This article is about the 1994 mid-term elections in the United States. For the revolution that led to the establishment of the Republic of China, see 1911 Revolution.
Rather than campaigning independently in each district, Republican candidates chose to rally behind a single national program and message fronted by Georgia congressman and House Republican whip Newt Gingrich. They alleged that President Bill Clinton was not the "New Democrat" he claimed to be during his 1992 campaign, but was a "tax and spend" liberal. The Republicans offered an alternative to Clinton's policies in the form of the Contract with America.[3]
The gains in seats in the mid-term election resulted in the Republicans gaining control of both the House and the Senate in January 1995. Republicans had not held the majority in the House for 40 years, since the 83rd Congress (elected in 1952). From 1933 to 1995, Republicans had controlled both House and Senate for only four years. From 1933 into the early 1970s, most white conservatives in the South belonged to the Democratic Party, and created the Solid South bloc in Congress. Most African Americans in the South were disenfranchised in those years, based on laws and subjective administration of voter registration practices.[citation needed]
By the mid-1990s, white conservatives from the South joined Republicans in other parts of the country, leading to the change in Congress. Large Republican gains were made in state houses as well when the GOP picked up twelve gubernatorial seats and 472 legislative seats. In so doing, it took control of 20 state legislatures from the Democrats. Prior to this, Republicans had not held the majority of governorships since 1970. In addition, this was the first time in 50 years that the GOP controlled a majority of state legislatures.
Discontent with Democratic candidates was foreshadowed by a string of elections after 1992, including Republicans winning the mayoralties of New York and Los Angeles in 1993. In that same year, Christine Todd Whitmanwon the New Jersey governorship. Bret Schundler became the first Republican mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey, which had been held by the Democratic Party since 1917.
The 1994 election also marked the end of the conservative coalition, a bi-partisan coalition of conservative Republicans and Democrats (often referred to as "boll weevil Democrats", for their association with the South). This white conservative coalition had often managed to control Congressional outcomes since the end of the New Deal era.
Pick-upsedit
Numerous Republican freshmen entered Congress. Of the 230 Republican House members of the 104th Congress, almost a third were new to the House.[4] In the Senate, 11 of 54 (20%) Republicans were freshmen.
^Shelby had been elected in 1986 and 1992 as a Democrat, but switched parties in 1994.
^Campbell was elected in 1992 as a Democrat, but switched parties on March 3, 1995.
^Boren resigned to assume the presidency of the University of Oklahoma; Inhofe was elected to serve the remaining two years of the term.
^Mathews was appointed to the seat as a caretaker following the resignation of Vice PresidentAl Gore; Thompson was elected to serve the remaining two years of the term.
^Hutchison won the Senate seat from the Democrats in the 1993 special election to succeed Bob Krueger, who had been appointed to this seat following the resignation of Lloyd Bentsen, who had become the Secretary of the Treasury, seen as a precursor to the Republican Revolution.
^Republican Revolution Fades USA Today, January 19, 2003
^"U.S. Senate: Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890)".
^David Russell. "How High the Wave? Don't Just Think 1994; Think 1974, 1958, 1982 – News & Analysis – The Rothenberg & Gonzales Political Report". Rothenbergpoliticalreport.com. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
^Amer, Mildred (June 16, 2005). (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. The Library of Congress: 1–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
External linksedit
Booknotes interview with Dan Balz on Storming the Gates: Protest Politics and the Republican Revival, February 18, 1996
December 04, 2023
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This article is about the 1994 mid term elections in the United States For the revolution that led to the establishment of the Republic of China see 1911 Revolution This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed March 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Republican Revolution news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message The Republican Revolution Revolution of 94 or Gingrich Revolution are political slogans that refer to the Republican Party s GOP success in the 1994 U S mid term elections 1 which resulted in a net gain of 54 seats in the House of Representatives and a pick up of eight seats in the Senate On November 9 1994 the day after the election Senator Richard Shelby of Alabama a conservative Democrat changed parties becoming a Republican on March 3 1995 Colorado Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell switched to the Republican side as well increasing the GOP Senate majority 2 Rather than campaigning independently in each district Republican candidates chose to rally behind a single national program and message fronted by Georgia congressman and House Republican whip Newt Gingrich They alleged that President Bill Clinton was not the New Democrat he claimed to be during his 1992 campaign but was a tax and spend liberal The Republicans offered an alternative to Clinton s policies in the form of the Contract with America 3 The gains in seats in the mid term election resulted in the Republicans gaining control of both the House and the Senate in January 1995 Republicans had not held the majority in the House for 40 years since the 83rd Congress elected in 1952 From 1933 to 1995 Republicans had controlled both House and Senate for only four years From 1933 into the early 1970s most white conservatives in the South belonged to the Democratic Party and created the Solid South bloc in Congress Most African Americans in the South were disenfranchised in those years based on laws and subjective administration of voter registration practices citation needed By the mid 1990s white conservatives from the South joined Republicans in other parts of the country leading to the change in Congress Large Republican gains were made in state houses as well when the GOP picked up twelve gubernatorial seats and 472 legislative seats In so doing it took control of 20 state legislatures from the Democrats Prior to this Republicans had not held the majority of governorships since 1970 In addition this was the first time in 50 years that the GOP controlled a majority of state legislatures Discontent with Democratic candidates was foreshadowed by a string of elections after 1992 including Republicans winning the mayoralties of New York and Los Angeles in 1993 In that same year Christine Todd Whitman won the New Jersey governorship Bret Schundler became the first Republican mayor of Jersey City New Jersey which had been held by the Democratic Party since 1917 Republican George Allen won the 1993 Virginia gubernatorial election and Texas Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison won a U S Senate seat from the Democrats in the 1993 special election Republicans also picked up three congressional seats from Democrats in Oklahoma and Kentucky in May 1994 Contents 1 Effect 2 Pick ups 2 1 Senate 2 2 House of Representatives 2 3 Governorships 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksEffect editWhen the 104th United States Congress convened in January 1995 House Republicans voted former Minority Whip Newt Gingrich the chief author of the Contract with America to become Speaker of the House The new senatorial Republican majority chose Bob Dole previously Minority Leader as Majority Leader Republicans pursued an ambitious agenda but were often forced to compromise with Democratic president Bill Clinton who wielded veto power The 1994 election also marked the end of the conservative coalition a bi partisan coalition of conservative Republicans and Democrats often referred to as boll weevil Democrats for their association with the South This white conservative coalition had often managed to control Congressional outcomes since the end of the New Deal era Pick ups editNumerous Republican freshmen entered Congress Of the 230 Republican House members of the 104th Congress almost a third were new to the House 4 In the Senate 11 of 54 20 Republicans were freshmen Senate edit Name State Predecessor Predecessor s fateRichard Shelby Alabama Himself as a Democrat Switched parties a Jon Kyl Arizona Dennis DeConcini RetiredBen Nighthorse Campbell Colorado Himself as a Democrat Switched parties b Olympia Snowe Maine George Mitchell RetiredSpencer Abraham Michigan Don Riegle RetiredMike DeWine Ohio Howard Metzenbaum RetiredJim Inhofe Oklahoma David Boren Retired c Rick Santorum Pennsylvania Harris Wofford DefeatedFred Thompson Tennessee Harlan Mathews Retired d Bill Frist Tennessee Jim Sasser DefeatedKay Bailey Hutchison Texas Bob Krueger Defeated e Shelby had been elected in 1986 and 1992 as a Democrat but switched parties in 1994 Campbell was elected in 1992 as a Democrat but switched parties on March 3 1995 Boren resigned to assume the presidency of the University of Oklahoma Inhofe was elected to serve the remaining two years of the term Mathews was appointed to the seat as a caretaker following the resignation of Vice President Al Gore Thompson was elected to serve the remaining two years of the term Hutchison won the Senate seat from the Democrats in the 1993 special election to succeed Bob Krueger who had been appointed to this seat following the resignation of Lloyd Bentsen who had become the Secretary of the Treasury seen as a precursor to the Republican Revolution House of Representatives edit Name District Predecessor Predecessor s fateMatt Salmon Arizona 1 Sam Coppersmith Retired ran for U S SenateJ D Hayworth Arizona 6 Karan English DefeatedFrank Riggs California 1 Dan Hamburg DefeatedGeorge Radanovich California 19 Richard Lehman DefeatedBrian Bilbray California 49 Lynn Schenk DefeatedJoe Scarborough Florida 1 Earl Hutto RetiredDave Weldon Florida 15 Jim Bacchus RetiredBob Barr Georgia 7 Buddy Darden DefeatedSaxby Chambliss Georgia 8 J Roy Rowland RetiredCharlie Norwood Georgia 10 Don Johnson DefeatedHelen Chenoweth Idaho 1 Larry LaRocco DefeatedMichael Flanagan Illinois 5 Dan Rostenkowski DefeatedJerry Weller Illinois 11 George Sangmeister RetiredDavid McIntosh Indiana 2 Phil Sharp RetiredMark Souder Indiana 4 Jill Long Thompson DefeatedJohn Hostettler Indiana 8 Frank McCloskey DefeatedGreg Ganske Iowa 4 Neal Smith DefeatedSam Brownback Kansas 2 Jim Slattery Retired ran for GovernorTodd Tiahrt Kansas 4 Dan Glickman DefeatedEd Whitfield Kentucky 1 Tom Barlow DefeatedJim Longley Maine 1 Tom Andrews Retired ran for U S SenateBob Ehrlich Maryland 2 Helen Bentley Retired ran for Governor of MarylandDick Chrysler Michigan 8 Bob Carr Retired ran for U S SenateGil Gutknecht Minnesota 1 Tim Penny RetiredRoger Wicker Mississippi 1 Jamie Whitten RetiredJon Christensen Nebraska 2 Peter Hoagland DefeatedJohn Ensign Nevada 1 James Bilbray DefeatedCharlie Bass New Hampshire 2 Dick Swett DefeatedFrank LoBiondo New Jersey 2 Bill Hughes RetiredBill Martini New Jersey 8 Herb Klein DefeatedMichael Forbes New York 1 George Hochbrueckner DefeatedDavid Funderburk North Carolina 2 Tim Valentine RetiredWalter Jones North Carolina 3 Martin Lancaster DefeatedFred Heineman North Carolina 4 David Price DefeatedRichard Burr North Carolina 5 Steve Neal RetiredSteve Chabot Ohio 1 David Mann DefeatedFrank Cremeans Ohio 6 Ted Strickland DefeatedBob Ney Ohio 18 Doug Applegate RetiredSteve LaTourette Ohio 19 Eric Fingerhut DefeatedTom Coburn Oklahoma 2 Mike Synar Defeated in primary J C Watts Oklahoma 4 Dave McCurdy Retired ran for U S SenateJim Bunn Oregon 5 Mike Kopetski RetiredJon Fox Pennsylvania 13 Marjorie Margolies Mezvinsky DefeatedLindsey Graham South Carolina 3 Butler Derrick RetiredZach Wamp Tennessee 3 Marilyn Lloyd RetiredVan Hilleary Tennessee 4 Jim Cooper Retired ran for U S SenateSteve Stockman Texas 9 Jack Brooks DefeatedMac Thornberry Texas 13 Bill Sarpalius DefeatedEnid Greene Waldholtz Utah 2 Karen Shepherd DefeatedTom Davis Virginia 11 Leslie Byrne DefeatedRick White Washington 1 Maria Cantwell Defeated a Jack Metcalf Washington 2 Al Swift RetiredLinda Smith Washington 3 Jolene Unsoeld DefeatedDoc Hastings Washington 4 Jay Inslee Defeated b George Nethercutt Washington 5 Tom Foley DefeatedRandy Tate Washington 9 Mike Kreidler DefeatedMark Neumann Wisconsin 1 Peter Barca Defeated Cantwell eventually elected as Senator in 2000 Inslee eventually returned to the Congress in 1999 following his victory in the 1998 House of Representatives elections Governorships edit Name State Predecessor Predecessor s fateFob James Alabama Jim Folsom Jr DefeatedJohn G Rowland Connecticut Lowell P Weicker Jr a RetiredPhil Batt Idaho Cecil D Andrus RetiredBill Graves Kansas Joan Finney RetiredGary Johnson New Mexico Bruce King DefeatedGeorge Pataki New York Mario Cuomo DefeatedFrank Keating Oklahoma David Walters RetiredTom Ridge Pennsylvania Bob Casey Sr Term limitedLincoln Almond Rhode Island Bruce Sundlun Defeated in primary Don Sundquist Tennessee Ned McWherter Term limitedGeorge W Bush Texas Ann Richards DefeatedJim Geringer Wyoming Mike Sullivan Term limited Weicker was a member of A Connecticut Party See also edit1998 United States elections 2000 United States elections 2002 United States elections 2004 United States elections 2010 United States elections 2014 United States elections 2016 United States elections 2018 United States electionsReferences edit Republican Revolution Fades USA Today January 19 2003 U S Senate Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service Since 1890 David Russell How High the Wave Don t Just Think 1994 Think 1974 1958 1982 News amp Analysis The Rothenberg amp Gonzales Political Report Rothenbergpoliticalreport com Retrieved 11 January 2015 Amer Mildred June 16 2005 Freshmen in the House of Representatives and Senate by Political Party 1913 2005 PDF CRS Report for Congress The Library of Congress 1 6 Archived from the original PDF on May 28 2008 Retrieved May 8 2008 External links editBooknotes interview with Dan Balz on Storming the Gates Protest Politics and the Republican Revival February 18 1996 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Republican Revolution amp oldid 1186918767, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
