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Hinglish

May 05, 2023

Not to be confused with Indian English or English language.

Hinglish, a portmanteau of Hindi and English,[1] is the macaronic hybrid use of English and languages of the Indian subcontinent, and especially Hindustani.[2] It involves code-switching or translanguaging between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences.[3] Hinglish can also refer to Romanized Hindi: Hindi written in Latin script (instead of the traditional Devanagari), often also mixed with English words or phrases.[4][5]

The word Hinglish was first recorded in 1967.[6] Other colloquial portmanteau words for Hindi-influenced English include: Hindish (recorded from 1972), Hindlish (1985), Henglish (1993) and Hinlish (2013).[6]

While the name is based on the Hindi language, it does not refer exclusively to Hindi, but "is used in India, with English words blending with Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi and Hindi, and also in British Asian families to enliven standard English".[3][7] When Hindi–Urdu is viewed as a single spoken language called Hindustani, the portmanteaus Hinglish and Urdish mean the same code-mixed tongue, where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in Pakistan (although Urdish is a term that was relatively recently coined).

History and evolution

Hindi has an approximately ten-century history. In this period, it has accommodated several linguistic influences. Contact with Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Apabhraṃśa, Persian, Arabic and Turkic languages has led to historical 'mixes' or fusions, e.g., Hindustani, Rekhta. Linguistic fusions were celebrated by Bhakti poets, in approximately the 15th-17th centuries as 'khichdi boli' – or amalgamated speech.[8]

At the turn of the 18th century, with the rising dominion of the East India Company, also called 'Company Raj' (literally, 'Company Rule'), the languages of India were brought into contact with the foreign element of English. In colonized India, English became a symbol of authority and a powerful hegemonic tool to propagate British culture, including Christianity.[9] The political ascendancy of the British reflected into social and professional roles; this meant that the legal system, as well as the studies in medicine and science, were conducted in English.

This led to an interest in the promotion of English into the society of Indian natives. Educated Indians, or 'brown sahibs', wished to participate in academia and pursue professional careers. Raja Rammohan Roy, a social and education reformer, advocated that English be taught to Indians by certain British gentlemen for the benefit and instruction of the native Indians.[10] Charles Grant, the president of the East India Company's board of control, championed the cause of English education as a 'cure for darkness' where 'darkness' was 'Hindoo ignorance'. The Charter Act was passed in 1813. This legalized missionary work by the Company, including the introduction of English education.[11] By the beginning of the twentieth century, English had become the unifying language in the Indian struggle for independence against the British.

Meanwhile, English was on its way to becoming the first global lingua franca. By the end of the twentieth century, it had special status in seventy countries, including India.[12] Worldwide, English began to represent modernization and internationalization, with more and more jobs requiring basic fluency in it.[13] In India especially, the language came to acquire a social prestige, 'a class apart of education', which prompted native Indian or South Asian speakers to turn bilingual, speaking their mother tongue at home or in a local context, but English in academic or work environments.[14]

In the late 19th century, Bharatendu Harishchandra, often considered the father of modern Hindi, wrote poems in Hinglish, combining languages and scripts.[15]

The contact of 'South Asian' languages, which is a category that refers inclusively to Hindi and Indian languages, with English, led to the emergence of the linguistic phenomenon now known as Hinglish. Many common Indic words such as 'pyjamas', 'karma', 'guru' and 'yoga' were incorporated into English usage, and vice versa ('road', 'sweater', and 'plate'). This is in parallel with several other similar hybrids around the world, like Spanglish (Spanish + English) and Taglish (Tagalog + English). A fair share of the words borrowed into English from Indian languages were themselves borrowed from Persian or Arabic. An example of this is the widely used English word 'pyjamas' which originates from Persian paejamah, literally "leg clothing," from pae "leg" (from PIE root *ped- "foot") + jamah "clothing, garment."[16]

In recent years, due to an increase in literacy and connectivity, the interchange of languages has reached new heights, especially due to increasing online immersion. English is the most widely used language on the internet, and this is a further impetus to the use of Hinglish online by native Hindi speakers, especially among the youth. Google's Gboard mobile keyboard app gives an option of Hinglish as a typing language where one can type a Hindi sentence in the Roman script and suggestions will be Hindi words but in the Roman script. In 2021, Google rolled out supported for Romanized Hindi on its search engine and on the Google Pay app. Phrases such as "Naya Payment" for "New Payment" and "Transaction History Dekhein" for "See Transaction History" are used.[17] [18][19]

While Hinglish has arisen from the presence of English in India, it is not merely Hindi and English spoken side by side, but a language type in itself, like all linguistic fusions.[20] Aside from the borrowing of vocabulary, there is the phenomenon of switching between languages, called code-switching and code-mixing, direct translations, adapting certain words, and infusing the flavours of each language into each other.[21][22]

The Indian English variety, or simply Hinglish, is the Indian adaption of English in a very endocentric manner, which is why it is popular among the youth. Like other dynamic language mixes, Hinglish is now thought to 'have a life of its own'.[23]

Hinglish used to be limited to informal contexts and ads, but it is now also used in university classrooms.[24][25]

Computational analysis

With its widespread use in social media such as blogs, Facebook and Twitter, the analysis of Hinglish using computers has become important in a number of natural language processing applications like machine translation (MT) and speech-to-speech translation.[26][27]

Dictionary

A dictionary using the term Hinglish in its title has been published. It describes words from Indian languages that are commonly used in urban Britain.[28]

Users

Hinglish is more commonly heard in urban and semi-urban centers of northern India[29] and is spoken by the Indian diaspora.[30] Research into the linguistic dynamics of India shows that while the use of English is on the rise, there are more people fluent in Hinglish than in pure English.[31] David Crystal, a British linguist at the University of Wales, projected in 2004 that at about 350 million, the world's Hinglish speakers may soon outnumber native English speakers.[2]

In India, Romanized Hindi is the dominant form of expression online. In an analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanized Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi.[5] Romanized Hindi is also used by some newspapers such as The Times of India.[32][33] The first novel written in Romanized Hindi, All We Need Is Love, was published in 2015.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ Daniyal, Shoaib. "The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites". Scroll.in. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  2. ^ a b Baldauf, Scott (23 November 2004). "A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b Coughlan, Sean (8 November 2006). "It's Hinglish, innit?". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  4. ^ "Mandi Hinglish is taking place in Hindi and English". Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  5. ^ a b Palakodety, Shriphani; KhudaBukhsh, Ashiqur R.; Jayachandran, Guha (2021), "Low Resource Machine Translation", Low Resource Social Media Text Mining, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 7–9, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5625-5_5, ISBN 978-981-16-5624-8, S2CID 244313560, retrieved 24 September 2022
  6. ^ a b Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 25. doi:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
  7. ^ "Hinglish is the new NRI and global language". The Times of India. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  8. ^ Bhatia 2012, p. 37.
  9. ^ Mukherjee, Alok (18 October 2009). This Gift of English. Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. p. 175. ISBN 978-8125036012.
  10. ^ Braj Kachru (1986). The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes. The University of Illinois Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780252061721.
  11. ^ Mukherjee, Alok (18 October 2009). This Gift of English. Orient Blackswan Pvt. Ltd. pp. 114–116. ISBN 978-8125036012.
  12. ^ Crystal, David (1 March 1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.
  13. ^ Power, Carla (3 March 2005). "Not the Queen's English". Newsweek.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Braj Kachru (1986). The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes. The University of Illinois Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780252061721.
  15. ^ Gupta, Prachi. "What today's Hindi supremacists could learn from a 'Hinglish' poem by 'the father of modern Hindi'". Scroll.in. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  16. ^ "pajamas | Etymology, origin and meaning of pajamas by etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  17. ^ "Google Pay Hinglish? Yes, it exists! Here's how to enable it on iPhones and Android devices". HT Tech. 4 June 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  18. ^ "Google users will soon be able to interact in Hinglish". The Times of India. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  19. ^ "Google for India 2021: Stepping up product focus to drive digital inclusion in India". Google. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  20. ^ Bhatia, Tej K. (March 1987). "English in advertising: multiple mixing and media". World Englishes. 6 (1): 33–48. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00175.x. ISSN 0883-2919.
  21. ^ Bhatia 2012, p. 39.
  22. ^ Sailaja, P. (1 October 2011). "Hinglish: code-switching in Indian English". ELT Journal. 65 (4): 473–480. doi:10.1093/elt/ccr047. ISSN 0951-0893.
  23. ^ Agnihotri, Ramakant (18 October 2009). Indian English. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 212. ISBN 9780230220393.
  24. ^ Mishra, B. K. (22 December 2014). "'Hinglish' rules the university classrooms". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  25. ^ Shukla, Ashutosh (31 May 2018). "Has Hinglish arrived? MP allows it in exams". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  26. ^ Das, Amitava; Gambäck, Björn (2015). "Code-Mixing in Social Media Text: The Last Language Identification Frontier?". 41-64. ISSN 1965-0906.
  27. ^ Bali, Kalika; Sharma, Jatin; Choudhury, Monojit; Vyas, Yogarshi (October 2014). ""I am borrowing ya mixing ?" An Analysis of English-Hindi Code Mixing in Facebook". Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching. Doha, Qatar: Association for Computational Linguistics: 116–126. doi:10.3115/v1/W14-3914. S2CID 15066638.
  28. ^ Mahal, Baljinder K (2006). The Queens Hinglish: How to Speak Pukka. Collins. ISBN 9780007241125.
  29. ^ Thakur, Saroj; Dutta, Kamlesh; Thakur, Aushima (2007). Davis, Graeme; Bernhardt, Karl (eds.). "Hinglish: Code switching, code mixing and indigenization in multilingual environment". Lingua et Linguistica. Journal of Language and Linguistics. 1 (2): 112–6. ISBN 978-1-84799-129-4.
  30. ^ Ganesan Ram, Sharmila (7 May 2017). "Hinglish gets the most laughs, say Mumbai's standup comics". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  31. ^ Vineeta Chand (11 February 2016). "The rise and rise of Hinglish". The Conversation.
  32. ^ MHAISKAR, RAHUL (2015). "Romanagari an Alternative for Modern Media Writings". Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 75: 195–202. ISSN 0045-9801. JSTOR 26264736.
  33. ^ "Hindi-shindi: Humari national bhasha ko promote karne ki koi need nahi hai". Times of India Blog (in Hindi). 5 December 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  34. ^ Bhateja, Shivalika. "Tricity gives birth to first novel in Hinglish". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

Further reading

  • Bhatia, Tej K. (2012). "The multilingual mind, optimization theory, and Hinglish". In Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (eds.). Chutnefying English: the Phenomenon of Hinglish. Penguin Global. pp. 37–52. ISBN 978-81-8475-408-7. OCLC 1132330043.

External links

 
Look up Hinglish in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Rob Gifford, Baljinder Mahal (4 December 2006). "Practicing 'The Queen's Hinglish' in Central England". NPR.

May 05, 2023
hinglish, confused, with, indian, english, english, language, portmanteau, hindi, english, macaronic, hybrid, english, languages, indian, subcontinent, especially, hindustani, involves, code, switching, translanguaging, between, these, languages, whereby, they. Not to be confused with Indian English or English language Hinglish a portmanteau of Hindi and English 1 is the macaronic hybrid use of English and languages of the Indian subcontinent and especially Hindustani 2 It involves code switching or translanguaging between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences 3 Hinglish can also refer to Romanized Hindi Hindi written in Latin script instead of the traditional Devanagari often also mixed with English words or phrases 4 5 The word Hinglish was first recorded in 1967 6 Other colloquial portmanteau words for Hindi influenced English include Hindish recorded from 1972 Hindlish 1985 Henglish 1993 and Hinlish 2013 6 While the name is based on the Hindi language it does not refer exclusively to Hindi but is used in India with English words blending with Punjabi Gujarati Marathi and Hindi and also in British Asian families to enliven standard English 3 7 When Hindi Urdu is viewed as a single spoken language called Hindustani the portmanteaus Hinglish and Urdish mean the same code mixed tongue where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in Pakistan although Urdish is a term that was relatively recently coined Contents 1 History and evolution 2 Computational analysis 3 Dictionary 4 Users 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory and evolution EditHindi has an approximately ten century history In this period it has accommodated several linguistic influences Contact with Sanskrit Prakrit Pali Apabhraṃsa Persian Arabic and Turkic languages has led to historical mixes or fusions e g Hindustani Rekhta Linguistic fusions were celebrated by Bhakti poets in approximately the 15th 17th centuries as khichdi boli or amalgamated speech 8 At the turn of the 18th century with the rising dominion of the East India Company also called Company Raj literally Company Rule the languages of India were brought into contact with the foreign element of English In colonized India English became a symbol of authority and a powerful hegemonic tool to propagate British culture including Christianity 9 The political ascendancy of the British reflected into social and professional roles this meant that the legal system as well as the studies in medicine and science were conducted in English This led to an interest in the promotion of English into the society of Indian natives Educated Indians or brown sahibs wished to participate in academia and pursue professional careers Raja Rammohan Roy a social and education reformer advocated that English be taught to Indians by certain British gentlemen for the benefit and instruction of the native Indians 10 Charles Grant the president of the East India Company s board of control championed the cause of English education as a cure for darkness where darkness was Hindoo ignorance The Charter Act was passed in 1813 This legalized missionary work by the Company including the introduction of English education 11 By the beginning of the twentieth century English had become the unifying language in the Indian struggle for independence against the British Meanwhile English was on its way to becoming the first global lingua franca By the end of the twentieth century it had special status in seventy countries including India 12 Worldwide English began to represent modernization and internationalization with more and more jobs requiring basic fluency in it 13 In India especially the language came to acquire a social prestige a class apart of education which prompted native Indian or South Asian speakers to turn bilingual speaking their mother tongue at home or in a local context but English in academic or work environments 14 In the late 19th century Bharatendu Harishchandra often considered the father of modern Hindi wrote poems in Hinglish combining languages and scripts 15 The contact of South Asian languages which is a category that refers inclusively to Hindi and Indian languages with English led to the emergence of the linguistic phenomenon now known as Hinglish Many common Indic words such as pyjamas karma guru and yoga were incorporated into English usage and vice versa road sweater and plate This is in parallel with several other similar hybrids around the world like Spanglish Spanish English and Taglish Tagalog English A fair share of the words borrowed into English from Indian languages were themselves borrowed from Persian or Arabic An example of this is the widely used English word pyjamas which originates from Persian paejamah literally leg clothing from pae leg from PIE root ped foot jamah clothing garment 16 In recent years due to an increase in literacy and connectivity the interchange of languages has reached new heights especially due to increasing online immersion English is the most widely used language on the internet and this is a further impetus to the use of Hinglish online by native Hindi speakers especially among the youth Google s Gboard mobile keyboard app gives an option of Hinglish as a typing language where one can type a Hindi sentence in the Roman script and suggestions will be Hindi words but in the Roman script In 2021 Google rolled out supported for Romanized Hindi on its search engine and on the Google Pay app Phrases such as Naya Payment for New Payment and Transaction History Dekhein for See Transaction History are used 17 18 19 While Hinglish has arisen from the presence of English in India it is not merely Hindi and English spoken side by side but a language type in itself like all linguistic fusions 20 Aside from the borrowing of vocabulary there is the phenomenon of switching between languages called code switching and code mixing direct translations adapting certain words and infusing the flavours of each language into each other 21 22 The Indian English variety or simply Hinglish is the Indian adaption of English in a very endocentric manner which is why it is popular among the youth Like other dynamic language mixes Hinglish is now thought to have a life of its own 23 Hinglish used to be limited to informal contexts and ads but it is now also used in university classrooms 24 25 Computational analysis EditWith its widespread use in social media such as blogs Facebook and Twitter the analysis of Hinglish using computers has become important in a number of natural language processing applications like machine translation MT and speech to speech translation 26 27 Dictionary EditA dictionary using the term Hinglish in its title has been published It describes words from Indian languages that are commonly used in urban Britain 28 Users EditHinglish is more commonly heard in urban and semi urban centers of northern India 29 and is spoken by the Indian diaspora 30 Research into the linguistic dynamics of India shows that while the use of English is on the rise there are more people fluent in Hinglish than in pure English 31 David Crystal a British linguist at the University of Wales projected in 2004 that at about 350 million the world s Hinglish speakers may soon outnumber native English speakers 2 In India Romanized Hindi is the dominant form of expression online In an analysis of YouTube comments Palakodety et al identified that 52 of comments were in Romanized Hindi 46 in English and 1 in Devanagari Hindi 5 Romanized Hindi is also used by some newspapers such as The Times of India 32 33 The first novel written in Romanized Hindi All We Need Is Love was published in 2015 34 See also Edit India portal Languages portalCreole language Hobson Jobson TranslanguagingReferences Edit Daniyal Shoaib The rise of Hinglish How the media created a new lingua franca for India s elites Scroll in Retrieved 24 September 2022 a b Baldauf Scott 23 November 2004 A Hindi English jumble spoken by 350 million Christian Science Monitor ISSN 0882 7729 Retrieved 24 September 2022 a b Coughlan Sean 8 November 2006 It s Hinglish innit BBC News Magazine Retrieved 24 September 2022 Mandi Hinglish is taking place in Hindi and English Retrieved 26 January 2021 a b Palakodety Shriphani KhudaBukhsh Ashiqur R Jayachandran Guha 2021 Low Resource Machine Translation Low Resource Social Media Text Mining Singapore Springer Singapore pp 7 9 doi 10 1007 978 981 16 5625 5 5 ISBN 978 981 16 5624 8 S2CID 244313560 retrieved 24 September 2022 a b Lambert James 2018 A multitude of lishes The nomenclature of hybridity English World wide 39 1 25 doi 10 1075 eww 38 3 04lam Hinglish is the new NRI and global language The Times of India 2 February 2015 Retrieved 29 July 2015 Bhatia 2012 p 37 Mukherjee Alok 18 October 2009 This Gift of English Orient Blackswan Pvt Ltd p 175 ISBN 978 8125036012 Braj Kachru 1986 The Alchemy of English The Spread Functions and Models of Non native Englishes The University of Illinois Press p 7 ISBN 9780252061721 Mukherjee Alok 18 October 2009 This Gift of English Orient Blackswan Pvt Ltd pp 114 116 ISBN 978 8125036012 Crystal David 1 March 1997 English as a Global Language Cambridge University Press pp 1 2 Power Carla 3 March 2005 Not the Queen s English Newsweek a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Braj Kachru 1986 The Alchemy of English The Spread Functions and Models of Non native Englishes The University of Illinois Press p 1 ISBN 9780252061721 Gupta Prachi What today s Hindi supremacists could learn from a Hinglish poem by the father of modern Hindi Scroll in Retrieved 25 September 2022 pajamas Etymology origin and meaning of pajamas by etymonline www etymonline com Retrieved 19 January 2023 Google Pay Hinglish Yes it exists Here s how to enable it on iPhones and Android devices HT Tech 4 June 2022 Retrieved 23 August 2022 Google users will soon be able to interact in Hinglish The Times of India 19 November 2021 Retrieved 24 September 2022 Google for India 2021 Stepping up product focus to drive digital inclusion in India Google 18 November 2021 Retrieved 24 September 2022 Bhatia Tej K March 1987 English in advertising multiple mixing and media World Englishes 6 1 33 48 doi 10 1111 j 1467 971X 1987 tb00175 x ISSN 0883 2919 Bhatia 2012 p 39 Sailaja P 1 October 2011 Hinglish code switching in Indian English ELT Journal 65 4 473 480 doi 10 1093 elt ccr047 ISSN 0951 0893 Agnihotri Ramakant 18 October 2009 Indian English Palgrave Macmillan p 212 ISBN 9780230220393 Mishra B K 22 December 2014 Hinglish rules the university classrooms The Times of India Retrieved 24 September 2022 Shukla Ashutosh 31 May 2018 Has Hinglish arrived MP allows it in exams The Times of India Retrieved 24 September 2022 Das Amitava Gamback Bjorn 2015 Code Mixing in Social Media Text The Last Language Identification Frontier 41 64 ISSN 1965 0906 Bali Kalika Sharma Jatin Choudhury Monojit Vyas Yogarshi October 2014 I am borrowing ya mixing An Analysis of English Hindi Code Mixing in Facebook Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching Doha Qatar Association for Computational Linguistics 116 126 doi 10 3115 v1 W14 3914 S2CID 15066638 Mahal Baljinder K 2006 The Queens Hinglish How to Speak Pukka Collins ISBN 9780007241125 Thakur Saroj Dutta Kamlesh Thakur Aushima 2007 Davis Graeme Bernhardt Karl eds Hinglish Code switching code mixing and indigenization in multilingual environment Lingua et Linguistica Journal of Language and Linguistics 1 2 112 6 ISBN 978 1 84799 129 4 Ganesan Ram Sharmila 7 May 2017 Hinglish gets the most laughs say Mumbai s standup comics The Times of India Retrieved 24 September 2022 Vineeta Chand 11 February 2016 The rise and rise of Hinglish The Conversation MHAISKAR RAHUL 2015 Romanagari an Alternative for Modern Media Writings Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 75 195 202 ISSN 0045 9801 JSTOR 26264736 Hindi shindi Humari national bhasha ko promote karne ki koi need nahi hai Times of India Blog in Hindi 5 December 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2022 Bhateja Shivalika Tricity gives birth to first novel in Hinglish The Times of India Retrieved 24 September 2022 Further reading EditBhatia Tej K 2012 The multilingual mind optimization theory and Hinglish In Kothari Rita Snell Rupert eds Chutnefying English the Phenomenon of Hinglish Penguin Global pp 37 52 ISBN 978 81 8475 408 7 OCLC 1132330043 External links Edit Look up Hinglish in Wiktionary the free dictionary Rob Gifford Baljinder Mahal 4 December 2006 Practicing The Queen s Hinglish in Central England NPR Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hinglish amp oldid 1153259599, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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