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Wikipedia

New South Wales

New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west. Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east. The Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory are enclaves within the state. New South Wales' state capital is Sydney, which is also Australia's most populous city. In December 2021, the population of New South Wales was over 8 million,[1] making it Australia's most populous state. Just under two-thirds of the state's population, 5.3 million, live in the Greater Sydney area.[6]

New South Wales
Nickname(s)
  • The First State
  • The Premier State
Motto
Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Latin)
(English: Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine)
Location of New South Wales in Australia
Coordinates: 32°S 147°E / 32°S 147°E / -32; 147Coordinates: 32°S 147°E / 32°S 147°E / -32; 147
CountryAustralia
Before federationColony of New South Wales
Establishment26 January 1788
Responsible government6 June 1856
Federation1 January 1901
Named forWales
Capital
and largest city
Sydney
33°52′04″S 151°12′36″E / 33.86778°S 151.21000°E / -33.86778; 151.21000
Administration128 local government areas
Government
• Monarch
Charles III
• Governor
Margaret Beazley
• Premier
Dominic Perrottet (Liberal)
LegislatureParliament of New South Wales
Legislative Council
Legislative Assembly
JudiciarySupreme Court of New South Wales
Parliament of Australia
• Senate
12 senators (of 76)
47 seats (of 151)
Area
• Total
809,952 km2 (312,724 sq mi) (5th)
• Land
801,150 km2 (309,330 sq mi)
• Water
8,802 km2 (3,398 sq mi)
Highest elevation2,228 m (7,310 ft)
Population
• March 2022 estimate
8,130,115[1] (1st)
• Density
8.3/km2 (21.5/sq mi) (3rd)
GSP2020 estimate
• Total
AU$624.9 billion[2] (1st)
• Per capita
AU$76,876 (4th)
HDI (2019) 0.945[3]
very high · 3rd
Time zone
 • Summer (DST)
Postal abbreviation
NSW
ISO 3166 codeAU-NSW
Symbols
MammalPlatypus
(Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
BirdKookaburra
(Dacelo gigas)
FishBlue groper
(Achoerodus viridis)
FlowerWaratah
(Telopea speciosissima)[4]
FossilMandageria fairfaxi
MineralBlack opal
ColourSky blue
(Pantone 291)[5]
Websitensw.gov.au

The Colony of New South Wales was founded as a British penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825. The colony then also included the island territories of Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the colony's area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became the various states and territories of Australia. However, the Swan River Colony was never administered as part of New South Wales.

Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal territory, as have the areas now known as the Australian Capital Territory and the Jervis Bay Territory.

History

Aboriginal Australians

The original inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. Before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region.[7]

The Wodi wodi people are the original custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney.[8] Speaking a variant of the Dharawal language, the Wodi Wodi peoples lived across a large stretch of land which was roughly surrounded by what is now known as Campbelltown, Shoalhaven River and Moss Vale.[8]

The Bundjalung people are the original custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas.[9]

There are other Aboriginal peoples whose traditional lands are within what is now New South Wales, including the Wiradjuri, Gamilaray, Yuin, Ngarigo, Gweagal, and Ngiyampaa peoples.

1788 British settlement

 
Founding of the settlement of Port Jackson at Botany Bay in New South Wales in 1788 – Thomas Gosse

In 1770 James Cook charted the unmapped eastern coast of the continent of New Holland, now Australia, and claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory.[10] Cook first named the land New Wales which was later amended to New South Wales (NSW).[11]

In January 1788 Arthur Phillip arrived in Botany Bay with the First Fleet of 11 vessels, which carried over a thousand settlers, including 736 convicts.[12] A few days after arrival at Botany Bay, the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson, where Phillip established a settlement at the place he named Sydney Cove (in honour of the Secretary of State, Lord Sydney) on 26 January 1788.[13] This date later became Australia's national day, Australia Day. The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. Phillip, as Governor of New South Wales, exercised nominal authority over all of Australia east of the 135th meridian east between the latitudes of 10°37'S and 43°39'S, an area which includes modern New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania.[14] He remained as governor until 1792.[15]

The settlement was initially planned to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated. However, after the departure of Governor Phillip, the colony's military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods obtained from visiting ships. Former convicts also farmed land granted to them and engaged in trade. Farms spread to the more fertile lands surrounding Paramatta, Windsor and Camden, and by 1803 the colony was self-sufficient in grain. Boat building was developed in order to make travel easier and exploit the marine resources of the coastal settlements. Sealing and whaling became important industries.[16]

In March 1804, several hundred United Irish exiles in the Castle Hill area (now a suburb of Sydney) conspired to seize control of the colony and to capture ships for a return to Ireland.[17] Poorly armed, and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured,[18] the main body of insurgents were routed in an encounter loyalists—recalling the decisive rebel defeat in Ireland in 1798—celebrated as the Second Battle of Vinegar Hill. Fifteen were killed and nine executed.[19]

Lachlan Macquarie (governor 1810–1821) commissioned the construction of roads, wharves, churches and public buildings, sent explorers out from Sydney and employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney.[20] A road across the Blue Mountains was completed in 1815, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in the lightly wooded pastures west of the Great Dividing Range.[21]

In 1825 Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) became a separate colony and the western border of New South Wales was extended to the 129th meridian east (now the West Australian border).[22]

From the 1820s squatters increasingly established unauthorised cattle and sheep runs beyond the official limits of the settled colony. In 1836 an annual licence was introduced in an attempt to control the pastoral industry, but booming wool prices and the high cost of land in the settled areas encouraged further squatting. The expansion of the pastoral industry led to violent episodes of conflict between settlers and traditional Aboriginal landowners, such as the Myall Creek massacre of 1838.[23] By 1844 wool accounted for half of the colony's exports and by 1850 most of the eastern third of New South Wales was controlled by fewer than 2,000 pastoralists.[24]

The transportation of convicts to New South Wales ended in 1840, and in 1842 a Legislative Council was introduced, with two-thirds of its members elected and one-third appointed by the governor. Former convicts were granted the vote, but a property qualification meant that only one in five adult males were enfranchised.[25]

By 1850 the settler population of New South Wales had grown to 180,000, not including the 70,000 living in the area which became the separate colony of Victoria in 1851.[26]

1850s to 1890s

 
George Street, Sydney (1883)
 
Bernhardt Holtermann with 286 kg (630 lb) gold nugget unearthed in 1872 from the Star of Hope Mine, Hill End during the Gold Rush.

In 1856 New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament comprising a directly elected Legislative Assembly and a nominated Legislative Council. The property qualification for voters had been reduced in 1851, and by 1856 95 per cent of adult males in Sydney, and 55 per cent in the colony as a whole, were eligible to vote. Full adult male suffrage was introduced in 1858. In 1859 Queensland became a separate colony.[27]

In 1861 the NSW parliament legislated land reforms intended to encourage family farms and mixed farming and grazing ventures. The amount of land under cultivation subsequently grew from 246,000 acres in 1861 to 800,000 acres in the 1880s. Wool production also continued to grow, and by the 1880s New South Wales produced almost half of Australia's wool. Coal had been discovered in the early years of settlement and gold in 1851, and by the 1890s wool, gold and coal were the main exports of the colony.[28]

The NSW economy also became more diversified. From the 1860s, New South Wales had more people employed in manufacturing than any other Australian colony. The NSW government also invested heavily in infrastructure such as railways, telegraph, roads, ports, water and sewerage. By 1889 it was possible to travel by train from Brisbane to Adelaide via Sydney and Melbourne. The extension of the rail network inland also encouraged regional industries and the development of the wheat belt.[29]

In the 1880s trade unions grew and were extended to lower skilled workers. In 1890 a strike in the shipping industry spread to wharves, railways, mines and shearing sheds. The defeat of the strike was one of the factors leading the Trades and Labor Council to form a political party. The Labor Electoral League won a quarter of seats in the NSW elections of 1891 and held the balance of power between the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party.[30][31]

1901 Federation of Australia

A Federal Council of Australasia was formed in 1885 but New South Wales declined to join. A major obstacle to the federation of the Australian colonies was the protectionist policies of Victoria which conflicted with the free trade policies dominant in New South Wales. Nevertheless, the NSW premier Henry Parkes was a strong advocate of federation and his Tenterfield Oration in 1889 was pivotal in gathering support for the cause. Parkes also struck a deal with Edmund Barton, leader of the NSW Protectionist Party, whereby they would work together for federation and leave the question of a protective tariff for a future Australian government to decide.[32]

In early 1893 the first citizens' Federation League was established in the Riverina region of New South Wales and many other leagues were soon formed in the colony. The leagues organised a conference in Corowa in July 1893 which developed a plan for federation. The new NSW premier, George Reid, endorsed the "Corowa plan" and in 1895 convinced the majority of other premiers to adopt it. A constitutional convention held sessions in 1897 and 1898 which resulted in a proposed constitution for a Commonwealth of federated states. However, a referendum on the constitution failed to gain the required majority in New South Wales after that colony's Labor party campaigned against it and premier Reid gave it such qualified support that he earned the nickname "yes-no Reid".[33]

The premiers of the other colonies agreed to a number of concessions to New South Wales (particularly that the future Commonwealth capital would be located in NSW), and in 1899 further referendums were held in all the colonies except Western Australia. All resulted in yes votes, with the yes vote in New South Wales meeting the required majority. The imperial parliament passed the necessary enabling legislation in 1900 and Western Australia subsequently voted to join the new federation. The Commonwealth of Australia was inaugurated on 1 January 1901, and Barton was sworn in as Australia's first prime minister.[34]

1901 to 1945

 
A Corner grocery store during the Great Depression, Riley & Fitzroy Streets, Surry Hills, Sydney, 21 August 1934.

The first post-federation NSW governments were Progressive or Liberal Reform and implemented a range of social reforms with Labor support. Women won the right to vote in NSW elections in 1902, but were ineligible to stand for parliament until 1918. Labor increased its parliamentary representation in every election from 1904 before coming to power in 1910 with a majority of one seat.[35][36]

The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more NSW volunteers for service than the federal authorities could handle, leading to unrest in camps as recruits waited for transfer overseas. In 1916 NSW premier William Holman and a number of his supporters were expelled from the Labor party over their support for military conscription. Holman subsequently formed a Nationalist government which remained in power until 1920. Despite a huge victory for Holman's pro-conscription Nationalists in the elections of March 1917, a second referendum on conscription held in December that year was defeated in New South Wales and nationally.[37]

Following the war, NSW governments embarked on large public works programs including road building, the extension and electrification of the rail network and the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The works were largely funded by loans from London, leading to a debt crisis after the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. New South Wales was hit harder by the depression than other states, and by 1932 one third of union members in the state were unemployed, compared with 20 per cent nationally.[38]

Labor won the November 1930 NSW elections and Jack Lang became premier for the second time. In 1931 Lang proposed a plan to deal with the depression which included a suspension of interest payments to British creditors, diverting the money to unemployment relief. The Commonwealth and state premiers rejected the plan and later that year Lang's supporters in the Commonwealth parliament brought down James Scullin's federal Labor government. The NSW Lang government subsequently defaulted on overseas interest payments and was dismissed from office in May 1932 by the governor, Sir Phillip Game.[39][40]

The following elections were won comfortably by the United Australia Party in coalition with the Country Party. Bertram Stevens became premier, remaining in office until 1939, when he was replaced by Alexander Mair.[41]

A contemporary study by sociologist A. P. Elkin found that the population of New South Wales responded to the outbreak of war in 1939 with pessimism and apathy. This changed with the threat of invasion by Japan, which entered the war in December 1941. In May 1942 three Japanese midget submarines entered Sydney harbour and sank a naval ship, killing 29 men aboard. The following month Sydney and Newcastle were shelled by Japanese warships. American troops began arriving in the state in large numbers. Manufacturing, steelmaking, shipbuilding and rail transport all grew with the war effort and unemployment virtually disappeared.[42]

A Labor government led by William McKell was elected in May 1941. The McKell government benefited from full employment, budget surpluses and a co-operative relationship with John Curtin's federal Labor government. McKell became the first Labor leader to serve a full term and to be re-elected for a second. The Labor party was to govern New South Wales until 1965.[43]

Post-war period

The Labor government introduced two-weeks paid leave for most NSW workers in 1944, and the 40 hour working week was implemented by 1947. The post-war economic boom brought full employment and rising living standards, and the government engaged in large spending programs on housing, dams, electricity generation and other infrastructure. In 1954 the government announced a plan for the construction of an opera house on Bennelong Point. The design competition was won by Jørn Utzon. Controversy over the cost of the Sydney Opera House and construction delays became a political issue and was a factor in the eventual defeat of Labor in 1965 by the conservative Liberal Party and Country Party coalition led by Robert Askin.[44]

The Askin government promoted private development, law and order issues and greater state support for non-government schools. However, Askin, a former bookmaker, became increasingly associated with illegal bookmaking, gambling and police corruption.[45]

In the late 1960s, a secessionist movement in the New England region of the state led to a 1967 referendum on the issue which was narrowly defeated. The new state would have consisted of much of northern NSW including Newcastle.[46]

 
The Sydney Opera House was completed in 1973 and has become a World Heritage Site.

Askin's resignation in 1975 was followed by a number of short lived premierships by Liberal Party leaders. When a general election came in 1976 the ALP under Neville Wran came to power.[47] Wran was able to transform this narrow one seat victory into landslide wins (known as Wranslides) in 1978 and 1981.[48]

After winning a comfortable though reduced majority in 1984, Wran resigned as premier and left parliament. His replacement Barrie Unsworth struggled to emerge from Wran's shadow and lost a 1988 election against a resurgent Liberal Party led by Nick Greiner. The Greiner government embarked on an efficiency program involving public sector cost-cutting, the corporatisation of government agencies and the privatisation of some government services. An Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was created.[49] Greiner called a snap election in 1991 which the Liberals were expected to win. However the ALP polled extremely well and the Liberals lost their majority and needed the support of independents to retain power.

In 1992 Greiner was investigated by ICAC for possible corruption over the offer of a public service position to a former Liberal MP. Greiner resigned but was later cleared of corruption. His replacement as Liberal leader and Premier was John Fahey, whose government narrowly lost the 1995 election to the ALP under Bob Carr, who was to become the longest serving premier of the state.[50]

The Carr government (1995–2005) largely continued its predecessors' focus on the efficient delivery of government services such as health, education, transport and electricity. There was an increasing emphasis on public-private partnerships to deliver infrastructure such as freeways, tunnels and rail links. The Carr government gained popularity for its successful organisation of international events, especially the 2000 Sydney Olympics, but Carr himself was critical of the federal government over its high immigration intake, arguing that a disproportionate number of new migrants were settling in Sydney, putting undue pressure on state infrastructure.[51]

Carr unexpectedly resigned from office in 2005 and was replaced by Morris Iemma, who remained premier after being re-elected in the March 2007 state election, until he was replaced by Nathan Rees in September 2008.[52] Rees was subsequently replaced by Kristina Keneally in December 2009, who became the first female premier of New South Wales.[53] Keneally's government was defeated at the 2011 state election and Barry O'Farrell became Premier on 28 March. On 17 April 2014 O'Farrell stood down as Premier after misleading an ICAC investigation concerning a gift of a bottle of wine.[54] The Liberal Party then elected Treasurer Mike Baird as party leader and Premier. Baird resigned as Premier on 23 January 2017, and was replaced by Gladys Berejiklian.[55]

On 23 March 2019, Berejiklian led the Coalition to a third term in office. She maintained high personal approval ratings for her management of a bushfire crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Berejiklian resigned as premier on 5 October 2021, following the opening of an ICAC investigation into her actions between 2012 and 2018. She was replaced by Dominic Perrottet.[56]

Geography

 
Mount Wilson in the Blue Mountains during autumn

New South Wales is bordered on the north by Queensland, on the west by South Australia, on the south by Victoria and on the east by the Coral and Tasman Seas. The Australian Capital Territory and the Jervis Bay Territory form a separately administered entity that is bordered entirely by New South Wales. The state can be divided geographically into four areas. New South Wales's three largest cities, Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong, lie near the centre of a narrow coastal strip extending from cool temperate areas on the far south coast to subtropical areas near the Queensland border.

The Illawarra region is centred on the city of Wollongong, with the Shoalhaven, Eurobodalla and the Sapphire Coast to the south. The Central Coast lies between Sydney and Newcastle, with the Mid North Coast and Northern Rivers regions reaching northwards to the Queensland border. Tourism is important to the economies of coastal towns such as Coffs Harbour, Lismore, Nowra and Port Macquarie, but the region also produces seafood, beef, dairy, fruit, sugar cane and timber.

The Great Dividing Range extends from Victoria in the south through New South Wales to Queensland, parallel to the narrow coastal plain. This area includes the Snowy Mountains, the Northern, Central and Southern Tablelands, the Southern Highlands and the South West Slopes. Whilst not particularly steep, many peaks of the range rise above 1,000 metres (3,281 ft), with the highest Mount Kosciuszko at 2,229 m (7,313 ft). Skiing in Australia began in this region at Kiandra around 1861. The relatively short ski season underwrites the tourist industry in the Snowy Mountains. Agriculture, particularly the wool industry, is important throughout the highlands. Major centres include Armidale, Bathurst, Bowral, Goulburn, Inverell, Orange, Queanbeyan and Tamworth.

There are numerous forests in New South Wales, with such tree species as Red Gum Eucalyptus and Crow Ash (Flindersia australis), being represented.[57] Forest floors have a diverse set of understory shrubs and fungi. One of the widespread fungi is Witch's Butter (Tremella mesenterica).[58]

The western slopes and plains fill a significant portion of the state's area and have a much sparser population than areas nearer the coast. Agriculture is central to the economy of the western slopes, particularly the Riverina region and Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in the state's south-west. Regional cities such as Albury, Dubbo, Griffith and Wagga Wagga and towns such as Deniliquin, Leeton and Parkes exist primarily to service these agricultural regions. The western slopes descend slowly to the western plains that comprise almost two-thirds of the state and are largely arid or semi-arid. The mining town of Broken Hill is the largest centre in this area.[59]

One possible definition of the centre for New South Wales is located 33 kilometres (21 mi) west-north-west of Tottenham.[60]

Climate

 
Köppen climate types in New South Wales

A little more than half of the state has an arid to semi arid climate, where the rainfall averages from 150 to 500 millimetres (5.9 to 19.7 in) a year throughout most of this climate zone. Summer temperatures can be very hot, while winter nights can be quite cold in this region. Rainfall varies throughout the state. The far north-west receives the least, less than 180 mm (7 in) annually, while the east receives between 700 to 1,400 mm (28 to 55 in) of rain.[61]

The climate along the flat, coastal plain east of the range varies from oceanic in the south to humid subtropical in the northern half of the state, right above Wollongong. Rainfall is highest in this area; however, it still varies from around 800 millimetres (31 in) to as high as 3,000 millimetres (120 in) in the wettest areas, for example Dorrigo. In the state's south, on the westward side of the Great Dividing Range, rainfall is heaviest in winter due to cold fronts which move across southern Australia, while in the north, around Lismore, rain is heaviest in summer from tropical systems and occasionally even cyclones.[61] During late winter, the coastal plain is relatively dry due to foehn winds that originate from the Great Dividing Range;[62] the mountain range block the moist, westerly cold fronts that arrive from the Southern Ocean, whereby providing generally clear conditions on the leeward side.[63][64]

The climate in the southern half of the state is generally warm to hot in summer and cool in the winter. The seasons are more defined in the southern half of the state, especially as one moves inland towards South West Slopes, Central West and the Riverina region. The climate in the northeast region of the state, or the North Coast, bordering Queensland, is hot and humid in the summer and mild in winter. The Northern Tablelands, which are also on the North coast, have relatively mild summers and cold winters, due to their high elevation on the Great Dividing Range.

Peaks along the Great Dividing Range vary from 500 metres (1,640 ft) to over 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) above sea level. Temperatures can be cool to cold in winter with frequent frosts and snowfall, and are rarely hot in summer due to the elevation. Lithgow has a climate typical of the range, as do the regional cities of Orange, Cooma, Oberon and Armidale. Such places fall within the subtropical highland (Cwb) variety. Rainfall is moderate in this area, ranging from 600 to 800 mm (24 to 31 in).

Snowfall is common in the higher parts of the range, sometimes occurring as far north as the Queensland border. On the highest peaks of the Snowy Mountains, the climate can be subpolar oceanic and even alpine on the higher peaks with very cold temperatures and heavy snow. The Blue Mountains, Southern Tablelands and Central Tablelands, which are situated on the Great Dividing Range, have mild to warm summers and cold winters, although not as severe as those in the Snowy Mountains.[61]

The highest maximum temperature recorded was 49.7 °C (121 °F) at Menindee in the west of the state on 10 January 1939. The lowest minimum temperature was −23 °C (−9 °F) at Charlotte Pass in the Snowy Mountains on 29 June 1994. This is also the lowest temperature recorded in the whole of Australia excluding the Antarctic Territory.[65]

Climate data for New South Wales
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 49.7
(121.5)
48.5
(119.3)
45.0
(113.0)
40.0
(104.0)
34.4
(93.9)
31.0
(87.8)
31.7
(89.1)
37.8
(100.0)
39.6
(103.3)
43.9
(111.0)
46.8
(116.2)
48.9
(120.0)
49.7
(121.5)
Record low °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9)
−7.0
(19.4)
−7.2
(19.0)
−13.0
(8.6)
−13.4
(7.9)
−23.0
(−9.4)
−19.6
(−3.3)
−20.6
(−5.1)
−16.7
(1.9)
−12.0
(10.4)
−9.4
(15.1)
−7.0
(19.4)
−23.0
(−9.4)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[66]

Demographics

 
The estimated resident population since 1981

The estimated population of New South Wales at the end of December 2021 was 8,095,430 people, representing approximately 31.42% of nationwide population.[1]

In June 2017 Sydney was home to almost two-thirds (65.3%) of the NSW population.[6]

Cities and towns

 
Sydney is Australia's most populous city.
Population by Statistical Area Level 4 and 3
NSW rank Statistical Area Level 2 Population
(30 June 2014)[67]
10-year growth rate Population density (people/km2)
1 Greater Sydney 4,940,628 15.7 397.4
2 Newcastle and Lake Macquarie 368,131 9.0 423.1
3 Illawarra 296,845 9.3 192.9
4 Hunter Valley excluding Newcastle 264,087 16.2 12.3
5 Richmond Tweed 242,116 8.9 23.6
6 Capital region 220,944 10.9 4.3
7 Mid North Coast 212,787 9.2 11.3
8 Central West 209,850 7.9 3.0
9 New England and North West 186,262 5.3 1.9
10 Riverina 158,144 4.7 2.8
11 Southern Highlands and Shoalhaven 146,388 10.4 21.8
12 Coffs Harbour-Grafton 136,418 7.6 10.3
13 Far West and Orana 119,742 0.3 0.4
14 Murray 116,130 4.0 1.2
New South Wales 7,518,472 10.4 13.0
Population by Significant Urban Area
NSW rank Significant Urban Area Population
(30 June 2018/2021 Census)[68]
Australia rank 10-year growth rate
1 Sydney 4,835,206 1 19.3
Gold CoastTweed Heads 654,073 6
2 NewcastleMaitland 505,489 7 11.3
3 Gosford (Central Coast) 338,567 9 19.5
4 Wollongong 312,167 11 11.2
AlburyWodonga 97,274 20 14.9
5 Coffs Harbour 71,822 25 11.8
6 Wagga Wagga 67,609 28 6.7
7 Albury 56,093 30 14.9
8 Port Macquarie 47,973 33 15.6
9 Tamworth 42,872 34 10.9
10 Orange 40,493 36 12.9
11 BowralMittagong 39,887 37 13.5
12 Dubbo 38,392 39 12.2
13 NowraBomaderry 37,420 42 14
14 Bathurst 33,801 43 15.0
15 Lismore 28,720 49 −0.9
16 Nelson Bay 28,051 50 13.2
17 Tweed Heads–Tweed Heads South
18 Taree 26,448 55 2.3
19 Ballina 26,381 55 10.1
20 MorissetCooranbong 25,309 57 15.1
21 Armidale 24,504 58 7.0
22 Goulburn 23,835 59 12
23 ForsterTuncurry 21,159 65 7.3
24 Griffith 20,251 66 11.5
25 St Georges BasinSanctuary Point 19,251 68 19.1
26 Grafton 19,078 69 3.5
27 Camden Haven 17,835 73 12.4
28 Broken Hill 17,734 74 −9.5
29 Batemans Bay 16,485 78 4.4
30 Singleton 16,346 79 −0.6
31 Ulladulla 16,213 81 11.8
32 Kempsey 15,309 84 5.8
33 Lithgow 12,973 93 4.8
34 Mudgee 12,410 95 21.5
35 Muswellbrook 12,364 96 5.0
36 Parkes 11,224 98 2.1
New South Wales 7,480,228 17.6

Ancestry and immigration

Country of Birth (2021)[note 1][69]
Birthplace[note 2] Population
  Australia[note 3] 5,277,497
  China 247,595
  England 231,385
  India 208,962
  New Zealand 118,527
  Philippines 106,930
  Vietnam 97,995
  Nepal 64,946
  Lebanon 63,293
  Iraq 55,353
  South Korea 53,046
  South Africa 42,347

At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[note 4][70][69]

At the 2021 census, there were 2,794,666 people living in New South Wales that were born overseas, accounting for 34.6% of the population. Only 43.7% of the population had both parents born in Australia.[note 7][70]

3.4% of the population, or 278,043 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2021.[note 8][70]

Language

According to the 2021 census, 29.5% of people in New South Wales speak a language other than English at home with Mandarin (3.4%), Arabic (2.8%), Cantonese (1.8%), Vietnamese (1.5%) and Hindi (1.0%) being the most popular.[72]

Religion

In the 2021 census, the most commonly reported religions and Christian denominations were Roman Catholicism (22.4%), Anglicanism (11.9%) and Islam (4.3%). 32.8% of the population described themselves as having no religion.[73]

Government

 
New South Wales Parliament House in Sydney; the oldest public building in Australia

Executive power rests formally with the Executive Council, which consists of the Governor and senior ministers.[74] The current governor is Margaret Beazley. The governor commissions as premier the leader of the parliamentary political party that can command a simple majority of votes in the Legislative Assembly. The premier then recommends the appointment of other members of the two Houses to the Ministry, under the principle of responsible or Westminster government. As in other Westminster systems, there is no constitutional requirement in New South Wales for the government to be formed from the parliament—merely convention. As of early October 2021, the premier is Dominic Perrottet of the Liberal Party.[75]

Constitution

The form of the Government of New South Wales is prescribed in its Constitution, dating from 1856 and currently the Constitution Act 1902 (NSW).[76] Since 1901 New South Wales has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth.

In 2006, the Constitution Amendment Pledge of Loyalty Act 2006 No 6,[77] was enacted to amend the NSW Constitution Act 1902 to require Members of the New South Wales Parliament and its Ministers to take a pledge of loyalty to Australia and to the people of New South Wales instead of swearing allegiance to Elizabeth II her heirs and successors, and to revise the oaths taken by Executive Councillors. The Pledge of Loyalty Act was officially assented to by the Queen on 3 April 2006. The option to swear allegiance to the Queen was restored as an alternative option in June 2012.

Under the Australian Constitution, New South Wales ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to the Commonwealth, but retained independence in all other areas. The New South Wales Constitution says: "The Legislature shall, subject to the provisions of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, have power to make laws for the peace, welfare, and good government of New South Wales in all cases whatsoever".[78]

Parliament

The first "responsible" self-government of New South Wales was formed on 6 June 1856 with Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson appointed by Governor Sir William Denison as its first Colonial Secretary which in those days accounted also as the Premier.[79] The Parliament of New South Wales is composed of the Sovereign and two houses: the Legislative Assembly (lower house), and the Legislative Council (upper house). Elections are held every four years on the fourth Saturday of March, the most recent being on 23 March 2019. At each election one member is elected to the Legislative Assembly from each of 93 electoral districts and half of the 42 members of the Legislative Council are elected by a statewide electorate.

Local government

New South Wales is divided into 128 local government areas. There is also the Unincorporated Far West Region which is not part of any local government area, in the sparsely inhabited Far West, and Lord Howe Island, which is also unincorporated but self-governed by the Lord Howe Island Board.[citation needed]

Emergency services

New South Wales is policed by the New South Wales Police Force, a statutory authority. Established in 1862, the New South Wales Police Force investigates Summary and Indictable offences throughout the State of New South Wales. The state has two fire services: the volunteer based New South Wales Rural Fire Service, which is responsible for the majority of the state, and the Fire and Rescue NSW, a government agency responsible for protecting urban areas. There is some overlap in due to suburbanisation. Ambulance services are provided through the New South Wales Ambulance. Rescue services (i.e. vertical, road crash, confinement) are a joint effort by all emergency services, with Ambulance Rescue, Police Rescue Squad and Fire Rescue Units contributing. Volunteer rescue organisations include Marine Rescue New South Wales, State Emergency Service (SES), Surf Life Saving New South Wales and Volunteer Rescue Association (VRA).[citation needed]

Education

Primary and Secondary

The NSW school system comprises a kindergarten to year 12 system with primary schooling up to year 6 and secondary schooling between years 7 and 12. Schooling is compulsory from before 6 years old until the age of 17 (unless Year 10 is completed earlier).[80] Between 1990 and 2010, schooling was only compulsory in NSW until age 15.[81]

Primary and secondary schools include government and non-government schools. Government schools are further classified as comprehensive and selective schools. Non-government schools include Catholic schools, other denominational schools, and non-denominational independent schools.

Typically, a primary school provides education from kindergarten level to year 6. A secondary school, usually called a "high school", provides education from years 7 to 12. Secondary colleges are secondary schools which only cater for years 11 and 12.

The NSW Education Standards Authority classifies the 13 years of primary and secondary schooling into six stages, beginning with Early Stage 1 (Kindergarten) and ending with Stage 6 (years 11 and 12).[82][83]

Record of School Achievement

A Record of School Achievement (RoSA) is awarded by the NSW Education Standards Authority to students who have completed at least Year 10 but leave school without completing the Higher School Certificate.[84] The RoSA was introduced in 2012 to replace the former School Certificate.

Higher School Certificate

The Higher School Certificate (HSC) is the usual Year 12 leaving certificate in NSW. Most students complete the HSC prior to entering the workforce or going on to study at university or TAFE (although the HSC itself can be completed at TAFE). The HSC must be completed for a student to get an Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (formerly Universities Admission Index), which determines the student's rank against fellow students who completed the Higher School Certificate.

Tertiary

 
The University of Sydney is Australia's oldest university.

Eleven universities primarily operate in New South Wales. Sydney is home to Australia's first university, the University of Sydney founded in 1850. Other universities include the University of New South Wales, Macquarie University, University of Technology, Sydney and Western Sydney University. The Australian Catholic University has three of its seven campuses in Sydney, and the private University of Notre Dame Australia also operates a secondary campus in the city.

Outside Sydney, the leading universities are the University of Newcastle and the University of Wollongong. Armidale is home to the University of New England, and Charles Sturt University. Southern Cross University has campuses spread across cities in the state's north coast.

The public universities are state government agencies, however they are largely regulated by the federal government, which also administers their public funding. Admission to NSW universities is arranged together with universities in the Australian Capital Territory by another government agency, the Universities Admission Centre.

Primarily vocational training is provided up the level of advanced diplomas is provided by the state government's ten Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes. These institutes run courses in more than130 campuses throughout the state.

Economy

 
The Sydney Harbour Bridge is an important tourist attraction for New South Wales.

NSW is the largest state economy in Australia, with service industries contributing almost 80% of the state's economic activity and 90% of its employment. Business services which includes financial services; professional, scientific and technical services; property services; information media; and telecommunications, account for nearly a third of the state economy. Major merchandise exports include coal, copper, beef and aluminium. In recent years there has been strong growth in exports of education, tourism, and financial and business services.[85]

Construction accounted for 8% of the NSW economy in 2020-21, while manufacturing contributed 6%, mining 2%, and agriculture, forestry and fishing just under 2%.[86]

Coal and related products are the state's biggest merchandise export. Its value to the state's economy is over A$5 billion, accounting for about 19% of all merchandise exports from NSW.[87] Tourism is worth over $18.1 billion to the New South Wales economy and employs 3.1% of the workforce.[88]

Agriculture

 
Aerial view of mixed crops near Coolamon

Agriculture accounts for just under 2% of the NSW economy.[86] NSW has the second-highest value of agricultural production of the Australian states.[89] Wheat is the most extensive crop in the state by hectare[90] amounting to 39% of the continent's harvest.[91][92] The most important wheat-growing areas are the Central West, Orana, New England, North-West and Riverina.[93]

Barley, cotton and canola are also important broadacre crops. Most cotton production is in the New England, Orana, North West and Far West regions.[93] However, the southern regions of the state now produce almost one-third of the state's crop by value.[94]

NSW produces about 20% of Australia's fruit and nuts, and about 12% of its vegetables by value. The major regions for fruit and nut production are the Riverina, Coffs Harbour-Grafton and the Murray.[93] About 40,200 hectares (99,000 acres) of vineyards lie across the eastern region of the state, with the Hunter Valley and the Riverina being major wine producing regions.[95]

Cattle, sheep and pigs are the predominant livestock of NSW. The state has over one-third of the country's sheep, and one-fifth of its cattle and pigs.[96] Australia's largest and most valuable Thoroughbred horse breeding area is centred on Scone in the Hunter Valley.[97]

Transport

Passage through New South Wales is vital for cross-continent transport. Rail and road traffic from Brisbane (Queensland) to Perth (Western Australia), or to Melbourne (Victoria) must pass through New South Wales.

Railways

 
A Sydney A set commuter train at Ashfield
 
An XPT operating a Central West service at Rydal

The majority of railways in New South Wales are currently operated by the state government. Some lines began as branch-lines of railways starting in other states. For instance, Balranald near the Victorian border was connected by a rail line coming up from Victoria and into New South Wales. Another line beginning in Adelaide crossed over the border and stopped at Broken Hill.

Railways management are conducted by Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink[98] which maintain rolling stock. Sydney Trains operates trains within Sydney while NSW TrainLink operates outside Sydney, intercity, country and interstate services.

Both Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink have their main terminus at Sydney's Central station. NSW TrainLink regional and long-distance services consist of XPT services to Grafton, Casino, Brisbane, Melbourne and Dubbo, as well as Xplorer services to Canberra, Griffith, Broken Hill, Armidale and Moree. NSW TrainLink intercity trains operate on the Blue Mountains Line, Central Cost & Newcastle Line, South Coast Line, Southern Highlands Line and Hunter Line.

Roads

Major roads are the concern of both federal and state governments. The latter maintains these through the Transport for NSW agency.

The main roads in New South Wales are

Other roads are usually the concern of the TfNSW and/or the local government authority.

Air

 
Qantas A380 taking off at Sydney Airport

Kingsford Smith Airport (commonly Sydney Airport, and locally referred to as Mascot Airport or just 'Mascot'), located in the southern Sydney suburb of Mascot is the major airport for not just the state but the whole nation. It is a hub for Australia's national airline Qantas.

Other airlines serving regional New South Wales include:[99]

Ferries

Transdev Sydney Ferries operates Sydney Ferries services within Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River, while Newcastle Transport has a ferry service within Newcastle.[105] All other ferry services are privately operated.[106]

Spirit of Tasmania ran a commercial ferry service between Sydney and Devonport, Tasmania. This service was terminated in 2006.[107]

Private boat services operated between South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales along the Murray and Darling Rivers but these only exist now as the occasional tourist paddle-wheeler service.[108]

National parks

 
Three Sisters in the Blue Mountains National Park

New South Wales has more than 780 national parks and reserves covering more than 8% of the state.[109] These parks range from rainforests, waterfalls, rugged bush to marine wonderlands and outback deserts, including World Heritage sites.[110]

The Royal National Park on the southern outskirts of Sydney became Australia's first national park when proclaimed on 26 April 1879. Originally named simply 'National Park' until 1955, this park was the second national park to be established in the world after Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. Kosciuszko National Park is the largest park in state encompassing New South Wales' alpine region.[111]

The National Parks Association was formed in 1957 to create a system of national parks all over New South Wales which led to the formation of the National Parks and Wildlife Service in 1967.[112] This government agency is responsible for developing and maintaining the parks and reserve system, and conserving natural and cultural heritage, in the state of New South Wales. These parks preserve special habitats, plants and wildlife, such as the Wollemi National Park where the Wollemi Pine grows and areas sacred to Australian Aboriginals such as Mutawintji National Park in western New South Wales.

Sport

The most popular sporting competition in the state is the National Rugby League,[citation needed] which is based in Sydney. The state is represented by the New South Wales Blues in the State of Origin series. The state hosts 10 of the 16 NRL teams: the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Cronulla Sharks, Manly Sea Eagles, Parramatta Eels, Penrith Panthers, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Sydney Roosters, Wests Tigers, St George Illawarra Dragons and the Newcastle Knights. Other rugby league competitions in the state include the NSW Cup, the Sydney A-Grade, and regional competitions administered by the NSWRL's Country Rugby League division.[citation needed]

The main summer sport is cricket and the Sydney Cricket Ground hosts the 'New Year' cricket Test match in January each year. The NSW Blues play in the One-Day Cup and Sheffield Shield competitions. Sydney Sixers and Sydney Thunder both play in the Big Bash League.[citation needed]

The state is represented in the Australian Football League by the Sydney Swans, who won the AFL premiership in 2005, and the Greater Western Sydney Giants who entered the competition in 2012.[citation needed]

The state is represented by five teams in soccer's A-League: Sydney FC, Western Sydney Wanderers (2014 Asian champions), Central Coast Mariners, Newcastle Jets and Macarthur FC.[citation needed]

Other teams in major national competitions include the Sydney Kings and Illawarra Hawks in the National Basketball League, Sydney Uni Flames in the Women's National Basketball League, New South Wales Waratahs in Super Rugby and New South Wales Swifts in Super Netball.[citation needed]

Sydney was the host of the 1938 British Empire Games and 2000 Summer Olympics. The Stadium Australia hosts major events including the NRL Grand Final, State of Origin, rugby union and football internationals.

The annual Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race begins in Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day. Bathurst hosts the annual Bathurst 1000 as part of the Supercars Championship at Mount Panorama Circuit.[citation needed]

The equine sports of campdrafting and polocrosse were developed in New South Wales and competitions are now held across Australia. Polocrosse is now played in many overseas countries.[citation needed]

Other professional teams include:[citation needed]

Culture

 
The Palace Hotel in Broken Hill, the only town in Australia to be listed on the National Heritage List.[113][114]

As Australia's most populous state, New South Wales is home to a number of cultural institutions of importance to the nation. In music, New South Wales is home to the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, Australia's busiest and largest orchestra. Australia's largest opera company, Opera Australia, is headquartered in Sydney. Both of these organisations perform a subscription series at the Sydney Opera House. Other major musical bodies include the Australian Chamber Orchestra. Sydney is host to the Australian Ballet for its Sydney season (the ballet is headquartered in Melbourne). Apart from the Sydney Opera House, major musical performance venues include the City Recital Hall and the Sydney Town Hall.

New South Wales is home to several major museums and art galleries, including the Australian Museum, the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Sydney, the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Museum of Contemporary Art.

Sydney is home to five Arts teaching organisations, which have all produced world-famous students: The National Art School, The College of Fine Arts, the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), the Australian Film, Television & Radio School and the Conservatorium of Music (now part of the University of Sydney).

New South Wales is the setting and shooting location of many Australian films, including Mad Max 2, which was shot near the mining town of Broken Hill. The state has also attracted international productions, both as a setting, such as in Mission: Impossible 2, and as a stand-in for other locations, as seen in The Matrix franchise, The Great Gatsby and Unbroken.[115][116] 20th Century Fox operates Fox Studios Australia in Sydney. Screen NSW, which controls the state film industry, generates approximately $100 million into the New South Wales economy each year.[117]

Sister states

New South Wales in recent history has pursued bilateral partnerships with other federated states/provinces and metropolises through establishing a network of sister state relationships. The state currently has 7 sister states:[118]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Only the top 12 most common birthplaces are listed in this table.
  2. ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
  3. ^ Does not include Norfolk Island or other Australian External Territories.
  4. ^ The percentages include thoese who did not answer the question or who gave an unclear answer.
  5. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[71]
  6. ^ Includes those identifying as having Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders ancestry. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
  7. ^ 6.0% of people did not state where their parents were born.
  8. ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

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External links

  • Official NSW Website
  • NSW Parliament
  • Official NSW Tourism Website
  • New South Wales at Curlie
  •   Geographic data related to New South Wales at OpenStreetMap

south, wales, historical, region, canada, britain, canada, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, commonly, abbreviated, state, east, coast, australia, borders, queensland, north, victoria, south, south, australia, west, coast, borders, coral, tasman, s. For the historical region of Canada see New Britain Canada NSW redirects here For other uses see NSW disambiguation New South Wales commonly abbreviated as NSW is a state on the east coast of Australia It borders Queensland to the north Victoria to the south and South Australia to the west Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east The Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory are enclaves within the state New South Wales state capital is Sydney which is also Australia s most populous city In December 2021 update the population of New South Wales was over 8 million 1 making it Australia s most populous state Just under two thirds of the state s population 5 3 million live in the Greater Sydney area 6 New South WalesStateFlagCoat of armsNickname s The First StateThe Premier StateMotto Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites Latin English Newly Risen How Brightly You Shine Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates 32 S 147 E 32 S 147 E 32 147 Coordinates 32 S 147 E 32 S 147 E 32 147CountryAustraliaBefore federationColony of New South WalesEstablishment26 January 1788Responsible government6 June 1856Federation1 January 1901Named forWalesCapitaland largest citySydney33 52 04 S 151 12 36 E 33 86778 S 151 21000 E 33 86778 151 21000Administration128 local government areasGovernment MonarchCharles III GovernorMargaret Beazley PremierDominic Perrottet Liberal LegislatureParliament of New South Wales Upper houseLegislative Council Lower houseLegislative AssemblyJudiciarySupreme Court of New South WalesParliament of Australia Senate12 senators of 76 House of Representatives47 seats of 151 Area Total809 952 km2 312 724 sq mi 5th Land801 150 km2 309 330 sq mi Water8 802 km2 3 398 sq mi Highest elevation Mount Kosciuszko 2 228 m 7 310 ft Population March 2022 estimate8 130 115 1 1st Density8 3 km2 21 5 sq mi 3rd GSP2020 estimate TotalAU 624 9 billion 2 1st Per capitaAU 76 876 4th HDI 2019 0 945 3 very high 3rdTime zoneUTC 10 30 Lord Howe Island UTC 10 00 AEST most of NSW UTC 09 30 ACST Broken Hill Summer DST UTC 11 00 AEDT most of NSW and Lord Howe Island UTC 10 30 ACDT Broken Hill Postal abbreviationNSWISO 3166 codeAU NSWSymbolsMammalPlatypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus BirdKookaburra Dacelo gigas FishBlue groper Achoerodus viridis FlowerWaratah Telopea speciosissima 4 FossilMandageria fairfaxiMineralBlack opalColourSky blue Pantone 291 5 Websitensw wbr gov wbr auThe Colony of New South Wales was founded as a British penal colony in 1788 It originally comprised more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825 The colony then also included the island territories of Van Diemen s Land Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island During the 19th century most of the colony s area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became the various states and territories of Australia However the Swan River Colony was never administered as part of New South Wales Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales while Norfolk Island has become a federal territory as have the areas now known as the Australian Capital Territory and the Jervis Bay Territory Contents 1 History 1 1 Aboriginal Australians 1 2 1788 British settlement 1 3 1850s to 1890s 1 4 1901 Federation of Australia 1 5 1901 to 1945 1 6 Post war period 2 Geography 2 1 Climate 3 Demographics 3 1 Cities and towns 3 2 Ancestry and immigration 3 3 Language 3 4 Religion 4 Government 4 1 Constitution 4 2 Parliament 4 3 Local government 4 4 Emergency services 5 Education 5 1 Primary and Secondary 5 1 1 Record of School Achievement 5 1 2 Higher School Certificate 5 2 Tertiary 6 Economy 6 1 Agriculture 7 Transport 7 1 Railways 7 2 Roads 7 3 Air 7 4 Ferries 8 National parks 9 Sport 10 Culture 11 Sister states 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External linksHistory EditMain article History of New South Wales Aboriginal Australians Edit Main article Prehistory of Australia The original inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40 000 to 60 000 years ago Before European settlement there were an estimated 250 000 Aboriginal people in the region 7 The Wodi wodi people are the original custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney 8 Speaking a variant of the Dharawal language the Wodi Wodi peoples lived across a large stretch of land which was roughly surrounded by what is now known as Campbelltown Shoalhaven River and Moss Vale 8 The Bundjalung people are the original custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas 9 There are other Aboriginal peoples whose traditional lands are within what is now New South Wales including the Wiradjuri Gamilaray Yuin Ngarigo Gweagal and Ngiyampaa peoples 1788 British settlement Edit Founding of the settlement of Port Jackson at Botany Bay in New South Wales in 1788 Thomas GosseIn 1770 James Cook charted the unmapped eastern coast of the continent of New Holland now Australia and claimed the entire coastline that he had just explored as British territory 10 Cook first named the land New Wales which was later amended to New South Wales NSW 11 In January 1788 Arthur Phillip arrived in Botany Bay with the First Fleet of 11 vessels which carried over a thousand settlers including 736 convicts 12 A few days after arrival at Botany Bay the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where Phillip established a settlement at the place he named Sydney Cove in honour of the Secretary of State Lord Sydney on 26 January 1788 13 This date later became Australia s national day Australia Day The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney Phillip as Governor of New South Wales exercised nominal authority over all of Australia east of the 135th meridian east between the latitudes of 10 37 S and 43 39 S an area which includes modern New South Wales Queensland Victoria and Tasmania 14 He remained as governor until 1792 15 The settlement was initially planned to be a self sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture Trade and shipbuilding were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated However after the departure of Governor Phillip the colony s military officers began acquiring land and importing consumer goods obtained from visiting ships Former convicts also farmed land granted to them and engaged in trade Farms spread to the more fertile lands surrounding Paramatta Windsor and Camden and by 1803 the colony was self sufficient in grain Boat building was developed in order to make travel easier and exploit the marine resources of the coastal settlements Sealing and whaling became important industries 16 In March 1804 several hundred United Irish exiles in the Castle Hill area now a suburb of Sydney conspired to seize control of the colony and to capture ships for a return to Ireland 17 Poorly armed and with their leader Philip Cunningham captured 18 the main body of insurgents were routed in an encounter loyalists recalling the decisive rebel defeat in Ireland in 1798 celebrated as the Second Battle of Vinegar Hill Fifteen were killed and nine executed 19 Lachlan Macquarie governor 1810 1821 commissioned the construction of roads wharves churches and public buildings sent explorers out from Sydney and employed a planner to design the street layout of Sydney 20 A road across the Blue Mountains was completed in 1815 opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in the lightly wooded pastures west of the Great Dividing Range 21 In 1825 Van Diemen s Land now Tasmania became a separate colony and the western border of New South Wales was extended to the 129th meridian east now the West Australian border 22 From the 1820s squatters increasingly established unauthorised cattle and sheep runs beyond the official limits of the settled colony In 1836 an annual licence was introduced in an attempt to control the pastoral industry but booming wool prices and the high cost of land in the settled areas encouraged further squatting The expansion of the pastoral industry led to violent episodes of conflict between settlers and traditional Aboriginal landowners such as the Myall Creek massacre of 1838 23 By 1844 wool accounted for half of the colony s exports and by 1850 most of the eastern third of New South Wales was controlled by fewer than 2 000 pastoralists 24 The transportation of convicts to New South Wales ended in 1840 and in 1842 a Legislative Council was introduced with two thirds of its members elected and one third appointed by the governor Former convicts were granted the vote but a property qualification meant that only one in five adult males were enfranchised 25 By 1850 the settler population of New South Wales had grown to 180 000 not including the 70 000 living in the area which became the separate colony of Victoria in 1851 26 1850s to 1890s Edit George Street Sydney 1883 Bernhardt Holtermann with 286 kg 630 lb gold nugget unearthed in 1872 from the Star of Hope Mine Hill End during the Gold Rush In 1856 New South Wales achieved responsible government with the introduction of a bicameral parliament comprising a directly elected Legislative Assembly and a nominated Legislative Council The property qualification for voters had been reduced in 1851 and by 1856 95 per cent of adult males in Sydney and 55 per cent in the colony as a whole were eligible to vote Full adult male suffrage was introduced in 1858 In 1859 Queensland became a separate colony 27 In 1861 the NSW parliament legislated land reforms intended to encourage family farms and mixed farming and grazing ventures The amount of land under cultivation subsequently grew from 246 000 acres in 1861 to 800 000 acres in the 1880s Wool production also continued to grow and by the 1880s New South Wales produced almost half of Australia s wool Coal had been discovered in the early years of settlement and gold in 1851 and by the 1890s wool gold and coal were the main exports of the colony 28 The NSW economy also became more diversified From the 1860s New South Wales had more people employed in manufacturing than any other Australian colony The NSW government also invested heavily in infrastructure such as railways telegraph roads ports water and sewerage By 1889 it was possible to travel by train from Brisbane to Adelaide via Sydney and Melbourne The extension of the rail network inland also encouraged regional industries and the development of the wheat belt 29 In the 1880s trade unions grew and were extended to lower skilled workers In 1890 a strike in the shipping industry spread to wharves railways mines and shearing sheds The defeat of the strike was one of the factors leading the Trades and Labor Council to form a political party The Labor Electoral League won a quarter of seats in the NSW elections of 1891 and held the balance of power between the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party 30 31 1901 Federation of Australia Edit A Federal Council of Australasia was formed in 1885 but New South Wales declined to join A major obstacle to the federation of the Australian colonies was the protectionist policies of Victoria which conflicted with the free trade policies dominant in New South Wales Nevertheless the NSW premier Henry Parkes was a strong advocate of federation and his Tenterfield Oration in 1889 was pivotal in gathering support for the cause Parkes also struck a deal with Edmund Barton leader of the NSW Protectionist Party whereby they would work together for federation and leave the question of a protective tariff for a future Australian government to decide 32 In early 1893 the first citizens Federation League was established in the Riverina region of New South Wales and many other leagues were soon formed in the colony The leagues organised a conference in Corowa in July 1893 which developed a plan for federation The new NSW premier George Reid endorsed the Corowa plan and in 1895 convinced the majority of other premiers to adopt it A constitutional convention held sessions in 1897 and 1898 which resulted in a proposed constitution for a Commonwealth of federated states However a referendum on the constitution failed to gain the required majority in New South Wales after that colony s Labor party campaigned against it and premier Reid gave it such qualified support that he earned the nickname yes no Reid 33 The premiers of the other colonies agreed to a number of concessions to New South Wales particularly that the future Commonwealth capital would be located in NSW and in 1899 further referendums were held in all the colonies except Western Australia All resulted in yes votes with the yes vote in New South Wales meeting the required majority The imperial parliament passed the necessary enabling legislation in 1900 and Western Australia subsequently voted to join the new federation The Commonwealth of Australia was inaugurated on 1 January 1901 and Barton was sworn in as Australia s first prime minister 34 1901 to 1945 Edit A Corner grocery store during the Great Depression Riley amp Fitzroy Streets Surry Hills Sydney 21 August 1934 The first post federation NSW governments were Progressive or Liberal Reform and implemented a range of social reforms with Labor support Women won the right to vote in NSW elections in 1902 but were ineligible to stand for parliament until 1918 Labor increased its parliamentary representation in every election from 1904 before coming to power in 1910 with a majority of one seat 35 36 The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 saw more NSW volunteers for service than the federal authorities could handle leading to unrest in camps as recruits waited for transfer overseas In 1916 NSW premier William Holman and a number of his supporters were expelled from the Labor party over their support for military conscription Holman subsequently formed a Nationalist government which remained in power until 1920 Despite a huge victory for Holman s pro conscription Nationalists in the elections of March 1917 a second referendum on conscription held in December that year was defeated in New South Wales and nationally 37 Following the war NSW governments embarked on large public works programs including road building the extension and electrification of the rail network and the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge The works were largely funded by loans from London leading to a debt crisis after the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 New South Wales was hit harder by the depression than other states and by 1932 one third of union members in the state were unemployed compared with 20 per cent nationally 38 Labor won the November 1930 NSW elections and Jack Lang became premier for the second time In 1931 Lang proposed a plan to deal with the depression which included a suspension of interest payments to British creditors diverting the money to unemployment relief The Commonwealth and state premiers rejected the plan and later that year Lang s supporters in the Commonwealth parliament brought down James Scullin s federal Labor government The NSW Lang government subsequently defaulted on overseas interest payments and was dismissed from office in May 1932 by the governor Sir Phillip Game 39 40 The following elections were won comfortably by the United Australia Party in coalition with the Country Party Bertram Stevens became premier remaining in office until 1939 when he was replaced by Alexander Mair 41 A contemporary study by sociologist A P Elkin found that the population of New South Wales responded to the outbreak of war in 1939 with pessimism and apathy This changed with the threat of invasion by Japan which entered the war in December 1941 In May 1942 three Japanese midget submarines entered Sydney harbour and sank a naval ship killing 29 men aboard The following month Sydney and Newcastle were shelled by Japanese warships American troops began arriving in the state in large numbers Manufacturing steelmaking shipbuilding and rail transport all grew with the war effort and unemployment virtually disappeared 42 A Labor government led by William McKell was elected in May 1941 The McKell government benefited from full employment budget surpluses and a co operative relationship with John Curtin s federal Labor government McKell became the first Labor leader to serve a full term and to be re elected for a second The Labor party was to govern New South Wales until 1965 43 Post war period Edit The Labor government introduced two weeks paid leave for most NSW workers in 1944 and the 40 hour working week was implemented by 1947 The post war economic boom brought full employment and rising living standards and the government engaged in large spending programs on housing dams electricity generation and other infrastructure In 1954 the government announced a plan for the construction of an opera house on Bennelong Point The design competition was won by Jorn Utzon Controversy over the cost of the Sydney Opera House and construction delays became a political issue and was a factor in the eventual defeat of Labor in 1965 by the conservative Liberal Party and Country Party coalition led by Robert Askin 44 The Askin government promoted private development law and order issues and greater state support for non government schools However Askin a former bookmaker became increasingly associated with illegal bookmaking gambling and police corruption 45 In the late 1960s a secessionist movement in the New England region of the state led to a 1967 referendum on the issue which was narrowly defeated The new state would have consisted of much of northern NSW including Newcastle 46 The Sydney Opera House was completed in 1973 and has become a World Heritage Site Askin s resignation in 1975 was followed by a number of short lived premierships by Liberal Party leaders When a general election came in 1976 the ALP under Neville Wran came to power 47 Wran was able to transform this narrow one seat victory into landslide wins known as Wranslides in 1978 and 1981 48 After winning a comfortable though reduced majority in 1984 Wran resigned as premier and left parliament His replacement Barrie Unsworth struggled to emerge from Wran s shadow and lost a 1988 election against a resurgent Liberal Party led by Nick Greiner The Greiner government embarked on an efficiency program involving public sector cost cutting the corporatisation of government agencies and the privatisation of some government services An Independent Commission Against Corruption ICAC was created 49 Greiner called a snap election in 1991 which the Liberals were expected to win However the ALP polled extremely well and the Liberals lost their majority and needed the support of independents to retain power In 1992 Greiner was investigated by ICAC for possible corruption over the offer of a public service position to a former Liberal MP Greiner resigned but was later cleared of corruption His replacement as Liberal leader and Premier was John Fahey whose government narrowly lost the 1995 election to the ALP under Bob Carr who was to become the longest serving premier of the state 50 The Carr government 1995 2005 largely continued its predecessors focus on the efficient delivery of government services such as health education transport and electricity There was an increasing emphasis on public private partnerships to deliver infrastructure such as freeways tunnels and rail links The Carr government gained popularity for its successful organisation of international events especially the 2000 Sydney Olympics but Carr himself was critical of the federal government over its high immigration intake arguing that a disproportionate number of new migrants were settling in Sydney putting undue pressure on state infrastructure 51 Carr unexpectedly resigned from office in 2005 and was replaced by Morris Iemma who remained premier after being re elected in the March 2007 state election until he was replaced by Nathan Rees in September 2008 52 Rees was subsequently replaced by Kristina Keneally in December 2009 who became the first female premier of New South Wales 53 Keneally s government was defeated at the 2011 state election and Barry O Farrell became Premier on 28 March On 17 April 2014 O Farrell stood down as Premier after misleading an ICAC investigation concerning a gift of a bottle of wine 54 The Liberal Party then elected Treasurer Mike Baird as party leader and Premier Baird resigned as Premier on 23 January 2017 and was replaced by Gladys Berejiklian 55 On 23 March 2019 Berejiklian led the Coalition to a third term in office She maintained high personal approval ratings for her management of a bushfire crisis and the COVID 19 pandemic However Berejiklian resigned as premier on 5 October 2021 following the opening of an ICAC investigation into her actions between 2012 and 2018 She was replaced by Dominic Perrottet 56 Geography EditMain article Geography of New South Wales The Snowy Mountains Mount Wilson in the Blue Mountains during autumn New South Wales is bordered on the north by Queensland on the west by South Australia on the south by Victoria and on the east by the Coral and Tasman Seas The Australian Capital Territory and the Jervis Bay Territory form a separately administered entity that is bordered entirely by New South Wales The state can be divided geographically into four areas New South Wales s three largest cities Sydney Newcastle and Wollongong lie near the centre of a narrow coastal strip extending from cool temperate areas on the far south coast to subtropical areas near the Queensland border The Illawarra region is centred on the city of Wollongong with the Shoalhaven Eurobodalla and the Sapphire Coast to the south The Central Coast lies between Sydney and Newcastle with the Mid North Coast and Northern Rivers regions reaching northwards to the Queensland border Tourism is important to the economies of coastal towns such as Coffs Harbour Lismore Nowra and Port Macquarie but the region also produces seafood beef dairy fruit sugar cane and timber The Southern Highlands The Great Dividing Range extends from Victoria in the south through New South Wales to Queensland parallel to the narrow coastal plain This area includes the Snowy Mountains the Northern Central and Southern Tablelands the Southern Highlands and the South West Slopes Whilst not particularly steep many peaks of the range rise above 1 000 metres 3 281 ft with the highest Mount Kosciuszko at 2 229 m 7 313 ft Skiing in Australia began in this region at Kiandra around 1861 The relatively short ski season underwrites the tourist industry in the Snowy Mountains Agriculture particularly the wool industry is important throughout the highlands Major centres include Armidale Bathurst Bowral Goulburn Inverell Orange Queanbeyan and Tamworth There are numerous forests in New South Wales with such tree species as Red Gum Eucalyptus and Crow Ash Flindersia australis being represented 57 Forest floors have a diverse set of understory shrubs and fungi One of the widespread fungi is Witch s Butter Tremella mesenterica 58 The western slopes and plains fill a significant portion of the state s area and have a much sparser population than areas nearer the coast Agriculture is central to the economy of the western slopes particularly the Riverina region and Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in the state s south west Regional cities such as Albury Dubbo Griffith and Wagga Wagga and towns such as Deniliquin Leeton and Parkes exist primarily to service these agricultural regions The western slopes descend slowly to the western plains that comprise almost two thirds of the state and are largely arid or semi arid The mining town of Broken Hill is the largest centre in this area 59 One possible definition of the centre for New South Wales is located 33 kilometres 21 mi west north west of Tottenham 60 Climate Edit Koppen climate types in New South Wales A little more than half of the state has an arid to semi arid climate where the rainfall averages from 150 to 500 millimetres 5 9 to 19 7 in a year throughout most of this climate zone Summer temperatures can be very hot while winter nights can be quite cold in this region Rainfall varies throughout the state The far north west receives the least less than 180 mm 7 in annually while the east receives between 700 to 1 400 mm 28 to 55 in of rain 61 The climate along the flat coastal plain east of the range varies from oceanic in the south to humid subtropical in the northern half of the state right above Wollongong Rainfall is highest in this area however it still varies from around 800 millimetres 31 in to as high as 3 000 millimetres 120 in in the wettest areas for example Dorrigo In the state s south on the westward side of the Great Dividing Range rainfall is heaviest in winter due to cold fronts which move across southern Australia while in the north around Lismore rain is heaviest in summer from tropical systems and occasionally even cyclones 61 During late winter the coastal plain is relatively dry due to foehn winds that originate from the Great Dividing Range 62 the mountain range block the moist westerly cold fronts that arrive from the Southern Ocean whereby providing generally clear conditions on the leeward side 63 64 The climate in the southern half of the state is generally warm to hot in summer and cool in the winter The seasons are more defined in the southern half of the state especially as one moves inland towards South West Slopes Central West and the Riverina region The climate in the northeast region of the state or the North Coast bordering Queensland is hot and humid in the summer and mild in winter The Northern Tablelands which are also on the North coast have relatively mild summers and cold winters due to their high elevation on the Great Dividing Range Peaks along the Great Dividing Range vary from 500 metres 1 640 ft to over 2 000 metres 6 562 ft above sea level Temperatures can be cool to cold in winter with frequent frosts and snowfall and are rarely hot in summer due to the elevation Lithgow has a climate typical of the range as do the regional cities of Orange Cooma Oberon and Armidale Such places fall within the subtropical highland Cwb variety Rainfall is moderate in this area ranging from 600 to 800 mm 24 to 31 in Snowfall is common in the higher parts of the range sometimes occurring as far north as the Queensland border On the highest peaks of the Snowy Mountains the climate can be subpolar oceanic and even alpine on the higher peaks with very cold temperatures and heavy snow The Blue Mountains Southern Tablelands and Central Tablelands which are situated on the Great Dividing Range have mild to warm summers and cold winters although not as severe as those in the Snowy Mountains 61 The highest maximum temperature recorded was 49 7 C 121 F at Menindee in the west of the state on 10 January 1939 The lowest minimum temperature was 23 C 9 F at Charlotte Pass in the Snowy Mountains on 29 June 1994 This is also the lowest temperature recorded in the whole of Australia excluding the Antarctic Territory 65 Climate data for New South WalesMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 49 7 121 5 48 5 119 3 45 0 113 0 40 0 104 0 34 4 93 9 31 0 87 8 31 7 89 1 37 8 100 0 39 6 103 3 43 9 111 0 46 8 116 2 48 9 120 0 49 7 121 5 Record low C F 5 6 21 9 7 0 19 4 7 2 19 0 13 0 8 6 13 4 7 9 23 0 9 4 19 6 3 3 20 6 5 1 16 7 1 9 12 0 10 4 9 4 15 1 7 0 19 4 23 0 9 4 Source Bureau of Meteorology 66 Demographics EditSee also Demographics of Sydney List of population demographics of New South Wales by local government area and Demographics of Australia The estimated resident population since 1981 The estimated population of New South Wales at the end of December 2021 was 8 095 430 people representing approximately 31 42 of nationwide population 1 In June 2017 Sydney was home to almost two thirds 65 3 of the NSW population 6 Cities and towns Edit Sydney is Australia s most populous city Newcastle Wollongong Population by Statistical Area Level 4 and 3 NSW rank Statistical Area Level 2 Population 30 June 2014 67 10 year growth rate Population density people km2 1 Greater Sydney 4 940 628 15 7 397 42 Newcastle and Lake Macquarie 368 131 9 0 423 13 Illawarra 296 845 9 3 192 94 Hunter Valley excluding Newcastle 264 087 16 2 12 35 Richmond Tweed 242 116 8 9 23 66 Capital region 220 944 10 9 4 37 Mid North Coast 212 787 9 2 11 38 Central West 209 850 7 9 3 09 New England and North West 186 262 5 3 1 910 Riverina 158 144 4 7 2 811 Southern Highlands and Shoalhaven 146 388 10 4 21 812 Coffs Harbour Grafton 136 418 7 6 10 313 Far West and Orana 119 742 0 3 0 414 Murray 116 130 4 0 1 2New South Wales 7 518 472 10 4 13 0Population by Significant Urban Area NSW rank Significant Urban Area Population 30 June 2018 2021 Census 68 Australia rank 10 year growth rate1 Sydney 4 835 206 1 19 3 Gold Coast Tweed Heads 654 073 6 2 Newcastle Maitland 505 489 7 11 33 Gosford Central Coast 338 567 9 19 54 Wollongong 312 167 11 11 2 Albury Wodonga 97 274 20 14 95 Coffs Harbour 71 822 25 11 86 Wagga Wagga 67 609 28 6 77 Albury 56 093 30 14 98 Port Macquarie 47 973 33 15 69 Tamworth 42 872 34 10 910 Orange 40 493 36 12 911 Bowral Mittagong 39 887 37 13 512 Dubbo 38 392 39 12 213 Nowra Bomaderry 37 420 42 1414 Bathurst 33 801 43 15 015 Lismore 28 720 49 0 916 Nelson Bay 28 051 50 13 217 Tweed Heads Tweed Heads South18 Taree 26 448 55 2 319 Ballina 26 381 55 10 120 Morisset Cooranbong 25 309 57 15 121 Armidale 24 504 58 7 022 Goulburn 23 835 59 1223 Forster Tuncurry 21 159 65 7 324 Griffith 20 251 66 11 525 St Georges Basin Sanctuary Point 19 251 68 19 126 Grafton 19 078 69 3 527 Camden Haven 17 835 73 12 428 Broken Hill 17 734 74 9 529 Batemans Bay 16 485 78 4 430 Singleton 16 346 79 0 631 Ulladulla 16 213 81 11 832 Kempsey 15 309 84 5 833 Lithgow 12 973 93 4 834 Mudgee 12 410 95 21 535 Muswellbrook 12 364 96 5 036 Parkes 11 224 98 2 1New South Wales 7 480 228 17 6Ancestry and immigration Edit Country of Birth 2021 note 1 69 Birthplace note 2 Population Australia note 3 5 277 497 China 247 595 England 231 385 India 208 962 New Zealand 118 527 Philippines 106 930 Vietnam 97 995 Nepal 64 946 Lebanon 63 293 Iraq 55 353 South Korea 53 046 South Africa 42 347At the 2021 census the most commonly nominated ancestries were note 4 70 69 English 29 8 Australian 28 6 note 5 Irish 9 1 Scottish 7 7 Chinese 7 2 Italian 3 7 Indian 3 2 Indigenous 3 0 note 6 German 3 0 Lebanese 2 2 Filipino 1 9 Greek 1 8 Vietnamese 1 5 Dutch 1 1 Maltese 1 0 At the 2021 census there were 2 794 666 people living in New South Wales that were born overseas accounting for 34 6 of the population Only 43 7 of the population had both parents born in Australia note 7 70 3 4 of the population or 278 043 people identified as Indigenous Australians Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders in 2021 note 8 70 Language Edit According to the 2021 census 29 5 of people in New South Wales speak a language other than English at home with Mandarin 3 4 Arabic 2 8 Cantonese 1 8 Vietnamese 1 5 and Hindi 1 0 being the most popular 72 Religion Edit In the 2021 census the most commonly reported religions and Christian denominations were Roman Catholicism 22 4 Anglicanism 11 9 and Islam 4 3 32 8 of the population described themselves as having no religion 73 Government EditMain article Government of New South Wales New South Wales Parliament House in Sydney the oldest public building in Australia Executive power rests formally with the Executive Council which consists of the Governor and senior ministers 74 The current governor is Margaret Beazley The governor commissions as premier the leader of the parliamentary political party that can command a simple majority of votes in the Legislative Assembly The premier then recommends the appointment of other members of the two Houses to the Ministry under the principle of responsible or Westminster government As in other Westminster systems there is no constitutional requirement in New South Wales for the government to be formed from the parliament merely convention As of early October 2021 the premier is Dominic Perrottet of the Liberal Party 75 Constitution Edit Wikisource has original text related to this article Constitution of New South Wales The form of the Government of New South Wales is prescribed in its Constitution dating from 1856 and currently the Constitution Act 1902 NSW 76 Since 1901 New South Wales has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth In 2006 the Constitution Amendment Pledge of Loyalty Act 2006 No 6 77 was enacted to amend the NSW Constitution Act 1902 to require Members of the New South Wales Parliament and its Ministers to take a pledge of loyalty to Australia and to the people of New South Wales instead of swearing allegiance to Elizabeth II her heirs and successors and to revise the oaths taken by Executive Councillors The Pledge of Loyalty Act was officially assented to by the Queen on 3 April 2006 The option to swear allegiance to the Queen was restored as an alternative option in June 2012 Under the Australian Constitution New South Wales ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to the Commonwealth but retained independence in all other areas The New South Wales Constitution says The Legislature shall subject to the provisions of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act have power to make laws for the peace welfare and good government of New South Wales in all cases whatsoever 78 Parliament Edit The first responsible self government of New South Wales was formed on 6 June 1856 with Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson appointed by Governor Sir William Denison as its first Colonial Secretary which in those days accounted also as the Premier 79 The Parliament of New South Wales is composed of the Sovereign and two houses the Legislative Assembly lower house and the Legislative Council upper house Elections are held every four years on the fourth Saturday of March the most recent being on 23 March 2019 At each election one member is elected to the Legislative Assembly from each of 93 electoral districts and half of the 42 members of the Legislative Council are elected by a statewide electorate Local government Edit New South Wales is divided into 128 local government areas There is also the Unincorporated Far West Region which is not part of any local government area in the sparsely inhabited Far West and Lord Howe Island which is also unincorporated but self governed by the Lord Howe Island Board citation needed Emergency services Edit New South Wales is policed by the New South Wales Police Force a statutory authority Established in 1862 the New South Wales Police Force investigates Summary and Indictable offences throughout the State of New South Wales The state has two fire services the volunteer based New South Wales Rural Fire Service which is responsible for the majority of the state and the Fire and Rescue NSW a government agency responsible for protecting urban areas There is some overlap in due to suburbanisation Ambulance services are provided through the New South Wales Ambulance Rescue services i e vertical road crash confinement are a joint effort by all emergency services with Ambulance Rescue Police Rescue Squad and Fire Rescue Units contributing Volunteer rescue organisations include Marine Rescue New South Wales State Emergency Service SES Surf Life Saving New South Wales and Volunteer Rescue Association VRA citation needed Education EditSee also Education in Australia Primary and Secondary Edit St Stanislaus College is a secondary day and boarding school in Bathurst The NSW school system comprises a kindergarten to year 12 system with primary schooling up to year 6 and secondary schooling between years 7 and 12 Schooling is compulsory from before 6 years old until the age of 17 unless Year 10 is completed earlier 80 Between 1990 and 2010 schooling was only compulsory in NSW until age 15 81 Primary and secondary schools include government and non government schools Government schools are further classified as comprehensive and selective schools Non government schools include Catholic schools other denominational schools and non denominational independent schools Typically a primary school provides education from kindergarten level to year 6 A secondary school usually called a high school provides education from years 7 to 12 Secondary colleges are secondary schools which only cater for years 11 and 12 The NSW Education Standards Authority classifies the 13 years of primary and secondary schooling into six stages beginning with Early Stage 1 Kindergarten and ending with Stage 6 years 11 and 12 82 83 The State Library of New South Wales Record of School Achievement Edit Main article Record of School Achievement A Record of School Achievement RoSA is awarded by the NSW Education Standards Authority to students who have completed at least Year 10 but leave school without completing the Higher School Certificate 84 The RoSA was introduced in 2012 to replace the former School Certificate Higher School Certificate Edit Main article Higher School Certificate New South Wales The Higher School Certificate HSC is the usual Year 12 leaving certificate in NSW Most students complete the HSC prior to entering the workforce or going on to study at university or TAFE although the HSC itself can be completed at TAFE The HSC must be completed for a student to get an Australian Tertiary Admission Rank formerly Universities Admission Index which determines the student s rank against fellow students who completed the Higher School Certificate Tertiary Edit The University of Sydney is Australia s oldest university Eleven universities primarily operate in New South Wales Sydney is home to Australia s first university the University of Sydney founded in 1850 Other universities include the University of New South Wales Macquarie University University of Technology Sydney and Western Sydney University The Australian Catholic University has three of its seven campuses in Sydney and the private University of Notre Dame Australia also operates a secondary campus in the city Outside Sydney the leading universities are the University of Newcastle and the University of Wollongong Armidale is home to the University of New England and Charles Sturt University Southern Cross University has campuses spread across cities in the state s north coast The public universities are state government agencies however they are largely regulated by the federal government which also administers their public funding Admission to NSW universities is arranged together with universities in the Australian Capital Territory by another government agency the Universities Admission Centre Primarily vocational training is provided up the level of advanced diplomas is provided by the state government s ten Technical and Further Education TAFE institutes These institutes run courses in more than130 campuses throughout the state Economy EditMain article Economy of New South Wales The Sydney Harbour Bridge is an important tourist attraction for New South Wales NSW is the largest state economy in Australia with service industries contributing almost 80 of the state s economic activity and 90 of its employment Business services which includes financial services professional scientific and technical services property services information media and telecommunications account for nearly a third of the state economy Major merchandise exports include coal copper beef and aluminium In recent years there has been strong growth in exports of education tourism and financial and business services 85 Construction accounted for 8 of the NSW economy in 2020 21 while manufacturing contributed 6 mining 2 and agriculture forestry and fishing just under 2 86 Coal and related products are the state s biggest merchandise export Its value to the state s economy is over A 5 billion accounting for about 19 of all merchandise exports from NSW 87 Tourism is worth over 18 1 billion to the New South Wales economy and employs 3 1 of the workforce 88 Agriculture Edit See also Agriculture in Australia Aerial view of mixed crops near Coolamon Vineyards in the Hunter RegionAgriculture accounts for just under 2 of the NSW economy 86 NSW has the second highest value of agricultural production of the Australian states 89 Wheat is the most extensive crop in the state by hectare 90 amounting to 39 of the continent s harvest 91 92 The most important wheat growing areas are the Central West Orana New England North West and Riverina 93 Barley cotton and canola are also important broadacre crops Most cotton production is in the New England Orana North West and Far West regions 93 However the southern regions of the state now produce almost one third of the state s crop by value 94 NSW produces about 20 of Australia s fruit and nuts and about 12 of its vegetables by value The major regions for fruit and nut production are the Riverina Coffs Harbour Grafton and the Murray 93 About 40 200 hectares 99 000 acres of vineyards lie across the eastern region of the state with the Hunter Valley and the Riverina being major wine producing regions 95 Cattle sheep and pigs are the predominant livestock of NSW The state has over one third of the country s sheep and one fifth of its cattle and pigs 96 Australia s largest and most valuable Thoroughbred horse breeding area is centred on Scone in the Hunter Valley 97 Transport EditMain article Transport in New South Wales Passage through New South Wales is vital for cross continent transport Rail and road traffic from Brisbane Queensland to Perth Western Australia or to Melbourne Victoria must pass through New South Wales Railways Edit Main article Rail transport in New South Wales A Sydney A set commuter train at Ashfield An XPT operating a Central West service at Rydal The majority of railways in New South Wales are currently operated by the state government Some lines began as branch lines of railways starting in other states For instance Balranald near the Victorian border was connected by a rail line coming up from Victoria and into New South Wales Another line beginning in Adelaide crossed over the border and stopped at Broken Hill Railways management are conducted by Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink 98 which maintain rolling stock Sydney Trains operates trains within Sydney while NSW TrainLink operates outside Sydney intercity country and interstate services Both Sydney Trains and NSW TrainLink have their main terminus at Sydney s Central station NSW TrainLink regional and long distance services consist of XPT services to Grafton Casino Brisbane Melbourne and Dubbo as well as Xplorer services to Canberra Griffith Broken Hill Armidale and Moree NSW TrainLink intercity trains operate on the Blue Mountains Line Central Cost amp Newcastle Line South Coast Line Southern Highlands Line and Hunter Line Roads Edit New South Wales and its highways Pacific Motorway Sydney Newcastle north of the Hawkesbury River Major roads are the concern of both federal and state governments The latter maintains these through the Transport for NSW agency The main roads in New South Wales are Hume Highway linking Sydney to Melbourne Victoria Princes Highway linking Sydney to Melbourne via the Tasman Sea coast Pacific Highway linking Sydney to Brisbane Queensland via the Pacific coast New England Highway running from the Pacific Highway at Newcastle to Brisbane by an inland route Federal Highway running from the Hume Highway south of Goulburn to Canberra Australian Capital Territory Sturt Highway running from the Hume Highway near Gundagai to Adelaide South Australia Newell Highway linking rural Victoria with Queensland passing through the centre of New South Wales Great Western Highway linking Sydney with Bathurst as Route 32 it continues west as the Mitchell Highway then as the Barrier Highway to Adelaide via Broken HillOther roads are usually the concern of the TfNSW and or the local government authority Air Edit Qantas A380 taking off at Sydney Airport Kingsford Smith Airport commonly Sydney Airport and locally referred to as Mascot Airport or just Mascot located in the southern Sydney suburb of Mascot is the major airport for not just the state but the whole nation It is a hub for Australia s national airline Qantas Other airlines serving regional New South Wales include 99 FlyPelican 100 Jetstar 101 Regional Express also known as Rex 102 Virgin Australia 103 formerly known as Virgin Blue Airlines Corporate Air 104 Ferries Edit Transdev Sydney Ferries operates Sydney Ferries services within Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River while Newcastle Transport has a ferry service within Newcastle 105 All other ferry services are privately operated 106 Spirit of Tasmania ran a commercial ferry service between Sydney and Devonport Tasmania This service was terminated in 2006 107 Private boat services operated between South Australia Victoria and New South Wales along the Murray and Darling Rivers but these only exist now as the occasional tourist paddle wheeler service 108 National parks Edit Three Sisters in the Blue Mountains National Park See also Protected areas of New South Wales New South Wales has more than 780 national parks and reserves covering more than 8 of the state 109 These parks range from rainforests waterfalls rugged bush to marine wonderlands and outback deserts including World Heritage sites 110 The Royal National Park on the southern outskirts of Sydney became Australia s first national park when proclaimed on 26 April 1879 Originally named simply National Park until 1955 this park was the second national park to be established in the world after Yellowstone National Park in the U S Kosciuszko National Park is the largest park in state encompassing New South Wales alpine region 111 The National Parks Association was formed in 1957 to create a system of national parks all over New South Wales which led to the formation of the National Parks and Wildlife Service in 1967 112 This government agency is responsible for developing and maintaining the parks and reserve system and conserving natural and cultural heritage in the state of New South Wales These parks preserve special habitats plants and wildlife such as the Wollemi National Park where the Wollemi Pine grows and areas sacred to Australian Aboriginals such as Mutawintji National Park in western New South Wales Sport EditMain article Sport in New South Wales Stadium Australia The most popular sporting competition in the state is the National Rugby League citation needed which is based in Sydney The state is represented by the New South Wales Blues in the State of Origin series The state hosts 10 of the 16 NRL teams the Canterbury Bankstown Bulldogs Cronulla Sharks Manly Sea Eagles Parramatta Eels Penrith Panthers South Sydney Rabbitohs Sydney Roosters Wests Tigers St George Illawarra Dragons and the Newcastle Knights Other rugby league competitions in the state include the NSW Cup the Sydney A Grade and regional competitions administered by the NSWRL s Country Rugby League division citation needed The main summer sport is cricket and the Sydney Cricket Ground hosts the New Year cricket Test match in January each year The NSW Blues play in the One Day Cup and Sheffield Shield competitions Sydney Sixers and Sydney Thunder both play in the Big Bash League citation needed The Bathurst 1000 held at Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst The state is represented in the Australian Football League by the Sydney Swans who won the AFL premiership in 2005 and the Greater Western Sydney Giants who entered the competition in 2012 citation needed The state is represented by five teams in soccer s A League Sydney FC Western Sydney Wanderers 2014 Asian champions Central Coast Mariners Newcastle Jets and Macarthur FC citation needed Other teams in major national competitions include the Sydney Kings and Illawarra Hawks in the National Basketball League Sydney Uni Flames in the Women s National Basketball League New South Wales Waratahs in Super Rugby and New South Wales Swifts in Super Netball citation needed The Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney was the host of the 1938 British Empire Games and 2000 Summer Olympics The Stadium Australia hosts major events including the NRL Grand Final State of Origin rugby union and football internationals The annual Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race begins in Sydney Harbour on Boxing Day Bathurst hosts the annual Bathurst 1000 as part of the Supercars Championship at Mount Panorama Circuit citation needed The equine sports of campdrafting and polocrosse were developed in New South Wales and competitions are now held across Australia Polocrosse is now played in many overseas countries citation needed Other professional teams include citation needed Baseball Sydney Blue Sox Ice hockey Newcastle Northstars Sydney Bears Sydney Ice Dogs Motor racing Brad Jones Racing Team SydneyCulture Edit The Palace Hotel in Broken Hill the only town in Australia to be listed on the National Heritage List 113 114 As Australia s most populous state New South Wales is home to a number of cultural institutions of importance to the nation In music New South Wales is home to the Sydney Symphony Orchestra Australia s busiest and largest orchestra Australia s largest opera company Opera Australia is headquartered in Sydney Both of these organisations perform a subscription series at the Sydney Opera House Other major musical bodies include the Australian Chamber Orchestra Sydney is host to the Australian Ballet for its Sydney season the ballet is headquartered in Melbourne Apart from the Sydney Opera House major musical performance venues include the City Recital Hall and the Sydney Town Hall New South Wales is home to several major museums and art galleries including the Australian Museum the Powerhouse Museum the Museum of Sydney the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Museum of Contemporary Art The Art Gallery of New South WalesSydney is home to five Arts teaching organisations which have all produced world famous students The National Art School The College of Fine Arts the National Institute of Dramatic Art NIDA the Australian Film Television amp Radio School and the Conservatorium of Music now part of the University of Sydney New South Wales is the setting and shooting location of many Australian films including Mad Max 2 which was shot near the mining town of Broken Hill The state has also attracted international productions both as a setting such as in Mission Impossible 2 and as a stand in for other locations as seen in The Matrix franchise The Great Gatsby and Unbroken 115 116 20th Century Fox operates Fox Studios Australia in Sydney Screen NSW which controls the state film industry generates approximately 100 million into the New South Wales economy each year 117 Sister states EditNew South Wales in recent history has pursued bilateral partnerships with other federated states provinces and metropolises through establishing a network of sister state relationships The state currently has 7 sister states 118 Guangdong China since 1979 Tokyo Japan since 1984 Ehime Japan since 1999 119 North Rhine Westphalia Germany since 1989 Seoul South Korea since 1991 Jakarta Indonesia since 1994 California United States since 1997 See also Edit Geography portal Oceania portal Australia portal New South Wales portalGeology of New South Wales Index of Australia related articles Outline of Australia Postage stamps and postal history of New South Wales Selection Australian history SquattocracyNotes Edit Only the top 12 most common birthplaces are listed in this table In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source England Scotland Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately Does not include Norfolk Island or other Australian External Territories The percentages include thoese who did not answer the question or who gave an unclear answer The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate Australian as their ancestry are part of the Anglo Celtic group 71 Includes those identifying as having Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders ancestry Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry 6 0 of people did not state where their parents were born Of any ancestry Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry References Edit a b c National state and territory population March 2021 Australian Bureau of Statistics 26 September 2022 Archived from the original on 21 November 2022 Retrieved 27 November 2022 5220 0 Australian National Accounts State Accounts 2019 20 Australian Bureau of Statistics 20 November 2020 Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 Retrieved 20 January 2021 Sub national HDI Area Database Global Data Lab hdi globaldatalab org Retrieved 24 January 2022 Floral Emblem of New South Wales www anbg gov auhi Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 23 January 2013 New South Wales Parliament Work Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 22 January 2013 a b 3218 0 Regional Population Growth Australia 2016 17 Main Features Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics 24 April 2018 Archived from the original on 13 October 2018 Retrieved 13 October 2018 Estimated resident population 30 June 2017 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2022 Cropping cotton NSW Department of Primary Industry 2021 Retrieved 8 September 2022 From paddock to plate Tourism New South Wales New South Wales Government 1 July 2003 Archived from the original on 3 February 2009 Retrieved 7 March 2009 Agricultural Commodities Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics 26 July 2022 Retrieved 8 September 2022 SMH Travel Scone Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 7 March 2009 Transport for New South Wales Transport for New South Wales Archived from the original on 9 July 2013 Retrieved 10 July 2013 1 NSW Rural and Regional Air Transport Operators Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine FlyPelican Archived from the original on 5 January 2021 Retrieved 13 January 2021 Jetstar Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Rex Archived 2 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Virgin Australia Virgin Australia Archived from the original on 28 October 2011 Retrieved 28 October 2011 Corporate Air Corporate Air Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 Retrieved 28 October 2011 Stockton Ferry Newcastlebuses info 26 August 2011 Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 Retrieved 28 October 2011 List of Ferry Services Transportnsw info Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 Spirit of Tasmania Sydney Service Spiritoftasmania com au Archived from the original on 19 October 2011 Retrieved 28 October 2011 Echuca Paddlesteamer Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 2008 Guide to National Parks p 59 NSW NPWS Welcome to NSW National Parks Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Office of Environment and Heritage retrieved 2 May 2011 Chisholm Alec H The Australian Encyclopaedia Vol 6 Sydney Halstead Press 1963 p 249 National Parks Who We Are National Parks Association of NSW Archived from the original on 4 August 2007 Retrieved 1 March 2009 Broken Hill becomes first Australian city to join National Heritage List after decade long campaign Australian Broadcasting Corporation 20 January 2015 Archived from the original on 25 January 2016 Retrieved 20 January 2015 National Heritage Places City of Broken Hill Department of the Environment Archived from the original on 20 January 2015 Retrieved 20 January 2015 Frater Patrick 30 September 2013 Angelina Jolie s Unbroken Set to Shoot in Oz Variety Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 Retrieved 3 October 2013 Clifford Catherine 14 December 2013 Hollywood actor Angelina Jolie starts filming scenes for the movie Unbroken in Werris Creek ABC News Archived from the original on 19 November 2014 Retrieved 15 December 2013 Screen NSW Annual Report 2012 13 PDF screen nsw gov au Archived PDF from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 31 August 2015 Building international relationships NSW Government Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 Retrieved 14 November 2017 International exchange activated with globalization Ehime Prefecture Archived from the original on 30 September 2018 Retrieved 1 November 2018 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to New South Wales Wikivoyage has a travel guide for New South Wales Official NSW Website NSW Parliament Official NSW Tourism Website New South Wales at Curlie Geographic data related to New South Wales at OpenStreetMap Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title New South Wales amp oldid 1136628019, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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