The English language as primarily spoken by Hispanic Americans on the East Coast of the United States demonstrates considerable influence from New York City English and African-American Vernacular English, with certain additional features borrowed from the Spanish language.[1][2] Though not currently confirmed to be a single stabilized dialect, this variety has received some attention in the academic literature, being recently labelled New York Latino English, referring to its city of twentieth-century origin, or, more inclusively, East Coast Latino English.[3] In the 1970s scholarship, the variety was more narrowly called (New York) Puerto Rican English or Nuyorican English.[4] The variety originated with Puerto Ricans moving to New York City after World War I,[5] though particularly in the subsequent generations born in the New York dialect region who were native speakers of both English and often Spanish. Today, it covers the English of many Hispanic and Latino Americans of diverse national heritages, not simply Puerto Ricans, in the New York metropolitan area and beyond along the northeastern coast of the United States.
According to linguist William Labov, "A thorough and accurate study of geographic differences in the English of Latinos from the Caribbean and various countries of Central and South America is beyond the scope of the current work", largely because "consistent dialect patterns are still in the process of formation".[2] Importantly, this East Coast Latino ethnolect is a native variety of American English and not a form of Spanglish, broken English, or interlanguage, and other ethnic American English dialects are similarly documented.[6] It is not spoken by all Latinos in this region, and it is not spoken only by Latinos.[1] It is sometimes spoken by people who know little or no Spanish.
Some New York Latino English speakers, the best documented being East Harlem Puerto Rican males with many African American contacts, may be indistinguishable by sound from African American Vernacular English (AAVE) speakers.[7]
New York Latino English utterances may have some degree of syllable-timed rhythms, so syllables take up roughly the same amount of time with roughly the same amount of stress and particularly among older and male speakers.[8] Standard American English is stress-timed, so only stressed syllables are evenly timed, though Spanish is also syllable-timed.
/t/ and /d/ are realized as dental stops [t̪] and [d̪] rather than as the standard American and AAVE alveolars [t] and [d] (a feature also found in many Romance languages, including Spanish). Dentalization is generally also common in New York accents, and /n/ in New York Latino English is also pronounced dentally, as [n̪].[9]
/θ/ is often pronounced [t̪], with the possibility of a near-merger among words like thin[t̪ɪn̪] and tin[t̪ʰɪn̪].[10]
Devoicing of voiced obstruent codas is optional among stronger accents (e.g., characterize may be realized with a final [s]).
Consonant cluster simplifications occur such as the loss of dental stops after nasals (bent) and fricatives, (left, test). That also leads to a characteristic plural, in which words like tests are pronounced [ˈt̪ɛst̪ɨs], though this is highly stigmatized and not necessarily common.[11]
/l/ⓘ in syllable onsets (meaning at the beginning of syllables, such as in light, last, lose, line, uplink, etc.) and intervocalically (between vowels like filling or tally) are typically "clear" or "light". This differentiates Latinos from all other ethnic groups in New York.[12] In syllable codas (at the end of syllables), however, /l/ is often vocalized (turned into a back vowel) so that, for instance, soul may approach the sound of so, and tool may approach the sound of too.[13]
Predominantly, pronunciation is variably rhotic (in other words, pronouncing the R sound only between and before vowels, but not consistently after vowels),[14] in the same vein as current-day New York City English, African American Vernacular English, and Caribbean Spanish (wherein word-final /r/ is silent). Cultivated forms may be fully rhotic, particularly among many professional-class Hispanic New Yorkers from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. The R sound, when pronounced, is the typical English postalveolar approximant[ɹ̠].
Subcultural variationsedit
As the unity of the dialect is still in transition, in order to enhance their study, Slomanson & Newman grouped their participants based on differences in subcultural (or peer group) participation and identification. The study differentiated between the influential youth groups/subcultures of hip hop (involving rap music, turntablism, graffiti art, etc.), skater/BMX (involving bicycling and skateboarding tricks), and geek (involving video game culture, computers, and other technological interests). The findings located young Latinos mostly in the first two categories (with hip hop culture being influenced significantly by African American Vernacular English and NYC skater/BMX culture by NYC European-American Vernacular English and General American English). Latinos also largely fell into a third, non-peer-based grouping: family-oriented, whose members show the strongest pride and self-identification with their ethno-cultural heritage. They admittedly did not examine gang (or "thug") culture, which minimally affected their population sample.[15]
The study found that the gliding vowel/aɪ/ (listenⓘ) becomes a glideless[aː] (listenⓘ), so, for example, the word ride approaches the sound of rod, in Latino members of hip hop culture; a middling degree of that was found with the family-oriented group and the least degree of it with the skater/BMX group.[16] Just over 50% of all speakers showed /uː/ (listenⓘ) to be backed (listenⓘ) before coronal consonants (in dude, lose, soon, etc.), with little variation based on peer groups.[17] For the gliding vowel /eɪ/ (listenⓘ), just over 50% of speakers show no gliding (listenⓘ), except in the skater/BMX group, where this drops to just over 30% of speakers. For the gliding vowel /oʊ/ (listenⓘ), just over 70% of speakers show no gliding (listenⓘ), except in the skater/BMX group, where this drops to less than 50% of speakers.[17] Such instances of glide deletion are indicators of the dialect's contact with Spanish.[17]
Lack of inversion or do support particularly in first- and second-person questions (I can go to the bathroom? rather than Can I go to the bathroom?)[19]
Calques and direct translations of Spanish expressions and words (owned by the devil, instead of possessed by the devil, closed meaning locked).[20]
The AAVE and Southern U.S. term you-all[juɑw] or y'all is common.[21]
Cardi B (variably rhotic; /aɪ/ glide deletion) — "an Afro-Latina with a thick Bronx accent"[22][23][24]
Fat Joe (non-rhotic; /aɪ/ glide deletion) — "Fat Joe is a born and bred Bronxite who still speaks in the singular city accent"[25]
Luis Guzmán (non-rhotic; no /aɪ/ glide deletion) — "his Nuyorican accent is oh so thick"[26]
La India (variably rhotic; variable /aɪ/ glide deletion) — "speaking in a gruff Nuyorican accent"[27]
John Leguizamo (variably rhotic; variable /aɪ/ glide deletion) — "his hardcore New York accent"[28] and "he has a Nuyorican accent he can't shake"[29]
Jennifer Lopez (rhotic; no /aɪ/ glide deletion) — "Bronx Puerto Rican... when I grew up I talked like this"[30] and "her Nuyorican (meaning, a Puerto Rican from New York, since Jenny from the Block was born in the Bronx) accent"[31]
Rosie Perez (non-rhotic; no /aɪ/ glide deletion) — "she will always be remembered [for...] the Nuyorican accent"[32] and "a high-pitched voice with a thick Nuyorican accent"[33]
Marc Anthony (variably rhotic; no /aɪ/ glide deletion)
^Wolfram, Walt (1974) Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics ISBN0-87281-034-8
^Newman, Michael (2010). "Focusing, implicational scaling, and the dialect status of New York Latino English". Journal of Sociolinguistics, 14: 210.
^Zacarian, Debbie (2012). Mastering Academic Language: A Framework for Supporting Student Achievement. Corwin Press p. 16.
^Lanehart, Sonja (2015). The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford University Press. p. 284-285
^ abShousterman, Cara (2014) "Speaking English in Spanish Harlem: The Role of Rhythm," University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 20 : Iss. 2, Article 18. Available at: http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol20/iss2/18
^Cutler, C. (2010). "Hip-Hop, White Immigrant Youth, and African American Vernacular English: Accommodation as an Identity Choice". Journal of English Linguistics, 38(3), p. 252.
^Shamsian, Jacob (September 27, 2017). "Meet Cardi B, the rapper who dethroned Taylor Swift from the top of the charts". Business Insider. from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017. Her distinctive New Yawk accent makes her an important part of the city's constellation of hip-hop artists.
^Breihan, Tom (July 19, 2017). "Cardi B Is A Great Rapper, And You Need To Start Taking Her Seriously". Stereogum. from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017. Her voice is a full-bodied New Yawk nasal bleat...
^Cepeda, Eddie (September 2017). "Cardi B Won't Change To Make White Fans Comfortable — And That's Why She's Number One". Bustle. from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2017. She's an Afro-Latina with a thick Bronx accent...
^Guzman, Sandra (2008). "MY NEW YORK: FAT JOE". New York Post. NYP Holdings, Inc.
^"". Tu Vez. Archived from the original on December 31, 2011.
^Valdes-Rodriguez, Alisa (2000). "Commanding Respect". Los Angeles Times.
^"John Leguizamo Has A Southern Accent (Southern Queens, That Is)". CBS. CBS Interactive.
^Rico, Jack (2009). "John Leguizamo to play 'Cantinflas' in biopic?" ShowBizCafe.com.
^Know the Difference Between a Brooklyn Accent and a Bronx Accent? Here's a Tutorial by Jennifer Lopez and Leah Remini". Dexter Canfield Media Inc./YouTube. 2018.
^Gonzalez, Irina (2019). "How Jennifer Lopez Paved the Way for a Generation of Latinas". O: The Oprah Magazine. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc.
^George, Nelson (2014). '"Face dance means you don't know what the hell the rest of your body was doing but your face is fierce. That's face dancing." —Rosie Perez'. Esquire. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc.
Bibliographyedit
Newman, Michael (2014), New York City English, Mouton de Gruyter.
Slomanson, Peter; Newman, Michael (2004), Peer Group Identification and Variation in New York Latino English Laterals(PDF), English World-Wide, 25, pp. 199–216
Wolfram, Walt & Natalie Schilling Estes (2005) American English 2nd edition Blackwell ISBN1-4051-1265-4
Wolfram, Walt & Ben Ward (2005) American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast Blackwell ISBN1-4051-2109-2
External linksedit
The site of the New York Latino English project, which studies the native English spoken by New York Latinos.
January 19, 2024
york, latino, english, this, article, contains, phonetic, transcriptions, international, phonetic, alphabet, introductory, guide, symbols, help, distinction, between, brackets, transcription, delimiters, english, language, primarily, spoken, hispanic, american. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters The English language as primarily spoken by Hispanic Americans on the East Coast of the United States demonstrates considerable influence from New York City English and African American Vernacular English with certain additional features borrowed from the Spanish language 1 2 Though not currently confirmed to be a single stabilized dialect this variety has received some attention in the academic literature being recently labelled New York Latino English referring to its city of twentieth century origin or more inclusively East Coast Latino English 3 In the 1970s scholarship the variety was more narrowly called New York Puerto Rican English or Nuyorican English 4 The variety originated with Puerto Ricans moving to New York City after World War I 5 though particularly in the subsequent generations born in the New York dialect region who were native speakers of both English and often Spanish Today it covers the English of many Hispanic and Latino Americans of diverse national heritages not simply Puerto Ricans in the New York metropolitan area and beyond along the northeastern coast of the United States According to linguist William Labov A thorough and accurate study of geographic differences in the English of Latinos from the Caribbean and various countries of Central and South America is beyond the scope of the current work largely because consistent dialect patterns are still in the process of formation 2 Importantly this East Coast Latino ethnolect is a native variety of American English and not a form of Spanglish broken English or interlanguage and other ethnic American English dialects are similarly documented 6 It is not spoken by all Latinos in this region and it is not spoken only by Latinos 1 It is sometimes spoken by people who know little or no Spanish Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 General phonology 1 2 Subcultural variations 2 Grammar and vocabulary 3 Notable native speakers 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksPhonology editGeneral phonology edit Some New York Latino English speakers the best documented being East Harlem Puerto Rican males with many African American contacts may be indistinguishable by sound from African American Vernacular English AAVE speakers 7 New York Latino English utterances may have some degree of syllable timed rhythms so syllables take up roughly the same amount of time with roughly the same amount of stress and particularly among older and male speakers 8 Standard American English is stress timed so only stressed syllables are evenly timed though Spanish is also syllable timed t and d are realized as dental stops t and d rather than as the standard American and AAVE alveolars t and d a feature also found in many Romance languages including Spanish Dentalization is generally also common in New York accents and n in New York Latino English is also pronounced dentally as n 9 8 is often pronounced t with the possibility of a near merger among words like thin t ɪn and tin t ʰɪn 10 Devoicing of voiced obstruent codas is optional among stronger accents e g characterize may be realized with a final s Consonant cluster simplifications occur such as the loss of dental stops after nasals bent and fricatives left test That also leads to a characteristic plural in which words like tests are pronounced ˈt ɛst ɨs though this is highly stigmatized and not necessarily common 11 l in syllable onsets meaning at the beginning of syllables such as in light last lose line uplink etc and intervocalically between vowels like filling or tally are typically clear or light This differentiates Latinos from all other ethnic groups in New York 12 In syllable codas at the end of syllables however l is often vocalized turned into a back vowel so that for instance soul may approach the sound of so and tool may approach the sound of too 13 Predominantly pronunciation is variably rhotic in other words pronouncing the R sound only between and before vowels but not consistently after vowels 14 in the same vein as current day New York City English African American Vernacular English and Caribbean Spanish wherein word final r is silent Cultivated forms may be fully rhotic particularly among many professional class Hispanic New Yorkers from higher socioeconomic backgrounds The R sound when pronounced is the typical English postalveolar approximant ɹ Subcultural variations edit As the unity of the dialect is still in transition in order to enhance their study Slomanson amp Newman grouped their participants based on differences in subcultural or peer group participation and identification The study differentiated between the influential youth groups subcultures of hip hop involving rap music turntablism graffiti art etc skater BMX involving bicycling and skateboarding tricks and geek involving video game culture computers and other technological interests The findings located young Latinos mostly in the first two categories with hip hop culture being influenced significantly by African American Vernacular English and NYC skater BMX culture by NYC European American Vernacular English and General American English Latinos also largely fell into a third non peer based grouping family oriented whose members show the strongest pride and self identification with their ethno cultural heritage They admittedly did not examine gang or thug culture which minimally affected their population sample 15 The study found that the gliding vowel aɪ listen becomes a glideless aː listen so for example the word ride approaches the sound of rod in Latino members of hip hop culture a middling degree of that was found with the family oriented group and the least degree of it with the skater BMX group 16 Just over 50 of all speakers showed uː listen to be backed listen before coronal consonants in dude lose soon etc with little variation based on peer groups 17 For the gliding vowel eɪ listen just over 50 of speakers show no gliding listen except in the skater BMX group where this drops to just over 30 of speakers For the gliding vowel oʊ listen just over 70 of speakers show no gliding listen except in the skater BMX group where this drops to less than 50 of speakers 17 Such instances of glide deletion are indicators of the dialect s contact with Spanish 17 Grammar and vocabulary editSimilarity of many grammatical structures between New York Latino English and African American Vernacular English AAVE is clearly evident 8 18 Lack of inversion or do support particularly in first and second person questions I can go to the bathroom rather than Can I go to the bathroom 19 Calques and direct translations of Spanish expressions and words owned by the devil instead of possessed by the devil closed meaning locked 20 The AAVE and Southern U S term you all juɑw or y all is common 21 Notable native speakers editThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed January 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Cardi B variably rhotic aɪ glide deletion an Afro Latina with a thick Bronx accent 22 23 24 Fat Joe non rhotic aɪ glide deletion Fat Joe is a born and bred Bronxite who still speaks in the singular city accent 25 Luis Guzman non rhotic no aɪ glide deletion his Nuyorican accent is oh so thick 26 La India variably rhotic variable aɪ glide deletion speaking in a gruff Nuyorican accent 27 John Leguizamo variably rhotic variable aɪ glide deletion his hardcore New York accent 28 and he has a Nuyorican accent he can t shake 29 Jennifer Lopez rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Bronx Puerto Rican when I grew up I talked like this 30 and her Nuyorican meaning a Puerto Rican from New York since Jenny from the Block was born in the Bronx accent 31 Rosie Perez non rhotic no aɪ glide deletion she will always be remembered for the Nuyorican accent 32 and a high pitched voice with a thick Nuyorican accent 33 Marc Anthony variably rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Shaggy Flores non rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Immortal Technique variably rhotic aɪ glide deletion Lumidee variably rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Rick Gonzalez variably rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Cuban Link variably rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Joell Ortiz variably rhotic aɪ glide deletion Victor Rasuk variably rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Prince Royce rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Glen Tapia variably rhotic aɪ glide deletion Tru Life variably rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Lauren Velez rhotic no aɪ glide deletion David Zayas non rhotic no aɪ glide deletion 6ix9ine variably rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Big Pun non rhotic no aɪ glide deletion Romeo Santos variably rhotic aɪ glide deletion References edit a b Newman Michael The New York Latino English Project Page Queens College Accessed 2015 a b Labov William Ash Sharon Boberg Charles 2006 The Atlas of North American English Berlin Mouton de Gruyter p 24 Slomanson amp Newman 2004 214 Wolfram Walt 1974 Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation Puerto Rican English in New York City Washington DC Center for Applied Linguistics ISBN 0 87281 034 8 Newman Michael 2010 Focusing implicational scaling and the dialect status of New York Latino English Journal of Sociolinguistics 14 210 Zacarian Debbie 2012 Mastering Academic Language A Framework for Supporting Student Achievement Corwin Press p 16 Lanehart Sonja 2015 The Oxford Handbook of African American Language Oxford University Press p 284 285 a b Shousterman Cara 2014 Speaking English in Spanish Harlem The Role of Rhythm University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Vol 20 Iss 2 Article 18 Available at http repository upenn edu pwpl vol20 iss2 18 Newman 2014 84 Newman 2014 82 Newman 2014 86 Newman 2014 83 Slomanson amp Newman 2004 213 Cutler C 2010 Hip Hop White Immigrant Youth and African American Vernacular English Accommodation as an Identity Choice Journal of English Linguistics 38 3 p 252 Slomanson amp Newman 2004 202 Slomanson amp Newman 2004 205 a b c Slomanson amp Newman 2004 211 Newman 2014 94 95 Newman 2014 95 Newman 2014 99 Newman 2014 89 Shamsian Jacob September 27 2017 Meet Cardi B the rapper who dethroned Taylor Swift from the top of the charts Business Insider Archived from the original on October 19 2017 Retrieved October 19 2017 Her distinctive New Yawk accent makes her an important part of the city s constellation of hip hop artists Breihan Tom July 19 2017 Cardi B Is A Great Rapper And You Need To Start Taking Her Seriously Stereogum Archived from the original on October 19 2017 Retrieved October 19 2017 Her voice is a full bodied New Yawk nasal bleat Cepeda Eddie September 2017 Cardi B Won t Change To Make White Fans Comfortable And That s Why She s Number One Bustle Archived from the original on October 19 2017 Retrieved October 19 2017 She s an Afro Latina with a thick Bronx accent Guzman Sandra 2008 MY NEW YORK FAT JOE New York Post NYP Holdings Inc Our Five Favorite Luis Guzman Performances Tu Vez Archived from the original on December 31 2011 Valdes Rodriguez Alisa 2000 Commanding Respect Los Angeles Times John Leguizamo Has A Southern Accent Southern Queens That Is CBS CBS Interactive Rico Jack 2009 John Leguizamo to play Cantinflas in biopic ShowBizCafe com Know the Difference Between a Brooklyn Accent and a Bronx Accent Here s a Tutorial by Jennifer Lopez and Leah Remini Dexter Canfield Media Inc YouTube 2018 Gonzalez Irina 2019 How Jennifer Lopez Paved the Way for a Generation of Latinas O The Oprah Magazine Hearst Magazine Media Inc 4 ways Rosie Perez stole our hearts Gizmodo Media Group 2014 George Nelson 2014 Face dance means you don t know what the hell the rest of your body was doing but your face is fierce That s face dancing Rosie Perez Esquire Hearst Magazine Media Inc Bibliography editNewman Michael 2014 New York City English Mouton de Gruyter Slomanson Peter Newman Michael 2004 Peer Group Identification and Variation in New York Latino English Laterals PDF English World Wide 25 pp 199 216 Wolfram Walt amp Natalie Schilling Estes 2005 American English 2nd edition Blackwell ISBN 1 4051 1265 4 Wolfram Walt amp Ben Ward 2005 American Voices How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast Blackwell ISBN 1 4051 2109 2External links editThe New York Latino English Project The site of the New York Latino English project which studies the native English spoken by New York Latinos Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title New York Latino English amp oldid 1176040450, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
