fbpx
Wikipedia

Togo

January 19, 2023

This article is about the African country. For other uses, see Togo (disambiguation).

Togo (/ˈtoʊɡoʊ/ (listen)), officially the Togolese Republic (French: République togolaise), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.[8] It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital, Lomé, is located.[9] It covers about 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 square miles) with a population of approximately 8 million,[10] and has a width of less than 115 km (71 mi) between Ghana and its eastern neighbor Benin.[11][12]

Togolese Republic
République togolaise (French)
Motto: "Travail, Liberté, Patrie"[1] (French)
"Work, Liberty, Homeland"
Anthem: "Terre de nos aïeux" (French)
(English: "Land of our ancestors")
Location of Togo (dark blue)

in the African Union (light blue)

Capital
and largest city
Lomé
6°8′N 1°13′E / 6.133°N 1.217°E / 6.133; 1.217
Official languages
Recognised national languages
Spoken languages
List:
Ethnic groups
99% 37 African groups containing: Ewe, Kabye, Tem, Gourma,
1% European, Indian and Syro-Lebanese[2]
Religion
(2020)
Demonym(s)Togolese
GovernmentUnitary dominant-party presidential republic
• President
Faure Gnassingbé
Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
LegislatureNational Assembly
Independence 
from France
• Independence granted
27 April 1960
Area
• Total
56,785 km2 (21,925 sq mi) (123rd)
• Water (%)
4.2
Population
• 2022 estimate
8,492,333[4] (102nd)
• Density
125.9/km2 (326.1/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
• Total
$14.919 billion
• Per capita
$1,821[5]
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
• Total
$5.592 billion
• Per capita
$682[5]
Gini (2015) 43.1[6]
medium
HDI (2019) 0.515[7]
low · 167th
CurrencyWest African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+228
ISO 3166 codeTG
Internet TLD.tg
  1. Such as Ewe, Mina and Aja.
  2. Largest are the Ewe, Mina, Kotokoli Tem and Kabyè.
  3. Mostly European, Indian & Syrian-Lebanese.
  4. Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
  5. Rankings based on 2017 figures (CIA World Factbook – "Togo")

From the 11th to the 16th century, tribes entered the region from various directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a trading center for Europeans to purchase slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast". In 1884, Germany declared a region including a protectorate called Togoland. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.[2][13] In 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma led a successful military coup d'état, after which he became president of an anti-communist, single-party state. In 1993, Eyadéma faced multiparty elections marred by irregularities, and won the presidency three times. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the "longest-serving leader in modern African history", having been president for 38 years.[14] In 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president.

Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation[8] whose economy depends mostly on agriculture.[13] The official language is French,[13] but other languages are spoken, particularly those of the Gbe family. 42.3% of the population adhere to Christianity, making it the largest religion in the country.[15] Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Francophonie, Commonwealth, and Economic Community of West African States.

History

Main article: History of Togo

Archaeological finds indicate that tribes were able to produce pottery and process iron. The name Togo is translated from the Ewe language as "behind the river". During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, tribes entered the region: the Ewé from the west, and the Mina and Gun from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas. The Atlantic slave trade began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast".

 
Togoland (R. Hellgrewe, 1908)

In 1884, a paper was signed at Togoville with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a protectorate over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the German colony of Togoland. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay taxes. A railway and the port of Lomé were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced techniques of cultivation of cocoa, coffee and cotton and developed the infrastructure.

During the First World War, Togoland was invaded by Britain and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. The Togoland Campaign involved the successful French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland during the West African Campaign of the First World War. Following the Allied invasion of the colony in August 1914, German forces were defeated, forcing the colony's surrender on 26 August 1914. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togoland was subsequently partitioned into British and French zones, creating the colonies of British Togoland and French Togoland. On 20 July 1922, Great Britain received the League of Nations mandate to govern the western part of Togo and France to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament.

After World War II, these mandates became UN Trust Territories. The residents of British Togoland voted to join the Gold Coast as part of the independent nation of Ghana in 1957. French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union in 1959, while France retained the right to control the defense, foreign relations, and finances.

The Togolese Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 1960. In the first presidential elections in 1961, Sylvanus Olympio became the first president, gaining 100% of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition. On 9 April 1961, the Constitution of the Togolese Republic was adopted, according to which the supreme legislative body was the National Assembly of Togo.[16] In December 1961, leaders of opposition parties were arrested because they were accused of the preparation of an anti-government conspiracy. A decree was issued on the dissolution of the opposition parties. Olympio tried to reduce dependence on France by establishing cooperation with the United States, United Kingdom, and West Germany. He rejected the efforts of French soldiers who were demobilized after the Algerian War and tried to get a position in the Togolese army. These factors eventually led to a military coup on 13 January 1963 during which he was assassinated by a group of soldiers under the direction of Sergeant Gnassingbé Eyadéma.[17] A state of emergency was declared in Togo. The military handed over power to an interim government led by Nicolas Grunitzky. In May 1963, Grunitzky was elected President of the Republic. The new leadership pursued a policy of developing relations with France. His main aim was to dampen the divisions between north and south, promulgate a new constitution, and introduce a multiparty system.

On 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.[18] He created the Rally of the Togolese People Party, banned activities of other political parties and introduced a 1-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in 1979 and 1986. In 1983, the privatization program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in 1993, 1998 and 2003, as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the European Union and Togo on the resumption of cooperation.

 
The 2017–18 Togolese protests against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family

Eyadéma Gnassingbé died on 5 February 2005. The military's installation of his son, Faure Gnassingbé,[18] as president provoked international condemnation, except from France. Some "democratically elected" African leaders such as Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the African Union.[19] Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to democracy that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with EU which cut off aid in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. Up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to UN. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in 2010 and 2015.

In 2017, anti-government protests erupted. UN condemned the resulting crackdown by security forces, and Gambia's foreign minister, Ousainou Darboe, had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.[20]

In the February 2020 presidential elections, Faure Gnassingbé won his fourth presidential term in office as the president of Togo.[21] According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister Agbeyome Kodjo who had 18%.[22] On 4 May 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came after the re-elected Faure Gnassingbé had his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.[23]

Togo joined the Commonwealth in June 2022.[24] Prior to its admission at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Foreign Minister Robert Dussey said that he expected Commonwealth membership to provide new export markets, funding for development projects and opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English and access new educational and cultural resources.[25]

Government

Main article: Politics of Togo
 
President since 2005 Faure Gnassingbé
 
Gnassingbé Eyadéma ruled from 1967 until his death in 2005.

The president is elected by universal and direct suffrage for five years, and is the commander of the armed forces and has the right to initiate legislation and dissolve parliament. Executive power is exercised by the president and the government. The head of government is the Prime Minister who is appointed by the president.

President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, who ruled Togo under a one-party system, died of a heart attack on 5 February 2005. Under the Togolese Constitution, the President of the Parliament, Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, should have become president of the country, pending a presidential election to be called within 60 days. Natchaba was out of the country, returning on an Air France plane from Paris.[26] The Togolese army, known as Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), or Togolese Armed Forces, closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in Benin. With an engineered power vacuum, the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within 60 days and declared that Eyadema's son, Faure Gnassingbé, would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father's term.[26] Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005, with international criticism of the succession.[27] The African Union described the takeover as a military coup d'état.[28] International pressure also came from the United Nations. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which some hundred died. There were uprisings in cities and towns mainly in the southern part of the country. In the town of Aného reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a massacre by government troops. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold elections and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, and afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.[29]

On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected president of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been Emmanuel Bob-Akitani from the Union des Forces du Changement (UFC). Electoral fraud was suspected due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight.[30] Parliament designated Deputy President, Bonfoh Abbass, as interim president until the inauguration.[29] On 3 May 2005, Faure Gnassingbé was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims, unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote "reasonably fair". The Nigerian president and Chair of AU, Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, and rejected an AU Commission appointment of former Zambian president, Kenneth Kaunda, as special AU envoy to Togo.[31][32] In June, President Gnassingbé named opposition leader Edem Kodjo as the prime minister.

In October 2007, after postponements, elections were held under proportional representation. This allowed the less populated north to seat as many MPs as the more populated south.[citation needed] The president-backed party Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) won a majority with UFC coming second and the other parties claiming inconsequential representation. Vote rigging accusations were leveled at RPT supported by the civil and military security apparatus. With the presence of an EU observer mission, canceled ballots and illegal voting took place, the majority of which in RPT strongholds. On 3 December 2007 Komlan Mally of RPT was appointed to prime minister succeeding Agboyibor. On 5 September 2008, Mally resigned as prime minister of Togo.

Faure Gnassingbé won re-election in the March 2010 presidential election, taking 61% of the vote against Jean-Pierre Fabre from UFC, who had been backed by an opposition coalition called FRAC (Republican Front for Change).[33] Electoral observers noted "procedural errors" and technical problems, and the opposition did not recognize the results, claiming irregularities had affected the outcome.[34][35] Periodic protests against Faure Gnassingbé followed the election.[36] In May 2010, opposition leader Gilchrist Olympio announced that he would enter into a power-sharing deal with the government, a coalition arrangement which provides UFC with eight ministerial posts.[37][38] In June 2012, electoral reforms prompted protesters to take to the street in Lomé for days; protesters sought a return to the 1992 constitution that would re-establish presidential term limits.[39] July 2012 saw the resignation of the prime minister, Gilbert Houngbo.[40] Days later, the commerce minister, Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, was named to lead the new government. In the same month, the home of opposition leader Jean Pierre Fabre was raided by security forces, and thousands of protesters again rallied publicly against the government crackdown.[41]

In April 2015, President Faure Gnassingbe was re-elected for a third term.[42] In February 2020, Faure Gnassingbé was again re-elected for his fourth presidential term. The opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities.[43] Gnassingbé family has ruled Togo since 1967, meaning it is Africa's longest lasting dynasty.[44]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Regions of Togo and Prefectures of Togo
Savanes Region, TogoPlateaux Region, TogoKara RegionCentrale Region, TogoMaritime Region 

Togo is divided into 5 regions which are subdivided in turn into 30 prefectures. From north to south the regions are Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux and Maritime.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Togo

While Togo's foreign policy is nonaligned, it has historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo recognizes the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and Cuba. It re-established relations with Israel in 1987. Togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in international organizations. It is particularly active in West African regional affairs and in the African Union.

In 2017, Togo signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[45] Togo joined the Commonwealth of Nations, along with Gabon, at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kigali, Rwanda.[24] In joining the Commonwealth, Foreign Minister Robert Dussey told Reuters, the country sought to expand its "diplomatic, political and economic network" and to "forge closer ties with the anglophone world."[25]

Military

Main article: Togolese Armed Forces

FAT (Forces armées togolaises, "Togolese armed forces"), consists of the army, navy, air force, and gendarmerie. Total military expenditures during the fiscal year of 2005 totalled 1.6% of the country's GDP.[2] Military bases exist in Lomé, Temedja, Kara, Niamtougou, and Dapaong.[46] The current Chief of the General Staff is Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, who took office on 19 May 2009.[47] The air force is equipped with Alpha jets.[48]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Togo

Togo was labeled "Not Free" by Freedom House from 1972 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2006, and has been categorized as "Partly Free" from 1999 to 2001 and from 2007. According to a U.S. State Department report based on conditions in 2010, human rights problems include "security force use of excessive force, including torture, which resulted in deaths and injuries; official impunity; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrests and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; executive influence over the judiciary; infringement of citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on freedoms of press, assembly, and movement; official corruption; discrimination and violence against women; child abuse, including female genital mutilation (FGM), and sexual exploitation of children; regional and ethnic discrimination; trafficking in persons, especially women and children; societal discrimination against persons with disabilities; official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons; societal discrimination against persons with HIV; and forced labor, including by children."[49] Same-sex sexual activity is illegal in Togo,[50] with a penalty of one to three years imprisonment.[51]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Togo
 
Ghana-Togo topography−topographic map
 
Map of Togo

It has an area equal to 56,785 km2 (21,925 sq mi). It borders the Bight of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north, it is bound by Burkina Faso. It lies mostly between latitudes 6° and 11°N, and longitudes 0° and 2°E.

The coast of Togo in the Gulf of Guinea is 56 km (35 miles) long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north, the land is characterized by a rolling savanna in contrast to the center of the country, which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a savanna and woodland plateau which reaches a coastal plain with lagoons and marshes. The highest mountain of the country is the Mont Agou at 986 metres (3235') above sea level. The longest river is the Mono River with a length of 400 km (250 miles). It runs from north to south.

The climate is "generally tropical"[13] with average temperatures ranging from 23 °C (73 °F) on the coast to about 30 °C (86 °F) in the northernmost regions, with a drier climate and characteristics of a tropical savanna.

Togo contains three terrestrial ecoregions: Eastern Guinean forests, Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, and West Sudanian savanna.[52] The coast of Togo is characterized by marshes and mangroves. The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.88/10, ranking it 92nd globally out of 172 countries.[53]

At least five parks and reserves have been established: Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve, Fazao Malfakassa National Park, Fosse aux Lions National Park, Koutammakou,[54] and Kéran National Park.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Togo
See also: List of companies based in Togo
 
A proportional representation of Togo exports, 2019

It possesses phosphate deposits[13] and an export sector based on agricultural products such as coffee, cocoa bean, and peanuts (groundnuts), which together generate roughly 30% of export earnings.[13] Cotton is a cash crop.[55] The fertile land occupies 11.3% of the country, most of which is developed. Some crops are cassava, jasmine rice, maize and millet. Some other sectors are brewery and the textile industry. "Low market prices" for Togo's "major export commodities" coupled with the "volatile political situation" of the 1990s and 2000s had a "negative effect" on the economy.[56]

It is listed in the least developed country group. It serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long efforts supported by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to carry out economic reforms, to encourage investment, and to create the balance between income and consumption has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector, strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrank the tax base, and disrupted economic activity.

It imports machinery, equipment, petroleum products, and food. Main import partners are France (21.1%), the Netherlands (12.1%), Côte d'Ivoire (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) and China (4.1%). The main exports are cocoa, coffee, re-export of goods, phosphates and cotton. "Major export partners" are Burkina Faso (16.6%), China (15.4%), the Netherlands (13%), Benin (9.6%) and Mali (7.4%).

 
Fishermen

In terms of structural reforms, it has made progress in the liberalization of the economy, namely in the fields of trade and port activities. The privatization program of the cotton sector, telecommunications and water supply has stalled.

12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the armed forces, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Togo is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[57]

Agriculture is the "backbone" of the economy.[13] A shortage of funds for the purchase of irrigation equipment and fertilizers has reduced agricultural output. Agriculture generated 28.2% of GDP in 2012 and employed 49% of the working population in 2010. The country is essentially self-sufficient in food production. Livestock production is dominated by cattle breeding.[58][59]

Mining generated about 33.9% of GDP in 2012 and employed 12% of the population in 2010. Togo has the fourth-largest phosphate deposits in the world. Their production is 2.1 million tons per year. There are reserves of limestone, marble and salt.

Industry provides 20.4% of Togo's national income, as it consists of light industries and builders. Some reserves of limestone allows Togo to produce cement.[58][60]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Togo
Population[11][12]
Year Million
1950 1.4
2000 5.0
2021 8.6

The November 2010 census gave Togo a population of 6,191,155, more than double the total counted in the last census, in 2022 the Togo population is 8 680 832.[61] That census, taken in 1981, showed the nation had a population of 2,719,567. The capital, Lomé, grew from 375,499 in 1981 to 837,437 in 2010. When the urban population of surrounding Golfe prefecture is added, the Lomé Agglomeration contained 1,477,660 residents in 2010.[62][63]

Other cities in Togo according to the new census were Sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084), Atakpamé (69,261), Dapaong (58,071) and Tsévié (54,474). With an estimated population of 8,644,829 (as of 2021), Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a stronger growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.[62][63]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Togo
According to the 2010 Census[64]
Rank Name Region Pop.
 
Lomé
 
Sokodé 		1 Lomé Maritime 1,477,658  
Kara
 
Kpalimé
2 Sokodé Centrale 117,811
3 Kara Kara 94,878
4 Kpalimé Plateaux 75,084
5 Atakpamé Plateaux 69,261
6 Dapaong Savanes 58,071
7 Tsévié Maritime 54,474
8 Anié Plateaux 37,398
9 Notsé Plateaux 35,039
10 Cinkassé Savanes 26,926

Ethnic groups

 
People in the 1980s

In Togo, there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the most numerous of which are the Ewe in the south who make up 32% of the population. Along the southern coastline, they account for 21% of the population. Also found are Kotokoli or Tem and Tchamba in the center and the Kabye people in the north (22%). The Ouatchis [fr] are 14% of the population. Sometimes the Ewes and Ouatchis are considered the same, while the French who studied both groups considered them different people.[65] Other ethnic groups include the Mina, Mossi, the Moba and Bassar, the Tchokossi of Mango (about 8%).

Religion

Main article: Religion in Togo

Religion in Togo

  Christianity (42.3%)
  Traditional faiths (36.9%)
  Islam (14%)
  No religion (6.2%)
  Other (0.6%)

[66]

 
Church in Kpalime

According to a 2012 US government religious freedoms report, in 2004 the University of Lomé estimated that 33% of the population were traditional animists, 28% were Roman Catholic, 20% Sunni Muslim, 9% Protestant and another 5% belonged to other Christian denominations. The remaining 5% were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group. The report noted that "many" Christians and Muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices.[67] The CIA World Factbook meanwhile states that 44% of the population are Christian, 14% are Muslim with 36% being followers of indigenous beliefs.[58]

Christianity began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of Portuguese Catholic missionaries. Germans introduced Protestantism in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to the coastal areas of Togo and Ghana. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema", a corruption of the word "Bremen". After World War I, German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the Ewe Evangelical Church.[68]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Togo

According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, some of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members.[69] Of the 39 languages, the sole official language is French.[70] Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975: Ewé (Ewe: Èʋegbe; French: Evé) and Kabiyé.[70]

French is used in formal education, legislature, all forms of media, administration and commerce. Ewe is a language of wider communication in the south. Tem functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns.[71] Officially, Ewe and Kabiye are "national languages", which in the Togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media. In joining the Commonwealth, the Togolese government has anticipated opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English.[25]

Health

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[72] finds that Togo is fulfilling 73.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.[73] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Togo achieves 93.8% of what is expected based on its current income.[73] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 88.2% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.[73] It falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling 37.3% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.[73]

Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.[58] The infant mortality rate is approximately 43.7 deaths per 1,000 children in 2016.[58] Male life expectancy at birth was at 62.3 in 2016, whereas it was at 67.7 years for females.[58] There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2008[58] According to a 2013 UNICEF report,[74] 4% of women in Togo have undergone female genital mutilation.

As of 2015, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.[58] The under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 births is 100, and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.[75]

In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400–6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100–7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100,000 (73,000–130,000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37–67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% – >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500–1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30–55%) had suppressed viral loads.[76]

Education

Education in Togo is compulsory for six years.[77] In 1996, the gross primary enrollment rate was 119.6%, and the net primary enrollment rate was 81.3%.[77] In 2011, the net enrollment rate was 94%. The education system has "suffered from teacher shortages, lower educational quality in rural areas, and high repetition and dropout rates".[77]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Togo and Music of Togo
 
Taberma houses

The culture reflects the influences of ethnic groups, the largest of which are the Ewe, Mina, Tem, Tchamba and Kabre. Some people follow native animistic practices and beliefs.

Ewe statuary is characterized by its statuettes which illustrate the worship of the ibeji. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the "more ubiquitous" African masks. The wood-carvers of Kloto has their "chains of marriage": Two characters are connected by rings whittled from one piece of wood.

The dyed fabric batiks of the artisanal center of Kloto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. There are loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the "immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind", and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician Paul Ahyi practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate Lomé.

Basketball is Togo's "second most practiced sport".[78] Togo featured a national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup in the men's section.[79]

Mass media includes radio, television, and online and print formats. The Agence Togolaise de Presse [fr] news agency began in 1975.[80] The Union des Journalistes Independants du Togo press association is headquartered in Lomé.[80]

See also

References

  1. ^ . 2002. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  2. ^ a b c "Togo". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  3. ^ "National Profiles".
  4. ^ "Togo". The World Factbook (2023 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org.
  6. ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  7. ^ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Republic of Togo". www.isdb.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  9. ^ "Republic of Togo". www.isdb.org. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  10. ^ "Togo country profile". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  11. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  12. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange". International cultural youth exchange. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  14. ^ "Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema". (5 February 2005). BBC News. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
  15. ^ "Togo", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 11 January 2023, retrieved 13 January 2023
  16. ^ . Ujamaa Live. 26 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  17. ^ Ellis, Stephen (1993). "Rumour and Power in Togo". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. Cambridge University Press. 63 (4): 462–476. doi:10.2307/1161002. JSTOR 1161002. S2CID 145261033.
  18. ^ a b "Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption". www.heritage.org. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  19. ^ BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26 2012.
  20. ^ Farge, Emma (23 October 2017). "Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  21. ^ "Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term". France 24. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  22. ^ "Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  23. ^ "Togo: une enquête ouverte après la mort du colonel Bitala Madjoulba" (in French). Radio France Internationale. 6 May 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  24. ^ a b Turner, Camilla (22 June 2022). "Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  25. ^ a b c Lawson, Alice (24 June 2022). "Togo sees Commonwealth entry as pivot to English-speaking world". Reuters. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  26. ^ a b "Togo: Africa's democratic test case". BBC News. 11 February 2005. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  27. ^ "Togo leader sworn in amid protest". BBC News. 7 February 2005. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  28. ^ "Togo succession 'coup' denounced". BBC News. 6 February 2005. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  29. ^ a b Godwin, Ebow (8 June 2010). . Associated Press (via SF Gate). Archived from the original on 6 January 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  30. ^ "Technological shutdowns as tools of oppression". SciDev.net. 20 June 2005. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  31. ^ . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). AllAfrica.com. 6 June 2005
  32. ^ . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). AllAfrica.com
  33. ^ "Togo's president re-elected: electoral agency". Sydney Morning Herald. 7 March 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  34. ^ "Togo opposition vows to challenge election result". BBC. 7 March 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  35. ^ "Togo leader Gnassingbe re-elected in disputed poll". Reuters. 6 March 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  36. ^ "Togo: 4,000 demonstrators protest Togo election results". AllAfrica.com. 11 April 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  37. ^ "Togo opposition 'to join coalition government'". BBC. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  38. ^ "Togo profile". BBC. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  39. ^ "Togo protest: Lome rocked by electoral reform unrest". BBC. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  40. ^ . Reuters. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  41. ^ "Huge rally in Togo". news24.com. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  42. ^ "Togo's Faure Gnassingbe wins third term as president". BBC News. 29 April 2015.
  43. ^ "Togo President Gnassingbé wins re-election | DW | 24.02.2020". Deutsche Welle.
  44. ^ "Togo's dynasty lives on". IPS. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  45. ^ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.
  46. ^ . www.forcesarmees.tg. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  47. ^ . www.forcesarmees.tg. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  48. ^ "Togolese Air Force acquires CN235". defenceweb.co.za. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  49. ^ "2010 Human Rights Report: Togo". US Department of State. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  50. ^ Avery, Daniel (4 April 2019). "71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal". Newsweek.
  51. ^ Itaborahy, Lucas Paoli (May 2013). (PDF). The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  52. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
  53. ^ Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  54. ^ "Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  55. ^ "The Fact File". factfile.org. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  56. ^ "Britannica". Britannica.org. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  57. ^ "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa". Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  59. ^ Joelle Businger. "Getting Togo's Agriculture Back on Track, and Lifting Rural Families Out of Poverty Along the Way".
  60. ^ "Togo | Location, History, Population, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  61. ^ "Population Togo - evolution population Togo - Pyramide des âges - age median - demographie - chiffres".
  62. ^ a b [RGPH4 Recensement Général de la Population 2010]. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale
  63. ^ a b Données de Recensement. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale
  64. ^ "Togo". City Population.
  65. ^ Khan, M. Ali; Sherieff, A.; Balakishan, A. (2007). Encyclopedia of world geography. Sarup & Sons. p. 255. ISBN 978-81-7625-773-2.
  66. ^ "Togo", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 11 January 2023, retrieved 13 January 2023
  67. ^ "Togo 2012 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  68. ^ Decalo, Samuel (1996). Historical Dictionary of Togo. Scarecrow Press. p. 74. ISBN 9780810830738.
  69. ^ "Languages of Togo". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  70. ^ a b "Country Profile | The Islamic Chamber of Commerce , Industry and Agriculture (ICCIA)". iccia.com. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  71. ^ "Togo". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  72. ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  73. ^ a b c d "Togo - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  74. ^ UNICEF 2013 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, p. 27.
  75. ^ "The State Of The World's Midwifery". United Nations Population Fund. Accessed August 2011.
  76. ^ "Togo". www.unaids.org.
  77. ^ a b c "Togo" 2 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  78. ^ Kayi Lawson (28 May 2021). "Le basketball, une discipline en quêtes de moyen et de vocations au Togo". VOA Afrique (in French). Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  79. ^ "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa". FIVB. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  80. ^ a b "Togo: Directory". Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2003. p. 1106+. ISBN 9781857431315. ISSN 0065-3896.

Further reading

  • Bullock, A L C, Germany's Colonial Demands (Oxford University Press, 1939).
  • Gründer, Horst, Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien, 3. Aufl. (Paderborn, 1995).
  • Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001).
  • Packer, George, The Village of Waiting (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988).
  • Piot, Charles, Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa After the Cold War (University of Chicago Press, 2010).
  • Schnee, Dr. Heinrich, German Colonization, Past and Future – the Truth about the German Colonies (George Allen & Unwin, 1926).
  • Sebald, Peter, Togo 1884 bis 1914. Eine Geschichte der deutschen "Musterkolonie" auf der Grundlage amtlicher Quellen (Berlin, 1987).
  • Seely, Jennifer, The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa: The Cases of Benin and Togo (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
  • Zurstrassen, Bettina, "Ein Stück deutscher Erde schaffen". Koloniale Beamte in Togo 1884–1914 (Frankfurt/M., Campus, 2008) (Campus Forschung, 931).

External links

Government

  • Republic of Togo official site (in French)
  • official site
  • (in French)

General

Trade

  • Togo 2012 Summary Trade Statistics

January 19, 2023
togo, this, article, about, african, country, other, uses, disambiguation, listen, officially, lese, republic, french, république, togolaise, country, west, africa, bordered, ghana, west, benin, east, burkina, faso, north, extends, south, gulf, guinea, where, . This article is about the African country For other uses see Togo disambiguation Togo ˈ t oʊ ɡ oʊ listen officially the Togolese Republic French Republique togolaise is a country in West Africa It is bordered by Ghana to the west Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north 8 It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea where its capital Lome is located 9 It covers about 57 000 square kilometres 22 000 square miles with a population of approximately 8 million 10 and has a width of less than 115 km 71 mi between Ghana and its eastern neighbor Benin 11 12 Togolese RepublicRepublique togolaise French Flag EmblemMotto Travail Liberte Patrie 1 French Work Liberty Homeland Anthem Terre de nos aieux French English Land of our ancestors source track track Location of Togo dark blue in the African Union light blue Capitaland largest cityLome6 8 N 1 13 E 6 133 N 1 217 E 6 133 1 217Official languagesFrenchRecognised national languagesEweKabiyeSpoken languagesList ArabicEnglishFrenchGermanEweGbeGurKwaKabiyeTalensiWasaAfrican FrenchAgunaAjaNgangamNtchamTammariTemIfeEthnic groups99 37 African groups containing Ewe Kabye Tem Gourma 1 European Indian and Syro Lebanese 2 Religion 2020 47 8 Christianity33 0 Traditional faiths18 4 Islam0 5 Baha i faith0 3 Others None 3 Demonym s TogoleseGovernmentUnitary dominant party presidential republic PresidentFaure Gnassingbe Prime MinisterVictoire Tomegah DogbeLegislatureNational AssemblyIndependence from France Independence granted27 April 1960Area Total56 785 km2 21 925 sq mi 123rd Water 4 2Population 2022 estimate8 492 333 4 102nd Density125 9 km2 326 1 sq mi GDP PPP 2019 estimate Total 14 919 billion Per capita 1 821 5 GDP nominal 2019 estimate Total 5 592 billion Per capita 682 5 Gini 2015 43 1 6 mediumHDI 2019 0 515 7 low 167thCurrencyWest African CFA franc XOF Time zoneUTC GMT Date formatdd mm yyyyDriving siderightCalling code 228ISO 3166 codeTGInternet TLD tgSuch as Ewe Mina and Aja Largest are the Ewe Mina Kotokoli Tem and Kabye Mostly European Indian amp Syrian Lebanese Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS this can result in lower life expectancy higher infant mortality and death rates lower population and growth rates and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected Rankings based on 2017 figures CIA World Factbook Togo From the 11th to the 16th century tribes entered the region from various directions From the 16th century to the 18th century the coastal region was a trading center for Europeans to purchase slaves earning Togo and the surrounding region the name The Slave Coast In 1884 Germany declared a region including a protectorate called Togoland After World War I rule over Togo was transferred to France Togo gained its independence from France in 1960 2 13 In 1967 Gnassingbe Eyadema led a successful military coup d etat after which he became president of an anti communist single party state In 1993 Eyadema faced multiparty elections marred by irregularities and won the presidency three times At the time of his death Eyadema was the longest serving leader in modern African history having been president for 38 years 14 In 2005 his son Faure Gnassingbe was elected president Togo is a tropical sub Saharan nation 8 whose economy depends mostly on agriculture 13 The official language is French 13 but other languages are spoken particularly those of the Gbe family 42 3 of the population adhere to Christianity making it the largest religion in the country 15 Togo is a member of the United Nations African Union Organisation of Islamic Cooperation South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Francophonie Commonwealth and Economic Community of West African States Contents 1 History 2 Government 2 1 Administrative divisions 2 2 Foreign relations 2 3 Military 2 4 Human rights 3 Geography 4 Economy 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnic groups 5 2 Religion 5 3 Languages 5 4 Health 5 5 Education 6 Culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Togo Archaeological finds indicate that tribes were able to produce pottery and process iron The name Togo is translated from the Ewe language as behind the river During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century tribes entered the region the Ewe from the west and the Mina and Gun from the east Most of them settled in coastal areas The Atlantic slave trade began in the 16th century and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves earning Togo and the surrounding region the name The Slave Coast Togoland R Hellgrewe 1908 In 1884 a paper was signed at Togoville with King Mlapa III whereby Germany claimed a protectorate over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland Its borders were defined after the capture of hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain In 1905 this became the German colony of Togoland The local population was forced to work cultivate cotton coffee and cocoa and pay taxes A railway and the port of Lome were built for export of agricultural products The Germans introduced techniques of cultivation of cocoa coffee and cotton and developed the infrastructure During the First World War Togoland was invaded by Britain and France proclaiming the Anglo French condominium The Togoland Campaign involved the successful French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland during the West African Campaign of the First World War Following the Allied invasion of the colony in August 1914 German forces were defeated forcing the colony s surrender on 26 August 1914 On 7 December 1916 the condominium collapsed and Togoland was subsequently partitioned into British and French zones creating the colonies of British Togoland and French Togoland On 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the League of Nations mandate to govern the western part of Togo and France to govern the eastern part In 1945 the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament After World War II these mandates became UN Trust Territories The residents of British Togoland voted to join the Gold Coast as part of the independent nation of Ghana in 1957 French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union in 1959 while France retained the right to control the defense foreign relations and finances The Togolese Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 1960 In the first presidential elections in 1961 Sylvanus Olympio became the first president gaining 100 of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition On 9 April 1961 the Constitution of the Togolese Republic was adopted according to which the supreme legislative body was the National Assembly of Togo 16 In December 1961 leaders of opposition parties were arrested because they were accused of the preparation of an anti government conspiracy A decree was issued on the dissolution of the opposition parties Olympio tried to reduce dependence on France by establishing cooperation with the United States United Kingdom and West Germany He rejected the efforts of French soldiers who were demobilized after the Algerian War and tried to get a position in the Togolese army These factors eventually led to a military coup on 13 January 1963 during which he was assassinated by a group of soldiers under the direction of Sergeant Gnassingbe Eyadema 17 A state of emergency was declared in Togo The military handed over power to an interim government led by Nicolas Grunitzky In May 1963 Grunitzky was elected President of the Republic The new leadership pursued a policy of developing relations with France His main aim was to dampen the divisions between north and south promulgate a new constitution and introduce a multiparty system On 13 January 1967 Eyadema Gnassingbe overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency 18 He created the Rally of the Togolese People Party banned activities of other political parties and introduced a 1 party system in November 1969 He was reelected in 1979 and 1986 In 1983 the privatization program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed In 1993 EU froze the partnership describing Eyadema s re election in 1993 1998 and 2003 as a seizure of power In April 2004 in Brussels talks were held between the European Union and Togo on the resumption of cooperation The 2017 18 Togolese protests against the 50 year rule of the Gnassingbe family Eyadema Gnassingbe died on 5 February 2005 The military s installation of his son Faure Gnassingbe 18 as president provoked international condemnation except from France Some democratically elected African leaders such as Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria supported the move thereby creating a rift within the African Union 19 Gnassingbe left power and held elections which he won two months later The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government s commitment to democracy that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with EU which cut off aid in 1993 due to questions about Togo s human rights situation Up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections according to UN Around 40 000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries Gnassingbe was reelected in 2010 and 2015 In 2017 anti government protests erupted UN condemned the resulting crackdown by security forces and Gambia s foreign minister Ousainou Darboe had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbe should resign 20 In the February 2020 presidential elections Faure Gnassingbe won his fourth presidential term in office as the president of Togo 21 According to the official result he won with a margin of around 72 of the vote share This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger the former prime minister Agbeyome Kodjo who had 18 22 On 4 May 2020 Bitala Madjoulba the commander of a Togolese military battalion was found dead in his office The day of Madjoulba s death came after the re elected Faure Gnassingbe had his investiture An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned 23 Togo joined the Commonwealth in June 2022 24 Prior to its admission at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Foreign Minister Robert Dussey said that he expected Commonwealth membership to provide new export markets funding for development projects and opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English and access new educational and cultural resources 25 Government EditMain article Politics of Togo President since 2005 Faure Gnassingbe Gnassingbe Eyadema ruled from 1967 until his death in 2005 The president is elected by universal and direct suffrage for five years and is the commander of the armed forces and has the right to initiate legislation and dissolve parliament Executive power is exercised by the president and the government The head of government is the Prime Minister who is appointed by the president President Gnassingbe Eyadema who ruled Togo under a one party system died of a heart attack on 5 February 2005 Under the Togolese Constitution the President of the Parliament Fambare Ouattara Natchaba should have become president of the country pending a presidential election to be called within 60 days Natchaba was out of the country returning on an Air France plane from Paris 26 The Togolese army known as Forces Armees Togolaises FAT or Togolese Armed Forces closed the nation s borders forcing the plane to land in Benin With an engineered power vacuum the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within 60 days and declared that Eyadema s son Faure Gnassingbe would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father s term 26 Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005 with international criticism of the succession 27 The African Union described the takeover as a military coup d etat 28 International pressure also came from the United Nations Within Togo opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which some hundred died There were uprisings in cities and towns mainly in the southern part of the country In the town of Aneho reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a massacre by government troops In response Faure Gnassingbe agreed to hold elections and on 25 February Gnassingbe resigned as president and afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April 29 On 24 April 2005 Gnassingbe was elected president of Togo receiving over 60 of the vote according to official results His main rival in the race had been Emmanuel Bob Akitani from the Union des Forces du Changement UFC Electoral fraud was suspected due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight 30 Parliament designated Deputy President Bonfoh Abbass as interim president until the inauguration 29 On 3 May 2005 Faure Gnassingbe was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote reasonably fair The Nigerian president and Chair of AU Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government and rejected an AU Commission appointment of former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda as special AU envoy to Togo 31 32 In June President Gnassingbe named opposition leader Edem Kodjo as the prime minister In October 2007 after postponements elections were held under proportional representation This allowed the less populated north to seat as many MPs as the more populated south citation needed The president backed party Rally of the Togolese People RPT won a majority with UFC coming second and the other parties claiming inconsequential representation Vote rigging accusations were leveled at RPT supported by the civil and military security apparatus With the presence of an EU observer mission canceled ballots and illegal voting took place the majority of which in RPT strongholds On 3 December 2007 Komlan Mally of RPT was appointed to prime minister succeeding Agboyibor On 5 September 2008 Mally resigned as prime minister of Togo Faure Gnassingbe won re election in the March 2010 presidential election taking 61 of the vote against Jean Pierre Fabre from UFC who had been backed by an opposition coalition called FRAC Republican Front for Change 33 Electoral observers noted procedural errors and technical problems and the opposition did not recognize the results claiming irregularities had affected the outcome 34 35 Periodic protests against Faure Gnassingbe followed the election 36 In May 2010 opposition leader Gilchrist Olympio announced that he would enter into a power sharing deal with the government a coalition arrangement which provides UFC with eight ministerial posts 37 38 In June 2012 electoral reforms prompted protesters to take to the street in Lome for days protesters sought a return to the 1992 constitution that would re establish presidential term limits 39 July 2012 saw the resignation of the prime minister Gilbert Houngbo 40 Days later the commerce minister Kwesi Ahoomey Zunu was named to lead the new government In the same month the home of opposition leader Jean Pierre Fabre was raided by security forces and thousands of protesters again rallied publicly against the government crackdown 41 In April 2015 President Faure Gnassingbe was re elected for a third term 42 In February 2020 Faure Gnassingbe was again re elected for his fourth presidential term The opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities 43 Gnassingbe family has ruled Togo since 1967 meaning it is Africa s longest lasting dynasty 44 Administrative divisions Edit Main articles Regions of Togo and Prefectures of Togo Togo is divided into 5 regions which are subdivided in turn into 30 prefectures From north to south the regions are Savanes Kara Centrale Plateaux and Maritime Foreign relations Edit Main article Foreign relations of Togo While Togo s foreign policy is nonaligned it has historical and cultural ties with western Europe especially France and Germany Togo recognizes the People s Republic of China North Korea and Cuba It re established relations with Israel in 1987 Togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in international organizations It is particularly active in West African regional affairs and in the African Union In 2017 Togo signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 45 Togo joined the Commonwealth of Nations along with Gabon at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kigali Rwanda 24 In joining the Commonwealth Foreign Minister Robert Dussey told Reuters the country sought to expand its diplomatic political and economic network and to forge closer ties with the anglophone world 25 Military Edit Main article Togolese Armed Forces FAT Forces armees togolaises Togolese armed forces consists of the army navy air force and gendarmerie Total military expenditures during the fiscal year of 2005 totalled 1 6 of the country s GDP 2 Military bases exist in Lome Temedja Kara Niamtougou and Dapaong 46 The current Chief of the General Staff is Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed who took office on 19 May 2009 47 The air force is equipped with Alpha jets 48 Human rights Edit Main article Human rights in Togo Togo was labeled Not Free by Freedom House from 1972 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2006 and has been categorized as Partly Free from 1999 to 2001 and from 2007 According to a U S State Department report based on conditions in 2010 human rights problems include security force use of excessive force including torture which resulted in deaths and injuries official impunity harsh and life threatening prison conditions arbitrary arrests and detention lengthy pretrial detention executive influence over the judiciary infringement of citizens privacy rights restrictions on freedoms of press assembly and movement official corruption discrimination and violence against women child abuse including female genital mutilation FGM and sexual exploitation of children regional and ethnic discrimination trafficking in persons especially women and children societal discrimination against persons with disabilities official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons societal discrimination against persons with HIV and forced labor including by children 49 Same sex sexual activity is illegal in Togo 50 with a penalty of one to three years imprisonment 51 Geography EditMain article Geography of Togo Ghana Togo topography topographic map Map of Togo It has an area equal to 56 785 km2 21 925 sq mi It borders the Bight of Benin in the south Ghana lies to the west Benin to the east and to the north it is bound by Burkina Faso It lies mostly between latitudes 6 and 11 N and longitudes 0 and 2 E The coast of Togo in the Gulf of Guinea is 56 km 35 miles long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches In the north the land is characterized by a rolling savanna in contrast to the center of the country which is characterized by hills The south of Togo is characterized by a savanna and woodland plateau which reaches a coastal plain with lagoons and marshes The highest mountain of the country is the Mont Agou at 986 metres 3235 above sea level The longest river is the Mono River with a length of 400 km 250 miles It runs from north to south The climate is generally tropical 13 with average temperatures ranging from 23 C 73 F on the coast to about 30 C 86 F in the northernmost regions with a drier climate and characteristics of a tropical savanna Togo contains three terrestrial ecoregions Eastern Guinean forests Guinean forest savanna mosaic and West Sudanian savanna 52 The coast of Togo is characterized by marshes and mangroves The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5 88 10 ranking it 92nd globally out of 172 countries 53 At least five parks and reserves have been established Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve Fazao Malfakassa National Park Fosse aux Lions National Park Koutammakou 54 and Keran National Park Economy EditMain article Economy of Togo See also List of companies based in Togo A proportional representation of Togo exports 2019 It possesses phosphate deposits 13 and an export sector based on agricultural products such as coffee cocoa bean and peanuts groundnuts which together generate roughly 30 of export earnings 13 Cotton is a cash crop 55 The fertile land occupies 11 3 of the country most of which is developed Some crops are cassava jasmine rice maize and millet Some other sectors are brewery and the textile industry Low market prices for Togo s major export commodities coupled with the volatile political situation of the 1990s and 2000s had a negative effect on the economy 56 It is listed in the least developed country group It serves as a regional commercial and trade center The government s decade long efforts supported by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund IMF to carry out economic reforms to encourage investment and to create the balance between income and consumption has stalled Political unrest including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993 jeopardized the reform program shrank the tax base and disrupted economic activity It imports machinery equipment petroleum products and food Main import partners are France 21 1 the Netherlands 12 1 Cote d Ivoire 5 9 Germany 4 6 Italy 4 4 South Africa 4 3 and China 4 1 The main exports are cocoa coffee re export of goods phosphates and cotton Major export partners are Burkina Faso 16 6 China 15 4 the Netherlands 13 Benin 9 6 and Mali 7 4 Fishermen In terms of structural reforms it has made progress in the liberalization of the economy namely in the fields of trade and port activities The privatization program of the cotton sector telecommunications and water supply has stalled 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50 provided an impetus to renewed structural adjustment these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations to accommodate increased social service outlays and possible downsizing of the armed forces on which the regime has depended to stay in place Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1 fall in GDP in 1998 with growth resuming in 1999 Togo is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa OHADA 57 Agriculture is the backbone of the economy 13 A shortage of funds for the purchase of irrigation equipment and fertilizers has reduced agricultural output Agriculture generated 28 2 of GDP in 2012 and employed 49 of the working population in 2010 The country is essentially self sufficient in food production Livestock production is dominated by cattle breeding 58 59 Mining generated about 33 9 of GDP in 2012 and employed 12 of the population in 2010 Togo has the fourth largest phosphate deposits in the world Their production is 2 1 million tons per year There are reserves of limestone marble and salt Industry provides 20 4 of Togo s national income as it consists of light industries and builders Some reserves of limestone allows Togo to produce cement 58 60 Demographics EditMain article Demographics of Togo Population 11 12 Year Million1950 1 42000 5 02021 8 6The November 2010 census gave Togo a population of 6 191 155 more than double the total counted in the last census in 2022 the Togo population is 8 680 832 61 That census taken in 1981 showed the nation had a population of 2 719 567 The capital Lome grew from 375 499 in 1981 to 837 437 in 2010 When the urban population of surrounding Golfe prefecture is added the Lome Agglomeration contained 1 477 660 residents in 2010 62 63 Other cities in Togo according to the new census were Sokode 95 070 Kara 94 878 Kpalime 75 084 Atakpame 69 261 Dapaong 58 071 and Tsevie 54 474 With an estimated population of 8 644 829 as of 2021 update Togo is the 107th largest country by population Most of the population 65 live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures The population of Togo shows a stronger growth from 1961 the year after independence to 2003 it quintupled 62 63 Largest cities or towns in Togo According to the 2010 Census 64 Rank Name Region Pop Lome Sokode 1 Lome Maritime 1 477 658 Kara Kpalime2 Sokode Centrale 117 8113 Kara Kara 94 8784 Kpalime Plateaux 75 0845 Atakpame Plateaux 69 2616 Dapaong Savanes 58 0717 Tsevie Maritime 54 4748 Anie Plateaux 37 3989 Notse Plateaux 35 03910 Cinkasse Savanes 26 926 Ethnic groups Edit People in the 1980s In Togo there are about 40 different ethnic groups the most numerous of which are the Ewe in the south who make up 32 of the population Along the southern coastline they account for 21 of the population Also found are Kotokoli or Tem and Tchamba in the center and the Kabye people in the north 22 The Ouatchis fr are 14 of the population Sometimes the Ewes and Ouatchis are considered the same while the French who studied both groups considered them different people 65 Other ethnic groups include the Mina Mossi the Moba and Bassar the Tchokossi of Mango about 8 Religion Edit Main article Religion in Togo Religion in Togo Christianity 42 3 Traditional faiths 36 9 Islam 14 No religion 6 2 Other 0 6 66 Church in Kpalime According to a 2012 US government religious freedoms report in 2004 the University of Lome estimated that 33 of the population were traditional animists 28 were Roman Catholic 20 Sunni Muslim 9 Protestant and another 5 belonged to other Christian denominations The remaining 5 were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group The report noted that many Christians and Muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices 67 The CIA World Factbook meanwhile states that 44 of the population are Christian 14 are Muslim with 36 being followers of indigenous beliefs 58 Christianity began to spread from the middle of the 15th century after the arrival of Portuguese Catholic missionaries Germans introduced Protestantism in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to the coastal areas of Togo and Ghana Togo s Protestants were known as Brema a corruption of the word Bremen After World War I German missionaries had to leave which gave birth to the early autonomy of the Ewe Evangelical Church 68 Languages Edit Main article Languages of Togo According to Ethnologue 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country some of them by communities that number fewer than 100 000 members 69 Of the 39 languages the sole official language is French 70 Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975 Ewe Ewe Eʋegbe French Eve and Kabiye 70 French is used in formal education legislature all forms of media administration and commerce Ewe is a language of wider communication in the south Tem functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns 71 Officially Ewe and Kabiye are national languages which in the Togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media In joining the Commonwealth the Togolese government has anticipated opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English 25 Health Edit The Human Rights Measurement Initiative 72 finds that Togo is fulfilling 73 1 of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income 73 When looking at the right to health with respect to children Togo achieves 93 8 of what is expected based on its current income 73 In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population the country achieves 88 2 of what is expected based on the nation s level of income 73 It falls into the very bad category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling 37 3 of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources income it has available 73 Health expenditure in Togo was 5 2 of GDP in 2014 which ranks the country in 45th place in the world 58 The infant mortality rate is approximately 43 7 deaths per 1 000 children in 2016 58 Male life expectancy at birth was at 62 3 in 2016 whereas it was at 67 7 years for females 58 There were 5 physicians per 100 000 people in 2008 58 According to a 2013 UNICEF report 74 4 of women in Togo have undergone female genital mutilation As of 2015 update the maternal mortality rate per 100 000 births for Togo is 368 compared with 350 in 2010 and 539 7 in 1990 58 The under 5 mortality rate per 1 000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5 s mortality is 32 In Togo the number of midwives per 1 000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67 75 In 2016 Togo had 4100 2400 6100 new HIV infections and 5100 3100 7700 AIDS related deaths There were 100 000 73 000 130 000 people living with HIV in 2016 among whom 51 37 67 were accessing antiretroviral therapy Among pregnant women living with HIV 86 59 gt 95 were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children An estimated lt 1000 lt 500 1400 children were newly infected with HIV due to mother to child transmission Among people living with HIV approximately 42 30 55 had suppressed viral loads 76 Education Edit Education in Togo is compulsory for six years 77 In 1996 the gross primary enrollment rate was 119 6 and the net primary enrollment rate was 81 3 77 In 2011 the net enrollment rate was 94 The education system has suffered from teacher shortages lower educational quality in rural areas and high repetition and dropout rates 77 Culture EditMain articles Culture of Togo and Music of Togo Taberma houses The culture reflects the influences of ethnic groups the largest of which are the Ewe Mina Tem Tchamba and Kabre Some people follow native animistic practices and beliefs Ewe statuary is characterized by its statuettes which illustrate the worship of the ibeji Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the more ubiquitous African masks The wood carvers of Kloto has their chains of marriage Two characters are connected by rings whittled from one piece of wood The dyed fabric batiks of the artisanal center of Kloto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life There are loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents swept by the dry wind and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals The plastics technician Paul Ahyi practiced the zota a kind of pyroengraving and his monumental achievements decorate Lome Basketball is Togo s second most practiced sport 78 Togo featured a national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018 2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup in the men s section 79 Mass media includes radio television and online and print formats The Agence Togolaise de Presse fr news agency began in 1975 80 The Union des Journalistes Independants du Togo press association is headquartered in Lome 80 See also Edit Africa portalOutline of TogoReferences Edit Constitution of Togo 2002 Archived from the original on 14 February 2012 Retrieved 20 November 2011 a b c Togo CIA World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Retrieved 26 October 2017 National Profiles Togo The World Factbook 2023 ed Central Intelligence Agency Retrieved 24 September 2022 a b Report for Selected Countries and Subjects www imf org Gini Index World Bank Retrieved 16 July 2021 Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier Human Development and the Anthropocene PDF United Nations Development Programme 15 December 2020 pp 343 346 ISBN 978 92 1 126442 5 Retrieved 16 December 2020 a b Republic of Togo www isdb org Retrieved 26 January 2021 Republic of Togo www isdb org Retrieved 27 January 2021 Togo country profile BBC News 24 February 2020 Retrieved 27 January 2021 a b World Population Prospects 2022 population un org United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Retrieved 17 July 2022 a b World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region subregion and country annually for 1950 2100 XSLX population un org Total Population as of 1 July thousands United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Retrieved 17 July 2022 a b c d e f g Togo Partner International Cultural Youth Exchange International cultural youth exchange Retrieved 27 January 2021 Obituary Gnassingbe Eyadema 5 February 2005 BBC News Retrieved 22 May 2007 Togo The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency 11 January 2023 retrieved 13 January 2023 Togo Ujamaa Live 26 April 2019 Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 11 June 2019 Ellis Stephen 1993 Rumour and Power in Togo Africa Journal of the International African Institute Cambridge University Press 63 4 462 476 doi 10 2307 1161002 JSTOR 1161002 S2CID 145261033 a b Togo Economy Population GDP Inflation Business Trade FDI Corruption www heritage org Retrieved 27 January 2021 BBC News Togo country profile Overview Bbc co uk 11 July 2011 Retrieved on March 26 2012 Farge Emma 23 October 2017 Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis Reuters Thomson Reuters Retrieved 26 October 2017 Togo s President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term France 24 24 February 2020 Retrieved 24 February 2020 Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide www aljazeera com Retrieved 24 February 2020 Togo une enquete ouverte apres la mort du colonel Bitala Madjoulba in French Radio France Internationale 6 May 2020 Retrieved 28 December 2021 a b Turner Camilla 22 June 2022 Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week The Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Retrieved 29 June 2022 a b c Lawson Alice 24 June 2022 Togo sees Commonwealth entry as pivot to English speaking world Reuters Retrieved 1 July 2022 a b Togo Africa s democratic test case BBC News 11 February 2005 Retrieved 15 November 2011 Togo leader sworn in amid protest BBC News 7 February 2005 Retrieved 15 November 2011 Togo succession coup denounced BBC News 6 February 2005 Retrieved 27 June 2010 a b Godwin Ebow 8 June 2010 Togo Leader to Step Down Seek Presidency Associated Press via SF Gate Archived from the original on 6 January 2006 Retrieved 27 June 2010 Technological shutdowns as tools of oppression SciDev net 20 June 2005 Retrieved 27 June 2010 Togo African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 Retrieved 27 November 2005 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link AllAfrica com 6 June 2005 Togo African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 Retrieved 27 November 2005 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link AllAfrica com Togo s president re elected electoral agency Sydney Morning Herald 7 March 2010 Retrieved 16 November 2011 Togo opposition vows to challenge election result BBC 7 March 2010 Retrieved 16 November 2011 Togo leader Gnassingbe re elected in disputed poll Reuters 6 March 2010 Retrieved 16 November 2011 Togo 4 000 demonstrators protest Togo election results AllAfrica com 11 April 2010 Retrieved 16 November 2011 Togo opposition to join coalition government BBC 27 May 2010 Retrieved 16 November 2011 Togo profile BBC 11 July 2011 Retrieved 16 November 2011 Togo protest Lome rocked by electoral reform unrest BBC 14 June 2012 Retrieved 26 July 2012 Togo PM govt quit to widen leadership before vote Reuters 12 July 2012 Archived from the original on 15 July 2012 Retrieved 27 July 2012 Huge rally in Togo news24 com 22 July 2012 Retrieved 27 July 2012 Togo s Faure Gnassingbe wins third term as president BBC News 29 April 2015 Togo President Gnassingbe wins re election DW 24 02 2020 Deutsche Welle Togo s dynasty lives on IPS 28 February 2020 Retrieved 14 July 2021 Chapter XXVI Disarmament No 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons United Nations Treaty Collection 7 July 2017 Organisation des Forces Armees www forcesarmees tg Archived from the original on 16 March 2011 Retrieved 15 April 2011 Un Nouveau Chef a la Tete des FAT www forcesarmees tg Archived from the original on 16 August 2011 Retrieved 16 April 2011 Togolese Air Force acquires CN235 defenceweb co za 29 August 2012 Retrieved 5 July 2015 2010 Human Rights Report Togo US Department of State Retrieved 11 January 2013 Avery Daniel 4 April 2019 71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal Newsweek Itaborahy Lucas Paoli May 2013 State sponsored Homophobia A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults PDF The International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association Archived from the original PDF on 17 July 2013 Retrieved 3 June 2013 Dinerstein Eric et al 2017 An Ecoregion Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm BioScience 67 6 534 545 doi 10 1093 biosci bix014 ISSN 0006 3568 PMC 5451287 PMID 28608869 Grantham H S et al 2020 Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40 of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material Nature Communications 11 1 5978 Bibcode 2020NatCo 11 5978G doi 10 1038 s41467 020 19493 3 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 7723057 PMID 33293507 Koutammakou the Land of the Batammariba UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 27 January 2021 The Fact File factfile org 19 January 2017 Retrieved 6 August 2018 Britannica Britannica org Retrieved 26 August 2017 OHADA com The business law portal in Africa Retrieved 22 March 2009 a b c d e f g h The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Cia gov Retrieved 26 August 2017 Joelle Businger Getting Togo s Agriculture Back on Track and Lifting Rural Families Out of Poverty Along the Way Togo Location History Population amp Facts Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 20 February 2019 Population Togo evolution population Togo Pyramide des ages age median demographie chiffres a b RGPH4 Recensement General de la Population 2010 Direction Generale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilite Nationale a b Donnees de Recensement Direction Generale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilite Nationale Togo City Population Khan M Ali Sherieff A Balakishan A 2007 Encyclopedia of world geography Sarup amp Sons p 255 ISBN 978 81 7625 773 2 Togo The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency 11 January 2023 retrieved 13 January 2023 Togo 2012 International Religious Freedom Report PDF p 1 Retrieved 16 May 2018 Decalo Samuel 1996 Historical Dictionary of Togo Scarecrow Press p 74 ISBN 9780810830738 Languages of Togo Ethnologue com Retrieved 31 October 2010 a b Country Profile The Islamic Chamber of Commerce Industry and Agriculture ICCIA iccia com Retrieved 27 January 2021 Togo Ethnologue com Retrieved 26 August 2017 Human Rights Measurement Initiative The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries humanrightsmeasurement org Retrieved 31 March 2022 a b c d Togo HRMI Rights Tracker rightstracker org Retrieved 31 March 2022 UNICEF 2013 Archived 5 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine p 27 The State Of The World s Midwifery United Nations Population Fund Accessed August 2011 Togo www unaids org a b c Togo Archived 2 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs U S Department of Labor 2002 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Kayi Lawson 28 May 2021 Le basketball une discipline en quetes de moyen et de vocations au Togo VOA Afrique in French Retrieved 7 August 2021 Continental Cup Finals start in Africa FIVB 22 June 2021 Retrieved 7 August 2021 a b Togo Directory Africa South of the Sahara 2003 Regional Surveys of the World Europa Publications 2003 p 1106 ISBN 9781857431315 ISSN 0065 3896 Further reading EditBullock A L C Germany s Colonial Demands Oxford University Press 1939 Grunder Horst Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien 3 Aufl Paderborn 1995 Mwakikagile Godfrey Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties Nova Science Publishers Inc 2001 Packer George The Village of Waiting Farrar Straus and Giroux 1988 Piot Charles Nostalgia for the Future West Africa After the Cold War University of Chicago Press 2010 Schnee Dr Heinrich German Colonization Past and Future the Truth about the German Colonies George Allen amp Unwin 1926 Sebald Peter Togo 1884 bis 1914 Eine Geschichte der deutschen Musterkolonie auf der Grundlage amtlicher Quellen Berlin 1987 Seely Jennifer The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa The Cases of Benin and Togo Palgrave Macmillan 2009 Zurstrassen Bettina Ein Stuck deutscher Erde schaffen Koloniale Beamte in Togo 1884 1914 Frankfurt M Campus 2008 Campus Forschung 931 External links EditTogo at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Travel information from Wikivoyage Government Republic of Togo official site in French National Assembly of Togo official site Chief of State and Cabinet Members in French General Country Profile from New Internationalist Country Profile from BBC News Togo from Encyclopaedia Britannica Togo The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Togo from UCB Libraries GovPubs Togo at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of Togo Key Development Forecasts for Togo from International FuturesTrade Togo 2012 Summary Trade Statistics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Togo amp oldid 1133933430, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.