015 3 1 Leader of the Liberal Party 3 1 1 Earlier speculation 3 1 2 2013 leadership election 3 1 2 1 Leadership 2013 2015 3 2 2015 federal election 4 Prime Minister of Canada 2015 present 4 1 Assessment of campaign promises 4 2 SNC Lavalin affair 4 3 2019 federal election 4 3 1 2019 election results 4 4 COVID 19 pandemic 4 5 WE Charity ethics investigation 4 6 2021 federal election 4 7 2022 convoy protest 5 Policies 5 1 Domestic policy 5 2 Foreign policy 6 Personal life 6 1 Family 6 2 Religion 7 Honours 8 Electoral record 9 Published works 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External linksEarly lifeAncestry and birth On June 23 1971 the Prime Minister s Office PMO announced that Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau s wife of four months the former Margaret Sinclair 2 was pregnant and due in December 3 4 Justin Trudeau was born on December 25 1971 at 9 27 pm EST at the Ottawa Civic Hospital 5 He is the second child in Canadian history to be born to a prime minister in office the first was John A Macdonald s daughter Margaret Mary Theodora Macdonald February 8 1869 January 28 1933 Trudeau s younger brothers Alexandre Sacha born December 25 1973 and Michel October 2 1975 November 13 1998 were the third and fourth 6 7 Trudeau is predominantly of Scottish and French Canadian descent 8 His grandfathers were businessman Charles Emile Trudeau 9 and Scottish born James Sinclair 10 who was minister of fisheries in the cabinet of Prime Minister Louis St Laurent 11 Trudeau s maternal great grandfather Thomas Bernard was born in Makassar Indonesia 12 and immigrated to Penticton British Columbia in 1906 at age 15 with his family 13 Through the Bernard family kinsmen of the Earls of Bandon 14 15 16 Trudeau is the fifth great grandson of Major General William Farquhar 17 a leader in the founding of modern Singapore Trudeau also has remote ethnic Malaccan 18 19 and Nias 20 21 22 ancestry Margaret Trudeau with Pat Nixon holding Justin at Rideau Hall in Ottawa on April 14 1972 Trudeau was baptized with his father s niece Anne Rouleau Danis as godmother and his mother s brother in law Thomas Walker as godfather 23 24 at Ottawa s Notre Dame Basilica on the afternoon of January 16 1972 which marked his first public appearance 25 and given the names Justin Pierre James 26 On April 14 1972 Trudeau s father and mother hosted a gala at the National Arts Centre at which visiting U S president Richard Nixon said I d like to toast the future prime minister of Canada to Justin Pierre Trudeau to which Pierre Trudeau responded that should his son ever assume the role he hoped he would have the grace and skill of the president 27 Earlier that same day U S first lady Pat Nixon had come to see him in his nursery to deliver a gift a stuffed toy Snoopy 28 29 Nixon s White House audio tapes later revealed Nixon referred to that visit as wasting three days up there That trip we needed like a hole in the head 30 31 Childhood Trudeau s parents announced their separation on May 27 1977 when he was five years old his father was given primary custody 32 There had been repeated rumours of a reconciliation for many years afterwards 33 However his mother s attorney Michael Levine 34 filed in Toronto to the Supreme Court of Ontario for a no fault divorce on November 16 1983 35 which was finalized on April 2 1984 36 his father had announced his intention to retire as prime minister on February 29 of that year 37 Eventually his parents came to an amicable joint custody arrangement and learned to get along quite well Interviewed in October 1979 his nanny Dianne Lavergne was quoted Justin is a mommy s boy so it s not easy but children s hurts mend very quickly And they re lucky kids anyway 38 Of his mother and father s marriage Trudeau said in 2009 They loved each other incredibly passionately completely But there was 30 years between them and my mom never was an equal partner in what encompassed my father s life his duty his country 39 Trudeau has three half siblings Kyle and Alicia from his mother s remarriage to Fried Kemper 40 and Sarah from his father s relationship with Deborah Coyne 41 Trudeau lived at 24 Sussex Drive Ottawa the official residence of Canada s prime minister from his birth until his father s government was defeated in the federal election on May 22 1979 The Trudeaus were expected to move into Stornoway the residence of the leader of the Official Opposition but because of flooding in the basement Prime Minister Joe Clark offered them Harrington Lake the prime minister s official country retreat in Gatineau Park with the expectation they would move into Stornoway at the start of July 42 However the repairs were not complete so Pierre Trudeau took a prolonged vacation with his sons to the Nova Scotia summer home of his friend Member of Parliament Don Johnston and later sent his sons to stay with their maternal grandparents in North Vancouver for the rest of the summer while he slept at his friend s Ottawa apartment Justin and his brothers returned to Ottawa for the start of the school year but lived only on the top floor of Stornoway while repairs continued on the bottom floor 43 His mother purchased and moved into a new home nearby at 95 Victoria Street in Ottawa s New Edinburgh neighbourhood in September 1979 44 45 Pierre Trudeau and his sons returned to the prime minister s official residence after the February 1980 election that returned him to the Prime Minister s Office 46 10 year old Justin left touring the Palais des Beaux Arts de Lille in France with his father on November 8 1982 His father had intended Trudeau to begin his formal education at a French language lycee but Trudeau s mother convinced his father of the importance of sending their sons to a public school 47 In the end Trudeau was enrolled in 1976 in the French immersion program at Rockcliffe Park Public School the same school his mother had attended for two years while her father was a member of Parliament 48 He could have been dropped off by limousine but his parents elected he take the school bus albeit with a Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCMP car following 49 50 51 52 This was followed by one year at the private Lycee Claudel d Ottawa 53 54 After his father s retirement in June 1984 his mother remained at her New Edinburgh home while the rest of the family moved into his father s home at 1418 Pine Avenue Montreal known as Cormier House 55 where the following autumn he began attending the private College Jean de Brebeuf his father s alma mater The school had begun as a Jesuit school but was non denominational by the time Justin matriculated 56 57 In 2008 Trudeau said that of all his early family outings he enjoyed camping with his father the most because that was where our father got to be just our father a dad in the woods 58 During the summers his father would send him and his brothers to Camp Ahmek on Canoe Lake in Algonquin Provincial Park where he would later work in his first paid job as a camp counsellor 54 59 60 61 62 Trudeau and his brothers were given shares in a numbered company by their father from which they received regular dividends up to 20 000 per year As of August 2011 Trudeau s company had assets of 1 2 million 63 University and early career Trudeau has a bachelor of arts degree in literature from McGill University and a bachelor of education degree from the University of British Columbia In his first year at McGill Trudeau became acquainted with his future principal secretary Gerald Butts through their mutual friend Jonathan Ablett 64 Butts invited Trudeau to join the McGill Debating Union 65 They bonded while driving back to Montreal after a debate tournament at Princeton University 64 in which the Princeton team included Ted Cruz who would go on to be elected a U S senator for Texas in 2013 and be candidate for the U S Republican Party s presidential nomination in 2016 66 After graduation Trudeau stayed in Vancouver where he became a substitute teacher at local schools such as Killarney Secondary and worked permanently as a French and math teacher at the private West Point Grey Academy He became a roommate at the Douglas Lodge 67 with fellow West Point Grey Academy faculty member and friend Christopher Ingvaldson 64 68 From 2002 to 2004 he studied engineering at the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal affiliated with Universite de Montreal but did not graduate 69 He started a master s degree in environmental geography at McGill but withdrew from the program to seek public office 70 In August 2000 Justin Trudeau attended the Kokanee Summit in Creston British Columbia to raise funds in honour of his brother Michel Trudeau and other avalanche victims After the event an unsigned editorial in the Creston Valley Advance a local newspaper accused Trudeau of having groped an unnamed female reporter while at the music festival The editorial stated Trudeau provided a day late apology to the reporter saying If I had known you were reporting for a national paper I never would have been so forward 71 72 In 2018 Trudeau was questioned about the groping incident but said he did not remember any negative incidents from that time His apology and later statement about the event have been described as hypocritical while responses to the story have been described as a witch hunt or non story 73 External video Trudeau delivers the eulogy at his father Pierre Trudeau s funeral The National CBC Radio Canada October 3 2000 12 07 mins Archive 12 02 mins In October 2000 Trudeau then 28 emerged as a prominent figure after delivering a eulogy at his father s state funeral 74 75 76 The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC received numerous calls to rebroadcast the speech after its initial transmission and leading Quebec politician Claude Ryan described it as perhaps the first manifestation of a dynasty 77 A book issued by the CBC in 2003 included the speech in its list of significant Canadian events from the past fifty years 78 In 2007 Trudeau starred in the two part CBC Television miniseries The Great War which gave an account of Canada s participation in the First World War He portrayed his fifth cousin twice removed 79 Major Talbot Mercer Papineau who was killed on October 30 1917 during the Battle of Passchendaele 80 Trudeau is one of several children of former prime ministers who have become Canadian media personalities The others are Ben Mulroney son of Brian Mulroney Catherine Clark daughter of Joe Clark and Trudeau s younger brother Alexandre 81 Ben Mulroney was a guest at Trudeau s wedding 82 Advocacy Trudeau middle in 2007 with Maison des Grands Parents cofounders Lucille Girard and Jacqueline Desjardins during the 15th anniversary of the non profit seniors organization Trudeau and his family started the Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign for winter sports safety in 2000 two years after his brother Michel died in an avalanche during a ski trip 83 In 2002 Trudeau criticized the Government of British Columbia s decision to stop its funding for a public avalanche warning system 84 85 From 2002 to 2006 Trudeau chaired the Katimavik youth program a project started by longtime family friend Jacques Hebert 86 87 In 2002 03 Trudeau was a panelist on CBC Radio s Canada Reads series where he championed The Colony of Unrequited Dreams by Wayne Johnston 88 89 Trudeau and his brother Alexandre inaugurated the Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Toronto in April 2004 the centre later became a part of the Munk School of Global Affairs 90 In 2006 he hosted the presentation ceremony for the Giller Prize for literature 91 92 In 2005 Trudeau fought against a proposed 100 million zinc mine that he argued would poison the Nahanni River a United Nations World Heritage Site located in the Northwest Territories He was quoted as saying The river is an absolutely magnificent magical place I m not saying mining is wrong but that is not the place for it It s just the wrong thing to be doing 93 94 On September 17 2006 Trudeau was the master of ceremonies at a Toronto rally organized by Romeo Dallaire that called for Canadian participation in resolving the Darfur crisis 95 96 97 Political beginningsTrudeau supported the Liberal Party from a young age offering his support to party leader John Turner in the 1988 federal election 98 Two years later he defended Canadian federalism at a student event at the College Jean de Brebeuf which he attended 99 Trudeau at the 2006 Liberal Party leadership convention Following his father s death Trudeau became more involved with the Liberal Party throughout the 2000s Along with Olympian Charmaine Crooks he co hosted a tribute to outgoing prime minister Jean Chretien at the party s 2003 leadership convention and was appointed to chair a task force on youth renewal after the party s defeat in the 2006 federal election 100 101 In October 2006 Trudeau criticized Quebec nationalism by describing political nationalism generally as an old idea from the 19th century based on a smallness of thought and not relevant to modern Quebec This comment was seen as a criticism of Michael Ignatieff then a candidate in the 2006 Liberal Party leadership election who was promoting recognition of Quebec as a nation 102 103 Trudeau later wrote a public letter on the subject describing the idea of Quebec nationhood as against everything my father ever believed 104 105 Trudeau announced his support for leadership candidate Gerard Kennedy shortly before the 2006 convention and introduced Kennedy during the candidates final speeches 106 When Kennedy dropped off after the second ballot Trudeau joined him in supporting the ultimate winner Stephane Dion 107 108 Rumours circulated in early 2007 that Trudeau would run in an upcoming by election in the Montreal riding of Outremont The Montreal newspaper La Presse reported despite Trudeau s keenness Liberal leader Stephane Dion wanted Outremont for a star candidate who could help rebuild the Liberal Party Instead Trudeau announced that he would seek the Liberal nomination in the nearby riding of Papineau for the next general election 109 110 111 The riding which had been held for 26 years by Andre Ouellet a senior minister under his father had been in Liberal hands for 53 years before falling to the Bloc Quebecois in 2006 112 On April 29 2007 Trudeau won the Liberal party s nomination picking up 690 votes to 350 for Deros and 220 for Giordano against Mary Deros a Montreal city councillor and Basilio Giordano the publisher of a local Italian language newspaper 113 Opposition 2008 2015Prime Minister Stephen Harper called an election for October 14 2008 by which time Trudeau had been campaigning for a year in Papineau On election day Trudeau narrowly defeated Bloc Quebecois incumbent Vivian Barbot 114 Following his election win Edward Greenspon editor in chief of The Globe and Mail noted that Trudeau would be viewed as few other rookie MPs are as a potential future Prime Minister and scrutinized through that lens 58 2008 Trudeau promotional portrait by Jean Marc Carisse The Conservative Party won a minority government in the 2008 election and Trudeau entered parliament as a member of the Official Opposition Trudeau s first legislative act was a motion that called for the creation of a national voluntary service policy for young people 115 He later co chaired the Liberal Party s April 2009 national convention in Vancouver and in October of the same year he was appointed as the party s critic for multiculturalism and youth 116 In September 2010 he was reassigned as critic for youth citizenship and immigration 117 During that time he criticized the government s legislation targeting human smuggling which he argued would penalize the victims of smuggling 118 Trudeau sparked controversy when it was revealed that he earned 1 3 million in public speaking fees from charities and school boards across Canada 277 000 of which Trudeau received after becoming an MP 119 120 He encouraged an increase of Canada s relief efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake and sought more accessible immigration procedures for Haitians moving to Canada in the time of crisis His own riding includes a significant Haitian community 121 Trudeau was re elected in Papineau in the 2011 federal election as the Liberal Party fell to third party standing in the House of Commons with only thirty four seats Ignatieff resigned as party leader immediately after the election and rumours again circulated that Trudeau could run to become his successor On this occasion Trudeau said I don t feel I should be closing off any options because of the history packaged into my name a lot of people are turning to me in a way that to be blunt concerns me 122 123 Weeks after the election Toronto MP Bob Rae was selected as the interim leader until the party s leadership convention which was later decided to be held in April 2013 Rae appointed Trudeau as the party s critic for post secondary education youth and amateur sport 124 After his re election he travelled the country hosting fundraisers for charities and the Liberal Party 125 126 127 128 Trudeau wanted to take part in a charity boxing match on behalf of the cancer research fundraising event Fight for the Cure but was having difficulty finding a Conservative opponent until Conservative senator Patrick Brazeau agreed when asked on Trudeau s behalf by their mutual hairdresser Stefania Capovilla 129 130 The fight on March 31 2012 in Ottawa at the Hampton Inn was broadcast live on Sun News with commentary by Ezra Levant and Brian Lilley and Trudeau won in the third round the result considered an upset 129 131 Leader of the Liberal Party Earlier speculation After Dion s resignation as Liberal leader in 2008 Trudeau s name was mentioned as a potential candidate with polls showing him as a favourite among Canadians for the position 132 133 However Trudeau did not enter the race and Ignatieff was named leader in December 2008 134 After the party s poor showing in the 2011 election Ignatieff resigned from the leadership and Trudeau was again seen as a potential candidate to lead the party 135 Following the election Trudeau said he was undecided about seeking the leadership 136 months later on October 12 at Wilfrid Laurier University he announced he would not seek the post because he had a young family 137 When interim leader Bob Rae who was also seen as a frontrunner announced he would not be entering the race in June 2012 Trudeau was hit with a tsunami of calls from supporters to reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership 138 Opinion polling conducted by several pollsters showed that if Trudeau were to become leader the Liberal Party would surge in support from a distant third place to either being competitive with the Conservative Party or leading them 139 In July 2012 Trudeau stated that he would reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership and would announce his final decision at the end of the summer 140 141 2013 leadership election Main article 2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election On September 26 2012 multiple media outlets started reporting that Trudeau would launch his leadership bid the following week 142 143 While Trudeau was seen as a frontrunner for the leadership of the Liberal Party he was criticized for his perceived lack of substance 144 145 During his time as a member of Parliament he spoke little on policy matters and it was not known where he stood on many issues such as the economy and foreign affairs 146 147 Some strategists and pundits believed the leadership would be the time for Trudeau to be tested on these issues however there was also fear within the party that his celebrity status and large lead might deter other strong candidates from entering the leadership race 148 149 150 On October 2 2012 Trudeau held a rally in Montreal to launch his bid for the leadership of the Liberal Party 151 The core people on his campaign team were considered longtime friends and all in their 30s and 40s His senior advisor was Gerald Butts the former president of WWF Canada who had previously been principal secretary to former Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty Other senior aides included campaign manager Katie Telford and policy advisors Mike McNeir and Robert Asselin who had all worked for recent Liberal Party leaders 152 His brother Alexandre also took a break from his documentary work to be a senior advisor on Trudeau s campaign 153 During the leadership campaign three by elections were held on November 26 2012 The riding Calgary Centre was expected to be a three way race between the Conservatives Liberals and Green Party A week before by election day Sun Media reported on comments Trudeau had made in a 2010 interview with Tele Quebec in which he said Canada isn t doing well right now because it s Albertans who control our community and socio democratic agenda Trudeau s campaign advisor said that the comments were being brought up now because of the close race in Calgary Centre 154 The following day Trudeau apologized saying he was wrong to use Alberta as shorthand in referring to Stephen Harper s government 155 The Conservatives held onto Calgary Centre in the by election by less than 1 200 votes Liberal candidate Harvey Locke said he lost the by election on his own and that comments made by Trudeau did not influence the outcome 156 Fellow leadership candidate Marc Garneau seen as Trudeau s main challenger in the race criticized Trudeau for not releasing enough substantial policy positions Garneau called on him to release more detailed policies before members and supporters begin to vote 157 Garneau later challenged Trudeau to a one on one debate and said that if Trudeau could not defend his ideas in a debate against him he wouldn t be able to do so against Prime Minister Harper 158 Trudeau clashed in debates with challenger Joyce Murray who was the only Liberal leadership candidate to speak out strongly in favour of electing the House of Commons with a system of proportional representation She challenged Trudeau over his support for a preferential ballot voting system 159 On March 13 2013 Garneau dropped out of the leadership race saying that polling conducted by his campaign showed he would be unable to defeat Trudeau 160 161 With Joyce Murray the last challenger receiving significant press time more Liberal politicians and public figures declared themselves for Trudeau Trudeau was declared the winner of the leadership election on April 14 2013 garnering 80 1 per cent of 30 800 votes 162 Joyce Murray finished in second place with 10 2 per cent points ahead of Martha Hall Findlay s 5 7 per cent 163 Trudeau had lost only five ridings all to Murray and all in BC 164 Leadership 2013 2015 Justin Trudeau delivering a speech on a doorstep in Toronto s Little Italy 2014 165 In the days following his victory in the leadership race snapshot polls recorded a surge in support for the Liberal party 166 In 2013 Trudeau chose to give up his seat at the funeral of Nelson Mandela in deference to Irwin Cotler as representative of the Liberal Party of Canada because of Cotler s work for and with Nelson Mandela in fighting apartheid 167 During the leadership campaign Trudeau pledged to park all his assets exclusive of real estate holdings into a blind trust which is atypical for opposition MPs including leaders According to documents obtained by the Ottawa Citizen he fulfilled the pledge in July 2013 when the blind trust was set up by BMO Private Banking 168 On January 27 2014 Trudeau and MP Carolyn Bennett escorted Chrystia Freeland into the House of Commons as is traditional for by election victors 169 Trudeau launched an internet video the week before the 2014 Liberal party convention titled An economy that benefits us all in which he narrates his economic platform He said that Canada s debt to GDP ratios have come down in recent years and now it s time for Ottawa to step up 170 2015 federal election Main article Canadian federal election 2015 Trudeau at the Vancouver Pride Festival shortly after launching his election campaign On October 19 2015 after the longest official campaign in over a century Trudeau led the Liberals to a decisive victory in the federal election The Liberals won 184 of the 338 seats with 39 5 of the popular vote for a strong majority government 171 172 a gain of 150 seats compared to the 2011 federal election 171 This was the second best performance in the party s history The Liberals won mostly on the strength of a solid performance in the eastern half of the country In addition to taking all of Atlantic Canada and Toronto 171 they won 40 seats in Quebec the most that the Liberals had won in that province since Trudeau s father led them to a near sweep of the province in 1980 and also the first time since then that the Liberals won a majority of Quebec s seats in an election The 150 seat gain was the biggest numerical increase for a single party since Confederation and marked the first time that a party had rebounded from third place in the Commons to a majority government In addition to the appeal of his party s platform Trudeau s success has been credited to his performance both on the campaign trail and televised leaders debates exceeding the lowered expectations created by Conservative advertisements and conservative media outlets 173 174 175 The Trudeau Liberals slogan during the 2015 campaign was Real Change Trudeau declared victory shortly after CBC News projected that he had won a majority government He began his speech with a reference to former Liberal prime minister Wilfrid Laurier s sunny ways French voies ensoleillees approach to bringing Canadians together despite their differences According to Trudeau Laurier knew that politics can be a positive force and that s the message Canadians have sent today 176 Harper announced his resignation as the leader of the Conservative Party that night 177 178 Prime Minister of Canada 2015 present Main article Premiership of Justin Trudeau Trudeau s Cabinet after they were sworn into office November 4 2015 Trudeau and the rest of the Cabinet were sworn in by Governor General David Johnston on November 4 2015 He said that his first legislative priority was to lower taxes for middle income Canadians and raise taxes for the top one per cent of income earners after parliament was reconvened on December 3 2015 179 Trudeau also issued a statement promising to rebuild relations with Indigenous peoples in Canada and run an open ethical and transparent government 180 On November 5 2015 during the first Liberal caucus meeting since forming a majority government the party announced that it would reinstate the mandatory long form census that had been scrapped in 2010 effective with the 2016 census 181 182 Trudeau was criticized by opposition members in November 2016 for his fundraising tactics which they saw as cash for access schemes 183 Trudeau attended fundraisers where attendees paid an upward of 1500 for access to him and other cabinet members 184 185 In some instances the events were attended by foreign businessmen who needed government approval for their businesses 186 Trudeau defended his fundraising tactics saying that they were not in breach of any ethics rules He also stated that he was lobbied at the fundraisers but not influenced 185 In 2017 Trudeau introduced legislation that would eliminate such exclusive events by requiring increased transparency for political fundraisers 187 Trudeau walks with US President Barack Obama along the Colonnade to the Oval Office March 10 2016 In January 2017 the ethics commissioner Mary Dawson began an investigation into Trudeau for a vacation he and his family took to Aga Khan IV s private island in the Bahamas 188 189 The ethics commissioner s report released in December 2017 found that Trudeau had violated four provisions of the Conflict of Interest Act 190 He became the first sitting prime minister to break federal conflict of interest rules 191 In 2022 it was reported that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police had considered bringing criminal charges against Trudeau over the affair 192 In February 2018 Trudeau was criticized when his government invited Khalistani nationalist Jaspal Atwal to the Canadian High Commission s dinner party in Delhi Atwal had previously been convicted for the shooting and attempted murder of Indian Cabinet minister Malkiat Singh Sidhu in 1986 as well as the assault on former BC premier Ujjal Dosanjh in 1985 Following the dinner the PMO rescinded the invitation and apologized for the incident 193 194 195 196 During his time as Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has been the target of multiple death threats and assassination plots 197 Assessment of campaign promises In July 2019 a group of 20 independent academics published an assessment on Trudeau s first term as Prime Minister 198 called Assessing Justin Trudeau s Liberal Government 353 Promises and a Mandate for Change The assessment found that Trudeau s Liberal government kept 92 per cent of pledges including complete and partial pledges When calculating completed and realized pledges they found Trudeau s government kept 53 5 per cent of their campaign promises Trudeau s government along with the last Harper government had the highest rates of follow through on their campaign promises of any Canadian government over the last 35 years according to the assessment 199 200 SNC Lavalin affair Main article SNC Lavalin affair On February 8 2019 The Globe and Mail reported that sources close to the government said that the Prime Minister s Office had allegedly attempted to influence Attorney General Jody Wilson Raybould concerning an ongoing prosecution of SNC Lavalin When asked about the allegations Trudeau said that the story in the Globe was false and that he had never directed Wilson Raybould concerning the case 201 Wilson Raybould did not comment on the matter citing solicitor client privilege 202 Soon after Trudeau voluntarily waived privilege and cabinet confidences permitting her to speak 203 On February 11 the ethics commissioner announced the opening of an investigation into the allegations Trudeau said he welcomed the investigation 204 205 The Justice Committee of the House of Commons has conducted a series of hearings on the alleged interference 206 207 208 The investigation heard from several witnesses including Jody Wilson Raybould who submitted as evidence a telephone call she secretly recorded between herself and Privy Council Clerk Michael Wernick which was subsequently released to the public 209 On the recording Wernick is heard asking to understand why the DPA route is not being used stating that people were talking past each other and suggesting Trudeau obtain independent legal advice from former Supreme Court chief justice Beverly McLachlin Wilson Raybould is heard suggesting that Trudeau would be breaching a constitutional principle of prosecutorial independence On March 19 2019 the Liberal committee members voted as a bloc to shut down the Justice Committee s investigation 210 Trudeau was the subject of an investigation by the ethics commissioner pursuant to the Conflict of Interest Act in regards to criminal charges against SNC Lavalin in the SNC Lavalin affair The commission s final report issued August 14 2019 concluded Mr Trudeau contravened section 9 of the Act 211 212 213 214 215 2019 federal election Main article 2019 Canadian federal election Trudeau speaking at Juno Beach during the 75th anniversary of D Day June 6 2019 On September 11 2019 Trudeau visited Governor General Julie Payette to request the dissolution of Parliament and formally triggering an election 216 Prior to the formal start of the campaign Trudeau announced his intention to only participate in the three leaders debates two organized by the Leaders Debates Commission and one organized by TVA 217 Other leader s debates were either cancelled or took place with an empty podium left on stage for Trudeau 218 219 In September 2019 controversial pictures and video were published showing Trudeau in brownface and blackface 220 On September 18 2019 Time magazine published a photograph of Trudeau wearing brownface makeup in the spring of 2001 at an Arabian Nights themed gala while Trudeau was a teacher at West Point Grey Academy 221 Trudeau publicly apologized agreeing the photo was racist and saying I shouldn t have done that I should have known better and I didn t I m really sorry 222 He further went on to say It was something that I didn t think was racist at the time but now I recognize it was something racist to do 223 Trudeau also admitted to wearing blackface makeup in high school while singing Day O at a talent show that was subsequently published by Global News 224 A third instance a video of Trudeau in racist dress was also published 225 After this video was published Trudeau admitted he could not remember how often he had worn blackface makeup 226 In the days following the scandal pollsters pointed out that many Canadians either were not bothered by the scandal or had accepted Trudeau s apology 227 228 229 230 Additionally some minority community groups racialized commentators and some of Trudeau s opponents came to his defence 231 232 233 234 Others were more critical including members of his own party 235 2019 election results Canadian federal election 2019 showing the ridings by winning party colour While Trudeau s Liberal Party lost 20 seats in the House of Commons lowering its total from 177 to 157 from the time of dissolution they still won the most seats of any party enough seats to allow Trudeau to form a minority government 236 237 For the first time since 1979 the party that garnered the largest share of the national popular vote did not win the most seats the Liberals under Trudeau had 33 1 per cent of the popular vote while the Conservatives under Andrew Scheer had 34 4 per cent 238 239 It was also the first time a government took power with less than 35 per cent of the national popular vote since the Conservatives of John A Macdonald in 1867 who had 34 8 per cent of the votes 240 In Alberta and Saskatchewan the Liberal party won 14 per cent and 10 per cent of the popular vote respectively 241 In Ontario Liberals won all 25 Toronto seats and 24 of 29 seats in the surrounding suburbs of the Greater Toronto Area reportedly due in part to the unpopularity of the Progressive Conservative party government of Premier Doug Ford 238 242 COVID 19 pandemic Further information COVID 19 pandemic in Canada Justin Trudeau was Prime Minister during the worldwide COVID 19 pandemic His government s response to the pandemic included funds for provinces and territories to adapt to the new situation funds for coronavirus research travel restrictions screening of international flights self isolation orders under the Quarantine Act an industrial strategy and a public health awareness campaign Initially Canada faced a shortage of personal protective equipment as the Trudeau government had cut PPE stockpile funding in the previous years 243 244 To deal with the economic impact of the pandemic in 2020 Trudeau waived student loan payments increased the Canada Child Benefit doubled the annual Goods and Services Tax payment and introduced the Canada Emergency Response Benefit CERB as part of a first package in March In April 2020 Trudeau introduced the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy the Canada Emergency Business Account and the Canada Emergency Student Benefit 245 Trudeau also deployed the Canadian Forces in long term care homes in Quebec and Ontario as part of Operation LASER 246 Throughout the pandemic the federal government was also responsible for the procurement of COVID 19 vaccines 247 On May 12 2020 the Trudeau government announced it had reached an exclusive deal with CanSino Biologics 248 However due to deteriorating Canadian Chinese relations the Cansino deal fell through 249 On August 5 2020 the Trudeau government created a plan to secure doses of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines 250 Starting in December 2020 Justin Trudeau oversaw the implementation of Canada s mass vaccination program 251 247 The spread of COVID 19 in Canada continued beyond the initial outbreak with a strong second wave in the fall of 2020 and an even more serious third wave in the spring of 2021 252 253 Throughout the crisis Trudeau periodically extended the scope and duration of the federal aid programs The 2021 Canadian federal budget planned to phase them out by the end of September 2021 and projected a 354 2 billion deficit in the 2020 21 fiscal year 254 While CERB was indeed phased out on September 26 the Canada Recovery Benefit CBR continued to provide support until October 23 255 The Canada Worker Lockdown Benefit was introduced that month to replace the CBR and expanded during the spread of the Omicron variant in December 2021 256 WE Charity ethics investigation Main article WE Charity scandal Following complaints by opposition parties that the Trudeau family had ties to WE Charity the ethics commissioner on July 3 2020 announced an investigation into Trudeau s and the government s decision to have the charity administer a summer student grant program which could assist students financially during the COVID 19 pandemic Trudeau responded by saying WE was the charity that had the capability to administer such a program WE and the federal government decided to part ways leaving administration of the grant program to the federal government 257 258 259 We Charity was criticized for its close ties to the Trudeau family the investigation came after revelations that Trudeau s mother brother and wife were paid nearly 300 000 in total to speak at WE Charity events 260 261 262 On July 16 2020 the ethics commissioner also announced the investigation was being expanded to include Finance Minister Bill Morneau 263 Trudeau was ultimately cleared of any wrongdoing by the ethics commissioner though Morneau was found to have broken the conflict of interest law 264 2021 federal election Main article 2021 Canadian federal election On August 15 2021 Trudeau advised Governor General Mary Simon to dissolve parliament scheduling an election for September 20 265 The election was called on the same day as the Fall of Kabul In the first two weeks of the campaign Trudeau received criticism for not acting fast enough in the face of the 2021 Taliban offensive to evacuate Canadian citizens and Afghans who supported Canada s military and diplomatic efforts during the War in Afghanistan 266 In the 2021 federal election Trudeau secured a third mandate and his second minority government after winning 160 seats However the Liberals came in second in the national popular vote behind the Conservatives 267 They received 32 6 percent of the popular vote the lowest percentage of the national popular vote for a governing party in Canadian history 268 2022 convoy protest Main article Canada convoy protest The Canada convoy protest called the Freedom Convoy was a protest in Canada against COVID 19 vaccine requirements for truckers to re enter the country by land introduced by the Government of Canada on January 15 2022 Originally composed of several routes traversing all of the Canadian provinces the truck convoys converged on Ottawa On January 29 the first day of protest at Parliament Hill Prime Minister Trudeau moved to an undisclosed location 269 270 According to The Guardian the demonstration developed to express a number of antigovernment grievances particularly against Trudeau 271 On January 31 Trudeau called the protests an insult to truth 272 On February 3 he said that a military response was not in the cards right now 273 On February 11 Reuters reported that Trudeau promised the US quick action regarding protesters who have forcefully blocked the Ambassador Bridge on the US Canada border the continent s busiest land border crossing 274 Trudeau subsequently indicated that there would be robust police intervention and called for all protesters to go home 275 Trudeau invoked the Emergencies Act on February 14 for the first time since it was enacted in 1988 as a result of the public order emergency caused by the demonstrations in Ottawa 276 On February 23 Trudeau announced that the federal government would revoke the emergency declaration Later that day the governor general signed a proclamation revoking it 277 278 PoliciesDomestic policy Main article Domestic policy of the Justin Trudeau government Trudeau with Maryam Monsef and Marie Claude Bibeau at the 2019 Women Deliver event in Vancouver The Trudeau government s economic policy initially relied on increased tax revenues to pay for increased government spending While the government did not balance the budget in its first term it reduced Canada s debt to GDP ratio every year until 2020 when the COVID 19 pandemic hit 279 280 Trudeau s progressive social policy has included strong advocacy for feminism and abortion rights 281 His government introduced the bill that made conversion therapies illegal in Canada 282 In his first term Canada set targets to welcome an increased number of immigrants and refugees 283 284 Canada introduced the right to medically assisted dying in 2016 285 and legalized cannabis for recreational use in 2018 286 In 2021 Trudeau announced the creation of a national child care plan with the intention of reducing day care fees for parents down to 10 a day per child within five years 287 His environmental policy included introducing new commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30 before 2030 and to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 288 His main tool for reaching this target is a federal carbon pricing policy 289 Trudeau s parliament also adopted legislation for marine conservation 290 banning six common single use plastic products 291 and strengthening environmental impact assessments 292 Trudeau pledged to ban single use plastic in 2019 In the year 2022 his government announced a ban on producing and importing single use plastic from December 2022 The sale of those items will be banned from December 2023 and the export from 2025 293 However Trudeau is in favour of oil and gas pipelines to bring Canadian fossil fuel resources to foreign markets 294 Foreign policy Main article Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government See also List of international prime ministerial trips made by Justin Trudeau Trudeau with US president Joe Biden and Mexican president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador at the White House on November 18 2021 In 2015 Trudeau told the New York Times Magazine that Canada could be the first postnational state 295 Trudeau enjoyed good relations with the like minded United States president Barack Obama 296 despite Trudeau s support for the Keystone Pipeline which was rejected by the Democratic president 297 Trudeau s first foreign policy challenges included follow through on his campaign promise to withdraw Canadian air support from the Syrian civil war 298 and to welcome 25 000 Syrian war refugees 299 When Donald Trump became president Canada US relations deteriorated The Trump administration forced the renegotiation of NAFTA to create the CUSMA in which Canada made significant concessions in allowing increased imports of American milk weakening Canada s dairy supply management system 300 301 Donald Trump also implemented Tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminium to which Trudeau retaliated by imposing Tariffs on American steel aluminium and a variety of other American products 302 Amid the Ukraine war Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited Kyiv and met President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on May 8 2022 Canada s relationship with China also deteriorated during Justin Trudeau s time as Prime Minister The turmoil led to the arrest of Meng Wanzhou at the Vancouver International Airport in December 2018 at the behest of the United States 303 and the arrest of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig in China 12 days later 304 As these three individuals were released at the exact same time in September 2021 many observers speculated they were exchanged as part of a deal between the United States and China 305 In a similar fashion Canada s relationship with Saudi Arabia was also put under strain as human rights groups called on Trudeau to stop selling military equipment to that country under a deal struck by the Harper government In 2018 Saudi Arabia recalled its Canadian ambassador and froze trade with the country in response to Canada s call for the Saudis to release opposition blogger Raif Badawi However in 2019 Canada doubled its weapons sales to Saudi Arabia despite a moratorium on export permits following the killing of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi and mounting civilian deaths from the Saudi Arabian led intervention in Yemen 306 In 2020 Canada lost its bid to join the United Nations Security Council This was the second time Canada had failed an attempt to join the Security Council the first time being in 2009 under Prime Minister Stephen Harper 307 Personal lifeFamily Main article Trudeau family Trudeau with his wife Sophie Gregoire at the 2017 Global Citizen Festival in Hamburg on the eve of the G20 Hamburg summit Trudeau first met Sophie Gregoire when they were both children growing up in Montreal Gregoire was a classmate and childhood friend of Trudeau s youngest brother Michel 308 They reconnected as adults in June 2003 when Gregoire by then a Quebec television personality was assigned as Trudeau s co host for a charity ball they began dating several months later Trudeau and Gregoire became engaged in October 2004 and married on May 28 2005 in a ceremony at Montreal s Sainte Madeleine d Outremont Church 309 They have three children a boy Xavier born in 2007 a girl Ella Grace born in 2009 and a boy Hadrien born in 2014 310 In June 2013 two months after Trudeau became the leader of the Liberal Party the couple sold their home in the Cote des Neiges neighbourhood of Montreal 311 They began living in a rented home in Ottawa s Rockcliffe Park the neighbourhood near where Trudeau resided as a child during his father s time as prime minister 311 On August 18 2014 an intruder broke into the house while Gregoire and the couple s three children were sleeping and left a threatening note however nothing was stolen and there was no damage to the property Following the incident Trudeau who was in Winnipeg at the time of the break in stated his intention to inquire with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police about his home security 312 After his 2015 electoral victory Trudeau opted to live at Rideau Cottage on the grounds of Rideau Hall 313 On March 12 2020 the Trudeau family self isolated at Rideau Cottage after Sophie began exhibiting flu like symptoms and later tested positive for COVID 19 314 315 By March 28 she had recovered 316 On January 31 2022 Trudeau announced on Twitter that he tested positive for COVID 19 317 On June 13 2022 Trudeau tested positive for COVID 19 for the second time 318 Religion Trudeau s father was a devout Catholic 319 and his mother converted from Anglicanism to Catholicism just before their wedding 320 Trudeau himself became a lapsed Catholic at age 18 as he felt that much of his day to day life was not addressed by the formality and structure of the church 52 321 Trudeau described his faith during this period as like so many Catholics across this country I said OK I m Catholic I m of faith but I m just not really going to go to church Maybe on Easter maybe midnight Mass at Christmas 52 321 After the death of his brother Michel in 1998 Trudeau was persuaded by a friend to participate in an Alpha course during which he regained his faith 52 321 In 2011 Trudeau stated My own personal faith is an extremely important part of who I am and the values that I try to lead with 322 Honours Ribbon Description Notes Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for Canada February 6 2012 As an elected Member of the House of Commons of Canada Trudeau was awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence 323 Grand Cross of the Order of La Pleiade June 19 2019 Trudeau received this honorary award from the International Organization of La Francophonie 324 Honorary degreesLocation Date School Degree Gave commencement address Scotland July 5 2017 University of Edinburgh Doctorate Yes 325 326 New York May 16 2018 New York University Doctor of Laws LL D Yes 327 328 Electoral recordMain article Electoral history of Justin TrudeauPublished worksTrudeau Justin October 20 2014 Common Ground HarperCollins Canada ISBN 9781443433372 OCLC 937860095 Footnotes This position was vacant from February 6 2006 until November 20 2019 The Cabinet position was titled minister of infrastructure communities and intergovernmental affairs LeBlanc succeeded Trudeau in the Cabinet position but with the title minister of intergovernmental and northern affairs and internal trade This position has been vacant since November 3 2015 References Indemnities Salaries and Allowances Library of Parliament April 1 2022 Retrieved October 27 2022 Griffin Eugene March 6 1971 Trudeau s Bride Takes All by Surprise Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune Press Services Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved September 4 2016 Rumors confirmed Mrs Trudeau expecting due December Montreal Gazette The Canadian Press June 24 1971 Retrieved May 22 2016 Civic doctor for Margaret Ottawa Citizen December 1 1971 Retrieved October 7 2017 Downie Jim December 28 1971 Justin just like dad Ottawa Citizen The Canadian Press Retrieved October 21 2015 Welcome Justin Trudeau St Petersburg Times December 31 1971 Retrieved March 2 2013 English John August 28 2007 Citizen of the World The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume One 1919 1968 Knopf Canada pp 205 ISBN 978 0 676 97522 2 Archived from the original on July 31 2013 Retrieved May 27 2011 The ancestry of Justin Trudeau perche quebec com Retrieved September 30 2021 Pierre Trudeau toughens up CBC Digital Archives January 9 1994 Archived from the original on November 18 2015 Retrieved November 13 2015 Colleagues family discuss secret Trudeau wedding CBC Digital Archives March 5 1971 Archived from the original on January 6 2016 Retrieved September 3 2016 SINCLAIR The Hon James P C Parliament of Canada Archived from the original on May 8 2013 Retrieved March 2 2013 Margaret Trudeau CBC Television Archived from the original on January 9 2013 Retrieved April 24 2017 Passenger lists of the AORANGI arriving in Vancouver British Columbia on 1906 06 Library and Archives Canada February 17 2016 Archived from the original on January 4 2017 Retrieved April 19 2017 Gartland Fiona June 4 2017 Rebel roots Justin Trudeau s Irish ancestry from Co Cork revealed The Irish Times Retrieved October 7 2017 O Mahony Kieran July 10 2017 Bandon claims Trudeau Just In time The Southern Star Retrieved May 4 2018 The Bernards of Palace Anne Bandon Cork Ancestors and Genealogy Heritage Roots Ireland Archived from the original on April 7 2016 Retrieved September 4 2016 Sin Yuen November 15 2018 Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau traces family links to Singapore at Fort Canning Park The Straits Times Retrieved November 21 2018 Stamford Raffles was not above sneering at Farquhar s Malay wife and the children by her he had acknowledged The Maya connexion he termed them archly Barley Nigel 1991 The Duke of Puddle Dock Travels in the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles Great Britain Viking p 242 ISBN 9780670836420 Archived from the original on January 16 2017 Ford D 2005 The world of Antoinette Clement Colonial mistress Australia University of Queensland 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PM s brother in law who along with Mrs Roulea Danis are the baby s godparents Catling Len May 18 2016 O Connor returns home to Ottawa meets Prime Minister The University of British Columbia Athletic Retrieved September 15 2017 My uncle played for the Lions replied the Prime Minister Tom Walker played for them The Prime Minister is referring to defensive tackle Tom Walker who donned BC Lions colours in the early sixities Canada Premier s Son Christened in Ottawa The Blade Reuters January 17 1972 Retrieved October 28 2015 Grafstein J S 2019 A Leader Must Be a Leader Encounters With Eleven Prime Ministers Mosaic Press p 1 PT102 ISBN 978 1 77161 409 2 Retrieved September 24 2022 Nixon Trudeau sign treaty Great Lakes cleanup is multi billion job The Bryan Times United Press International April 15 1972 Retrieved November 10 2015 Snoopy gift from Nixon s Daily Record United Press International April 15 1972 Retrieved November 10 2015 Ruvinsky Auren November 10 2015 Parksville man discusses scene around some baby pictures he took of Justin Trudeau Parksville Qualicum Beach News Archived from the original on November 17 2015 Retrieved November 12 2015 Gill Alexandra March 23 2002 Nixon s bushy haired bastard bites back The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on March 11 2016 Retrieved March 11 2016 Smyth Julie March 9 2016 Parksville man discusses scene around some baby pictures he took of Justin Trudeau Maclean s Magazine Archived from the original on March 10 2016 Retrieved March 11 2016 Trudeaus Separate He Keeps Children Published 1977 The New York Times May 28 1977 Trudeau and his wife jointly announce they have separated and that Mr Trudeau will have custody of their 3 sons MrsTrudeau would have generous access to the children Justin 5 years old Sacha 4 and Michel 1 O Hara Jane December 3 1979 When Pierre put his boys first Maclean s Magazine Archived from the original on December 4 2015 Retrieved December 2 2015 Wong Jan March 28 2003 Mr Conflict of Interest The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on January 6 2016 Retrieved November 20 2015 Indeed Levine represented Margaret Trudeau when she got her shows on CJOH television in Ottawa in the early 1980s and later during her divorce from Pierre And then he represented the former prime minister when he auctioned off his memoirs Margaret Trudeau files for divorce Ottawa Citizen November 17 1983 Retrieved October 28 2015 Trudeaus divorce has become final Report The Gazette Montreal April 5 1984 Retrieved October 28 2015 Elin Woodger David F Burg March 2006 The 1980s Infobase Publishing p 414 ISBN 978 0 8160 5809 9 Archived from the original on July 31 2013 Retrieved May 27 2011 Laver Ross October 31 1979 Nostalgic nanny Ottawa Citizen Retrieved October 29 2015 Campion Smith Bruce June 20 2009 Justin on growing up Trudeau Toronto Star Archived from the original on November 7 2014 Retrieved March 2 2013 Anzalone Charles February 8 2008 Margaret Trudeau Forgiveness gratitude wisdom bpHope Archived from the original on November 4 2015 Retrieved November 10 2015 Popplewell Brett November 24 2010 Pierre Trudeau s daughter Sarah lives under the radar Toronto Star Archived from the original on November 4 2015 Retrieved November 10 2015 Stornoway changes to cost 65 000 The Gazette Montreal June 16 1979 Retrieved October 28 2015 Janigan Mary September 6 1979 The new Trudeau A beard holds the key The Gazette Montreal Retrieved October 28 2015 Maggie house hunting Ottawa Citizen September 11 1979 Retrieved November 15 2015 Strobel Mike September 27 1979 Burgh accepts Maggie s move The Ottawa Journal Archived from the original on November 17 2015 Retrieved November 15 2015 It s all yours next week Clark tells a victorious Trudeau The Gazette Montreal February 20 1980 Retrieved October 28 2015 Brooker Deborah February 9 1983 Margaret Trudeau today a TV career a new man and her kids Ottawa Citizen Retrieved November 30 2015 Q I understand you insisted that the children attend a public school A Pierre wanted them from the beginning to go to a French Lycee to get a very academic education I held out and was able to give good arguments Pierre has certainly agreed that they ve done very well in school They are all in French immersion and are quite bilingual They attend a local public school and they re just normal little kids doing all the fun things of elementary years Coyle Jim October 17 2015 Growing up in the public eye Toronto Star Retrieved August 26 2016 Schreyer children to get bodyguards The Gazette Montreal The Canadian Press January 12 1979 Retrieved November 15 2015 A team of plainclothes RCMP officers spring into action the moment Trudeau s two oldest boys leave 24 Sussex Drive and hop on the school bus The officers do not rest until their charges are returned home Hampson Beatrice November 22 1979 Pierre like shrug Justin s reaction Ottawa Citizen Retrieved October 27 2015 Shannon McMullan was Justin Trudeau s grade school teacher The Manitoulin Expositor October 21 2015 Archived from the original on November 18 2015 Retrieved November 6 2015 a b c d Kennedy Mark October 18 2014 Q and A Justin Trudeau in his own words Ottawa Citizen Archived from the original on November 24 2015 Retrieved November 22 2015 MacCharles Tonda October 5 2000 Spotlight on Justin sparks talk of dynasty Toronto Star Retrieved November 20 2015 a b Grant Hamish January 25 2007 Justin Trudeau s Camp Application 1984 Flickr Retrieved November 20 2015 Trudeau checks his new house The Gazette Montreal December 31 1979 Retrieved October 28 2015 Bryden Joan October 18 2014 Justin Trudeau Memoir Paints Frank Picture of Privileged But Painful Childhood The Huffington Post Archived from the original on October 20 2014 Retrieved October 19 2014 Gatehouse Jonathan October 11 2011 Justin Trudeau on his own terms Maclean s Magazine Archived from the original on October 23 2015 Retrieved November 1 2015 a b Solway Diane The Son Also Rises Wmagazine com Archived from the original on July 16 2011 Retrieved April 23 2011 TSC History The Taylor Statten Camps Archived from the original on October 11 2015 Retrieved October 25 2015 Prime Minister Trudeau a former Ahmek camper himself and yes we taught him the Ahmek J stroke sent Justin Alexandre Sasha and Michel Mike to Ahmek Both Justin and Mike eventually became counsellors Milne Brian Justin Trudeau 7 images 4iiiis Photography Archived from the original on January 6 2016 Retrieved November 20 2015 Exclusive photo Justin Trudeau in his days as camp counsellor The Globe amp Mail April 22 2013 Archived from the original on November 18 2015 Retrieved October 25 2015 Summer campers hold reunion Ottawa Citizen The Canadian Press October 21 1986 Retrieved October 28 2015 Justin Trudeau admits that he won the lottery with 1 2 million inheritance and successful speaking business canada com February 14 2013 Archived from the original on October 17 2019 Retrieved October 17 2019 a b c Raj Althia March 5 2013 Contender The Justin Trudeau Story Archived from the original on June 22 2015 Retrieved October 23 2014 McCabe Daniel October 22 2015 Portrait of the PM designate as a young man McGill News Archived from the original on November 20 2015 Retrieved November 19 2015 Trudeau joined the McGill Debating Union at the invitation of a new acquaintance Butts then the debating union s vice president The two forged a close friendship at McGill that endures today Canadian Liberty and the Politics of Fear Liberal Party of Canada March 10 2015 Archived from the original on November 20 2015 Retrieved November 19 2015 You know I dabbled in the Debating Union at McGill I even debated Ted Cruz once at a tournament at Yale He hasn t changed very much Smith Charlie November 1 2015 Vancouver building that used to be home to Justin Trudeau damaged after ambulance crashes into limousine The Georgia Straight Archived from the original on November 4 2015 Retrieved November 9 2015 Justin Trudeau described by friends as down to earth and sensitive Canadian Press October 4 2000 03 25 Tonda MacCharles Son most like Pierre relishes his privacy While Liberals talk about dynasty Justin looks forward to returning to teaching job Kitchener Waterloo Record October 5 2000 A06 Justin Trudeau Something I m passionate about The Globe and Mail February 3 2001 A11 Gloria Galloway Justin Trudeau delivers motivational speech to Ontario teachers The Canadian Press April 27 2001 14 50 Students should learn to be brave Trudeau says Globe and Mail April 28 2001 A9 Justin Trudeau tells education conference he plans return to teaching Canadian Press February 28 2004 Canada Votes 2011 Ridings Papineau Archived February 21 2016 at the Wayback Machine Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved October 25 2015 Ashifa Kassam July 2 2018 Justin Trudeau does not remember groping reporter at festival The Guardian Retrieved July 3 2018 Rebecca Tan July 2 2018 Justin Trudeau responds to groping allegations I don t remember any negative interactions The Washington Post Retrieved July 3 2018 Kingston Anne June 27 2018 Why Justin Trudeau s reported Kokanee Grope really matters McLeans Retrieved August 6 2018 Justin Trudeau s eulogy for his father Archived January 6 2016 at the Wayback Machine CBC News Text of the eulogy given by Justin Trudeau at his father s funeral Tuesday Canadian Press October 3 2000 Dube Francine October 4 2000 Son s eulogy moves thousands to tears It s all up to us Dignitaries citizens pay last respects to former PM National Post p A1 ProQuest 354739942 Andre Picard and Mark Mickleburgh Je t aime papa THE SON The very private Justin becomes a very public figure The Globe and Mail October 4 2000 p A1 Graham Fraser Trudeau children lead our farewell Justin s eulogy a towering tribute at father s funeral Toronto Star October 4 2000 p 1 Tonda MacCharles Spotlight on Justin sparks talk of dynasty Trudeau s final resting place Toronto Star October 5 2000 pg 1 Willa McLean This just in CBC broadcaster revisits momentous events of past 50 years Kitchener Waterloo Record February 8 2003 pg G3 Nos Origines Genealogy of Canada IDs 475064 amp 647509 Justin Trudeau pleased to play war hero Canwest News Service April 6 2007 Archived from the original on May 12 2014 Retrieved April 17 2013 Hopper Tristin October 5 2012 There s so much attention on me Fathers legacies loom large for children of Canadian prime ministers National Post Archived from the original on October 8 2012 Retrieved March 2 2013 Newman Peter C September 18 2012 Trudeau s big leap like father like son Maclean s Magazine Retrieved March 2 2013 Stetski Wayne April 2001 The Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign PDF Visions BC Parks Newsletter Archived from the original PDF on September 27 2013 Retrieved April 18 2013 Carol Harrington Trudeau takes on B C Son of late PM decries cuts to public avalanche bulletins Toronto Star January 12 2002 A24 Trudeau son decries avalanche warning cut The Globe and Mail January 12 2002 Retrieved February 15 2020 Jaimet Kate November 3 2002 Trudeau retains 60s ideals Lauds Katimavik s promotion of social causes Calgary Herald p A6 ProQuest 245011416 Gerson Jen March 21 2006 Captain Katimavik Justin Trudeau comes to town to promote youth volunteer program look cool Toronto Star p C4 ProQuest 438945155 CBC Radio picks five books for second round of Canada Reads series The Canadian Press November 19 2002 ProQuest 359657937 Bookmark your calendar Canada Book Week turns the page on Canada Book Day Calgary Herald The Canadian Press April 22 2003 p B13 ProQuest 2263299823 Peace and Conflict Studies Centre Named for Trudeau University of Toronto Magazine 2004 Archived from the original on July 28 2013 Retrieved April 19 2013 Justin Trudeau to host glitzy Giller prize gala The Record The Canadian Press October 27 2006 p D12 ProQuest 267191304 Beltrame Julian April 24 2013 Justin Trudeau says lofty expectations have always followed him CTV News Archived from the original on April 18 2013 Retrieved April 19 2013 Bueckert Dennis May 16 2005 Justin Trudeau denounces mine near park his father created Vancouver company wants to build massive mine with access through Nahanni watershed The Vancouver Sun p D10 Trudeau Justin November 7 2005 We hold the Nahanni in trust for the world Let s protect it The Globe and Mail Retrieved April 19 2013 Dallaire wants to mobilize young Canadians to support Darfur intervention The Canadian Press September 13 2006 Trudeau Dallaire to lead Darfur rally Toronto Star September 17 2006 p A06 Javed Noor Dallaire says Canada should take leadership role in Darfur CNews Archived from the original on June 28 2013 Retrieved April 19 2013 Poirier Patricia Trudeau s son offers his support to Turner The Globe and Mail September 16 1988 pg A8 Taber Jane October 4 2000 A teacher of drama a riveting moment National Post Toronto pp A3 ProQuest 329715722 Chretien bids adieu to a lifetime in politics CBC News November 14 2003 Retrieved September 28 2012 Juliet O Neill Justin Trudeau to spearhead youth renewal of Liberal party Task force National Post April 7 2006 p A1 Gordon Sean October 27 2006 Sounding like his father Justin Trudeau takes aim at Michael Ignatieff s idea of Quebec as a nation Toronto Star p A01 Perreaux Les October 27 2006 Eldest Trudeau son takes poke at Ignatieff stand nationalism Unfortunately some people these days are wrapped up in this idea of nation for Quebec The Gazette Montreal p A12 Macpherson Son November 2 2006 Pass the peanut butter it looks like Ignatieff is toast His nationhood proposal has stirred political heavies to line up against him The Gazette Montreal p A23 Thompson Elizabeth November 15 2006 Ignatieff lacks wisdom to lead Justin Trudeau Says Gerard Kennedy deserves closer look The Gazette Montreal p A14 Coyne Andrew December 2 2006 Kennedy s message is bold but risky National Post Archived from the original on June 14 2014 Retrieved September 29 2012 Robert Benzie All the right moves for Kennedy Kingmaker becomes Dion s heir apparent Toronto Star December 3 2006 A07 Corrigan Ed Liberals Elect Stephan Dion The Canadian Archived from the original on May 18 2012 Retrieved September 29 2012 Quebec Liberal MP Jean Lapierre to resign CTV News January 11 2007 Archived from the original on December 5 2008 Retrieved April 23 2011 Gordon Sean Susan Delacourt January 10 2007 Will Justin Trudeau run for Parliament MP Toronto Star Archived from the original on May 4 2014 Retrieved April 21 2013 Taber Jane February 23 2007 Liberals welcome Trudeau bid adieu to Graham The Globe and Mail p A1 Spotlight on Montreal ridings Papineau CBC News September 25 2015 Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved November 21 2015 Woods Allan April 30 2007 Trudeau wins nomination Toronto Star Archived from the original on May 4 2014 Retrieved April 19 2013 Trudeau pledges loyalty to constituents after Papineau win CBC News October 15 2008 Retrieved April 18 2013 Hebert Chantal February 27 2007 Trudeau looking lonely on left Toronto Star Archived from the original on April 26 2014 Retrieved April 21 2013 Jane Taber Vancouver to host a Liberal love in the knives are to be left at home The Globe and Mail April 25 2009 A4 Terry Pedwell Liberals won t change strategy despite polls say MPs October 6 2009 12 06 Michael Ignatieff Announces Liberal Critic Team for Return of Parliament States News Service September 7 2010 Douglas Quan and Norma Greenway Feds target human smugglers in legislation Windsor Star October 22 2010 pg C1 Joan Bryden June 16 2013 Justin Trudeau promises to make it right pay back charities for his hefty speaking fees The National Post Silcoff Sean June 16 2013 Trudeau offers to reimburse organizations 20 000 for speeches The Globe and Mail Liberals rally for immediate action in Haiti State News Service January 13 2010 Liberal MP wants immigration rules relaxed for Haitians Canada AM January 22 2010 Trudeau won t rule out bid for party leadership Ottawa Citizen May 5 2011 p A3 ProQuest 865122396 Delacourt Susan May 7 2011 Is the party over Canada s natural governing party faces difficult questions after Monday s shellacking Toronto Star p IN1 ProQuest 865089210 Trudeau again Hamilton Spectator June 17 2011 Archived from the original on September 21 2011 Retrieved June 9 2012 Justin Trudeau pumps up St John s Liberal fundraiser CBC News May 3 2012 Archived from the original on June 15 2012 Retrieved June 9 2012 Trudeau to speak at local scholarship fundraiser Northern Life April 17 2012 Archived from the original on December 25 2014 Retrieved June 9 2012 Lawrence MacAulay Fundraising Dinner with Justin Trudeau Liberal Party of Canada Archived from the original on August 6 2010 Retrieved June 9 2012 By election fundraiser with Justin Trudeau Liberal Calgary Archived from the original on June 30 2012 Retrieved June 9 2012 a b Robert Hiltz Michael den Tandt April 1 2012 Justin Trudeau scores major upset in Fight for the Cure boxing match over Conservative Senator Patrick Brazeau National Post Archived from the original on April 1 2012 Retrieved April 4 2013 Blaze Carlson Kathryn May 9 2012 Meet Stefania Capovilla the hairstylist behind these Parliament Hill dos National Post Archived from the original on January 5 2016 Retrieved November 3 2015 Mr Trudeau had while sitting in her Somerset salon lamented his inability to find a formidable Conservative opponent Ms Capovilla who is a stylist for the SunNewsNetwork recalled the conversation as she did Mr Brazeau s make up before an on camera interview about aboriginal policy She looked down saw those arms and asked if he would square off against her Liberal friend a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Size John April 2 2012 Trudeau declines Brazeau boxing rematch as debt paid CTV News Archived from the original on December 20 2013 Retrieved April 4 2013 Canadians want Trudeau as next Liberal leader Calgary Herald October 29 2008 Archived from the original on April 26 2014 Retrieved June 9 2012 Canadians prefer Trudeau Poll shows young heir is top pick to replace Dion canada com October 28 2008 Archived from the original on November 5 2012 Retrieved April 23 2011 Ignatieff secures Liberal leadership as Rae bows out The Canadian Press December 9 2008 Archived from the original on January 16 2014 Retrieved June 9 2012 Liberals field questions about future leaders CBC News May 4 2011 Archived from the original on August 25 2011 Retrieved June 9 2012 Trudeau undecided on Liberal leadership bid IFpress May 4 2011 Archived from the original on September 5 2011 Retrieved June 9 2012 Hicks Jeff October 12 2013 Trudeau rules out Liberal leadership bid in 2013 Waterloo Region Record Archived from the original on January 6 2016 Retrieved November 21 2015 Bryden Joan June 15 2012 Justin Trudeau hit with tsunami of calls to run for Liberals since Bob Rae s withdrawal National Post Archived from the original on June 18 2012 Retrieved June 9 2012 Goldstein Lorrie June 27 2012 We re Justin love Toronto Sun Retrieved June 9 2012 Justin Trudeau at Stampede mulls Liberal leadership run CBC News The Canadian Press June 7 2012 Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved November 21 2015 Hebert Chantal May 4 2012 Hebert Is Justin Trudeau the Liberals salvation Toronto Star Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved November 21 2015 Justin Trudeau to run for Liberal leadership CBC News September 26 2012 Archived from the original on September 28 2012 Retrieved September 28 2012 Justin Trudeau to seek Liberal leadership The Globe and Mail Toronto September 26 2012 Archived from the original on September 30 2012 Retrieved September 28 2012 Radia Andy September 26 2012 Justin Trudeau to run for Liberal leadership but is he all splash and no substance Yahoo News Archived from the original on September 29 2012 Retrieved October 1 2012 Caplan Gerald September 28 2012 Is Justin Trudeau really taken seriously by his own party The Globe and Mail Toronto Archived from the original on October 1 2012 Retrieved October 1 2012 Berthiaume Lee September 28 2012 Justin Trudeau s good looks expected to cover up other weaknesses Canada com Archived from the original on September 30 2012 Retrieved October 1 2012 Coyne Andrew September 28 2012 The son is not the father and the future is not buried in the past National Post Archived from the original on January 29 2013 Retrieved October 1 2012 Bryden Joan September 26 2012 Reports Trudeau leadership bid imminent The Canadian Press Archived from the original on November 17 2015 Retrieved October 25 2015 Berthiaume Lee September 28 2012 Trudeau leadership bid stirs talk of Liberal coronation Postmedia News Archived from the original on September 29 2015 Retrieved October 1 2012 MacKinnon Leslie October 1 2012 Trudeau seen by senior Liberals as a risk worth taking CBC News Archived from the original on October 1 2012 Retrieved October 1 2012 Vieira Paul The Wall Street Journal Justin Trudeau Poised to Step into Liberal Race in Canada The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on October 6 2012 Retrieved October 2 2012 LeBlanc Daniel March 1 2013 Inside Justin Trudeau s war room The Globe and Mail Toronto Archived from the original on September 30 2015 Retrieved March 2 2013 The other brother Sacha the apolitical one joins Justin Trudeau s campaign team National Post October 22 2012 Archived from the original on October 29 2012 Retrieved March 2 2013 Sun commentary on Tele Quebec interview CBC News November 22 2012 Archived from the original on January 2 2013 Retrieved January 2 2013 Bailey Ian November 23 2012 Globe reports on Trudeau apology The Globe and Mail Toronto Archived from the original on December 27 2012 Retrieved January 2 2013 Walton Dawn November 27 2012 Tories retain Calgary Centre as Liberals Greens split vote The Globe and Mail Toronto Archived from the original on November 27 2012 Retrieved April 17 2013 McPharland Kelly February 14 2013 Kelly McParland Marc Garneau challenges Justin Trudeau to take a stand Any stand National Post Archived from the original on April 11 2013 Retrieved March 2 2013 Visser Josh February 25 2013 Marc Garneau challenges untested Liberal frontrunner Justin Trudeau to one on one debate National Post Archived from the original on February 25 2013 Retrieved March 2 2013 Mas Susana March 3 2013 Liberal MPs Murray and Garneau challenge frontrunner Trudeau CBC News Archived from the original on November 21 2015 Retrieved November 21 2015 Hebert Chanatal March 13 2013 Marc Garneau s withdrawal from Liberal leadership race saves himself humiliation Hebert Toronto Star Archived from the original on March 15 2013 Retrieved March 15 2013 Berthiaume Lee March 13 2013 The game is long Liberals still in leadership fight for votes after Marc Garneau bows out National Post Retrieved March 15 2013 Lee Berthiaume April 14 2013 Justin Trudeau elected Liberal leader in landslide victory National Post Archived from the original on April 16 2013 Retrieved April 17 2013 Justin Trudeau elected Liberal leader in a landslide The Globe and Mail Toronto April 15 2013 Archived from the original on February 9 2016 Liberal leadership race results map Canadian Election Atlas April 15 2013 Archived from the original on September 30 2015 Retrieved October 20 2015 Photo Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau campaigns in Toronto s Trinity Spadina riding in support of Liberal candidate Adam Vaughan June 16 2014 Archived from the original on January 6 2016 Poll shows Justin Trudeau Liberals far ahead 38 Toronto Sun April 16 2013 Retrieved April 21 2013 CTV News Network Memorial of Nelson Mandela December 10 2013 McGregor Glen August 1 2013 Justin Trudeau voluntarily moves personal investments into blind trust fulfilling campaign promise Ottawa Citizen Archived from the original on October 26 2015 Retrieved November 10 2015 Delacourt Susan February 7 2014 Parliament Speaking a language all its own Toronto Star Archived from the original on October 19 2015 Retrieved October 19 2015 John Ivison Why Justin Trudeau s new guiding light could have a dramatic impact on Canadian public policy National Post February 21 2014 Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved October 20 2015 a b c Election results Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on October 22 2015 Retrieved October 23 2015 2013 Elections Canada Election Night Results National elections ca Archived from the original on October 23 2015 Retrieved October 23 2015 Campbell Bradley October 20 2015 Stephen Harper underestimated Justin Trudeau but it was the mocking way he did it that cost him the election PRI Archived from the original on October 21 2015 Retrieved October 21 2015 Hamilton Graeme October 20 2015 Graeme Hamilton Justin Trudeau s stunning victory for the Liberals should finally silence his doubters National Post Archived from the original on November 19 2015 Retrieved October 21 2015 Gagnon Michelle October 7 2015 Justin Trudeau s rise shows the benefits of being underestimated CBC News Archived from the original on October 29 2015 Retrieved October 21 2015 For the record A full transcript of Justin Trudeau s speech Maclean s Magazine Archived from the original on October 23 2015 Retrieved October 23 2015 Stephen Harper resigns as Conservative leader CTVNews October 19 2015 Archived from the original on October 20 2015 Retrieved October 20 2015 Blackwell Tom October 20 2015 Canadian election 2015 hands Justin Trudeau and the Liberals a majority government National Post Archived from the original on November 20 2015 Retrieved October 23 2015 Justin Trudeau signals new style on 1st day as Canada s 23rd prime minister Canadian Broadcasting Corporation November 4 2015 Archived from the original on November 4 2015 Retrieved November 5 2015 Justin Trudeau on his cabinet and its promise to Canadians Maclean s Archived from the original on November 10 2015 Retrieved November 5 2015 Lee Berthiaume Kathryn May The long form census is back with penalties still possible if you ignore it Ottawa Citizen Archived from the original on November 6 2015 Liberals can restore long form census for 2016 if they act quickly observers say Canadian Broadcasting Corporation October 28 2015 Archived from the original on November 6 2015 Trudeau government faces cash for access criticism BBC News November 23 2016 Retrieved August 14 2021 Trudeau defends cash for access fundraising Retrieved August 14 2021 a b Schwartz Zane April 27 2017 PM no longer under investigation for cash for access fundraisers but ethics commissioner won t say why National Post Retrieved August 14 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link Globe editorial Justin Trudeau didn t invent cash for access but he can end it The Globe and Mail November 22 2016 Retrieved August 14 2021 Trudeau to end controversial cash for access fundraisers The Globe and Mail January 27 2017 Retrieved August 14 2021 Justin Trudeau s flying unicorn hits a storm The Economist October 12 2017 Canada s Trudeau faces ethics probe over Bahamas trip Reuters January 16 2017 Archived from the original on January 17 2017 Retrieved January 18 2017 Trudeau sorry for violating conflict laws with visits to Aga Khan s island CBC News December 20 2017 Press Jordan December 21 2017 Trudeau becomes first prime minister found in violation of ethics law The Hamilton Spectator Hamilton Ontario Canada Retrieved January 13 2019 Fife Robert April 25 2022 Trudeau faces backlash in House over inquiry into Aga Khan trip The Globe and Mail Retrieved May 22 2022 Tonda MacCharles February 26 2018 Who is Jaspal Atwal Man at centre of controversy over Trudeau s India trip remains a political mystery The Toronto Star David Cochrane February 22 2018 Trudeau s India visit marred by invite of B C man convicted of attempted murder CBC News Amanda Connolly March 3 2018 Justin Trudeau would lose if an election were held tomorrow India trip a symptom of shift in mood Ipsos poll Global News Rex Murphy March 2 2018 Rex Murphy Perhaps Justin Trudeau s India trip could have been salvaged with some elephants The National Post Busby Brian August 25 2016 Wanting Justin Trudeau Dead The Walrus Retrieved July 8 2020 Canada election Trudeau s Liberals win but lose majority BBC News British Broadcasting Corporation October 22 2019 Retrieved October 23 2019 Direction of Birch Francois Petry Lisa Francois July 2019 Assessing Justin Trudeau s Liberal Government 353 promises and a mandate for change first ed Quebec City Presses de l Universite Laval p 262 ISBN 978 2 7637 4443 8 Archived from the original on October 13 2019 Retrieved October 13 2019 Blatchford Andy New book examines Trudeau government s record of living up to pledges The Globe and Mail Retrieved October 13 2019 Thompson Elizabeth Trudeau under fire over claim he pressured justice minister to intervene in SNC Lavalin fraud case CBC News Retrieved February 8 2019 Jody Wilson Raybould says she s bound by solicitor client privilege won t comment on SNC Lavalin scandal CBC News Retrieved February 8 2019 Aiello Rachel February 25 2019 PM waives attorney client privilege in SNC Lavalin affair CTV News Retrieved April 25 2019 Trudeau welcomes ethics commissioner probe of alleged PMO interference in SNC Lavalin case CTV News February 11 2019 Retrieved February 18 2019 From the comments You re a model for all Canadian elected officials Readers react to resignation of Jody Wilson Raybould Retrieved February 18 2019 National Post February 21 2019 Michael Wernick speaks to justice committee archived from the original on December 12 2021 retrieved February 21 2019 Campion Smith Bruce Boutilier Alex Ballingall Alex February 21 2019 No inappropriate pressure on Jody Wilson Raybould in SNC Lavalin affair top civil servant says The Star The Toronto Star Tasker John Paul February 28 2019 Key moments from Jody Wilson Raybould s SNC Lavalin testimony CBC News Read and listen to Jody Wilson Raybould s latest SNC Lavalin evidence CBC News Retrieved April 25 2019 Walsh Marieke March 19 2019 Liberals shut down SNC Lavalin investigation at committee iPolitics Retrieved March 19 2019 Trudeau Report Parliament of Canada September 16 2019 Archived from the original on October 7 2019 Retrieved October 5 2019 Contravention of section 9 of the Conflict of Interest Act found in report released by Commissioner Dion Parliament of Canada August 14 2019 Archived from the original on August 30 2019 Retrieved October 5 2019 Trudeau breached federal ethics rules in SNC Lavalin affair ethics commissioner Mclean s August 14 2019 Retrieved October 5 2019 Harris Kathleen Kapelos Vassy August 16 2019 Wilson Raybould now says she was contacted by RCMP over SNC Lavalin affair CBC News Retrieved October 5 2019 White Crummey Arthur August 14 2019 Scheer blasts Trudeau on day of damning SNC Lavalin report The National Post Retrieved October 5 2019 It s official Canadians the 2019 federal election campaign is underway cbc ca September 11 2019 Tasker John Paul September 6 2019 French language TVA debate to go ahead after Trudeau agrees to participate CBC News Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved September 21 2019 Cochrane David September 5 2019 Trudeau snubs Munk Maclean s Citytv debates but will attend commission debates CBC News Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved September 5 2019 Munk Debates cancels foreign policy event because Trudeau won t attend Federal Election 2019 September 24 2019 Retrieved September 24 2019 Trudeau apologizes again for wearing blackface cannot say how many times he wore racist makeup The Globe and Mail 2019 Justin Trudeau Wore Brownface at 2001 Arabian Nights Party While He Taught at a Private School Time Retrieved September 19 2019 Justin Trudeau Admits to Also Wearing Blackface Makeup in High School Following TIME Report Time Retrieved September 19 2019 Dawson Tyler Subramaniam Vanmala September 19 2019 I m really sorry Justin Trudeau admits wearing brownface at 2001 costume party National Post National Post EXCLUSIVE Video shows Trudeau in blackface in 3rd instance of racist makeup Global News Retrieved September 19 2019 EXCLUSIVE Video shows Trudeau in blackface in 3rd instance of racist makeup Global News Cecco Leyland September 20 2019 Trudeau says he can t recall how many times he wore blackface makeup via www theguardian com Justin Trudeau s incredibly forgiving base of believers Macleans ca www macleans ca Gardiner Aidan September 19 2019 Canadians Ask if They Can Forgive Trudeau The New York Times Archived from the original on September 19 2019 Hebert Chantal September 23 2019 Trudeau s apology for blackface photos seems to be readily accepted in Quebec The Star The Toronto Star Hebert Chantal September 24 2019 Opinion Chantal Hebert Quebec voters appear to have forgiven Trudeau for his blackface follies The Hamilton Spectator via www thespec com Montpetit Jonathan September 19 2019 In Quebec Trudeau s opponents and supporters shrug off blackface controversy CBC News Retrieved September 19 2019 Feith Jesse September 20 2019 Trudeau s record on race shouldn t be overlooked community groups say Montreal Gazette Retrieved September 27 2019 Nenshi Naheed September 21 2019 Perspective I m Calgary s Muslim mayor We can learn from Trudeau s brownface moment The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved September 27 2019 Trudeau s past vs Scheer s present The Star The Toronto Star September 25 2019 Retrieved September 27 2019 ABSOLUTELY DEPLORABLE Officials react on social media to Trudeau s blackface photos Toronto Sun September 19 2019 Da Silva Chantal October 22 2019 Justin Trudeau wins minority government what does this mean for America Newsweek Trudeau says no plans to form a coalition will push ahead on Trans Mountain Global News a b Ontario and Quebec keep Liberals in power and Conservatives out cbc ca October 22 2019 Aiello Rachel October 22 2019 Historic opportunity Opposition leaders take stock after Liberal minority win Federal Election 2019 Brean Joseph October 22 2019 All time low share of popular vote is enough for Liberals to win power National Post National Post Liberals take losses but win enough in Quebec and Ontario to form minority government cbc ca October 21 2019 Doug Ford s government hurt Andrew Scheer in Ontario Vote Compass data suggests cbc ca October 21 2019 Trudeau vows Canada s PPE stockpile policies will be overhauled to prevent waste National Globalnews ca Global News Walsh Marieke April 22 2020 Canada cut number of stockpile storage locations for critical medical supplies by one third in past two years The Globe and Mail Suivi des mesures economiques gouvernementales decoulant de la crise de la COVID 19 Quebec et Federal Chaire en Fiscalite et en Finances publiques Universite de Sherbrooke a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Brewster Murray May 7 2020 Armed Forces deploys almost all of its medical capacity against pandemic in Quebec nursing homes CBC a b Procuring vaccines for COVID 19 aem Public Services and Procurement Canada December 11 2020 Retrieved April 24 2021 Walsh Marieke McArthur Greg March 4 2021 Canada s missed shots How Ottawa s COVID 19 vaccine promises were out of step with reality The Globe and Mail Ling Justin May 31 2021 Where did Canada s vaccine effort actually go wrong Macleans ca Retrieved July 4 2022 Hopper Tristin February 5 2021 How Ottawa utterly botched Canada s COVID vaccine acquisition National Post Most Canadians will get COVID 19 vaccine by September Trudeau Al Jazeera November 27 2020 Archived from the original on February 17 2021 Retrieved March 22 2021 Newton Paula April 9 2021 Canada s third wave on track to become its worst yet as hospitalizations spike CNN Retrieved April 23 2021 Interactive Data Visualization of COVID 19 in Canada Public Health Infobase Public Health Agency of Canada health infobase canada ca April 19 2020 Retrieved April 23 2021 Cardoso Tom Lundy Matt April 19 2021 Federal budget 2021 highlights Child care recovery benefits OAS increases everything you need to know The Globe and Mail Retrieved April 23 2021 Bains Jessy October 21 2021 The Canada Recovery Benefit is ending with a new one taking its place ca finance yahoo com Retrieved January 22 2022 Messier Francois December 23 2021 Des milliers de Canadiens de plus admissibles a une aide de 300 par semaine ici radio canada ca in Canadian French Retrieved December 27 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Zimonjic Peter July 3 2020 Ethics watchdog launches probe of Trudeau over choice of WE Charity to run 900M student grant program CBC News Retrieved July 3 2020 Breen Kerri July 3 2020 Ethics commissioner launches investigation into Trudeau 900M WE Charity contract Global News Retrieved July 3 2020 Tasker John Paul July 3 2020 Federal government WE Charity agree to part ways on summer student grant program CBC News Retrieved July 3 2020 Gilmore Rachel July 9 2020 PM Trudeau s mother brother and wife were paid to speak at WE Charity events CTVNews Walsh Marieke Curry Bill July 9 2020 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau s wife mother and brother paid to speak at WE Charity events The Globe and Mail Porter Catherine July 13 2020 Speaking on Charity Scandal Trudeau Adopts a Now Familiar Tone of Contrition The New York Times Archived from the original on July 14 2020 Nardi Christopher July 16 2020 Ethics commissioner launches WE Charity investigation into Finance Minister Bill Morneau National Post Catherine Tunney May 13 2021 Trudeau cleared in WE Charity scandal but former finance minister broke conflict law says ethics watchdog CBC News Retrieved July 8 2021 Aiello Rachel August 15 2021 Trudeau calls federal election voters to go to the polls Sept 20 CTV News Bell Media Retrieved August 15 2021 Canada working tirelessly to evacuate citizens from Kabul CityNews Toronto toronto citynews ca Archived copy Archived from the original on March 3 2022 Retrieved March 3 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Hopper Tristan September 22 2021 First Reading The Least Popular Canadian Government Ever Elected National Post Tasker John Paul January 29 2022 Thousands opposed to COVID 19 rules converge on Parliament Hill CBC Retrieved February 1 2022 Freedom Convoy 2022 live updates Trudeau relocated due to security concerns National Post January 29 2022 Retrieved January 29 2022 Cecco Leyland January 28 2022 Canada truckers vaccine protest spirals into calls to repeal all public health rules The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved February 2 2022 Freedom Convoy Trudeau calls trucker protest an insult to truth BBC News January 31 2022 Retrieved January 31 2022 Military response not in cards for COVID protest Trudeau says The Boston Globe February 3 2022 Retrieved February 13 2022 Osorio Carlos Scherer Steve Chiacu Doina February 11 2022 Trudeau promises Biden quick action against protesters blocking U S Canada bridge Reuters Retrieved February 11 2022 Astor Maggie Bilefsky Dan Porter Catherine February 11 2022 Trudeau warns protesters of increasingly robust police intervention The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 11 2022 Trudeau invokes Emergencies Act for 1st time to aid convoy blockade response National Globalnews ca Global News Retrieved February 14 2022 Boisvert Nick February 23 2022 Trudeau ends use of Emergencies Act says situation is no longer an emergency CBC News Retrieved February 23 2022 Osman Laura February 23 2022 Trudeau says Emergencies Act powers can now be revoked as crisis calms CP24 Bonokoski Mark September 17 2020 BONOKOSKI Liberals favourite debt to GDP tool now totally useless torontosun Retrieved November 17 2020 Leuprecht Christian December 1 2020 Liberal government is placing a daring fiscal bet with its massive deficit spending plan CBC News Retrieved May 31 2021 Saul Heather October 20 2015 Justin Trudeau The rise of the feminist and pro choice Canadian Prime Minister who wants to legalise marijuana right away The Independent Archived from the original on November 17 2015 Keith Morgan January 8 2022 Following unanimous parliamentary approval in 2021 conversion therapy is now illegal in Canada Business Insider Retrieved January 18 2022 Justin Trudeau s promise to take 25 000 Syrian refugees this year problematic CBC October 28 2015 Retrieved January 31 2019 Kathleen Harris Chris Hall Peter Zimonjic Canada to admit nearly 1 million immigrants over next 3 years CBC News Doctor assisted dying bill restricted to adults facing foreseeable death CBC April 14 2016 Retrieved November 3 2019 Tasker John Paul June 20 2018 Trudeau says pot will be legal as of Oct 17 2018 CBC News Ljunggren David April 19 2021 Canada to put up C 30 billion for long awaited national childcare program Reuters Retrieved August 17 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Powers Lucas September 25 2019 Trudeau s claim that Canada is on track to meet 2030 climate target is misleading CBC News Innovation Energy Canada leads the way in carbon capture as more governments put a price on CO2 Financial Post a division of Postmedia Network Inc July 17 2019 Lake Holly November 9 2018 Environment and economy face off in battle over marine protection bill iPolitics Retrieved May 31 2019 Rodriguez Jeremiah June 25 2019 Pile of hypocrisy Trudeau called out for single use plastic forks in photo CTVNews Retrieved July 3 2020 Josh K Elliott June 21 2019 Why critics fear Bill C 69 will be a pipeline killer Global News Newburger Emma June 21 2022 Canada is banning single use plastics including grocery bags and straws CNBC Retrieved July 4 2022 McKibben Bill April 17 2017 Stop swooning over Justin Trudeau The man is a disaster for the planet Bill McKibben Retrieved January 31 2019 via www theguardian com The dangers of Trudeau s postnational Canada Vancouversun com Retrieved July 4 2022 Obama Trudeau show like minded values in White House visit Associated Press March 10 2016 Harris Kathleen November 6 2015 Justin Trudeau disappointed with U S rejection of Keystone XL CBC News Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved January 2 2016 End combat mission in Iraq and Syria Trudeau orders defence minister Toronto Star The Canadian Press November 13 2015 Archived from the original on November 14 2015 Retrieved November 13 2015 Carbert Michelle February 28 2016 Liberals revised goal met as 25 000th Syrian refugee arrives in Canada The Globe and Mail CUSMA What The New Trade Deal Means For Canadians clearit ca Retrieved December 29 2020 Canadian Parliament rushes through ratification of USMCA trade pact Reuters March 13 2020 Daniel Wolfe The full list of 229 US products targeted by Canada s retaliatory tariffs Quartz June 29 2018 Horowitz Julia December 6 2018 Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou arrested in Canada faces extradition to United States CNN Business Archived from the original on January 19 2019 Retrieved May 27 2020 Hernandez Javier C Porter Catherine June 19 2020 China Indicts 2 Canadians on Spying Charges Escalating Dispute The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 19 2020 Retrieved October 2 2021 Webster David Meng for the two Michaels Lessons for the world from the China Canada prisoner swap The Conversation Retrieved October 2 2021 Cecco Leyland June 9 2020 Canada doubles weapons sales to Saudi Arabia despite moratorium The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved December 29 2020 Canada s failed UN security council bid exposes Trudeau s dilettante foreign policy The Guardian London United Kingdom June 18 2020 Retrieved June 21 2020 Annett Evan October 30 2015 JUSTIN AND SOPHIE THE FAMILY ALBUM The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on November 22 2015 Retrieved November 20 2015 Justin Trudeau weds CBC News May 30 2005 Archived from the original on May 23 2013 Retrieved August 23 2013 Justin Trudeau s A Dad Again HuffPost Canada February 28 2014 a b McGregor Glen August 9 2013 Justin Trudeau moves family to his childhood stomping grounds in Ottawa National Post Archived from the original on January 5 2016 Retrieved November 20 2015 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Break in at Justin Trudeau s home the latest in long line of security breaches involving Canadian politicians National Post August 18 2014 Retrieved January 31 2016 Justin Trudeau and family to live in Rideau Cottage not 24 Sussex Ottawa Sun The Canadian Press October 26 2015 Retrieved November 20 2015 Walsh Marieke Kirkup Kristy March 12 2020 Sophie Gregoire Trudeau tests positive for coronavirus Trudeau in self isolation The Globe and Mail Retrieved March 13 2020 Bogart Nicole Slaughter Graham March 12 2020 Sophie Gregoire Trudeau tests positive for COVID 19 PM begins 14 day isolation CTV News Retrieved March 13 2020 Sophie Gregoire Trudeau says she has recovered from COVID 19 cbc ca March 28 2020 Prime Minister Trudeau tests positive for COVID 19 CTVNews January 31 2022 Retrieved January 31 2022 Aiello Rachel June 13 2022 Prime Minister Trudeau tests positive for COVID 19 for second time CTVNews Retrieved June 24 2022 Mas Susana October 20 2014 Justin Trudeau memoir 7 surprising revelations from Common Ground CBC News Archived from the original on October 22 2015 Retrieved October 22 2015 Derfler Leslie 2012 Political Resurrection in the Twentieth Century The Fall and Rise of Political Leaders Springer p 185 ISBN 9781137027863 Retrieved December 19 2017 a b c Longhurst John PM s faith has evolved with age Trudeau s beliefs in social justice abortion rights attract some alienate others Winnipeg Free Press Associated Press Archived from the original on November 24 2015 Retrieved November 23 2015 Justin Trudeau upset Tory MP questioned his faith CBC News November 3 2011 Retrieved December 19 2017 The Office of the Secretary to the Governor June 11 2018 The Diamond Jubilee Medal awarded to Justin Trudeau M P Website of the Governor General of Canada Profile lop parl ca Canadian PM Justin Trudeau receives honorary degree The University of Edinburgh Retrieved July 6 2018 Global News July 5 2017 Justin Trudeau receives honourary degree from University of Edinburgh archived from the original on December 12 2021 retrieved July 6 2018 CBC News May 16 2018 Justin Trudeau s full commencement speech to NYU graduates archived from the original on December 12 2021 retrieved July 6 2018 2018 Honorees Honorary Degrees amp Speakers www nyu edu External linksListen to this article 34 minutes source source This audio file was created from a revision 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