Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Coordinates: 13°15′N 61°12′W / 13.250°N 61.200°W
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/ˌɡrɛnəˈdiːnz/ (listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | |
|---|---|
| Motto: "Pax et Justitia" (Latin) "Peace and Justice" | |
| Anthem: "Saint Vincent, Land so Beautiful" | |
| Capital and largest city | Kingstown 13°10′N 61°14′W / 13.167°N 61.233°W |
| Official languages | English |
| Vernacular language | Vincentian Creole |
| Ethnic groups |
|
| Religion (2020)[1] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Vincentian and Grenadinian Vincy (colloquial) |
| Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Monarch | Charles III |
| Susan Dougan | |
| Ralph Gonsalves | |
| Legislature | House of Assembly |
| Independence | |
| 27 October 1969 | |
• from the United Kingdom | 27 October 1979 |
| Area | |
• Total | 389 km2 (150 sq mi) (184th) |
• Water (%) | negligible |
| Population | |
• 2021 estimate | 104,332[2][3] (179th) |
• 2021 census | 100,455 |
• Density | 307/km2 (795.1/sq mi) (39th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $1.373 billion |
• Per capita | $12,431[4] |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $864 million |
• Per capita | $7,827[4] |
| HDI (2021) | 0.751[5] high · 89th |
| Currency | E.C dollar (XCD) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (AST) |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +1 784 |
| ISO 3166 code | VC |
| Internet TLD | .vc |
Its 369 km2 (142 sq mi) territory consists of the main island of Saint Vincent and, south of that, two-thirds of the northern part of the Grenadines, a chain of 32 smaller islands. Some of the Grenadines are inhabited—Bequia, Mustique, Union Island, Canouan, Petit Saint Vincent, Palm Island, Mayreau, Young Island—while others are not: Tobago Cays, Baliceaux, Battowia, Quatre, Petite Mustique, Savan and Petit Nevis. Most of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lies within the Hurricane Alley.
To the north of Saint Vincent lies Saint Lucia, to the east is Barbados, and Grenada lies to the south. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has a population density of over 300 inhabitants/km2 (700 per sq mi), with approximately 104,332 total inhabitants.[2][3]
Kingstown is the capital and main port. Saint Vincent has a British colonial history, and is now part of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, CARICOM, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas and the Community of Latin American and the Caribbean States (CELAC).
In April 2021, the La Soufrière volcano erupted several times with "explosive events" continuing. By 12 April, 16,000 residents had evacuated the areas of their homes.[6][7] Assistance and emergency financial support was being provided by several nearby islands, the United Kingdom and agencies such as the United Nations. The first significant offer of long-term funding, of US$20 million, was announced on 13 April 2021 by the World Bank.[8]
Etymology
Christopher Columbus, the first European to reach the island, named it after St. Vincent of Saragossa (San Vicente de Zaragoza) whose feast day was on the day Columbus first saw it (22 January 1498). The name of the Grenadines refers to the Spanish city of Granada, but to differentiate it from the island of the same name, the diminutive was used. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Kalinago natives who inhabited the island of St. Vincent called it Youloumain, in honour of Youlouca, the spirit of the rainbows, who they believed inhabited the island.[9][10]
History
Pre-colonial period
Before the arrival of Europeans and Africans in the 16th century, various Amerindian groups passed through or settled on St. Vincent and the Grenadines, including the Ciboney, Arawak, and Kalinago people.[10][11] The island now known as Saint Vincent was originally named Youloumain[12] by the native Island Caribs who called themselves Kalina/Carina ("l" and "r" being pronounced the same in their language).[citation needed]
European arrival and early colonial period
It is thought that Christopher Columbus sighted the island in 1498, giving it the name St Vincent.[9] The indigenous Garifuna people, who became known as the "Black Caribs", aggressively prevented European settlement on Saint Vincent.[13][10]
French and British colonisation and the First Kalinago War
Various attempts by the English and Dutch to claim the island proved unsuccessful, and it was the French who were first able to colonise the island, settling in the town of Barrouallie on the leeward side of St Vincent in 1719.[13] The French brought with them enslaved African prisoners of war to work the plantations of sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton and cocoa.[14]
The British captured the island and drove out the French from Barrouallie during the Seven Years' War, a claim confirmed by the Treaty of Paris (1763).[13] On taking control of the island in 1763, the British laid the foundations of Fort Charlotte and also brought with them enslaved African prisoners of war to work on the island plantations. The Black Caribs however, opposed to the British presence, entered into open conflict against the British, starting the First Carib War, which lasted from 1772 to 1773.[13]
During the Anglo-French War (1778–1783), the French recaptured St Vincent in 1779. However, the British regained control under the Treaty of Versailles (1783).[13][10]
British colonial period and the Second Kalinago War
The uneasy peace between the British and the Black Caribs led to the Second Carib War, which lasted from 1795 to 1797.[13] The Black Caribs were led by Garifuna Paramount Chief Joseph Chatoyer and supported by the French, notably the radical Victor Hugues from the island of Martinique. Their revolt and the uprising was eventually put down in 1797 by British General Sir Ralph Abercromby; a peace treaty agreement was made which resulted in almost 5,000 Black Caribs being exiled to Roatán, an island off the coast of Honduras, and to Belize and Baliceaux in the Grenadines.[10]
In 1806, the construction of Fort Charlotte has completed.[15]
The La Soufrière volcano erupted in 1812, resulting in considerable destruction.[16][10]
The British abolished slavery in Saint Vincent (as well as in all other British West Indies colonies) in 1834, and an apprenticeship period followed which ended in 1838.[10][13] After its end, labour shortages on the plantations resulted, and were initially addressed by the immigration of indentured servants; in the late 1840s, many Portuguese immigrants arrived from Madeira, and between 1861 and 1888 shiploads of Indian labourers arrived.[13]
20th century
In 1902, the La Soufrière volcano erupted again, killing 1,500–2,000 people; much farmland was damaged, and the economy deteriorated.[10][13][16]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passed through various stages of colonial status under the British. A representative assembly was authorised in 1776, Crown Colony government was installed in 1877, a legislative council was created in 1925 with a limited franchise,[13] and universal adult suffrage was granted in 1951.[13] During the period of its control of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Britain made several attempts to unify the island with the other Windward Islands as a single entity, to simplify British control in the sub-region through a single unified administration.[13] In the 1960s, the British again tried to unify all of its regional islands, including Saint Vincent, into a single politically unified entity under British control. The unification was to be called the West Indies Federation and was driven by a desire to gain independence from the British government. However, the attempt collapsed in 1962.[13]
Saint Vincent was granted "associate statehood" status by Britain on 27 October 1969.[13] This gave Saint Vincent complete control over its internal affairs but fell short of full independence in law.[citation needed]
In April 1979, La Soufrière erupted once more. Although no one was killed, thousands were evacuated and extensive agricultural damage occurred.[16]
On 27 October 1979, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gained full independence;[13][10] the date is now the country's Independence Day, a public holiday.[9] The country opted to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations, retaining the then-Queen Elizabeth II as Monarch, represented locally by a Governor-General.[17]
Post-independence era
Milton Cato of the centre-left Saint Vincent Labour Party (SVLP) was the country's first Prime Minister (he had been Premier since 1974), ruling until his defeat in the 1984 Vincentian general election by James Fitz-Allen Mitchell of the centre-right New Democratic Party (NDP).[13] During Cato's time in office, there was a brief rebellion on Union Island in December 1979 led by Lennox 'Bumba' Charles. Inspired by the recent revolution on Grenada, Charles alleged neglect of the Union by the central government. However, the revolt was swiftly put down and Charles was arrested.[18][19] There were also a series of strikes in the early 1980s.[10] James Mitchell remained Prime Minister for 16 years until 2000, winning three consecutive elections.[13] Mitchell was at the forefront of attempts to improve regional integration.[10] In 1980 and 1987, hurricanes damaged many banana and coconut plantations. Hurricane seasons were also very active in 1998 and 1999, with Hurricane Lenny in 1999 causing extensive damage to the west coast of the island.[citation needed]
In 2000, Arnhim Eustace became Prime Minister after taking over the leadership of the NDP following Mitchell's retirement; he was defeated a year later by Ralph Gonsalves of the Unity Labour Party (successor party to the SVLP).[20][13] Gonsalves—a left-winger known in the country as "Comrade Ralph"[21][22]—argued that European nations owe Caribbean nations reparations for their role in the Atlantic slave trade.[23] Gonsalves won a second term in 2005,[21] a third in 2010,[21] and a fourth in 2015.[24]
In 2009, a referendum was held on a proposal to adopt a new constitution that would make the country a republic, replacing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with a non-executive President, a proposal supported by Prime Minister Gonsalves. A two-thirds majority was required, but the referendum was defeated 29,019 votes (55.64 per cent) to 22,493 (43.13 per cent).[25][13]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council 2020–21.
In November 2020, Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines since 2001, made history by securing the fifth consecutive victory of his Unity Labour Party (ULP) in general election.[26]
In 2021, on 9 April, the La Soufrière volcano erupted, sending ash several miles into the atmosphere. Approximately 16,000 people were evacuated in the days leading up to the eruption.[27]
Geography
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lies to the west of Barbados, south of Saint Lucia and north of Grenada in the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, an island arc of the Caribbean Sea. The islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines include the main island of Saint Vincent 344 km2 (133 sq mi) and the northern two-thirds of the Grenadines 45 km2 (17 sq mi), which are a chain of smaller islands stretching south from Saint Vincent to Grenada. There are 32 islands and cays that make up St Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG). Nine are inhabited, including the mainland St Vincent and the Grenadines islands: Young Island, Bequia, Mustique, Canouan, Union Island, Mayreau, Petit St Vincent and Palm Island. Prominent uninhabited islands of the Grenadines include Petit Nevis, used by whalers, and Petit Mustique, which was the centre of a prominent real-estate scam in the early 2000s.[28]
The capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is Kingstown, Saint Vincent.[9] The main island of Saint Vincent measures 26 km (16 mi) long, 15 km (9.3 mi) in width and 344 km2 (133 sq mi) in area. From the most northern to the most southern points, the Grenadine islands belonging to Saint Vincent span 60.4 km (37.5 mi), with a combined area of 45 km2 (17 sq mi).[29]
The island of Saint Vincent is volcanic and heavily forested and includes little level ground.[9] The windward side of the island is very rocky and steep, while the leeward side has more sandy beaches and bays.[citation needed] Saint Vincent's highest peak is La Soufrière volcano at 1,234 m (4,049 ft).[9] Other major mountains on St Vincent are (from north to south) Richmond Peak, Mount Brisbane, Colonarie Mountain, Grand Bonhomme, Petit Bonhomme and Mount St Andrew.[30]
The country is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: Windward Islands moist forests and the Lesser Antillean dry forests.[31] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.95/10, ranking it 61st globally out of 172 countries.[32]
Government and politics
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, with Charles III as King of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[9] He does not reside in the islands and is represented as head of state in the country by the Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, currently Susan Dougan (since 1 August 2019).[33]
The office of Governor-General has mostly ceremonial functions including the opening of the islands' House of Assembly and the appointment of various government officials. Control of the government rests with the elected Prime Minister and their cabinet. The current Prime Minister is Ralph Gonsalves, elected in 2001 as head of the Unity Labour Party.[34]
The legislative branch of government is the unicameral House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, seating 15 elected members representing single-member constituencies and six appointed members known as Senators. The parliamentary term of office is five years, although the Prime Minister may call elections at any time.[9]
The judicial branch of government is divided into district courts, the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court and the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in London being the court of last resort.[9]
Political culture
The two political parties with parliamentary representation are the New Democratic Party (NDP) and the Unity Labour Party (ULP). The parliamentary opposition is made up of the largest minority stakeholder in the general elections, headed by the Leader of the Opposition. The current opposition leader is Godwin Friday.[9]
Military
Saint Vincent has no formal armed forces, although the Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force includes a Special Service Unit as well as a militia that has a supporting role on the island.[35][36]
In 2017, Saint Vincent signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[37]
Administrative divisions
Administratively, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is divided into six parishes. Five parishes are on Saint Vincent, while the sixth is made up of the Grenadine islands. Kingstown is located in the Parish of Saint George and is the capital city and central administrative centre of the country.[9]
LGBT rights
Acts of gross indecency, which may be defined to include homosexual activity, are illegal in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[38] Section 148 of the Criminal Code states:
Any person, who in public or private, commits an act of gross indecency with another person of the same sex, or procures or attempts to procure another person of the same sex to commit an act of gross indecency with him or her, is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for five years.[39]
Foreign relations
International and regional relationships
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines maintains close ties to Canada, the United Kingdom and the US, and cooperates with regional political and economic organisations such as the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and CARICOM.[40] The island nation's sixth embassy overseas was opened on 8 August 2019 in Taipei, Taiwan, after Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves' official visit to the Republic of China (Taiwan); the other five are located in London (a High Commission as Commonwealth countries have high commissions rather than embassies in each other's countries), Washington D.C., Havana, Caracas and Brussels.[citation needed]
The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty
This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. (December 2021) |
On 6 July 1994 at Sherbourne Conference Centre, St Michael, Barbados, as a representative of the Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, then (James Mitchell, who was subsequently knighted) signed the Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaties.[40] There were seven other signatories to the agreement on that day. The countries which were represented were Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago.[41][citation needed]
An eighth country signed the agreement on 19 August 2016, Guyana.[citation needed]
This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.[40]
FATCA
On 30 June 2014, St. Vincent and the Grenadines signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America with respect to Foreign Account Tax Compliance (Act) or FATCA.[42]
According to the updated site as of 16 January 2017, on 13 May 2016 the agreement went to "In Force" status.[citation needed]
International and regional bodies to which St. Vincent and the Grenadines belong
St Vincent and the Grenadines is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the Association of Caribbean States (ACS).
In September 2017, at the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly, the Prime Ministers of the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines called for UN action on alleged human rights abuses committed on Western New Guinea's indigenous Papuans.[43] Western New Guinea has been occupied by Indonesia since 1963.[44] More than 100,000 Papuans have died during a 50-year Papua conflict.[45]
In 2019, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became the smallest country to ever be elected to the UN Security Council.
Organisation of American States
St Vincent and the Grenadines joined the Organisation of American States on 27 October 1981.[46] It participates in the Summits of the Americas and the Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas.[citation needed]
European nations
In 2013, Saint Vincent called for European nations to pay reparations for the slave trade.[47]
Venezuela
Saint Vincent protests against Venezuela's claim to give full effect to Aves (Bird) Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea.[9]
Economy
Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of this lower-middle-income economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist industry, is also important. The government has been relatively unsuccessful at introducing new industries, and the unemployment rate remains high at 19.8% in the 1991 census[48] to 15% in 2001.[49] The continuing dependence on a single crop represents the biggest obstacle to the islands' development as tropical storms wiped out substantial portions of bananas in many years.[citation needed]
There is a small manufacturing sector and a small offshore financial sector serving international businesses; its secrecy laws have caused some international concern. There are increasing demands for international financial services like stock exchange and financial intermediaries financial activities in the country. In addition, the natives of Bequia are permitted to hunt up to four humpback whales per year under IWC subsistence quotas.[50]
Tourism
The tourism sector has considerable potential for development. The filming of the Pirates of the Caribbean movies on the island has helped to expose the country to more potential visitors and investors. Recent growth has been stimulated by strong activity in the construction sector and an improvement in tourism.[51]
Transportation
Argyle International Airport is the country's new international airport.[52] The new facility opened on 14 February 2017,[53] replacing the existing E.T. Joshua Airport. The airport is on the island's east coast about 8.3 km (5.17 miles) from Kingstown.[citation needed]
Communications
In 2010, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines had 21,700 telephone land lines. Its land telephone system is fully automatic, covering the entire island and all of the inhabited Grenadine islands.[49] In 2002, there were 10,000 mobile phones.[54] By 2010, this number had increased to 131,800.[49] Mobile phone service is available in most areas of Saint Vincent as well as the Grenadines.[55]
Saint Vincent has two ISPs (Digicel, Flow) that provide cellular telephone and internet service.[56]
Demographics
The population as estimated in 2021 was 104,332.[2][3] The ethnic composition was 66% African descent, 19% of mixed descent, 6% East Indian, 4% Europeans (mainly Portuguese), 2% Kalinago and 3% others.[9] Most Vincentians are the descendants of African people brought to the island to work on plantations. There are other ethnic groups such as Portuguese (from Madeira) and East Indians, both brought in to work on the plantations after the abolishing of slavery by the British living on the island. There is also a growing Chinese population.[57]
Languages
English is the official language. Most Vincentians speak Vincentian Creole.[58] English is used in education, government, religion, and other formal domains, while Creole (or 'dialect' as it is referred to locally) is used in informal situations such as in the home and among friends.[59]
Religion
According to the 2001 census, 81.5% of the population of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines identified themselves as Christian, 6.7% has another religion and 8.8% has no religion or did not state a religion (1.5%).[60]
Anglicanism constitutes the largest religious category, with 17.8% of the population. Pentecostals are the second largest group (17.6%). The next largest group are Methodists (10.9% of the population), followed by Seventh-day Adventists (10.2%) and Baptists (10.0%). Other Christians include Roman Catholics (7.5%), Evangelicals (2.8%), Church of God (2.5%), Brethren Christian (1.3%), Jehovah's Witnesses (0.6%) and the Salvation Army (0.3%).[61]
Between 1991 and 2001 the number of Anglicans, Brethren, Methodists and Roman Catholics decreased, while the number of Pentecostals, Evangelicals and Seventh-day Adventists increased.[citation needed]
The number of non-Christians is small. These religious groups include the Rastafari (1.5% of the population), Hindus and Muslims (1.5%).[62]
Culture
Sport
Cricket, rugby and association football are most popular among men whereas netball is most popular among women. Basketball, volleyball and tennis are also very popular.[63]
The country's prime football league is the NLA Premier League, which provides its national (association) football team with most players. A notable Vincentian footballer is Ezra Hendrickson, former national team captain who played at several Major League Soccer clubs in the United States and is now a head coach with the Chicago Fire FC.[64]
The country regularly participates at the Caribbean Basketball Championship where a men's team and a women's team compete. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines also has its own national rugby union team which is ranked 84th in the world. Other notable sports played at the regional level include track and field. Natasha Mayers won a gold medal in the 100m at the 2010 Commonwealth Games.[65] Kineke Alexander won a bronze medal in the women's [400m] at the 2015 Pan American Games.[66] Eswort Coombs got a bronze medal in the 400m at the 1995 Pan American Games.
Music
Music popular in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines includes big drum, calypso, soca, steelpan and reggae. String band music, quadrille and traditional storytelling are also popular. One of the most successful St Vincent natives is Kevin Lyttle. He was named Cultural Ambassador for the Island 19 September 2013.[67] The national anthem of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is "Saint Vincent, Land so beautiful", adopted upon independence in 1979.[citation needed]
Media
Saint Vincent has twelve FM radio stations: 88.9 Adoration Fm,[68] 89.1 Jem Radio, 89.7 NBC Radio, 95.7 and 105.7 Praise FM, 96.7 Nice Radio, 97.1 Hot 97, 98.3 Star FM, 99.9 We FM, 103.7 Hitz, 102.7 EZee radio, 104.3 Xtreme FM and 106.9 Boom FM. There are several Internet radio stations including Chronicles Christian Radio.[69] It has one television broadcast station ZBG-TV (SVGTV)[70] and one cable television provider.
St Vincent and the Grenadines Broadcasting Corporation is the parent company for SVGTV, Magic 103.7.[71]
Holidays
| Date | Name in English |
|---|---|
| 1 January | New Year's Day |
| 14 March | National Heroes' Day |
| 15 April | Good Friday |
| 18 April | Easter Monday |
| 3 May | Labour Day |
| 6 June | Whit Monday |
| 4 July | Carnival Monday |
| 2 August | Emancipation Day |
| 27 October | Independence Day |
| 25 December | Christmas Day |
| 26 December | Boxing Day |
Notable people of Vincentian descent
- 21 Savage, Rapper
- Lincoln Alexander, Lawyer
- Judy Boucher, Reggae singer
- Ashley Cain, Footballer
- Dan Caplen, Singer-songwriter
- Problem Child, Soca musician/singer
- Jamal Edwards, Entrepreneur
- Skinny Fabulous, Soca musician/singer
- Adonal Foyle, American basketball player
- N'Keal Harry, American football player
- Jesse Lingard, Footballer
- Kevin Lyttle, Musician/singer
- Nixon McLean, Cricketer
- Mist, Rapper
- OYABUN, Rapper
- Nzingha Prescod, American Olympic fencer
- Protoje, Reggae singer
- Marlon Roudette, Singer-songwriter
- Franklyn Seales, television and motion picture actor
- Sir Garfield Sobers, Cricketer
- Cassie Ventura, Singer
- Sophia Young, NCAA Champion and 3x WNBA All-Star
- Ezra Hendrickson, MLS Player and now Head Coach of Chicago Fire
See also
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- ^ Adu, Author (19 March 2023). "Saint Vincent & the Grenadines: 2 Best Prepaid SIM Cards Buying Guide (2023)". Phone Travel Wiz. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
{{cite web}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ "About SVG: Essentials". SVG Tourism Authority. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "WHO WE ARE". svg-un.org. Permanent Mission of St Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Nations.
- ^ "Vincentian Creole English". Ethnologue. 19 February 1999. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ^ "The Classification of the English-Lexifier Creole Languages Spoken in Grenada, Guyana, St Vincent, and Tobago Using a Comparison of the Markers of Some Key Grammatical Features". SIL International. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ^ . stats.gov.vc. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- ^ Sen Nag, Oishimaya (13 November 2018). "Religious Beliefs In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". World Atlas.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ . visitsvg.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- ^ "Chicago Fire FC Names Ezra Hendrickson Head Coach". Chicago Fire FC. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ "Natasha Mayers of St. Vincent and the Grenadines will be moved up to gold". sandiegouniontribune.com. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ "SVG's Kineke Alexander takes Pan Am Games 400 metres bronze". iwnsvg.com. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ "Kevin Lyttle, "Skinny Fabulous," n "Fireman Hooper" Are Named Cultural Ambassadors". Islandmix.com. 19 September 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
- ^ "Contemporary Christian Radio Station". Adoration FM SVG. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
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Further reading
- Bobrow, Jill & Jinkins, Dana. 1985. St. Vincent and the Grenadines. 4th Edition Revised and Updated, Concepts Publishing Co., Waitsfield, Vermont, 1993.
- Cosover, Mary Jo. 1989. "St. Vincent and the Grenadines." In Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: A Regional Study, edited by Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
- CIA Factbook entry
- Gonsalves, Ralph E. 1994. History and the Future: A Caribbean Perspective. Quik-Print, Kingstown, St Vincent.
- US Dept of State Profile
- Williams, Eric. 1964. British Historians and the West Indies, Port-of-Spain.
External links
- Government
- Official website
- Website of the Prime Minister of St Vincent and the Grenadines
- General information
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at Curlie
- St Vincent and the Grenadines from the BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Key Development Forecasts for St Vincent and the Grenadines from International Futures
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Private Sector Assessment Report