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Eastern New England English

January 19, 2024

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Eastern New England English, historically known as the Yankee dialect since at least the 19th century,[1][2] is the traditional regional dialect of Maine, New Hampshire, and the eastern half of Massachusetts.[3][4] Features of this variety once spanned an even larger dialect area of New England, for example, including the eastern halves of Vermont and Connecticut for those born as late as the early twentieth century.[5] Studies vary as to whether the unique dialect of Rhode Island technically falls within the Eastern New England dialect region.[6]

Eastern New England English, here including Rhode Island English, is classically associated with sound patterns such as: non-rhoticity, or dropping r when not before a vowel; both variants of Canadian raising, including a fairly back starting position of the /aʊ/ vowel (as in MOUTH);[7][8] and some variation of the PALM–LOT–THOUGHT vowel distinctions, the marry–merry distinction, or both.[9] Eastern New England (excluding Rhode Island) is also nationally recognized for its highly front PALM/START vowel.

As of the 21st century, certain traditional characteristics are declining due to many younger Eastern New Englanders avoiding them, particularly non-rhoticity and the aforementioned vowel distinctions,[10][11] which they tend to perceive as old-fashioned, overly rural-sounding,[12] or even overly urban-sounding with regard to Boston.[13] New Hampshire speakers on the whole are particularly well documented as retreating from these older Eastern New England features since the mid-20th century onwards.[14][13]

Overview of phonology edit

The sound system of traditional Eastern New England English includes:

  • Non-rhoticity: The r sound may be "dropped" or "silent" if not before a vowel; therefore, in words like car, letter, horse, poor, etc. The feature is retreating and is not found in many younger speakers,[15] for example, in virtually no speakers born since the mid-20th century in southeastern New Hampshire.[14]
    • Linking and intrusive r: The non-rhotic r may be pronounced after all if it is followed by a vowel, even a vowel that begins the next word in the sentence. Also, any word that ends in /ə/ (as in Cuba), /ɑ/ (as in spa), or /ɔ/ (as in law) can be followed by an unwritten r sound when followed by a vowel sound in the next word: thus, law and public safety sounds like Lauren public safety.
  • Backing of /u/: The vowel of goose, rude, coup, etc. remains pronounced relatively far back in the mouth.[16]
  • Possible lack of the horse–hoarse merger: The vowel of words like war versus wore, or morning versus mourning, are mostly produced either very close or the same in Eastern New England; however, as of the early 2000s, such vowels may still be pronounced differently by some Eastern New England speakers, especially in Maine.[17] Conversely, the merger of the vowels is largely complete elsewhere in the United States.
  • Full Canadian raising: The tongue is raised in the first element of the gliding vowel /aɪ/ⓘ as well as /aʊ/ⓘ whenever either appears before a voiceless consonant.[18] Therefore, a word like house /haʊs/ is often [hɜʊs~hɐʊs].
  • Backing of /aʊ/: The vowel of gouge, loud, town, power, etc. has a relatively back-of-mouth starting position: thus, something like [ɑ̈ʊ].[17]
  • Possible lack of the Mary–marry–merry mergers: Before intervocalic /r/, the vowels /ɛə/ (/eɪ/ in rhotic varieties), /æ/ and /ɛ/ (as in Mary, marry, and merry) are distinguished from one another, particularly in Southeastern New England (namely Rhode Island), which is also true in the New York City area and Britain. However, recent studies have shown that there is an emerging tendency in Northeastern New England (Boston, for example) to merge them, as in most other American accents.[17]
  • "Short a" nasal system: The "short a" sound /æ/ may be tensed in various environments, though most severely before a nasal consonant; therefore, in words like man, clam, Annie, etc.
  • Fronting of PALM/START: The vowel of words like palm, spa, car, park, etc. is pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than in most other dialects, so that car, for example, is something like [kʰa]. This, plus non-rhoticity, is often associated with the shibboleth "Park the car in Harvard yard." This fronting is seldom reported in Rhode Island, in which car is more often backed [kʰɑ].[19]
  • The weak vowel merger is traditionally absent. This makes Lenin /ˈlɛnɪn/ distinct from Lennon /ˈlɛnən/.[20]

Overview of vocabulary and grammatical features edit

See also: wikt:Appendix:Glossary of Boston slang

Some words or phrases most famously or strongly associated with Eastern New England are:

  • bang: to make a sudden or decisive turn while driving; only used in certain phrases: "bang a left", "bang a right", or "bang a U-ie".
  • bubbler or water bubbler: drinking fountain.[21][22] This term is also used in Wisconsin and Australia.
  • bulkie: a thick white-bread roll, similar to a hamburger bun or kaiser roll
  • frappe /fræp/: a thick beverage made of milk and ice cream, i.e. a milkshake in most other places (whereas "milkshake" in Boston traditionally means flavored milk). A synonym common only in Rhode Island is cabinet.[23]
  • hoodsie: a small disposable cup of ice cream, the kind that comes with a flat wooden spoon (from HP Hood, the dairy that sells them and elsewhere sometimes known as a "dixie cup".)[24] A secondary meaning (very offensive slang) is "promiscuous teenaged girl".[25]
  • jimmies: sprinkles; to some, particularly chocolate sprinkles.[26][27] The term is also common in the Philadelphia area.
  • pissa(h): "great" or "amazing", either realistically or sarcastically. This is from the word "pisser" with a Boston accent, but used as an adjective. Occasionally combined with "wicked" to yield "wicked pissah".[28]
  • scrod: any small whitefish, such as cod or haddock, used in cooking[29]
  • "So don't I": "so do I" or "I do too".[30]
  • spa: a neighborhood convenience store that has a soda fountain and often sells sandwiches.[31][32][33][34][35]
  • tonic /ˈtɒnɪk/: any sweet, carbonated soft drink (chiefly confined to Boston), otherwise known as "soda" in the region or "pop" elsewhere;[36] not the same as tonic water.
  • whiffle: a crew cut or male haircut done with electric clippers.[25]
  • wicked: "very" or "super", used as an adverb or intensifier (such as "That hockey game was wicked good!" or "Ugh, that guy is wicked slow").

Many words common to Boston are also common throughout New England dialects: grinder for "submarine sandwich" (also, spuckie or spuky in East Boston),[37] packie (or package store) for "liquor store",[38][39] rotary for "traffic circle" (these full-speed circular intersections being common in Greater Boston),[26] and yous as the working-class plural form of "you" (a word found throughout the urban Northeast with many spelling variants).[40] Cellar, whose definition may have slight nuances nationwide, can also be a simple synonym for basement in Eastern New England and Massachusetts generally. In this same area, related expressions like down the cellar or even down-cellar are distinctive, meaning "down to the basement" or "down in the basement" (as in "She's getting some boxes down-cellar").

Northeastern New England English edit

Northeastern New England English, popularly recognized as a Boston or Maine accent, in addition to all the above phonological features, further includes the merger of the vowel in cot and caught to [ɒ~ɑ], often with a slightly rounded quality, but a resistance to the merger of the vowels in father versus bother, a merger that is otherwise common throughout North America. Also, for speakers born before 1950, the words half and pass (and, before World War II, also ask and can't) are pronounced with a "broad a," like in spa: [haf] and [pʰas].

Boston edit

Main article: Boston accent

Boston, Massachusetts is the birthplace and most famous site of Eastern New England English. Historically, a Northeastern type of New England English spread from metropolitan Boston into metropolitan Worcester, the bulk of New Hampshire, and central and coastal Maine.[41] Boston speech also originated many slang and uniquely local terms that have since spread throughout Massachusetts and Eastern New England.[42] Although mostly non-rhotic, the modern Boston accent typically pronounces the r sound in the NURSE vowel, /ɜr/, as in bird, learn, turkey, world, etc.

Maine edit

Main article: Maine accent

A traditional Maine accent, the closest remnant today to a more widespread 19th-century Yankee regional accent, includes the phonology mentioned above, plus the loss of the phonemic status of /ɛə/ (as in there), /ɪə/ (as in here), and /oə/ (as in more) all of which are broken into two syllables (/eɪə, i.ə, oʊə/, respectively): they-uh, hee-yuh, and moh-uh; some distinct vocabulary is also used in this accent.[43] Maine is one of the last American regions to resist the horse–hoarse merger. This continued resistance was verified by some speakers in a 2006 study of Bangor and Portland, Maine,[17] yet contradicted by a 2013 study that reported the merger as embraced by Portland speakers "of all ages".[44] The horse–hoarse separation means that words like war and wore may sound different: war /wɒ/ rhyming with law /lɒ/, and wore /ˈwoʊə/ rhyming with boa /ˈboʊə/. Unlike the Boston accent, this traditional Maine accent may be non-rhotic entirely: even in the pronunciation of /ɜr/ as [ɜ].

Cultivated New England edit

A cultivated New England accent, sometimes known as a "Boston Brahmin accent" within Boston, was once associated with members of wealthy New England families in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; it is now essentially extinct. Notable example speakers included many members of the Kennedy family born in this time period, including President John F. Kennedy, whose accent is not an ordinary Boston accent so much as a "tony Harvard accent".[45] This accent retained an older cot–caught distinction, a less fronted START vowel in some speakers, non-rhotic NURSE, and a TRAP–BATH split ([æ] versus [a]). This accent corresponds in its time-frame and in much of its sound with a cultivated transatlantic accent promoted in prestigious northeastern boarding schools and theatrical elocution courses in the same era.[46]

Notable speakers of Northeastern New England English edit

Rhode Island English edit

The traditional English-language accent of Southeastern New England, popularly known as a Rhode Island accent, is spoken in Rhode Island and the western half of Bristol County, Massachusetts.[60] In addition to all the features mentioned under the phonology section above, the Rhode Island accent also includes a sharp distinction in the vowels of Mary, marry, and merry and in the vowels in cot [ɑ] versus caught [oə],[61] plus the pronunciation of /ɑr/, as in car, far back in the mouth as [ɑ~ɑə]—these three features making this New England accent noticeably similar to a New York accent.[62][63] These features are often unlike the modern Northeastern New England (NENE) dialect of Boston, as is Rhode Island's feature of a completed father–bother merger, shared with the rest of the country outside of NENE.[60] A few terms are unique only to this area, such as the word cabinet to mean "milkshake" (particularly, coffee cabinets),[64] pizza strips (Italian tomato pie strips served cold without cheese), and coffee milk.[65]

Notable lifelong native speakers edit

French-American Manchester English edit

An ethnic local accent has been documented among self-identifying French Americans in Manchester, New Hampshire.[70] The accent's most prominent pronunciation features are th-stopping (pronouncing thin like tin and there like dare) and, variably, word-initial h-dropping (so that hair may sound like air).[71]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Robert Hendrickson (2000). The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. Infobase. p. 326. ISBN 9781438129921.
  2. ^ Sletcher, Michael (2004). New England. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 264
  3. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:137)
  4. ^ Stanford et al. (2012: 130)
  5. ^ Stanford et al. (2012: 161)
  6. ^ See, for example, that Labov's 2006 Atlas of North American English frequently includes Providence/Rhode Island under this general dialect, yet his 1997 Regional Telsur Map does not.
  7. ^ Nagy & Roberts (2004:276)
  8. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:154, 227)
  9. ^ Stanford et al. (2012: 154)
  10. ^ Stanford et al. (2014: 120)
  11. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:226)
  12. ^ Stanford et al. (2012: 160-1)
  13. ^ a b Nagy, Naomi (2001). " 'Live Free or Die' as a Linguistic Principle". American Speech, Volume 76, Number 1, Spring 2001, pp. 30-41.
  14. ^ a b Platt, Melanie, "Do you "park your car" or "pahk your cah"?: The Changing Dialect of Southern New Hampshire" (2015). Inquiry Journal 2015. 5. http://scholars.unh.edu/inquiry_2015/5
  15. ^ "Is That New England Accent in Retreat?". 15 August 2012.
  16. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:154)
  17. ^ a b c d Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:227)
  18. ^ Boberg, Charles (2010). The English Language in Canada: Status, History and Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 9781139491440.
  19. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:111)
  20. ^ Wells (1982), p. 520.
  21. ^ , archived from the original on November 19, 2000
  22. ^ . Csumc.wisc.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  23. ^ Heller, Carolyn B. . Cbheller.com. C.B. Heller. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  24. ^ . Glossary at Boston-Online.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012.
  25. ^ a b Boston To English Dictionary at CelebrateBoston.com
  26. ^ a b "Regional Vocabulary". The New York Times. 2006-03-17. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  27. ^ Jan Freeman (March 13, 2011). "The Jimmies Story: Can an ice cream topping be racist?". boston.com. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  28. ^ Harrison, Mim (2011). Wicked Good Words: From Johnnycakes to Jug Handles, a Roundup of America's Regionalisms. Penguin. ISBN 978-1101543399.
  29. ^ "The Legend of the Sacred Cod (Or Is It Scrod?)". Yankee Magazine. Yankee Publishing, Inc., 2021.
  30. ^ "So Don't I". Yale Grammatical Diversity Project English in North America. Yale University. 2017.
  31. ^ "Winship Spa - Brighton, MA". Yelp.com. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  32. ^ "Montrose Spa - Porter Square - Cambridge, MA". Yelp.com. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  33. ^ "Hillside Spa Cardoza Brothers - Beacon Hill - Boston, MA". Yelp.com. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  34. ^ "Hodgkin's Spa - Somerville, MA". Yelp.com. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
  35. ^ "Sam's Spa Convenience - About - Google". Google Maps. Retrieved 2012-06-18.[permanent dead link]
  36. ^ Labov et al., Atlas of North American English, p. 289.
  37. ^ "Spuky". Dictionary.com, 2022.
  38. ^ Dictionary of American Regional English
  39. ^ Gordon, Heather (2004). Newcomer's Handbook For Moving To And Living In Boston: Including Cambridge, Brookline, And Somerville. First Books. pp. 14. ISBN 978-0912301549.
  40. ^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
  41. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:225)
  42. ^ "Wicked Good Guide to Boston English".
  43. ^ Fowles, Debby (2015). "Speak Like a Mainer". About Travel. About.com. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  44. ^ Ryland, Alison (2013). "A Phonetic Exploration of the English of Portland, Maine". Swarthmore College.
  45. ^ a b "John F. Kennedy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009.
  46. ^ Knight, Dudley. "Standard Speech". In: Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) (1997). The Vocal Vision: Views on Voice. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 160.
  47. ^ Shapiro, Leonard (June 2, 2010). "Top 10: Dialing up the best in Washington sports radio". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  48. ^ Miller, Gregory E. (2018) "Bill Burr vows to never become an ‘old cornball’". New York Post. NYP Holdings, Inc.
  49. ^ Metcalf, A. (2004). Presidential Voices. Speaking Styles from George Washington to George W. Bush. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 150.
  50. ^ Sullivan, Jim (2001-04-18). "Lenny Clarke Deftly Handles Nightschtick". The Boston Globe.
  51. ^ Calhoun, Ada (2004-03-29). "Did You Hear The One About The @&%#! Comic?". New York. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
  52. ^ Thomas, Evan (2000). Robert Kennedy: His Life. Simon & Schuster. p. 26.
  53. ^ Healy, Patrick (2009-09-02). "A Mannah of Speaking". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  54. ^ Concannon, Jim (May 12, 2009). "Mel's Vision". The Boston Globe.
  55. ^ King, Dennis (1989). Lyndon LaRouche and the New American Fascism. New York: Doubleday. p. 306.
  56. ^ Mooney, Brian C. (2006-02-19). . The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
  57. ^ Gardner, Amy (2009-02-11). "A Time to Reevaluate Family Ties". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  58. ^ Bizjak, Marybeth (February 2007). "Mr. Fix-It". Sacramento Magazine. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
  59. ^ Jensen, Sean (2004-12-03). . Saint Paul Pioneer Press. Archived from the original on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
  60. ^ a b Johnson, Daniel Ezra (2010). "Stability and Change Along a Dialect Boundary: The Low Vowels of Southeastern New England". American Dialect Society 95. p. 100.
  61. ^ "Guide to Rhode Island Language Stuff". Quahog.org. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
  62. ^ "This phonemic and phonetic arrangement of the low back vowels makes Rhode Island more similar to New York City than to the rest of New England".Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:226)
  63. ^ Boberg, Charles (2001). "The Phonological Status of Western New England". American Speech. 76 (1): 28, 3–29. doi:10.1215/00031283-76-1-3. S2CID 143486914.
  64. ^ Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. "What do you call the drink made with milk and ice cream?." The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
  65. ^ Musto, Marisa (2018). "Famed Rhode Island Foods". AAA Northeast.
  66. ^ Brady, James (1997). "Don't Spend Any Time Trying to Detonate John Chafee". Advertising Age.
  67. ^ . John Carroll University. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. 'Pauly D has the thickest Rhode Island accent I've ever heard,' [Brian] Williams told us.
  68. ^ De Vries, Hilary (1990). "Spalding Gray: His New Favorite Subject--Him". Los Angeles Times.
  69. ^ Barboza, Scott (2011). The rise, fall and recovery of a phenom". ESPN.
  70. ^ Nagy & Roberts (2004:278)
  71. ^ Nagy & Roberts (2004:296)

References edit

  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
  • Nagy, Naomi; Roberts, Juli (2004), "New England phonology" (PDF), in Schneider, E., K., B. Kortmann, R., and C.; Burridge, K.; Mesthrie, R.; Upton, C. (eds.), Handbook of Varieties of English, vol. 1, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 270–281{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  • Stanford, James N.; Leddy-Cecere, Thomas A.; Baclawski Jr., Kenneth P. "Farewell To The Founders: Major Dialect Changes Along The East-West New England Border." American Speech 87.2 (2012): pp. 126–169. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.
  • Stanford, James N.; Severance, Nathan A.; Baclawski Jr., Kenneth P. "Multiple vectors of unidirectional dialect change in eastern New England." Language Variation and Change (2014) Vol.26 (1), pp. 103–140.
  • Stanford, James. 2019. New England English: Large-scale acoustic sociophonetics and dialectology. Oxford University Press. 367 pages.
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128541-0 .

Further reading edit

January 19, 2024
eastern, england, english, this, article, contains, phonetic, transcriptions, international, phonetic, alphabet, introductory, guide, symbols, help, distinction, between, brackets, transcription, delimiters, historically, known, yankee, dialect, since, least, . This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Eastern New England English historically known as the Yankee dialect since at least the 19th century 1 2 is the traditional regional dialect of Maine New Hampshire and the eastern half of Massachusetts 3 4 Features of this variety once spanned an even larger dialect area of New England for example including the eastern halves of Vermont and Connecticut for those born as late as the early twentieth century 5 Studies vary as to whether the unique dialect of Rhode Island technically falls within the Eastern New England dialect region 6 Eastern New England English here including Rhode Island English is classically associated with sound patterns such as non rhoticity or dropping r when not before a vowel both variants of Canadian raising including a fairly back starting position of the aʊ vowel as in MOUTH 7 8 and some variation of the PALM LOT THOUGHT vowel distinctions the marry merry distinction or both 9 Eastern New England excluding Rhode Island is also nationally recognized for its highly front PALM START vowel As of the 21st century certain traditional characteristics are declining due to many younger Eastern New Englanders avoiding them particularly non rhoticity and the aforementioned vowel distinctions 10 11 which they tend to perceive as old fashioned overly rural sounding 12 or even overly urban sounding with regard to Boston 13 New Hampshire speakers on the whole are particularly well documented as retreating from these older Eastern New England features since the mid 20th century onwards 14 13 Contents 1 Overview of phonology 2 Overview of vocabulary and grammatical features 3 Northeastern New England English 3 1 Boston 3 2 Maine 3 3 Cultivated New England 3 4 Notable speakers of Northeastern New England English 4 Rhode Island English 4 1 Notable lifelong native speakers 5 French American Manchester English 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further readingOverview of phonology editThe sound system of traditional Eastern New England English includes Non rhoticity The r sound may be dropped or silent if not before a vowel therefore in words like car letter horse poor etc The feature is retreating and is not found in many younger speakers 15 for example in virtually no speakers born since the mid 20th century in southeastern New Hampshire 14 Linking and intrusive r The non rhotic r may be pronounced after all if it is followed by a vowel even a vowel that begins the next word in the sentence Also any word that ends in e as in Cuba ɑ as in spa or ɔ as in law can be followed by an unwritten r sound when followed by a vowel sound in the next word thus law and public safety sounds like Lauren public safety Backing of u The vowel of goose rude coup etc remains pronounced relatively far back in the mouth 16 Possible lack of the horse hoarse merger The vowel of words like war versus wore or morning versus mourning are mostly produced either very close or the same in Eastern New England however as of the early 2000s such vowels may still be pronounced differently by some Eastern New England speakers especially in Maine 17 Conversely the merger of the vowels is largely complete elsewhere in the United States Full Canadian raising The tongue is raised in the first element of the gliding vowel aɪ as well as aʊ whenever either appears before a voiceless consonant 18 Therefore a word like house haʊs is often hɜʊs hɐʊs Backing of aʊ The vowel of gouge loud town power etc has a relatively back of mouth starting position thus something like ɑ ʊ 17 Possible lack of the Mary marry merry mergers Before intervocalic r the vowels ɛe eɪ in rhotic varieties ae and ɛ as in Mary marry and merry are distinguished from one another particularly in Southeastern New England namely Rhode Island which is also true in the New York City area and Britain However recent studies have shown that there is an emerging tendency in Northeastern New England Boston for example to merge them as in most other American accents 17 Short a nasal system The short a sound ae may be tensed in various environments though most severely before a nasal consonant therefore in words like man clam Annie etc Fronting of PALM START The vowel of words like palm spa car park etc is pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than in most other dialects so that car for example is something like kʰa This plus non rhoticity is often associated with the shibboleth Park the car in Harvard yard This fronting is seldom reported in Rhode Island in which car is more often backed kʰɑ 19 The weak vowel merger is traditionally absent This makes Lenin ˈlɛnɪn distinct from Lennon ˈlɛnen 20 Overview of vocabulary and grammatical features editSee also wikt Appendix Glossary of Boston slang Some words or phrases most famously or strongly associated with Eastern New England are bang to make a sudden or decisive turn while driving only used in certain phrases bang a left bang a right or bang a U ie bubbler or water bubbler drinking fountain 21 22 This term is also used in Wisconsin and Australia bulkie a thick white bread roll similar to a hamburger bun or kaiser roll frappe fraep a thick beverage made of milk and ice cream i e a milkshake in most other places whereas milkshake in Boston traditionally means flavored milk A synonym common only in Rhode Island is cabinet 23 hoodsie a small disposable cup of ice cream the kind that comes with a flat wooden spoon from HP Hood the dairy that sells them and elsewhere sometimes known as a dixie cup 24 A secondary meaning very offensive slang is promiscuous teenaged girl 25 jimmies sprinkles to some particularly chocolate sprinkles 26 27 The term is also common in the Philadelphia area pissa h great or amazing either realistically or sarcastically This is from the word pisser with a Boston accent but used as an adjective Occasionally combined with wicked to yield wicked pissah 28 scrod any small whitefish such as cod or haddock used in cooking 29 So don t I so do I or I do too 30 spa a neighborhood convenience store that has a soda fountain and often sells sandwiches 31 32 33 34 35 tonic ˈtɒnɪk any sweet carbonated soft drink chiefly confined to Boston otherwise known as soda in the region or pop elsewhere 36 not the same as tonic water whiffle a crew cut or male haircut done with electric clippers 25 wicked very or super used as an adverb or intensifier such as That hockey game was wicked good or Ugh that guy is wicked slow Many words common to Boston are also common throughout New England dialects grinder for submarine sandwich also spuckie or spuky in East Boston 37 packie or package store for liquor store 38 39 rotary for traffic circle these full speed circular intersections being common in Greater Boston 26 and yous as the working class plural form of you a word found throughout the urban Northeast with many spelling variants 40 Cellar whose definition may have slight nuances nationwide can also be a simple synonym for basement in Eastern New England and Massachusetts generally In this same area related expressions like down the cellar or even down cellar are distinctive meaning down to the basement or down in the basement as in She s getting some boxes down cellar Northeastern New England English editNortheastern New England English popularly recognized as a Boston or Maine accent in addition to all the above phonological features further includes the merger of the vowel in cot and caught to ɒ ɑ often with a slightly rounded quality but a resistance to the merger of the vowels in father versus bother a merger that is otherwise common throughout North America Also for speakers born before 1950 the words half and pass and before World War II also ask and can t are pronounced with a broad a like in spa haf and pʰas Boston edit Main article Boston accent Boston Massachusetts is the birthplace and most famous site of Eastern New England English Historically a Northeastern type of New England English spread from metropolitan Boston into metropolitan Worcester the bulk of New Hampshire and central and coastal Maine 41 Boston speech also originated many slang and uniquely local terms that have since spread throughout Massachusetts and Eastern New England 42 Although mostly non rhotic the modern Boston accent typically pronounces the r sound in the NURSE vowel ɜr as in bird learn turkey world etc Maine edit Main article Maine accent A traditional Maine accent the closest remnant today to a more widespread 19th century Yankee regional accent includes the phonology mentioned above plus the loss of the phonemic status of ɛe as in there ɪe as in here and oe as in more all of which are broken into two syllables eɪe i e oʊe respectively they uh hee yuh and moh uh some distinct vocabulary is also used in this accent 43 Maine is one of the last American regions to resist the horse hoarse merger This continued resistance was verified by some speakers in a 2006 study of Bangor and Portland Maine 17 yet contradicted by a 2013 study that reported the merger as embraced by Portland speakers of all ages 44 The horse hoarse separation means that words like war and wore may sound different war wɒ rhyming with law lɒ and wore ˈwoʊe rhyming with boa ˈboʊe Unlike the Boston accent this traditional Maine accent may be non rhotic entirely even in the pronunciation of ɜr as ɜ Cultivated New England edit A cultivated New England accent sometimes known as a Boston Brahmin accent within Boston was once associated with members of wealthy New England families in the late 19th and early 20th centuries it is now essentially extinct Notable example speakers included many members of the Kennedy family born in this time period including President John F Kennedy whose accent is not an ordinary Boston accent so much as a tony Harvard accent 45 This accent retained an older cot caught distinction a less fronted START vowel in some speakers non rhotic NURSE and a TRAP BATH split ae versus a This accent corresponds in its time frame and in much of its sound with a cultivated transatlantic accent promoted in prestigious northeastern boarding schools and theatrical elocution courses in the same era 46 Notable speakers of Northeastern New England English edit Ken Beatrice the New England native with the pronounced Boston accent 47 Bill Burr the comic s wicked Boston accent 48 Calvin Coolidge r less New Englander 49 Lenny Clarke a Cambridge raised verbal machine gun with a raspy Boston accent 50 Nick Di Paolo thick Boston accent 51 John F Kennedy his tony Harvard accent 45 Robert F Bobby Kennedy his Boston twang 52 Edward Ted Kennedy No one else from Boston or anywhere in New England has imprinted the regional accent on the national consciousness as Senator Kennedy did 53 Mel King he has the soft Rs of a deep Boston accent 54 Lyndon LaRouche a cultivated New England accent 55 Christy Mihos speaks unpretentiously in a variation of a Boston accent and drops the g in words like talking or running 56 Brian and Jim Moran The Moran brothers share an unmistakable Massachusetts accent 57 Tom Silva New England accent 58 Jermaine Wiggins skin as thick as his East Boston accent 59 Rhode Island English editThe traditional English language accent of Southeastern New England popularly known as a Rhode Island accent is spoken in Rhode Island and the western half of Bristol County Massachusetts 60 In addition to all the features mentioned under the phonology section above the Rhode Island accent also includes a sharp distinction in the vowels of Mary marry and merry and in the vowels in cot ɑ versus caught oe 61 plus the pronunciation of ɑr as in car far back in the mouth as ɑ ɑe these three features making this New England accent noticeably similar to a New York accent 62 63 These features are often unlike the modern Northeastern New England NENE dialect of Boston as is Rhode Island s feature of a completed father bother merger shared with the rest of the country outside of NENE 60 A few terms are unique only to this area such as the word cabinet to mean milkshake particularly coffee cabinets 64 pizza strips Italian tomato pie strips served cold without cheese and coffee milk 65 Notable lifelong native speakers edit John Chafee a non rhotic New England accent 66 Emeril Lagasse Pauly D DelVecchio the thickest Rhode Island accent 67 Henry Giroux Spalding Gray his demeanor is as flat as his Rhode Island accent 68 Chris Herren with a Fall River accent he bellows 69 John Pastore Daniel McKee governor of Rhode IslandFrench American Manchester English editAn ethnic local accent has been documented among self identifying French Americans in Manchester New Hampshire 70 The accent s most prominent pronunciation features are th stopping pronouncing thin like tin and there like dare and variably word initial h dropping so that hair may sound like air 71 See also editAccent sociolinguistics Boston accent Maine accent Western New England EnglishNotes edit Robert Hendrickson 2000 The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms Infobase p 326 ISBN 9781438129921 Sletcher Michael 2004 New England Westport CT Greenwood Press p 264 Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 137 Stanford et al 2012 130 Stanford et al 2012 161 See for example that Labov s 2006 Atlas of North American English frequently includes Providence Rhode Island under this general dialect yet his 1997 Regional Telsur Map does not Nagy amp Roberts 2004 276 Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 154 227 Stanford et al 2012 154 Stanford et al 2014 120 Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 226 Stanford et al 2012 160 1 a b Nagy Naomi 2001 Live Free or Die as a Linguistic Principle American Speech Volume 76 Number 1 Spring 2001 pp 30 41 a b Platt Melanie Do you park your car or pahk your cah The Changing Dialect of Southern New Hampshire 2015 Inquiry Journal 2015 5 http scholars unh edu inquiry 2015 5 Is That New England Accent in Retreat 15 August 2012 Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 154 a b c d Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 227 Boberg Charles 2010 The English Language in Canada Status History and Comparative Analysis Cambridge University Press p 156 ISBN 9781139491440 Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 111 Wells 1982 p 520 Message 1 Summary of bubbler archived from the original on November 19 2000 Bubbler map Wisconsin Englishes Csumc wisc edu Archived from the original on 2011 07 22 Retrieved 2012 06 18 Heller Carolyn B Drinking a Cabinet How to Talk Like a New Englander Cbheller com C B Heller Archived from the original on February 19 2014 Retrieved February 2 2014 Hoodsie Glossary at Boston Online com Archived from the original on February 11 2012 a b Boston To English Dictionary at CelebrateBoston com a b Regional Vocabulary The New York Times 2006 03 17 Retrieved 2010 04 26 Jan Freeman March 13 2011 The Jimmies Story Can an ice cream topping be racist boston com Retrieved March 4 2015 Harrison Mim 2011 Wicked Good Words From Johnnycakes to Jug Handles a Roundup of America s Regionalisms Penguin ISBN 978 1101543399 The Legend of the Sacred Cod Or Is It Scrod Yankee Magazine Yankee Publishing Inc 2021 So Don t I Yale Grammatical Diversity Project English in North America Yale University 2017 Winship Spa Brighton MA Yelp com Retrieved 2012 06 18 Montrose Spa Porter Square Cambridge MA Yelp com Retrieved 2012 06 18 Hillside Spa Cardoza Brothers Beacon Hill Boston MA Yelp com Retrieved 2012 06 18 Hodgkin s Spa Somerville MA Yelp com Retrieved 2012 06 18 Sam s Spa Convenience About Google Google Maps Retrieved 2012 06 18 permanent dead link Labov et al Atlas of North American English p 289 Spuky Dictionary com 2022 Dictionary of American Regional English Gordon Heather 2004 Newcomer s Handbook For Moving To And Living In Boston Including Cambridge Brookline And Somerville First Books pp 14 ISBN 978 0912301549 Vaux Bert and Scott Golder 2003 The Harvard Dialect Survey Cambridge MA Harvard University Linguistics Department Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 225 Wicked Good Guide to Boston English Fowles Debby 2015 Speak Like a Mainer About Travel About com Retrieved 20 May 2015 Ryland Alison 2013 A Phonetic Exploration of the English of Portland Maine Swarthmore College a b John F Kennedy Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009 Knight Dudley Standard Speech In Hampton Marian E amp Barbara Acker eds 1997 The Vocal Vision Views on Voice Hal Leonard Corporation pp 160 Shapiro Leonard June 2 2010 Top 10 Dialing up the best in Washington sports radio The Washington Post Retrieved January 18 2015 Miller Gregory E 2018 Bill Burr vows to never become an old cornball New York Post NYP Holdings Inc Metcalf A 2004 Presidential Voices Speaking Styles from George Washington to George W Bush Boston MA Houghton Mifflin pp 150 Sullivan Jim 2001 04 18 Lenny Clarke Deftly Handles Nightschtick The Boston Globe Calhoun Ada 2004 03 29 Did You Hear The One About The amp Comic New York Retrieved 2009 03 17 Thomas Evan 2000 Robert Kennedy His Life Simon amp Schuster p 26 Healy Patrick 2009 09 02 A Mannah of Speaking The New York Times Retrieved 2009 10 18 Concannon Jim May 12 2009 Mel s Vision The Boston Globe King Dennis 1989 Lyndon LaRouche and the New American Fascism New York Doubleday p 306 Mooney Brian C 2006 02 19 The nonpolitician who would be governor The Boston Globe Archived from the original on 2016 03 03 Retrieved 2009 02 26 Gardner Amy 2009 02 11 A Time to Reevaluate Family Ties The Washington Post Retrieved 2009 02 27 Bizjak Marybeth February 2007 Mr Fix It Sacramento Magazine Retrieved 2009 03 17 Jensen Sean 2004 12 03 Despite his unlikely build Vikings Wiggins gets it done at tight end Saint Paul Pioneer Press Archived from the original on 2014 06 11 Retrieved 2009 02 26 a b Johnson Daniel Ezra 2010 Stability and Change Along a Dialect Boundary The Low Vowels of Southeastern New England American Dialect Society 95 p 100 Guide to Rhode Island Language Stuff Quahog org Retrieved May 30 2007 This phonemic and phonetic arrangement of the low back vowels makes Rhode Island more similar to New York City than to the rest of New England Labov Ash amp Boberg 2006 226 Boberg Charles 2001 The Phonological Status of Western New England American Speech 76 1 28 3 29 doi 10 1215 00031283 76 1 3 S2CID 143486914 Vaux Bert and Scott Golder 2003 What do you call the drink made with milk and ice cream The Harvard Dialect Survey Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Linguistics Department Musto Marisa 2018 Famed Rhode Island Foods AAA Northeast Brady James 1997 Don t Spend Any Time Trying to Detonate John Chafee Advertising Age Raffert Meets the Press John Carroll University 2011 Archived from the original on 23 October 2010 Pauly D has the thickest Rhode Island accent I ve ever heard Brian Williams told us De Vries Hilary 1990 Spalding Gray His New Favorite Subject Him Los Angeles Times Barboza Scott 2011 The rise fall and recovery of a phenom ESPN Nagy amp Roberts 2004 278 Nagy amp Roberts 2004 296 References editLabov William Ash Sharon Boberg Charles 2006 The Atlas of North American English Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 016746 8 Nagy Naomi Roberts Juli 2004 New England phonology PDF in Schneider E K B Kortmann R and C Burridge K Mesthrie R Upton C eds Handbook of Varieties of English vol 1 Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter pp 270 281 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names editors list link Stanford James N Leddy Cecere Thomas A Baclawski Jr Kenneth P Farewell To The Founders Major Dialect Changes Along The East West New England Border American Speech 87 2 2012 pp 126 169 Communication amp Mass Media Complete Web 2 Nov 2015 Stanford James N Severance Nathan A Baclawski Jr Kenneth P Multiple vectors of unidirectional dialect change in eastern New England Language Variation and Change 2014 Vol 26 1 pp 103 140 Stanford James 2019 New England English Large scale acoustic sociophonetics and dialectology Oxford University Press 367 pages Wells John C 1982 Accents of English Vol 3 Beyond the British Isles pp i xx 467 674 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 52128541 0 Further reading editRule Rebecca 2010 Headin for the Rhubarb A New Hampshire Dictionary Well Kinda Yarmouth Maine Islandport Press ISBN 978 1 93403 144 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eastern New England English amp oldid 1174372445, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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