Dialects can be defined as "sub-forms of languages which are, in general, mutually comprehensible."[1] English speakers from different countries and regions use a variety of different accents (systems of pronunciation) as well as various localized words and grammatical constructions. Many different dialects can be identified based on these factors. Dialects can be classified at broader or narrower levels: within a broad national or regional dialect, various more localised sub-dialects can be identified, and so on. The combination of differences in pronunciation and use of local words may make some English dialects almost unintelligible to speakers from other regions without any prior exposure.
The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into three general categories: the British Isles dialects, those of North America, and those of Australasia.[2] Dialects can be associated not only with place but also with particular social groups. Within a given English-speaking country, there is a form of the language considered to be Standard English: the Standard Englishes of different countries differ and can themselves be considered dialects. Standard English is often associated with the more educated layers of society as well as more formal registers.
British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world, excluding countries in which English is spoken natively such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. In many former British Empire countries in which English is not spoken natively, British English forms are closely followed, alongside numerous American English usages that have become widespread throughout the English-speaking world.[3] Conversely, a number of countries with historical ties to the United States tend to follow American English conventions. Many of these countries, while retaining strong British English or American English influences, have developed their own unique dialects, which include Indian English and Philippine English.
Chief among other native English dialects are Canadian English and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in the number of native speakers.[4] For the most part, Canadian English, while featuring numerous British forms, alongside indigenous Canadianisms, shares vocabulary, phonology and syntax with American English, which leads many to recognise North American English as an organic grouping of dialects.[5] Australian English, likewise, shares many American and British English usages, alongside plentiful features unique to Australia and retains a significantly higher degree of distinctiveness from both larger varieties than does Canadian English. South African English, New Zealand English and Irish English are also distinctive and rank fifth, sixth, and seventh in the number of native speakers.
These dialects are used in everyday conversation almost all over the world, and are used as lingua francas and to determine grammar rules and guidelines.
^ abHickey, Raymond (2005). Dublin English: Evolution and Change. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 196–198. ISBN90-272-4895-8.
^Hickey, Raymond (2002). A Source Book for Irish English(PDF). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 28–29. ISBN90-272-3753-0. ISBN1-58811-209-8 (US)
^Daniel Schreier, Peter Trudgill. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, Mar 4, 2010 pg. 10
Further readingedit
Hickey, Raymond (2014). A Dictionary of Varieties of English. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN978-0-470-65641-9.
Nunan, David (2012), What Is This Thing Called Language?, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN978-1-137-28499-0.
Okrent, A. (2010), In the Land of Invented Languages: A Celebration of Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius, Spiegel & Grau Trade Paperbacks, ISBN978-0-8129-8089-9.
Hickey, Raymond, ed. (2010). Varieties of English in Writing. The Written Word as Linguistic Evidence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN978-90-272-4901-2.
Hickey, Raymond, ed. (2004). Legacies of Colonial English. Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-17507-4.
Fischer, Steven Roger (2004), History of Language, Reaktion Books, ISBN978-1-86189-594-3.
Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 109. ISBN978-0-521-53033-0.
Bolton, K. (2002), Hong Kong English: Autonomy and Creativity, Asian Englishes Today, Hong Kong University Press, ISBN978-962-209-553-3, retrieved 2015-10-22.
"English Language § Varieties of English", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 6 (Earth–Everglades) (Fifth ed.), 1974, pp. 883–886.
Sounds Familiar? Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar?' website
A national map of the regional dialects of American English
IDEA 2006-09-01 at the Wayback Machine – International Dialects of English Archive
English Dialects – English Dialects around the world
American Languages: Our Nation's Many Voices - An online audio resource presenting interviews with speakers of German-American and American English dialects from across the United States
electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English (eWAVE)
January 19, 2024
list, dialects, english, dialects, linguistic, varieties, that, differ, pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, other, aspects, grammar, classification, varieties, english, only, pronunciation, regional, accents, english, contents, overview, europe, great, britai. Dialects are linguistic varieties that may differ in pronunciation vocabulary spelling and other aspects of grammar For the classification of varieties of English only in of pronunciation see regional accents of English Contents 1 Overview 2 Europe 2 1 Great Britain 2 1 1 England 2 1 2 Scotland 2 1 3 Wales 2 1 4 Non geographic based English 2 2 British dependencies and territories 2 3 Ireland 2 4 Continental Europe 2 5 Eastern Europe 2 6 Mediterranean 3 North America 3 1 United States 3 2 Canada 4 Caribbean Central and South America 4 1 Caribbean 4 2 The Bahamas 4 3 Barbados 4 4 Belize 4 5 Bermuda 4 6 Cayman Islands 4 7 Colombia 4 8 Costa Rica 4 9 Dominican Republic 4 10 Falkland Islands 4 11 Guyana 4 12 Honduras 4 13 Jamaica 4 14 Nicaragua 4 15 Panama 4 16 Puerto Rico 4 17 Saba 4 18 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4 19 Trinidad and Tobago 4 20 Turks and Caicos Islands 4 21 Virgin Islands 5 Asia 5 1 Bangladesh 5 2 Brunei 5 3 Myanmar Burma 5 4 Hong Kong 5 5 China 5 6 India 5 7 Japan 5 8 South Korea 5 9 Malaysia 5 10 Middle East 5 11 Nepal 5 12 Pakistan 5 13 Philippines 5 14 Singapore 5 15 Sri Lanka 6 Africa 6 1 Cameroon 6 2 The Gambia 6 3 Ghana 6 4 Kenya 6 5 Liberia 6 6 Malawi 6 7 Namibia 6 8 Nigeria 6 9 Sierra Leone 6 10 South Africa 6 11 South Atlantic 6 12 Uganda 6 13 Zambia 6 14 Zimbabwe 7 Oceania 7 1 Australia 7 2 Fiji 7 3 New Zealand 8 South Atlantic 9 World Global English 10 Antarctica 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksOverview editDialects can be defined as sub forms of languages which are in general mutually comprehensible 1 English speakers from different countries and regions use a variety of different accents systems of pronunciation as well as various localized words and grammatical constructions Many different dialects can be identified based on these factors Dialects can be classified at broader or narrower levels within a broad national or regional dialect various more localised sub dialects can be identified and so on The combination of differences in pronunciation and use of local words may make some English dialects almost unintelligible to speakers from other regions without any prior exposure The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into three general categories the British Isles dialects those of North America and those of Australasia 2 Dialects can be associated not only with place but also with particular social groups Within a given English speaking country there is a form of the language considered to be Standard English the Standard Englishes of different countries differ and can themselves be considered dialects Standard English is often associated with the more educated layers of society as well as more formal registers British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken written and taught in the rest of the world excluding countries in which English is spoken natively such as Australia Canada Ireland and New Zealand In many former British Empire countries in which English is not spoken natively British English forms are closely followed alongside numerous American English usages that have become widespread throughout the English speaking world 3 Conversely a number of countries with historical ties to the United States tend to follow American English conventions Many of these countries while retaining strong British English or American English influences have developed their own unique dialects which include Indian English and Philippine English Chief among other native English dialects are Canadian English and Australian English which rank third and fourth in the number of native speakers 4 For the most part Canadian English while featuring numerous British forms alongside indigenous Canadianisms shares vocabulary phonology and syntax with American English which leads many to recognise North American English as an organic grouping of dialects 5 Australian English likewise shares many American and British English usages alongside plentiful features unique to Australia and retains a significantly higher degree of distinctiveness from both larger varieties than does Canadian English South African English New Zealand English and Irish English are also distinctive and rank fifth sixth and seventh in the number of native speakers Europe editEnglish language in Europe nbsp Dialects and accents of English spoken in the British Isles Great Britain edit British EnglishEngland edit English language in England Standard English Not to be confused with the accent Received Pronunciation Northern Lancastrian Lancashire and Cheshire Bolton Mancunian Manchester Scouse Merseyside Cumbrian Cumbria Barrovian Barrow in Furness Northumbrian Northumberland and County Durham Geordie Tyneside Mackem Sunderland Pitmatic Great Northern Coalfield Smoggie Teesside Yorkshire East Midlands Lincolnshire West Midlands Black Country Brummie Birmingham Potteries north Staffordshire Coventry East Anglian Norfolk Suffolk Essex Southern Cockney working class London and surrounding areas Estuary middle class London Home Counties and Hampshire Multicultural London London Sussex West Country Cornwall Bristolian Dorset Janner Plymouth Scotland edit Scottish English comprising varieties based on the Standard English of England Glasgow Highland EnglishWales edit Welsh English Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port TalbotNon geographic based English edit AngloromaniBritish dependencies and territories edit Channel Islands Channel Island English Isle of Man Manx English Gibraltar Gibraltarian EnglishIreland edit Hiberno English Irish English Ulster Ulster Scots dialect contested Leinster Dublin Dublin 4 D4 South West IrelandExtinct Yola language also known as Forth and Bargy dialect thought to have been a descendant of Middle English spoken in County Wexford 6 7 Fingallian another presumed descendant of Middle English spoken in Fingal 6 Continental Europe edit Euro English English in Denmark English in Finland English in Germany English in the Netherlands English in Norway Spanglish English in SwedenEastern Europe edit RunglishMediterranean edit English in Cyprus MaltenglishNorth America editUnited States edit nbsp E N E W N E N Y C PHILA INLAND NORTH W P A NORTH CENTRAL WEST MIDLAND SOUTH Texas California Appalachia Boston Pacific Northwest Chesapeake amp Outer Banks Maine New Orleans BaltimoreMap of American English American English Cultural and ethnic American English African American English African American Vernacular English Ebonics Cajun Vernacular English General American the standard or mainstream spectrum of American English Latino Hispanic Vernacular Englishes Chicano English Mexican American English Miami English New York Latino English Pennsylvania Dutch English Yeshiva English American Indian English Lumbee English Regional and local American English Northern American English Inland Northern English Chicago Cleveland Detroit Milwaukee Western New York the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and most of the U S Great Lakes region New England English Eastern New England English including Boston and Maine English Rhode Island English Western New England English Connecticut Hudson Valley western Massachusetts and Vermont North Central Upper Midwestern English northern Wisconsin northern Minnesota North Dakota Montana Metropolitan New York English Southeast Super Regional English Midland American English North Midland English Iowa City Omaha Lincoln Columbia Springfield Muncie Columbus etc South Midland English Oklahoma City Tulsa Topeka Wichita Kansas City St Louis in transition Decatur Indianapolis Cincinnati Dayton etc Hoi Toider English traditional dialect of the Chesapeake Bay Tangier Ocracoke the Outer Banks Virginia Barrier Islands etc New Orleans English Philadelphia English Baltimore English Southern American English Southern Appalachian English Linden Birmingham Chattanooga Knoxville Asheville and Greenville Texan English Lubbock Odessa and Dallas Tennessean English Nashville Murfreesboro Memphis Western American English California English Pacific Northwest English Western Pennsylvania Pittsburgh English Extinct or near extinct American English Boontling Older Southern American English Mid Atlantic or Transatlantic English American English based hybrid languages creoles or pidgins Afro Seminole Creole Gullah language Sea Island Creole English South East US related to Bahamian creole Hawaiian PidginCanada edit nbsp STANDARD CANADIAN Pacific Northwest Aboriginal Canadian Quebec Ottawa Valley ATLANTIC CANADIAN Lunenburg NewfoundlandMap of Canadian English Canadian English Aboriginal English in Canada Bungi of the Canadian Metis people of British descent Atlantic Canadian English Lunenburg English Newfoundland English Greater Toronto English Ottawa Valley English Quebec English Standard Canadian English Pacific Northwest EnglishCaribbean Central and South America editCaribbean edit Caribbean EnglishThe Bahamas edit Bahamian English Bahamian CreoleBarbados edit Bajan English Bajan CreoleBelize edit Belizean English Belizean CreoleBermuda edit Bermudian EnglishCayman Islands edit Cayman Islands EnglishColombia edit San Andres Providencia CreoleCosta Rica edit Limonese CreoleDominican Republic edit Samana EnglishFalkland Islands edit Falkland Islands EnglishGuyana edit Guyanese English Guyanese CreoleHonduras edit Bay Islands EnglishJamaica edit Jamaican English Jamaican PatoisNicaragua edit Miskito Coast Creole Rama Cay CreolePanama edit Bocas del Toro CreolePuerto Rico edit Puerto Rican English Virgin Islands CreoleSaba edit Saban EnglishSaint Vincent and the Grenadines edit Vincentian English Vincentian Creole IyaricTrinidad and Tobago edit Trinidadian and Tobagonian English Tobagonian Creole Trinidadian CreoleTurks and Caicos Islands edit Turks and Caicos CreoleVirgin Islands edit Virgin Islands CreoleAsia editBangladesh edit Bangladeshi English Benglish or Banglish Brunei edit Brunei EnglishMyanmar Burma edit Burmese Myanmar EnglishHong Kong edit Hong Kong EnglishChina edit Chinese Pidgin English Extinct citation needed ChinglishIndia edit Indian English Standard Indian English Indian English the standard English used by government administration it derives from the British Indian Empire Butler English also Bearer English or Kitchen English once an occupational dialect now a social dialect Hinglish a growing macaronic hybrid use of English and Indian languages Regional and local Indian English East Region Oriya English Maithili English Assamese Bengali English North East Indian English etc West Region Gujarati English Maharashtrian English etc North Region Hindustani English Delhi Punjabi English UP Bihari English Rajasthani English etc South Region Telugu English Kannada English Kanglish Tenglish Tanglish Tamil English Malayali English etc Japan edit English in Japan EngrishSouth Korea edit Korean EnglishMalaysia edit Malaysian English ManglishMiddle East edit Middle Eastern English or Arablish Nepal edit Nepali EnglishPakistan edit Pakistani English UrdishPhilippines edit Philippine English Taglish BislishSingapore edit Singapore English SinglishSri Lanka edit Sri Lankan EnglishAfrica editCameroon edit Cameroonian EnglishThe Gambia edit Gambian EnglishGhana edit Ghanaian EnglishKenya edit Kenyan EnglishLiberia edit Liberian English Merico languageMalawi edit Malawian EnglishNamibia edit NamlishNigeria edit Nigerian EnglishSierra Leone edit Sierra Leonean EnglishSouth Africa edit South African English Black South African English White South African English Indian South African English etc Cape Flats EnglishSouth Atlantic edit South Atlantic English spoken on Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena 8 Uganda edit Ugandan EnglishZambia edit Zambian EnglishZimbabwe edit Zimbabwean EnglishOceania editAustralia edit Australian English General Australian Broad Australian Cultivated Australian Mediterranean accent etc Australian Aboriginal English South Australian English Western Australian English Torres Strait EnglishFiji edit Fiji EnglishNew Zealand edit New Zealand English Maori English Southland accent Taranaki accent etc South Atlantic editSouth Atlantic EnglishWorld Global English editThese dialects are used in everyday conversation almost all over the world and are used as lingua francas and to determine grammar rules and guidelines Standard English Learning English International English English as a lingua franca Simplified Technical EnglishAntarctica editAntarctic EnglishSee also editAmerican English regional vocabulary North American English regional phonology English based creole languages History of the English language Old English Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Linguistic purism in English List of English based pidgins Macaronic language Regional accents of English Schneider s dynamic model Survey of English Dialects World EnglishesReferences edit Wakelin Martyn Francis 2008 Discovering English Dialects Oxford Shire Publications p 4 ISBN 978 0 7478 0176 4 Crystal David The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language Cambridge University Press 2003 Filppula Markku Klemola Juhani Sharma Devyani eds 2013 12 16 The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes Oxford Handbooks Online doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199777716 001 0001 The Cambridge History of the English Language Cambridge University Press 1999 01 28 doi 10 1017 chol9780521264778 011 Trudgill and Hannah 2002 a b Hickey Raymond 2005 Dublin English Evolution and Change John Benjamins Publishing pp 196 198 ISBN 90 272 4895 8 Hickey Raymond 2002 A Source Book for Irish English PDF Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing pp 28 29 ISBN 90 272 3753 0 ISBN 1 58811 209 8 US Daniel Schreier Peter Trudgill The Lesser Known Varieties of English An Introduction Cambridge University Press Mar 4 2010 pg 10Further reading editHickey Raymond 2014 A Dictionary of Varieties of English Malden MA Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 470 65641 9 Nunan David 2012 What Is This Thing Called Language Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 1 137 28499 0 Okrent A 2010 In the Land of Invented Languages A Celebration of Linguistic Creativity Madness and Genius Spiegel amp Grau Trade Paperbacks ISBN 978 0 8129 8089 9 Hickey Raymond ed 2010 Varieties of English in Writing The Written Word as Linguistic Evidence Amsterdam John Benjamins ISBN 978 90 272 4901 2 Hickey Raymond ed 2004 Legacies of Colonial English Studies in Transported Dialects Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 17507 4 Fischer Steven Roger 2004 History of Language Reaktion Books ISBN 978 1 86189 594 3 Crystal David 2003 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language Second ed Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press p 109 ISBN 978 0 521 53033 0 Bolton K 2002 Hong Kong English Autonomy and Creativity Asian Englishes Today Hong Kong University Press ISBN 978 962 209 553 3 retrieved 2015 10 22 English Language Varieties of English Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 6 Earth Everglades Fifth ed 1974 pp 883 886 External links editList of dialects of English at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Travel information from Wikivoyage nbsp Data from Wikidata Sounds Familiar Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library s Sounds Familiar website A national map of the regional dialects of American English IDEA Archived 2006 09 01 at the Wayback Machine International Dialects of English Archive English Dialects English Dialects around the world Dialect poetry from the English regions American Languages Our Nation s Many Voices An online audio resource presenting interviews with speakers of German American and American English dialects from across the United States electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English eWAVE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of dialects of English amp oldid 1189278152, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
