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Wikipedia

Queensland

Queensland (locally /ˈkwnzlænd/ KWEENZ-land)[note 1] is a state situated in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous of the Australian states. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, southwest and south respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and the Pacific Ocean; to its north is the Torres Strait, separating the Australian mainland from Papua New Guinea. With an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres (715,309 sq mi), Queensland is the world's sixth-largest sub-national entity; it is larger than all but 15 countries. Due to its size, Queensland's geographical features and climates are diverse, including tropical rainforests, rivers, coral reefs, mountain ranges and sandy beaches in its tropical and sub-tropical coastal regions, as well as deserts and savanna in the semi-arid and desert climatic regions of its interior.

Queensland
Nickname(s)
Sunshine State
Motto
Audax at Fidelis (Latin)
(English: Bold but Faithful)
Location of Queensland in Australia
CountryAustralia
Before federationColony of Queensland
Separation from New South Wales6 June 1859
Federation1 January 1901
Named forQueen Victoria
Capital
and largest city
Brisbane
Administration77 local government areas
Demonym(s)
  • Queenslander
  • Banana Bender (colloquial)[1]
Government
• Monarch
Charles III
• Governor
Jeannette Young
• Premier
Annastacia Palaszczuk (ALP)
LegislatureParliament of Queensland
JudiciarySupreme Court of Queensland
Parliament of Australia
• Senate
12 senators (of 76)
30 seats (of 151)
Area
• Total
1,851,736 km2 (714,959 sq mi) (2nd)
• Land
1,729,742 km2 (667,857 sq mi)
• Water
121,994 km2 (47,102 sq mi)
Highest elevation1,622 m (5,322 ft)
Population
• December 2021 estimate
5,265,043[2] (3rd)
• Density
2.8/km2 (7.3/sq mi) (5th)
GSP2020 estimate
• Total
AU$363.524 billion[3] (3rd)
• Per capita
AU$70,862 (5th)
HDI (2019) 0.937[4]
very high · 5th
Time zoneUTC+10:00 (AEST)
Postal abbreviation
QLD
ISO 3166 codeAU–QLD
Symbols
MammalKoala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
BirdBrolga (Grus rubicunda)
FishBarrier Reef anemonefish
(Amphiprion akindynos)
FlowerCooktown orchid
(Dendrobium phalaenopsis)[5]
MineralSapphire
ColourMaroon
Websiteqld.gov.au

Queensland has a population of over 5.2 million,[2] concentrated along the coast and particularly in South East Queensland. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australia's third-largest city. Ten of Australia's thirty largest cities are located in Queensland, with the largest outside Brisbane being the Gold Coast, the Sunshine Coast, Townsville, Cairns, Ipswich, and Toowoomba. The state's population is multicultural, with 28.9% of inhabitants being immigrants.[7][8]

Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[9][10] Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, the first European to land in Australia, explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula in 1606. In 1770, James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1788, Arthur Phillip founded the colony of New South Wales, which included all of what is now Queensland. Queensland was explored in subsequent decades, and the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement was established at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Queensland was separated from New South Wales on 6 June 1859 (now commemorated as Queensland Day), thereby establishing Queensland as a self-governing Crown colony with responsible government, named in honour of Queen Victoria.[11] Queensland was among the six colonies which became the founding states of Australia with Federation on 1 January 1901. Since the Bjelke-Petersen era of the late 20th century, Queensland has received a high level of internal migration from the other states and territories of Australia and remains a popular destination for interstate migration.

Queensland has the third-largest economy among Australian states, with strengths in mining, agriculture, transportation, international education, insurance and banking. Nicknamed the Sunshine State for its tropical and sub-tropical climates, Great Barrier Reef and numerous beaches, tourism is also important to the state's economy.

History

Indigenous history

The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, and became divided into over 90 different language groups.

During the last ice age, Queensland's landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce, which led to the world's first seed-grinding technology.[12] The end of the glacial period brought about a warming climate, again making the land hospitable, as it brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the state's tropical rainforests.[13]

European colonisation

 
Fighting between Burke and Wills's supply party and Indigenous Australians at Bulla in 1861

In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa, on the western shore of Cape York. This was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and the Aboriginal people of Australia.[13] The region was also explored by French and Spanish explorers (commanded by Louis Antoine de Bougainville and Luís Vaez de Torres, respectively) prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the Kingdom of Great Britain on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, 'New South Wales'.[14]

The Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century.[15] There has been controversy regarding the origins of smallpox in Australia; while many sources have claimed that it originated with European colonisation, this theory has been contradicted by scientific evidence.[16][17][18] There is circumstantial evidence that Macassan mariners visiting Arnhem Land introduced smallpox to Australia.[17]

In 1823, John Oxley, a British explorer, sailed north from what is now Sydney to scout possible penal colony sites in Gladstone (then Port Curtis) and Moreton Bay. At Moreton Bay, he found the Brisbane River. He returned in 1824 and established a penal settlement at what is now Redcliffe. The settlement, initially known as Edenglassie, was then transferred to the current location of the Brisbane city centre. Edmund Lockyer discovered outcrops of coal along the banks of the upper Brisbane River in 1825.[19] In 1839 transportation of convicts was ceased, culminating in the closure of the Brisbane penal settlement. In 1842 free settlement, which had already commenced, was officially permitted. In 1847, the Port of Maryborough was opened as a wool port. While most early immigrants came from New South Wales, the first free immigrant ship to arrive in Moreton Bay from Europe was the Artemisia, in 1848. In 1857, Queensland's first lighthouse was built at Cape Moreton.

Earlier than this immigrant ship, was the arrival of the Irish famine orphan girls to Queensland. Devised by the then British Secretary of State for the Colonies, The Earl Grey Scheme established a special emigration scheme which was designed to resettle destitute girls from the workhouses of Ireland during the Great Famine. The very first ship, the “Earl Grey”, departed Ireland for a 124-day sail to Sydney. After controversy developed upon their arrival in Australia, a small group of 37 young orphans, sometimes referred to as The Belfast Girls or the Feisty Colleens, never set foot on Sydney soil, and instead sailed up to Brisbane (then Moreton Bay) on 21 October 1848 on board the Ann Mary. This scheme continued until 1852.[20]

A war, which contemporaries called a "war of extermination",[21] erupted between settlers and Aboriginal people in colonial Queensland.[citation needed] The Frontier War was notable for being the most bloody in Australia,[citation needed] perhaps due to Queensland's larger pre-contact indigenous population when compared to the other Australian colonies. The "Native Police Force", employed by the Queensland government, was key in the oppression of the indigenous people.[22]

The largest reported massacre of colonists by Aboriginals was in 1861 on the Nogoa River where 19 people were killed.[23] One author[24] estimates 24,000 Aboriginal men, women and children died at the hands of the Native Police in colonial Queensland between 1859 and 1897 alone.

Independent governance

 
Parade of troops in Brisbane, prior to departure for the Boer War in South Africa.

A public meeting was held in 1851 to consider the proposed separation of Queensland from New South Wales. On 6 June 1859, Queen Victoria signed Letters Patent[25] to form the separate colony of Queensland as a self-governing Crown colony with responsible government. Brisbane was selected as the capital city. On 10 December 1859, a proclamation was read by George Bowen, the first Governor of Queensland, formally establishing Queensland as a separate colony from New South Wales.[26] On 22 May 1860 the first Queensland election was held and Robert Herbert, Bowen's private secretary, was appointed as the first Premier of Queensland.

In 1865, the first rail line in the state opened between Ipswich and Grandchester. Queensland's economy expanded rapidly in 1867 after James Nash discovered gold on the Mary River near the town of Gympie, sparking a gold rush. While still significant, they were on a much smaller scale than the gold rushes of Victoria and New South Wales.

 
Kanaka workers in a sugar cane plantation, late 19th century.

Immigration to Australia and Queensland, in particular, began in the 1850s to support the state economy. During the period from the 1860s until the early 20th century, many labourers, known at the time as Kanakas, were brought to Queensland from neighbouring Pacific Island nations to work in the state's sugar cane fields. Some of these people had been kidnapped under a process known as blackbirding or press ganging, and their employment conditions constituted an allegedly-exploitative form of indentured labour. Italian immigrants entered the sugar cane industry from the 1890s.[27]

During the 1890s, the six Australian colonies, including Queensland, held a series of referendums which culminated in the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901. During this time, Queensland had a population of half a million people. Since that time Queensland has remained a federated state within Australia.

20th century

 
Returned World War II soldiers march in Queen Street, Brisbane, 1944

Following Federation in 1901, the White Australia policy came into effect, which saw all foreign workers in Australia deported under the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901, which saw the Pacific Islander population of the state decrease rapidly.[28]

In 1905, women voted in state elections for the first time. The state's first university, the University of Queensland, was established in Brisbane in 1909. In 1911, the first alternative treatments for polio were pioneered in Queensland and remain in use across the world today.[29]

World War I had a major impact on Queensland. Over 58,000 Queenslanders fought in World War I and over 10,000 of them died.[30]

Australia's first major airline, Qantas (originally standing for "Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services"), was founded in Winton in 1920 to serve outback Queensland.

In 1922, Queensland abolished the Queensland Legislative Council, becoming the only Australian state with a unicameral parliament.

In 1935, cane toads were deliberately introduced to Queensland from Hawaii in an unsuccessful attempt to reduce the number of French's cane and greyback cane beetles that were destroying the roots of sugar cane plants, which are integral to Queensland's economy. The toads have remained an environmental pest since that time. In 1962, the first commercial production of oil in Queensland and Australia began at Moonie.

During World War II, Brisbane became central to the Allied campaign when the AMP Building (now called MacArthur Central) was used as the South West Pacific headquarters for General Douglas MacArthur, chief of the Allied Pacific forces, until his headquarters were moved to Hollandia in August 1944.[31] In 1942, during the war, Brisbane was the site of a violent clash between visiting US military personnel and Australian servicemen and civilians, which resulted in one death and hundreds of injuries. This incident became known colloquially as the Battle of Brisbane.[32]

The end of World War II saw a wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe than in previous decades.

In the latter decades of the 20th century, the humid subtropical climate—regulated by the availability of air conditioning—saw Queensland become a popular destination for migrants from interstate.[33] Since that time, Queensland has continuously seen high levels of migration from the other states and territories of Australia.

The final end of the White Australia policy in 1973 saw the beginning of a wave of immigration from around the world, and most prominently from Asia, which continues to the present.

In 1981, the Great Barrier Reef off Queensland's northeast coast, one of the world's largest coral reef systems, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

21st century

In 2003, Queensland adopted maroon as the state's official colour. The announcement was made as a result of an informal tradition to use maroon to represent the state in association with sporting events.[34]

After three decades of record population growth, Queensland was impacted by major floods between late 2010 and early 2011, causing extensive damage and disruption across the state.[35][36]

In 2020, Queensland was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite a low number and abrupt decline in cases from April 2020 onward, social distancing requirements were implemented from March 2020 including the closure of the state borders.

Geography

 
Commonly designated regions of Queensland, with Central Queensland divided into Mackay and Fitzroy subregions
 
The Great Barrier Reef, which extends along most of Queensland's Coral Sea coastline
 
Lake McKensie, Fraser Island

With a total area of 1,852,642 square kilometres (715,309 square miles), Queensland is an expansive state with a highly diverse range of climates and geographical features. If Queensland were an independent nation, it would be the world's 16th largest, being approximately the same size as Mexico, Indonesia and Mongolia.

Queensland's eastern coastline borders the Coral Sea, an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The state is bordered by the Torres Strait to the north, with Boigu Island off the coast of New Guinea representing the northern extreme of its territory. The triangular Cape York Peninsula, which points toward New Guinea, is the northernmost part of the state's mainland. West of the peninsula's tip, northern Queensland is bordered by the Gulf of Carpentaria. To the west, Queensland is bordered by the Northern Territory, at the 138th meridian east, and to the southwest by northeastern South Australia. The state's southern border with New South Wales is constituted in the east by the watershed from Point Danger to the Dumaresq River, and the Dumaresq, Macintyre and Barwon rivers. The west of the southern border is defined by the 29th parallel south (including some minor historical encroachments), until it reaches South Australia.

Like much of eastern Australia, the Great Dividing Range runs roughly parallel with, and inland from, the coast, and areas west of the range are more arid than the humid coastal regions. The Great Barrier Reef, which is the world's largest coral reef system, runs parallel to the state's Coral Sea coast between the Torres Strait and K'gari (Fraser Island). Queensland's coastline includes the world's three largest sand islands: K'gari (Fraser Island), Moreton and North Stradbroke.

The state contains six World Heritage-listed preservation areas: the Great Barrier Reef along the Coral Sea coast, K'gari (Fraser Island) on the Wide Bay–Burnett region's coastline, the wet tropics in Far North Queensland including the Daintree Rainforest, Lamington National Park in South East Queensland, the Riversleigh fossil sites in North West Queensland, and the Gondwana Rainforests in South East Queensland.

The state is divided into several unofficial regions which are commonly used to refer to large areas of the state's vast geography. These include:

Climate

 
Köppen climate types in Queensland

Because of its size, there is significant variation in climate across the state. There is ample rainfall along the coastline, with a monsoonal wet season in the tropical north, and humid sub-tropical conditions along the southern coastline. Low rainfall and hot humid summers are typical for the inland and west. Elevated areas in the south-eastern inland can experience temperatures well below freezing in mid-winter providing frost and, rarely, snowfall. The climate of the coastal regions is influenced by warm ocean waters, keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall.[37]

There are six predominant climatic zones in Queensland,[38] based on temperature and humidity:

The annual mean climatic statistics[39] for selected Queensland cities are shown below:

City Min. temp Max. temp No. clear days Rainfall
Brisbane 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) 113.1 1,149.1 mm (45.24 in)[40]
Mackay 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) 123.0 1,570.7 mm (61.84 in)[41]
Cairns 21.0 °C (69.8 °F) 29.2 °C (84.6 °F) 89.7 1,982.2 mm (78.04 in)[42]
Townsville 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) 120.9 1,136.7 mm (44.75 in)[43]

The coastal far north of the state is the wettest region in Australia, with Mount Bellenden Ker, south of Cairns, holding many Australian rainfall records with its annual average rainfall of over 8 metres (26 ft).[44] Snow is rare in Queensland, although it does fall with some regularity along the far southern border with New South Wales, predominantly in the Stanthorpe district although on rare occasions further north and west. The most northerly snow ever recorded in Australia occurred near Mackay; however, this was exceptional.[45]

Natural disasters are often a threat in Queensland: severe tropical cyclones can impact the central and northern coastlines and cause severe damage,[46] with recent examples including Larry, Yasi, Ita and Debbie. Flooding from rain-bearing systems can also be severe and can occur anywhere in Queensland. One of the deadliest and most damaging floods in the history of the state occurred in early 2011.[47] Severe springtime thunderstorms generally affect the south-east and inland of the state and can bring damaging winds, torrential rain, large hail and even tornadoes.[48] The strongest tornado ever recorded in Australia occurred in Queensland near Bundaberg in November 1992.[49] Droughts and bushfires can also occur; however, the latter are generally less severe than those that occur in southern states.

The highest official maximum temperature recorded in the state was 49.5 °C (121.1 °F) at Birdsville Police Station on 24 December 1972,[50] although the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite measured a ground surface temperature of 69.3 °C (156.7 °F). Queensland has the highest average maximums of any Australian state, and Stanthorpe, Hervey Bay, Mackay, Atherton, Weipa and Thursday Island are the only large population centres[clarification needed] not to have recorded a temperature above 40 °C (104 °F). The lowest recorded minimum temperature is −10.6 °C (12.9 °F) at Stanthorpe on 23 June 1961 and at The Hermitage (near Warwick) on 12 July 1965.[51] Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) are, however, generally uncommon over the majority of populated Queensland.

Climate data for Queensland
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 49.0
(120.2)
47.2
(117.0)
46.7
(116.1)
41.7
(107.1)
39.3
(102.7)
36.0
(96.8)
36.1
(97.0)
38.5
(101.3)
42.4
(108.3)
45.1
(113.2)
48.7
(119.7)
49.5
(121.1)
49.5
(121.1)
Record low °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7)
3.3
(37.9)
−0.2
(31.6)
−3.5
(25.7)
−6.8
(19.8)
−10.6
(12.9)
−10.6
(12.9)
−9.4
(15.1)
−5.6
(21.9)
−3.6
(25.5)
0.0
(32.0)
0.0
(32.0)
−10.6
(12.9)
Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology[52]
Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology[53]

Demographics

 
Brisbane, capital and most populous city of Queensland

In December 2021, Queensland had an estimated population of 5,265,043.[2] Approximately half of the state's population live in Brisbane, and over 70% live in South East Queensland. Nonetheless, Queensland is the second most decentralised state in Australia after Tasmania. Since the 1980s, Queensland has consistently been the fastest-growing state in Australia, as it receives high levels of both international immigration and migration from interstate. There have however been short periods where Victoria and Western Australia have grown faster.

Cities

Ten of Australia's thirty largest cities are located in Queensland. In 2019, the largest cities in the state by population of their Greater Capital City Statistical Area or Significant Urban Area (metropolitan areas) as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics were:[57]

Ancestry and immigration

Country of Birth (2016)[7][8]
Birthplace[N 2] Population
Australia 3,343,657
New Zealand 201,206
England 180,775
India 49,145
Mainland China 47,114
South Africa 40,131
Philippines 39,661
Scotland 21,882
Germany 20,387
Vietnam 19,544
South Korea 18,327
United States 17,053
Papua New Guinea 16,120
Taiwan 15,592

Early settlers during the 19th century were largely English, Irish, Scottish and German, while there was a wave of immigration from southern and eastern Europe (most notably Italy) in the decades following the second world war. In the 21st century, Asia (most notably China and India) has been the primary source of immigration.

At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[N 3][7][8]

The 2016 census showed that 28.9% of Queensland's inhabitants were born overseas. Only 54.8% of inhabitants had both parents born in Australia, with the next most common birthplaces being New Zealand, England, India, Mainland China and South Africa.[7][8] Brisbane has the 26th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas.

4% of the population, or 186,482 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2016.[N 6][7][8]

Language

At the 2016 census, 81.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (1.5%), Vietnamese (0.6%), Cantonese (0.5%), Spanish (0.4%) and Italian (0.4%).[59][60]

At the 2021 census, 80.5% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (1.6%), Vietnamese (0.6%), Punjabi (0.6%) and Spanish (0.6%).[61]

Religion

At the 2016 census, the most commonly cited religious affiliations were 'No religion' (29.2%), Catholicism (21.7%) and Anglicanism (15.3%).[62]

According to the 2021 census, 45.7% of the population follows Christianity and 41.2% identified as having No religion[61][63] About 5% of people are affiliated with a non-Christian religion, mainly Buddhism (1.4%), Hinduism (1.3%) and Islam (1.2%).[61]

Education

 
The Great Court at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland's oldest university

Queensland is home to numerous universities. The state's oldest university, the University of Queensland, was established in 1909 and frequently ranks among the world's top 50.[64][65][66] Other major universities include Queensland University of Technology, Griffith University, the University of Southern Queensland, the University of the Sunshine Coast, James Cook University (which was the state's first university outside of South East Queensland), Central Queensland University and Bond University (which was Australia's first private university).

International education is an important industry, with 134,312 international students enrolled in the state in 2018, largely focused on Brisbane. Most of the state's international students are from Asia.[67]

At the primary and secondary levels, Queensland is home to numerous state and private schools.

Economy

 
Skyline of the Brisbane central business district. Brisbane is a global city and the state's largest economic hub.
 
Gold mine at Ravenswood in North Queensland. Mining is one of the state's major industries
 
The Gold Coast, Queensland's second-largest city and a major tourist destination
 
Noosa Heads on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland's third largest city and a major tourist destination

In 2019, Queensland had a gross state product of A$357,044 million, the third-highest in the nation after New South Wales and Victoria.[68] The construction of sea ports and railways along Queensland's coast in the 19th century set up the foundations for the state's export-oriented mining and agricultural sectors. Since the 1980s, a sizeable influx of interstate and overseas migrants, large amounts of federal government investment, increased mining of vast mineral deposits and an expanding aerospace sector have contributed to the state's economic growth.[69]

Primary industries include bananas, pineapples, peanuts, a wide variety of other tropical and temperate fruit and vegetables, grain crops, wineries, cattle raising, cotton, sugarcane, and wool. The mining industry includes bauxite, coal, silver, lead, zinc, gold and copper.[citation needed]

Secondary industries are mostly further processing of the above-mentioned primary produce. For example, bauxite is shipped by sea from Weipa and converted to alumina at Gladstone.[70] There is also copper refining and the refining of sugar cane to sugar at a number of mills along the eastern coastline.

Major tertiary industries are retail, tourism and international education. In 2018, there were 134,312 international students enrolled in the state, largely focused on Brisbane. Most of the state's international students are from Asia.[67]

Brisbane is categorised as a global city, and is among Asia-Pacific cities with largest GDPs. It has strengths in mining, banking, insurance, transportation, information technology, real estate and food.[71] Some of the largest companies headquartered in Brisbane, all among Australia's largest, include Suncorp Group, Virgin Australia, Aurizon, Bank of Queensland, Flight Centre, CUA, Sunsuper, QSuper, Domino's Pizza Enterprises, Star Entertainment Group, ALS, TechnologyOne, NEXTDC, Super Retail Group, New Hope Coal, Jumbo Interactive, National Storage, Collins Foods and Boeing Australia.[72]

Tourism

 
Hill Inlet at the Whitsunday Islands.

As a result of its varied landscapes, warm climate and abundant natural environment, tourism is Queensland's leading tertiary industry with millions of interstate and international visitors visiting the state each year. The industry generates $8.8 billion annually, accounting for 4.5% of Queensland's Gross State Product. It has an annual export of $4.0 billion annually. The sector directly employs about 5.7% of Queensland citizens.[73] Accommodation in Queensland caters for nearly 22% of the total expenditure, followed by restaurants/meals (15%), airfares (11%), fuel (11%) and shopping/gifts (11%).[74]

The most visited tourist destinations of Queensland include Brisbane (including Moreton and South Stradbroke islands and the Gold Coast) as well as the Sunshine Coast, the Great Barrier Reef, Cairns, Port Douglas, the Daintree Rainforest, K'gari and the Whitsunday Islands.[75][76][77]

Brisbane is the third most popular destination in Australia following Sydney and Melbourne.[78] Major attractions in its metropolitan area include South Bank Parklands, the Queensland Cultural Centre (including the Queensland Museum, Queensland Art Gallery, Gallery of Modern Art, Queensland Performing Arts Centre and State Library of Queensland), City Hall, the Story Bridge, the Howard Smith Wharves, ANZAC Square, St John's Cathedral, Fortitude Valley (including James Street and Chinatown), West End, the Teneriffe woolstores precinct, the Brisbane River and its Riverwalk network, the City Botanic Gardens, Roma Street Parkland, New Farm Park (including the Brisbane Powerhouse), the Kangaroo Point Cliffs and park, the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, the Mount Coot-tha Reserve (including Mount Coot-tha Lookout and Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens), the D'Aguilar Range and National Park, as well as Moreton Bay (including Moreton, North Stradbroke and Bribie islands, and coastal suburbs such as Shorncliffe, Wynnum and those on the Redcliffe Peninsula).[citation needed]

The Gold Coast is home to numerous popular surf beaches such as those at Surfers Paradise and Burleigh Heads. It also includes the largest concentration of amusement parks in Australia, including Dreamworld, Movie World, Sea World, Wet 'n' Wild and WhiteWater World, as well as the Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary. The Gold Coast's hinterland includes Lamington National Park in the McPherson Range.[citation needed]

The Sunshine Coast includes popular surfing and beach destinations including Noosa Heads and Mooloolaba. It is also home to UnderWater World and Steve Irwin's Australia Zoo. Its hinterland includes the Glass House Mountains National Park.[79]

Cairns is renowned as the gateway to the Great Barrier Reef, Far North Queensland (including Port Douglas) and the Daintree Rainforest. The Whitsunday Islands off the coast of North Queensland are a popular tourist destinations for their resort facilities and access to the Great Barrier Reef.[80]

Politics and government

 

One of the six founding states of Australia, Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901. It is sovereign, other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government. It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state's government. The state's constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed in the absence of a referendum. There is also a statutory bill of rights, the Queensland Human Rights Act (2019). Queensland's system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia's federal system of government.

The government is separated into three branches:

Executive authority is nominally vested in the Governor of Queensland (currently Jeannette Young) who represents and is appointed by the Monarch of Australia (currently Charles III) on the advice of the Premier of Queensland. The Premier, who is the state's Head of government, along with the Cabinet of Queensland (whose decisions are formalised by the Executive Council), exercise executive authority in practice. The Premier is appointed by the Governor and must have support of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is in practice a leading member of the Legislative Assembly and parliamentary leader of his or her political party, or coalition of parties, and members of Cabinet will be drawn from the same party or coalition. The current Premier and Deputy Premier are Annastacia Palaszczuk and Steven Miles of the Labor Party respectively. Government House at Paddington in Brisbane is the seat of the Governor, having replaced Old Government House at Gardens Point in Brisbane's CBD in the early 20th century. The executive branch simply referred to as the Queensland Government.

Legislative authority is exercised by the Queensland Parliament which uniquely for Australian states is unicameral, containing only one house, the Legislative Assembly. The Parliament was bicameral until 1922, when the Legislative Council was abolished by the Labor "suicide squad", so called because they were appointed for the purpose of voting to abolish their own offices.[81] Bills receive royal assent from the Governor before being passed into law. The Parliament's seat is at Parliament House at Gardens Point in Brisbane's CBD. Members of the Legislative Assemby represent 93 electoral districts. Elections in Queensland are held at the end of each fixed four-year parliamentary term, and are determined by instant-runoff voting.

The state's judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the District Court of Queensland, established by the Queensland Constitution, as well as the Magistrates Court of Queensland and other courts and tribunals established by legislation. Cases may be appealed to the High Court of Australia. As with all Australian states and territories, Queensland has a Common law legal system. The Supreme and District courts are headquartered at the Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law in Brisbane's CBD.

The state's politics are traditionally regarded as being conservative relative to other states.[82][83][84][85][86] Historically, the lack of an upper house, a former gerrymander favouring rural electoral districts as well as the former system of optional preferential voting has meant that Queensland had a long tradition of domination by strong-willed, populist premiers, often accused of authoritarian tendencies, holding office for long periods. This tendency was exemplified by the government of the state's longest-serving Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen.

Local government

Local government is the mechanism by which local government areas can manage their own affairs to the extent permitted by the Local Government Act 2009. Queensland is divided into 77 local government areas, which are created by the state government under legislation.[87] Each local government area has a council responsible for providing a range of local services and utilities. Local councils derive their income from both rates and charges on resident ratepayers, and grants and subsidies from the state and federal governments.[88]

Federal representation

Queensland – Federal parliamentary delegations[89]
Election
House of Representatives Senate
Coalition[N 7] Labor Other[N 8] Coalition Labor Other
2001 19 7 1 5 4 3
2004 21 5 1 7 4 1
2007 13 15 1 7 5 0
2010 21 8 1 6 5 1
2013 22 6 2 6 4 2
2016 21 8 1 5 4 3
2019 23 6 1 6 3 3
2022 21 5 4 5 3 4

In the federal Parliament of Australia, Queensland accounts for 30 of the 151 electoral divisions in the House of Representatives (on the basis of population size) and 12 of the 76 seats in the Senate (on the basis of equality between the states).

The current partisan makeup of Queensland's House of Representatives delegation is 21 Liberal National, 5 Labor, 3 Australian Greens, and 1 Katter's Australian Party.

The current partisan makeup of Queensland's Senate delegation is 5 Liberal National, 3 Labor, 2 One Nation and 2 Green.

Culture

 
"Ekka", the Royal Queensland Exhibition, is held each August at the Brisbane Showgrounds.

Queensland is home to major art galleries including the Queensland Art Gallery and the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art as well as cultural institutions such as the Queensland Ballet, Opera Queensland, Queensland Theatre Company, and Queensland Symphony Orchestra, all based at the Queensland Cultural Centre in Brisbane. The state is the origin of musicians such as the Bee Gees, The Go-Betweens, The Veronicas, The Saints, Savage Garden, and Sheppard as well as writers such as David Malouf, Nick Earls and Li Cunxin.

Major annual cultural events include the Royal Queensland Exhibition (known locally as the Ekka), an agricultural exhibition held each August at the Brisbane Showgrounds as well as the Brisbane Festival, which includes one of the nation's largest annual fireworks displays called 'Riverfire', and which is held each September.

Sport

 
Cricket game at The Gabba, a 42,000-seat round stadium in Brisbane

The state of Queensland is represented in all of Australia's national sporting competitions and it is also host to a number of domestic and international sporting events. The most popular winter and summer team sports are rugby league and cricket, respectively.

In the National Rugby League, the Brisbane Broncos, North Queensland Cowboys and Gold Coast Titans are based in the state. Rugby league's annual State of Origin series is a major event in the Queensland sporting calendar, with the Queensland Maroons representing the state.

In cricket, the Queensland Bulls represent the state in the Sheffield Shield and the Ryobi One Day Cup, while the Brisbane Heat compete in the Big Bash League.

Queensland is also home to the Brisbane Lions and the Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League (Australian rules football), and the Brisbane Roar FC in the A-League (soccer). In netball the Queensland Firebirds went undefeated in the 2011 season as they went on to win the Grand Final. Other sports teams are the Brisbane Bullets and the Cairns Taipans, who compete in the National Basketball League.

The state is represented by the Queensland Reds in the Super Rugby (rugby union).

Swimming is also a popular sport in Queensland, with many of Australian team members and international medalists hailing from the state.

Brisbane will host the 2032 Summer Olympics, marking the third time Australia hosted the Olympic Games following Melbourne 1956 and Sydney 2000.[90] Major recurring sporting events hosted in Queensland include: the Gold Coast 600 (motorsport; since 1994), the Gold Coast Marathon (athletics; since 1979), the NRL All Stars Game (rugby league; since 2010), the Townsville 400 (motorsport; since 2009), the Quicksilver Pro and Roxy Pro (surfing) and Australian PGA Championship (golf; since 2000).

Symbols and emblems

The official state emblems of Queensland are prescribed in the Emblems of Queensland Act 2005.

Queen Victoria granted the Queensland Coat of Arms to the Colony of Queensland in 1893, making it the oldest State Arms in Australia.[91] It depicts Queensland's primary industries in the 19th century with a sheaf of wheat, the heads of a bull and a ram, and a column of gold rising from a heap of quartz. Two stalks of sugar cane which surround the state badge at the top, and below is Queensland's state motto, Audax at Fidelis, which means "Bold but Faithful". In 1977, Queen Elizabeth II granted the supporting animals, the brolga and the red deer.[91][92]

In November 2003 maroon was officially named as Queensland's state colour, after many years of association with Queensland sporting teams.

The koala was officially named the animal or faunal, emblem of Queensland in 1971, after a newspaper poll showed strong public support. The Queensland Government introduced the poll due to a proposal by state tourism ministers for all states to adopt a faunal emblem.[91] In January 1986 that the brolga was announced as the official bird emblem of Queensland, after many years on the Coat of Arms.[92]

The Cooktown orchid became known as Queensland's floral emblem in 1959, during celebrations to mark the state's centenary,[93][94] and the Barrier Reef Anemone Fish was officially named as Queensland's aquatic emblem in March 2005.[95]

The sapphire was named the official state gem for Queensland in August 1985.[96][97]

Infrastructure

Transport

 
Cargo ships at the Port of Gladstone, Queensland's largest commodity seaport

Queensland is served by a number of National Highways and, particularly in South East Queensland, a network of freeways such as the M1. The Department of Transport & Main Roads oversees the development and operation of main roads and public transport, including taxis and local aviation.

Principal rail services are provided by Queensland Rail, predominantly between the major centres east of the Great Dividing Range. Freight rail services in Queensland have been provided mostly by Aurizon and Pacific National, with interstate intermodal services provided by Pacific National and SCT Logistics. Major seaports include the Port of Brisbane, Australia's third busiest by value of goods, as well as those at Gladstone, Townsville and Bundaberg. There are large coal export facilities at Hay Point, Gladstone and Abbot Point. Major sugar export facilities are located at Lucinda and Mackay.

Brisbane Airport is the main international and domestic gateway serving the state, and is the third busiest in Australia. Other international airports include the Gold Coast Airport, Cairns International Airport and Townsville Airport. Regional airports with scheduled domestic flights include Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport, Great Barrier Reef Airport, Hervey Bay Airport, Bundaberg Airport, Mackay Airport, Mount Isa Airport, Proserpine / Whitsunday Coast Airport, Rockhampton Airport, and Sunshine Coast Airport.

South East Queensland has an integrated public transport system operated by TransLink, which provides services bus, rail, light rail and Brisbane's ferry services through Queensland Rail and contracted operators. The region is divided into seven Fare zones radiating outwards from the Brisbane central business district, which is the central hub for the system. The Queensland Rail City network consists of 152 train stations along 13 suburban rail lines and across the region, and predominantly within Brisbane's metropolitan area. There is also a large bus network including Brisbane's large dedicated bus rapid transit network, the Brisbane busway network. Brisbane's popular ferry services include the CityCat, Cross River and CityHopper services which have dedicated wharves along the Brisbane River. The G:link, Queensland's only light rail network, operates on the Gold Coast.[98]

Other utilities

Queensland Health operates and administers the state's public health system. There are sixteen regional Health and Hospital Services corresponding to geographical regions which are responsible for delivering public health services within their regions. Major public hospitals include the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Princess Alexandra Hospital, the Mater Hospital, the Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, and the Queensland Children's Hospital in Brisbane, as well as the Townsville University Hospital, Cairns Hospital, Gold Coast Hospital and Gold Coast University Hospital in the regional cities. There are smaller public hospitals, as well as private hospitals, around the state.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In the UK and US, /ˈkwnzlənd/ KWEENZ-lənd is the preferred variant.[6]
  1. ^ Pre-1971 figures may not include the Indigenous population.
  2. ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately
  3. ^ As a percentage of 4,348,289 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.
  4. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[58]
  5. ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
  6. ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
  7. ^ Includes the Liberal Party of Australia, National Party of Australia, Liberal National Party of Queensland and Country Liberal Party. In 2008, all Coalition parties in Queensland merged into the Liberal National Party of Queensland.
  8. ^ Includes independents and minor parties.

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External links

  •   Geographic data related to Queensland at OpenStreetMap
  • Government of Queensland
  • State Archives, Government of Queensland
  • State Library, Government of Queensland
  • Far North Queensland (historical footage), AU: National Film and Sound Archive, 21 August 2012.
  • Daintrees, Richard, Glass plates, AU: National Museum.
  • Works by Queensland at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Queensland at Internet Archive
  • State Library of Queensland holds the Growing up in Queensland (GUiQ) 2018 archive, a project conducted by the Queensland Family and Child Commission. The inaugural GUiQ was conducted in 2018 and gathered information about thoughts and experiences of children and young people aged 4-18 years in Queensland.

queensland, other, uses, disambiguation, locally, kweenz, land, note, state, situated, northeastern, australia, second, largest, third, most, populous, australian, states, bordered, northern, territory, south, australia, south, wales, west, southwest, south, r. For other uses see Queensland disambiguation Queensland locally ˈ k w iː n z l ae n d KWEENZ land note 1 is a state situated in northeastern Australia and is the second largest and third most populous of the Australian states It is bordered by the Northern Territory South Australia and New South Wales to the west southwest and south respectively To the east Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and the Pacific Ocean to its north is the Torres Strait separating the Australian mainland from Papua New Guinea With an area of 1 852 642 square kilometres 715 309 sq mi Queensland is the world s sixth largest sub national entity it is larger than all but 15 countries Due to its size Queensland s geographical features and climates are diverse including tropical rainforests rivers coral reefs mountain ranges and sandy beaches in its tropical and sub tropical coastal regions as well as deserts and savanna in the semi arid and desert climatic regions of its interior QueenslandStateFlagCoat of armsNickname s Sunshine StateMotto Audax at Fidelis Latin English Bold but Faithful Location of Queensland in AustraliaCountryAustraliaBefore federationColony of QueenslandSeparation from New South Wales6 June 1859Federation1 January 1901Named forQueen VictoriaCapitaland largest cityBrisbaneAdministration77 local government areasDemonym s QueenslanderBanana Bender colloquial 1 Government MonarchCharles III GovernorJeannette Young PremierAnnastacia Palaszczuk ALP LegislatureParliament of QueenslandJudiciarySupreme Court of QueenslandParliament of Australia Senate12 senators of 76 House of Representatives30 seats of 151 Area Total1 851 736 km2 714 959 sq mi 2nd Land1 729 742 km2 667 857 sq mi Water121 994 km2 47 102 sq mi Highest elevation Mount Bartle Frere 1 622 m 5 322 ft Population December 2021 estimate5 265 043 2 3rd Density2 8 km2 7 3 sq mi 5th GSP2020 estimate TotalAU 363 524 billion 3 3rd Per capitaAU 70 862 5th HDI 2019 0 937 4 very high 5thTime zoneUTC 10 00 AEST Postal abbreviationQLDISO 3166 codeAU QLDSymbolsMammalKoala Phascolarctos cinereus BirdBrolga Grus rubicunda FishBarrier Reef anemonefish Amphiprion akindynos FlowerCooktown orchid Dendrobium phalaenopsis 5 MineralSapphireColourMaroonWebsiteqld wbr gov wbr auQueensland has a population of over 5 2 million 2 concentrated along the coast and particularly in South East Queensland The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane Australia s third largest city Ten of Australia s thirty largest cities are located in Queensland with the largest outside Brisbane being the Gold Coast the Sunshine Coast Townsville Cairns Ipswich and Toowoomba The state s population is multicultural with 28 9 of inhabitants being immigrants 7 8 Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders 9 10 Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon the first European to land in Australia explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula in 1606 In 1770 James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain In 1788 Arthur Phillip founded the colony of New South Wales which included all of what is now Queensland Queensland was explored in subsequent decades and the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement was established at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley Queensland was separated from New South Wales on 6 June 1859 now commemorated as Queensland Day thereby establishing Queensland as a self governing Crown colony with responsible government named in honour of Queen Victoria 11 Queensland was among the six colonies which became the founding states of Australia with Federation on 1 January 1901 Since the Bjelke Petersen era of the late 20th century Queensland has received a high level of internal migration from the other states and territories of Australia and remains a popular destination for interstate migration Queensland has the third largest economy among Australian states with strengths in mining agriculture transportation international education insurance and banking Nicknamed the Sunshine State for its tropical and sub tropical climates Great Barrier Reef and numerous beaches tourism is also important to the state s economy Contents 1 History 1 1 Indigenous history 1 2 European colonisation 1 3 Independent governance 1 4 20th century 1 5 21st century 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 Cities 3 2 Ancestry and immigration 3 3 Language 3 4 Religion 3 5 Education 4 Economy 4 1 Tourism 5 Politics and government 5 1 Local government 5 2 Federal representation 6 Culture 6 1 Sport 6 2 Symbols and emblems 7 Infrastructure 7 1 Transport 7 2 Other utilities 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Queensland Indigenous history Edit Main article History of Indigenous Australians The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50 000 BC likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait and became divided into over 90 different language groups During the last ice age Queensland s landscape became more arid and largely desolate making food and other supplies scarce which led to the world s first seed grinding technology 12 The end of the glacial period brought about a warming climate again making the land hospitable as it brought high rainfall along the eastern coast stimulating the growth of the state s tropical rainforests 13 European colonisation Edit Further information Australian frontier wars and Hornet Bank massacre Captain James Cook claims the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain at Possession Island in 1770 Fighting between Burke and Wills s supply party and Indigenous Australians at Bulla in 1861 In February 1606 Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa on the western shore of Cape York This was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia and it also marked the first reported contact between European and the Aboriginal people of Australia 13 The region was also explored by French and Spanish explorers commanded by Louis Antoine de Bougainville and Luis Vaez de Torres respectively prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the Kingdom of Great Britain on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island naming Eastern Australia including Queensland New South Wales 14 The Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century 15 There has been controversy regarding the origins of smallpox in Australia while many sources have claimed that it originated with European colonisation this theory has been contradicted by scientific evidence 16 17 18 There is circumstantial evidence that Macassan mariners visiting Arnhem Land introduced smallpox to Australia 17 In 1823 John Oxley a British explorer sailed north from what is now Sydney to scout possible penal colony sites in Gladstone then Port Curtis and Moreton Bay At Moreton Bay he found the Brisbane River He returned in 1824 and established a penal settlement at what is now Redcliffe The settlement initially known as Edenglassie was then transferred to the current location of the Brisbane city centre Edmund Lockyer discovered outcrops of coal along the banks of the upper Brisbane River in 1825 19 In 1839 transportation of convicts was ceased culminating in the closure of the Brisbane penal settlement In 1842 free settlement which had already commenced was officially permitted In 1847 the Port of Maryborough was opened as a wool port While most early immigrants came from New South Wales the first free immigrant ship to arrive in Moreton Bay from Europe was the Artemisia in 1848 In 1857 Queensland s first lighthouse was built at Cape Moreton Earlier than this immigrant ship was the arrival of the Irish famine orphan girls to Queensland Devised by the then British Secretary of State for the Colonies The Earl Grey Scheme established a special emigration scheme which was designed to resettle destitute girls from the workhouses of Ireland during the Great Famine The very first ship the Earl Grey departed Ireland for a 124 day sail to Sydney After controversy developed upon their arrival in Australia a small group of 37 young orphans sometimes referred to as The Belfast Girls or the Feisty Colleens never set foot on Sydney soil and instead sailed up to Brisbane then Moreton Bay on 21 October 1848 on board the Ann Mary This scheme continued until 1852 20 A war which contemporaries called a war of extermination 21 erupted between settlers and Aboriginal people in colonial Queensland citation needed The Frontier War was notable for being the most bloody in Australia citation needed perhaps due to Queensland s larger pre contact indigenous population when compared to the other Australian colonies The Native Police Force employed by the Queensland government was key in the oppression of the indigenous people 22 The largest reported massacre of colonists by Aboriginals was in 1861 on the Nogoa River where 19 people were killed 23 One author 24 estimates 24 000 Aboriginal men women and children died at the hands of the Native Police in colonial Queensland between 1859 and 1897 alone Independent governance Edit Parade of troops in Brisbane prior to departure for the Boer War in South Africa A public meeting was held in 1851 to consider the proposed separation of Queensland from New South Wales On 6 June 1859 Queen Victoria signed Letters Patent 25 to form the separate colony of Queensland as a self governing Crown colony with responsible government Brisbane was selected as the capital city On 10 December 1859 a proclamation was read by George Bowen the first Governor of Queensland formally establishing Queensland as a separate colony from New South Wales 26 On 22 May 1860 the first Queensland election was held and Robert Herbert Bowen s private secretary was appointed as the first Premier of Queensland In 1865 the first rail line in the state opened between Ipswich and Grandchester Queensland s economy expanded rapidly in 1867 after James Nash discovered gold on the Mary River near the town of Gympie sparking a gold rush While still significant they were on a much smaller scale than the gold rushes of Victoria and New South Wales Kanaka workers in a sugar cane plantation late 19th century Immigration to Australia and Queensland in particular began in the 1850s to support the state economy During the period from the 1860s until the early 20th century many labourers known at the time as Kanakas were brought to Queensland from neighbouring Pacific Island nations to work in the state s sugar cane fields Some of these people had been kidnapped under a process known as blackbirding or press ganging and their employment conditions constituted an allegedly exploitative form of indentured labour Italian immigrants entered the sugar cane industry from the 1890s 27 During the 1890s the six Australian colonies including Queensland held a series of referendums which culminated in the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901 During this time Queensland had a population of half a million people Since that time Queensland has remained a federated state within Australia 20th century Edit Returned World War II soldiers march in Queen Street Brisbane 1944 Following Federation in 1901 the White Australia policy came into effect which saw all foreign workers in Australia deported under the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 which saw the Pacific Islander population of the state decrease rapidly 28 In 1905 women voted in state elections for the first time The state s first university the University of Queensland was established in Brisbane in 1909 In 1911 the first alternative treatments for polio were pioneered in Queensland and remain in use across the world today 29 World War I had a major impact on Queensland Over 58 000 Queenslanders fought in World War I and over 10 000 of them died 30 Australia s first major airline Qantas originally standing for Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services was founded in Winton in 1920 to serve outback Queensland In 1922 Queensland abolished the Queensland Legislative Council becoming the only Australian state with a unicameral parliament In 1935 cane toads were deliberately introduced to Queensland from Hawaii in an unsuccessful attempt to reduce the number of French s cane and greyback cane beetles that were destroying the roots of sugar cane plants which are integral to Queensland s economy The toads have remained an environmental pest since that time In 1962 the first commercial production of oil in Queensland and Australia began at Moonie During World War II Brisbane became central to the Allied campaign when the AMP Building now called MacArthur Central was used as the South West Pacific headquarters for General Douglas MacArthur chief of the Allied Pacific forces until his headquarters were moved to Hollandia in August 1944 31 In 1942 during the war Brisbane was the site of a violent clash between visiting US military personnel and Australian servicemen and civilians which resulted in one death and hundreds of injuries This incident became known colloquially as the Battle of Brisbane 32 The end of World War II saw a wave of immigration from across Europe with many more immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe than in previous decades In the latter decades of the 20th century the humid subtropical climate regulated by the availability of air conditioning saw Queensland become a popular destination for migrants from interstate 33 Since that time Queensland has continuously seen high levels of migration from the other states and territories of Australia The final end of the White Australia policy in 1973 saw the beginning of a wave of immigration from around the world and most prominently from Asia which continues to the present In 1981 the Great Barrier Reef off Queensland s northeast coast one of the world s largest coral reef systems was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site 21st century Edit In 2003 Queensland adopted maroon as the state s official colour The announcement was made as a result of an informal tradition to use maroon to represent the state in association with sporting events 34 After three decades of record population growth Queensland was impacted by major floods between late 2010 and early 2011 causing extensive damage and disruption across the state 35 36 In 2020 Queensland was impacted by the COVID 19 pandemic Despite a low number and abrupt decline in cases from April 2020 onward social distancing requirements were implemented from March 2020 including the closure of the state borders Geography EditMain article Geography of Queensland Commonly designated regions of Queensland with Central Queensland divided into Mackay and Fitzroy subregions The Great Barrier Reef which extends along most of Queensland s Coral Sea coastline The Mossman River flowing through the Daintree Rainforest in Far North Queensland The McPherson Range at Lamington National Park in South East Queensland Lake McKensie Fraser Island With a total area of 1 852 642 square kilometres 715 309 square miles Queensland is an expansive state with a highly diverse range of climates and geographical features If Queensland were an independent nation it would be the world s 16th largest being approximately the same size as Mexico Indonesia and Mongolia Queensland s eastern coastline borders the Coral Sea an arm of the Pacific Ocean The state is bordered by the Torres Strait to the north with Boigu Island off the coast of New Guinea representing the northern extreme of its territory The triangular Cape York Peninsula which points toward New Guinea is the northernmost part of the state s mainland West of the peninsula s tip northern Queensland is bordered by the Gulf of Carpentaria To the west Queensland is bordered by the Northern Territory at the 138th meridian east and to the southwest by northeastern South Australia The state s southern border with New South Wales is constituted in the east by the watershed from Point Danger to the Dumaresq River and the Dumaresq Macintyre and Barwon rivers The west of the southern border is defined by the 29th parallel south including some minor historical encroachments until it reaches South Australia Like much of eastern Australia the Great Dividing Range runs roughly parallel with and inland from the coast and areas west of the range are more arid than the humid coastal regions The Great Barrier Reef which is the world s largest coral reef system runs parallel to the state s Coral Sea coast between the Torres Strait and K gari Fraser Island Queensland s coastline includes the world s three largest sand islands K gari Fraser Island Moreton and North Stradbroke The state contains six World Heritage listed preservation areas the Great Barrier Reef along the Coral Sea coast K gari Fraser Island on the Wide Bay Burnett region s coastline the wet tropics in Far North Queensland including the Daintree Rainforest Lamington National Park in South East Queensland the Riversleigh fossil sites in North West Queensland and the Gondwana Rainforests in South East Queensland The state is divided into several unofficial regions which are commonly used to refer to large areas of the state s vast geography These include South East Queensland in the state s coastal extreme south eastern corner an urban region which includes the state s three largest cities capital city Brisbane and popular coastal tourist destinations the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast In some definitions it also includes the city of Toowoomba South East Queensland accounts for more than 70 of the state s population The Darling Downs in the state s inland south east which consists of fertile agricultural particularly cattle grazing land and in some definitions includes the city of Toowoomba The region also includes the mountainous Granite Belt the state s coldest region which occasionally experiences snow Wide Bay Burnett in the state s coastal south east to the north of the South East Queensland region It is rich in sugar cane farms and includes the cities of Bundaberg Hervey Bay as well as K gari Fraser Island the world s largest sand island Central Queensland on the state s central coastline which is dominated by cattle farmland and coal mining It contains the Capricorn Coast and Whitsunday Islands tourist regions as well as the cities of Rockhampton and Mackay North Queensland on the state s northern coastline which is dominated by cattle farmland and mining and which includes the city of Townsville Far North Queensland on the state s extreme northern coastline along the Cape York Peninsula which includes tropical rainforest the state s highest mountain Mount Bartle Frere the Atherton Tablelands pastoral region dominated by sugar cane and tropical fruits the most visited section of the Great Barrier Reef as well as the city of Cairns South West Queensland in the state s inland south west which is a primarily agricultural region dominated by cattle farmland and which includes the Channel Country region of intertwining rivulets Central West Queensland in the state s inland central west dominated by cattle farmland and which includes the city of Longreach The Gulf Country also known as North West Queensland in the state s inland north west along the Gulf of Carpentaria which is dominated by savanna and mining and includes the city of Mount Isa Climate Edit Koppen climate types in Queensland Because of its size there is significant variation in climate across the state There is ample rainfall along the coastline with a monsoonal wet season in the tropical north and humid sub tropical conditions along the southern coastline Low rainfall and hot humid summers are typical for the inland and west Elevated areas in the south eastern inland can experience temperatures well below freezing in mid winter providing frost and rarely snowfall The climate of the coastal regions is influenced by warm ocean waters keeping the region free from extremes of temperature and providing moisture for rainfall 37 There are six predominant climatic zones in Queensland 38 based on temperature and humidity Hot humid summer warm humid winter far north and coastal Cairns Innisfail Hot humid summer warm dry winter north and coastal Townsville Mackay Hot humid summer mild dry winter coastal elevated areas and coastal south east Brisbane Bundaberg Rockhampton Hot dry summer mild dry winter central inland and north west Mt Isa Emerald Longreach Hot dry summer cool dry winter southern inland Roma Charleville Goondiwindi Warm humid summer cold dry winter elevated south eastern areas Toowoomba Warwick StanthorpeThe annual mean climatic statistics 39 for selected Queensland cities are shown below City Min temp Max temp No clear days RainfallBrisbane 15 7 C 60 3 F 25 5 C 77 9 F 113 1 1 149 1 mm 45 24 in 40 Mackay 19 0 C 66 2 F 26 4 C 79 5 F 123 0 1 570 7 mm 61 84 in 41 Cairns 21 0 C 69 8 F 29 2 C 84 6 F 89 7 1 982 2 mm 78 04 in 42 Townsville 19 8 C 67 6 F 28 9 C 84 0 F 120 9 1 136 7 mm 44 75 in 43 The coastal far north of the state is the wettest region in Australia with Mount Bellenden Ker south of Cairns holding many Australian rainfall records with its annual average rainfall of over 8 metres 26 ft 44 Snow is rare in Queensland although it does fall with some regularity along the far southern border with New South Wales predominantly in the Stanthorpe district although on rare occasions further north and west The most northerly snow ever recorded in Australia occurred near Mackay however this was exceptional 45 Natural disasters are often a threat in Queensland severe tropical cyclones can impact the central and northern coastlines and cause severe damage 46 with recent examples including Larry Yasi Ita and Debbie Flooding from rain bearing systems can also be severe and can occur anywhere in Queensland One of the deadliest and most damaging floods in the history of the state occurred in early 2011 47 Severe springtime thunderstorms generally affect the south east and inland of the state and can bring damaging winds torrential rain large hail and even tornadoes 48 The strongest tornado ever recorded in Australia occurred in Queensland near Bundaberg in November 1992 49 Droughts and bushfires can also occur however the latter are generally less severe than those that occur in southern states The highest official maximum temperature recorded in the state was 49 5 C 121 1 F at Birdsville Police Station on 24 December 1972 50 although the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS on NASA s Aqua satellite measured a ground surface temperature of 69 3 C 156 7 F Queensland has the highest average maximums of any Australian state and Stanthorpe Hervey Bay Mackay Atherton Weipa and Thursday Island are the only large population centres clarification needed not to have recorded a temperature above 40 C 104 F The lowest recorded minimum temperature is 10 6 C 12 9 F at Stanthorpe on 23 June 1961 and at The Hermitage near Warwick on 12 July 1965 51 Temperatures below 0 C 32 F are however generally uncommon over the majority of populated Queensland Climate data for QueenslandMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 49 0 120 2 47 2 117 0 46 7 116 1 41 7 107 1 39 3 102 7 36 0 96 8 36 1 97 0 38 5 101 3 42 4 108 3 45 1 113 2 48 7 119 7 49 5 121 1 49 5 121 1 Record low C F 5 4 41 7 3 3 37 9 0 2 31 6 3 5 25 7 6 8 19 8 10 6 12 9 10 6 12 9 9 4 15 1 5 6 21 9 3 6 25 5 0 0 32 0 0 0 32 0 10 6 12 9 Source 1 Bureau of Meteorology 52 Source 2 Bureau of Meteorology 53 Demographics EditSee also Demographics of Australia and Demographics of Brisbane Brisbane capital and most populous city of Queensland Historical populationsQueensland N 1 YearPop 1826160 1836400 150 0 18462 258 464 5 185618 544 721 3 186473 578 296 8 1876182 185 147 6 1886332 311 82 4 1891400 395 20 5 1906538 973 34 6 1916677 026 25 6 1926862 486 27 4 1936982 978 14 0 19461 096 831 11 6 19561 381 591 26 0 19661 674 324 21 2 19762 092 375 25 0 19862 624 595 25 4 19963 338 690 27 2 20064 090 908 22 5 20164 844 500 18 4 Source 54 55 56 In December 2021 Queensland had an estimated population of 5 265 043 2 Approximately half of the state s population live in Brisbane and over 70 live in South East Queensland Nonetheless Queensland is the second most decentralised state in Australia after Tasmania Since the 1980s Queensland has consistently been the fastest growing state in Australia as it receives high levels of both international immigration and migration from interstate There have however been short periods where Victoria and Western Australia have grown faster Cities Edit Ten of Australia s thirty largest cities are located in Queensland In 2019 the largest cities in the state by population of their Greater Capital City Statistical Area or Significant Urban Area metropolitan areas as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics were 57 Brisbane 2 514 184 Gold Coast Tweed Heads 693 671 Sunshine Coast 341 069 Townsville 181 668 Cairns 153 951 Toowoomba 138 223 Mackay 80 264 Rockhampton 79 081 Bundaberg 71 309 Hervey Bay 55 345 Gladstone Tannum Sands 45 631 Ancestry and immigration Edit Country of Birth 2016 7 8 Birthplace N 2 PopulationAustralia 3 343 657New Zealand 201 206England 180 775India 49 145Mainland China 47 114South Africa 40 131Philippines 39 661Scotland 21 882Germany 20 387Vietnam 19 544South Korea 18 327United States 17 053Papua New Guinea 16 120Taiwan 15 592Early settlers during the 19th century were largely English Irish Scottish and German while there was a wave of immigration from southern and eastern Europe most notably Italy in the decades following the second world war In the 21st century Asia most notably China and India has been the primary source of immigration At the 2016 census the most commonly nominated ancestries were N 3 7 8 English 41 3 Australian 37 9 N 4 Irish 13 Scottish 11 2 German 6 8 Indigenous 4 N 5 Chinese 3 1 Italian 3 Indian 1 7 Dutch 1 6 New Zealander 1 6 Maori 1 2 Filipino 1 2 The 2016 census showed that 28 9 of Queensland s inhabitants were born overseas Only 54 8 of inhabitants had both parents born in Australia with the next most common birthplaces being New Zealand England India Mainland China and South Africa 7 8 Brisbane has the 26th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas 4 of the population or 186 482 people identified as Indigenous Australians Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders in 2016 N 6 7 8 Language Edit At the 2016 census 81 2 of inhabitants spoke only English at home with the next most common languages being Mandarin 1 5 Vietnamese 0 6 Cantonese 0 5 Spanish 0 4 and Italian 0 4 59 60 At the 2021 census 80 5 of inhabitants spoke only English at home with the next most common languages being Mandarin 1 6 Vietnamese 0 6 Punjabi 0 6 and Spanish 0 6 61 Religion Edit At the 2016 census the most commonly cited religious affiliations were No religion 29 2 Catholicism 21 7 and Anglicanism 15 3 62 According to the 2021 census 45 7 of the population follows Christianity and 41 2 identified as having No religion 61 63 About 5 of people are affiliated with a non Christian religion mainly Buddhism 1 4 Hinduism 1 3 and Islam 1 2 61 Education Edit The Great Court at the University of Queensland in Brisbane Queensland s oldest university Queensland is home to numerous universities The state s oldest university the University of Queensland was established in 1909 and frequently ranks among the world s top 50 64 65 66 Other major universities include Queensland University of Technology Griffith University the University of Southern Queensland the University of the Sunshine Coast James Cook University which was the state s first university outside of South East Queensland Central Queensland University and Bond University which was Australia s first private university International education is an important industry with 134 312 international students enrolled in the state in 2018 largely focused on Brisbane Most of the state s international students are from Asia 67 At the primary and secondary levels Queensland is home to numerous state and private schools Economy EditMain article Economy of Queensland See also Economy of Australia Skyline of the Brisbane central business district Brisbane is a global city and the state s largest economic hub Gold mine at Ravenswood in North Queensland Mining is one of the state s major industries The Gold Coast Queensland s second largest city and a major tourist destination Noosa Heads on the Sunshine Coast Queensland s third largest city and a major tourist destination In 2019 Queensland had a gross state product of A 357 044 million the third highest in the nation after New South Wales and Victoria 68 The construction of sea ports and railways along Queensland s coast in the 19th century set up the foundations for the state s export oriented mining and agricultural sectors Since the 1980s a sizeable influx of interstate and overseas migrants large amounts of federal government investment increased mining of vast mineral deposits and an expanding aerospace sector have contributed to the state s economic growth 69 Primary industries include bananas pineapples peanuts a wide variety of other tropical and temperate fruit and vegetables grain crops wineries cattle raising cotton sugarcane and wool The mining industry includes bauxite coal silver lead zinc gold and copper citation needed Secondary industries are mostly further processing of the above mentioned primary produce For example bauxite is shipped by sea from Weipa and converted to alumina at Gladstone 70 There is also copper refining and the refining of sugar cane to sugar at a number of mills along the eastern coastline Major tertiary industries are retail tourism and international education In 2018 there were 134 312 international students enrolled in the state largely focused on Brisbane Most of the state s international students are from Asia 67 Brisbane is categorised as a global city and is among Asia Pacific cities with largest GDPs It has strengths in mining banking insurance transportation information technology real estate and food 71 Some of the largest companies headquartered in Brisbane all among Australia s largest include Suncorp Group Virgin Australia Aurizon Bank of Queensland Flight Centre CUA Sunsuper QSuper Domino s Pizza Enterprises Star Entertainment Group ALS TechnologyOne NEXTDC Super Retail Group New Hope Coal Jumbo Interactive National Storage Collins Foods and Boeing Australia 72 Tourism Edit See also Tourism in Brisbane Hill Inlet at the Whitsunday Islands As a result of its varied landscapes warm climate and abundant natural environment tourism is Queensland s leading tertiary industry with millions of interstate and international visitors visiting the state each year The industry generates 8 8 billion annually accounting for 4 5 of Queensland s Gross State Product It has an annual export of 4 0 billion annually The sector directly employs about 5 7 of Queensland citizens 73 Accommodation in Queensland caters for nearly 22 of the total expenditure followed by restaurants meals 15 airfares 11 fuel 11 and shopping gifts 11 74 The most visited tourist destinations of Queensland include Brisbane including Moreton and South Stradbroke islands and the Gold Coast as well as the Sunshine Coast the Great Barrier Reef Cairns Port Douglas the Daintree Rainforest K gari and the Whitsunday Islands 75 76 77 Brisbane is the third most popular destination in Australia following Sydney and Melbourne 78 Major attractions in its metropolitan area include South Bank Parklands the Queensland Cultural Centre including the Queensland Museum Queensland Art Gallery Gallery of Modern Art Queensland Performing Arts Centre and State Library of Queensland City Hall the Story Bridge the Howard Smith Wharves ANZAC Square St John s Cathedral Fortitude Valley including James Street and Chinatown West End the Teneriffe woolstores precinct the Brisbane River and its Riverwalk network the City Botanic Gardens Roma Street Parkland New Farm Park including the Brisbane Powerhouse the Kangaroo Point Cliffs and park the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary the Mount Coot tha Reserve including Mount Coot tha Lookout and Mount Coot tha Botanic Gardens the D Aguilar Range and National Park as well as Moreton Bay including Moreton North Stradbroke and Bribie islands and coastal suburbs such as Shorncliffe Wynnum and those on the Redcliffe Peninsula citation needed The Gold Coast is home to numerous popular surf beaches such as those at Surfers Paradise and Burleigh Heads It also includes the largest concentration of amusement parks in Australia including Dreamworld Movie World Sea World Wet n Wild and WhiteWater World as well as the Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary The Gold Coast s hinterland includes Lamington National Park in the McPherson Range citation needed The Sunshine Coast includes popular surfing and beach destinations including Noosa Heads and Mooloolaba It is also home to UnderWater World and Steve Irwin s Australia Zoo Its hinterland includes the Glass House Mountains National Park 79 Cairns is renowned as the gateway to the Great Barrier Reef Far North Queensland including Port Douglas and the Daintree Rainforest The Whitsunday Islands off the coast of North Queensland are a popular tourist destinations for their resort facilities and access to the Great Barrier Reef 80 Politics and government EditMain article Politics of Queensland See also Queensland Government Parliament of Queensland and List of Queensland courts and tribunals Parliament House seat of the Queensland Parliament Government House seat of the Governor Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law headquarters of the Supreme Court of Queensland and District Court of Queensland One of the six founding states of Australia Queensland has been a federated state subject to the Australian Constitution since 1 January 1901 It is sovereign other than in the matters ceded in the Australian Constitution to the federal government It is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy The Constitution of Queensland sets out the operation of the state s government The state s constitution contains several entrenched provisions which cannot be changed in the absence of a referendum There is also a statutory bill of rights the Queensland Human Rights Act 2019 Queensland s system of government is influenced by the Westminster system and Australia s federal system of government The government is separated into three branches Legislature the unicameral Parliament of Queensland comprising the Legislative Assembly and the Monarch represented by the Governor Executive the Executive Council of Queensland which formalises decisions of the Cabinet of Queensland which is composed of the Premier and other ministers of state appointed by the Governor on the advice of Parliament Judiciary the Supreme Court and other state courts whose judges are appointed by the Governor on advice of Parliament Executive authority is nominally vested in the Governor of Queensland currently Jeannette Young who represents and is appointed by the Monarch of Australia currently Charles III on the advice of the Premier of Queensland The Premier who is the state s Head of government along with the Cabinet of Queensland whose decisions are formalised by the Executive Council exercise executive authority in practice The Premier is appointed by the Governor and must have support of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland The Premier is in practice a leading member of the Legislative Assembly and parliamentary leader of his or her political party or coalition of parties and members of Cabinet will be drawn from the same party or coalition The current Premier and Deputy Premier are Annastacia Palaszczuk and Steven Miles of the Labor Party respectively Government House at Paddington in Brisbane is the seat of the Governor having replaced Old Government House at Gardens Point in Brisbane s CBD in the early 20th century The executive branch simply referred to as the Queensland Government Legislative authority is exercised by the Queensland Parliament which uniquely for Australian states is unicameral containing only one house the Legislative Assembly The Parliament was bicameral until 1922 when the Legislative Council was abolished by the Labor suicide squad so called because they were appointed for the purpose of voting to abolish their own offices 81 Bills receive royal assent from the Governor before being passed into law The Parliament s seat is at Parliament House at Gardens Point in Brisbane s CBD Members of the Legislative Assemby represent 93 electoral districts Elections in Queensland are held at the end of each fixed four year parliamentary term and are determined by instant runoff voting The state s judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the District Court of Queensland established by the Queensland Constitution as well as the Magistrates Court of Queensland and other courts and tribunals established by legislation Cases may be appealed to the High Court of Australia As with all Australian states and territories Queensland has a Common law legal system The Supreme and District courts are headquartered at the Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law in Brisbane s CBD The state s politics are traditionally regarded as being conservative relative to other states 82 83 84 85 86 Historically the lack of an upper house a former gerrymander favouring rural electoral districts as well as the former system of optional preferential voting has meant that Queensland had a long tradition of domination by strong willed populist premiers often accused of authoritarian tendencies holding office for long periods This tendency was exemplified by the government of the state s longest serving Premier Joh Bjelke Petersen Local government Edit Main article Local government in Queensland Local government is the mechanism by which local government areas can manage their own affairs to the extent permitted by the Local Government Act 2009 Queensland is divided into 77 local government areas which are created by the state government under legislation 87 Each local government area has a council responsible for providing a range of local services and utilities Local councils derive their income from both rates and charges on resident ratepayers and grants and subsidies from the state and federal governments 88 Federal representation Edit Queensland Federal parliamentary delegations 89 ElectionHouse of Representatives SenateCoalition N 7 Labor Other N 8 Coalition Labor Other2001 19 7 1 5 4 32004 21 5 1 7 4 12007 13 15 1 7 5 02010 21 8 1 6 5 12013 22 6 2 6 4 22016 21 8 1 5 4 32019 23 6 1 6 3 32022 21 5 4 5 3 4In the federal Parliament of Australia Queensland accounts for 30 of the 151 electoral divisions in the House of Representatives on the basis of population size and 12 of the 76 seats in the Senate on the basis of equality between the states The current partisan makeup of Queensland s House of Representatives delegation is 21 Liberal National 5 Labor 3 Australian Greens and 1 Katter s Australian Party The current partisan makeup of Queensland s Senate delegation is 5 Liberal National 3 Labor 2 One Nation and 2 Green Culture Edit Ekka the Royal Queensland Exhibition is held each August at the Brisbane Showgrounds Queensland is home to major art galleries including the Queensland Art Gallery and the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art as well as cultural institutions such as the Queensland Ballet Opera Queensland Queensland Theatre Company and Queensland Symphony Orchestra all based at the Queensland Cultural Centre in Brisbane The state is the origin of musicians such as the Bee Gees The Go Betweens The Veronicas The Saints Savage Garden and Sheppard as well as writers such as David Malouf Nick Earls and Li Cunxin Major annual cultural events include the Royal Queensland Exhibition known locally as the Ekka an agricultural exhibition held each August at the Brisbane Showgrounds as well as the Brisbane Festival which includes one of the nation s largest annual fireworks displays called Riverfire and which is held each September Sport Edit Main article Sport in Queensland Cricket game at The Gabba a 42 000 seat round stadium in Brisbane The state of Queensland is represented in all of Australia s national sporting competitions and it is also host to a number of domestic and international sporting events The most popular winter and summer team sports are rugby league and cricket respectively In the National Rugby League the Brisbane Broncos North Queensland Cowboys and Gold Coast Titans are based in the state Rugby league s annual State of Origin series is a major event in the Queensland sporting calendar with the Queensland Maroons representing the state In cricket the Queensland Bulls represent the state in the Sheffield Shield and the Ryobi One Day Cup while the Brisbane Heat compete in the Big Bash League Queensland is also home to the Brisbane Lions and the Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League Australian rules football and the Brisbane Roar FC in the A League soccer In netball the Queensland Firebirds went undefeated in the 2011 season as they went on to win the Grand Final Other sports teams are the Brisbane Bullets and the Cairns Taipans who compete in the National Basketball League The state is represented by the Queensland Reds in the Super Rugby rugby union Swimming is also a popular sport in Queensland with many of Australian team members and international medalists hailing from the state Brisbane will host the 2032 Summer Olympics marking the third time Australia hosted the Olympic Games following Melbourne 1956 and Sydney 2000 90 Major recurring sporting events hosted in Queensland include the Gold Coast 600 motorsport since 1994 the Gold Coast Marathon athletics since 1979 the NRL All Stars Game rugby league since 2010 the Townsville 400 motorsport since 2009 the Quicksilver Pro and Roxy Pro surfing and Australian PGA Championship golf since 2000 Symbols and emblems Edit Main article Symbols of Queensland The official state emblems of Queensland are prescribed in the Emblems of Queensland Act 2005 Queen Victoria granted the Queensland Coat of Arms to the Colony of Queensland in 1893 making it the oldest State Arms in Australia 91 It depicts Queensland s primary industries in the 19th century with a sheaf of wheat the heads of a bull and a ram and a column of gold rising from a heap of quartz Two stalks of sugar cane which surround the state badge at the top and below is Queensland s state motto Audax at Fidelis which means Bold but Faithful In 1977 Queen Elizabeth II granted the supporting animals the brolga and the red deer 91 92 In November 2003 maroon was officially named as Queensland s state colour after many years of association with Queensland sporting teams The koala was officially named the animal or faunal emblem of Queensland in 1971 after a newspaper poll showed strong public support The Queensland Government introduced the poll due to a proposal by state tourism ministers for all states to adopt a faunal emblem 91 In January 1986 that the brolga was announced as the official bird emblem of Queensland after many years on the Coat of Arms 92 The Cooktown orchid became known as Queensland s floral emblem in 1959 during celebrations to mark the state s centenary 93 94 and the Barrier Reef Anemone Fish was officially named as Queensland s aquatic emblem in March 2005 95 The sapphire was named the official state gem for Queensland in August 1985 96 97 Infrastructure EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Queensland news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Transportation in Australia Transport in Brisbane TransLink South East Queensland and Queensland Rail City network Transport Edit Passenger train at Oxley railway station on the Ipswich Rosweood line within the Queensland Rail City network Cargo ships at the Port of Gladstone Queensland s largest commodity seaport Queensland is served by a number of National Highways and particularly in South East Queensland a network of freeways such as the M1 The Department of Transport amp Main Roads oversees the development and operation of main roads and public transport including taxis and local aviation Principal rail services are provided by Queensland Rail predominantly between the major centres east of the Great Dividing Range Freight rail services in Queensland have been provided mostly by Aurizon and Pacific National with interstate intermodal services provided by Pacific National and SCT Logistics Major seaports include the Port of Brisbane Australia s third busiest by value of goods as well as those at Gladstone Townsville and Bundaberg There are large coal export facilities at Hay Point Gladstone and Abbot Point Major sugar export facilities are located at Lucinda and Mackay Brisbane Airport is the main international and domestic gateway serving the state and is the third busiest in Australia Other international airports include the Gold Coast Airport Cairns International Airport and Townsville Airport Regional airports with scheduled domestic flights include Toowoomba Wellcamp Airport Great Barrier Reef Airport Hervey Bay Airport Bundaberg Airport Mackay Airport Mount Isa Airport Proserpine Whitsunday Coast Airport Rockhampton Airport and Sunshine Coast Airport South East Queensland has an integrated public transport system operated by TransLink which provides services bus rail light rail and Brisbane s ferry services through Queensland Rail and contracted operators The region is divided into seven Fare zones radiating outwards from the Brisbane central business district which is the central hub for the system The Queensland Rail City network consists of 152 train stations along 13 suburban rail lines and across the region and predominantly within Brisbane s metropolitan area There is also a large bus network including Brisbane s large dedicated bus rapid transit network the Brisbane busway network Brisbane s popular ferry services include the CityCat Cross River and CityHopper services which have dedicated wharves along the Brisbane River The G link Queensland s only light rail network operates on the Gold Coast 98 Other utilities Edit Queensland Health operates and administers the state s public health system There are sixteen regional Health and Hospital Services corresponding to geographical regions which are responsible for delivering public health services within their regions Major public hospitals include the Royal Brisbane and Women s Hospital Princess Alexandra Hospital the Mater Hospital the Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital and the Queensland Children s Hospital in Brisbane as well as the Townsville University Hospital Cairns Hospital Gold Coast Hospital and Gold Coast University Hospital in the regional cities There are smaller public hospitals as well as private hospitals around the state See also Edit Queensland portal Australia portal Oceania portal Geography portalOutline of Australia Index of Australia related articles Queensland Day BlackbirdingNotes Edit In the UK and US ˈ k w iː n z l e n d KWEENZ lend is the preferred variant 6 Pre 1971 figures may not include the Indigenous population In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source England Scotland Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately As a percentage of 4 348 289 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate Australian as their ancestry are part of the Anglo Celtic group 58 Of any ancestry Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry Of any ancestry Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry Includes the Liberal Party of Australia National Party of Australia Liberal National Party of Queensland and Country Liberal Party In 2008 all Coalition parties in Queensland merged into the Liberal National Party of Queensland Includes independents and minor parties References Edit Slang What Aussies call other Aussies Australian Geographic 16 May 2013 Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 a b c National state and territory population December 2021 Australian Bureau of Statistics 28 June 2022 Archived from the original on 29 June 2022 Retrieved 1 July 2022 5220 0 Australian National Accounts State Accounts 2019 20 Australian Bureau of Statistics 20 November 2020 Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 Retrieved 20 January 2021 Sub national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab hdi globaldatalab org Archived from the original on 23 September 2018 Retrieved 24 January 2022 Floral Emblem of Queensland Australian National Botanic Gardens Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 Retrieved 23 January 2013 Wells John C 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Longman ISBN 9781405881180 a b c d e 2016 Census Community Profiles Australian Bureau of Statistics Archived from the original on 22 June 2019 Retrieved 28 May 2020 a b c d e 2016 Census of Population and 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Government Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 Retrieved 8 November 2017 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queensland Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Queensland Geographic data related to Queensland at OpenStreetMap Government of Queensland State Archives Government of Queensland State Library Government of Queensland Far North Queensland historical footage AU National Film and Sound Archive 21 August 2012 Daintrees Richard Glass plates AU National Museum Works by Queensland at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Queensland at Internet Archive State Library of Queensland holds the Growing up in Queensland GUiQ 2018 archive a project conducted by the Queensland Family and Child Commission The inaugural GUiQ was conducted in 2018 and gathered information about thoughts and experiences of children and young people aged 4 18 years in Queensland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Queensland amp oldid 1137543298, wikipedia, wiki, 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