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Survey of English Dialects

November 07, 2023

The Survey of English Dialects was undertaken between 1950 and 1961 under the direction of Professor Harold Orton of the English department of the University of Leeds. It aimed to collect the full range of speech in England and Wales before local differences were to disappear.[1] Standardisation of the English language was expected with the post-war increase in social mobility and the spread of the mass media. The project originated in discussions between Professor Orton and Professor Eugen Dieth of the University of Zurich about the desirability of producing a linguistic atlas of England in 1946, and a questionnaire containing 1,300 questions was devised between 1947 and 1952.[2]

A map displaying the localities included in the Survey of English Dialects

Methodology edit

313 localities were selected from England, the Isle of Man and some areas of Wales close to the English border. Priority was given to rural areas with a history of a stable population. When selecting speakers, priority was given to men, to the elderly and to those who worked in the main industry of the area, for these were all seen as traits that were connected to use of local dialect. One field worker gathering material claimed they had to dress in old clothes to gain the confidence of elderly villagers.[3] Typically between three and six informants were interviewed at each site. At a few sites, only one or two suitable informants were found and interviewed.

The Survey was one of the first to make tape recordings of informants. However, the early tape recordings were of such poor quality that they were unusable. Many of the sites visited had not yet been electrified, which made recording difficult. In the Isle of Man, the fieldworker Michael Barry risked electrocuting himself by plugging a recorder into a light socket for the sake of a recording of the local dialect. Only 287 of the 313 sites had a recording made, and the recording is not always of the same informants that answered the questionnaire. Most of the recordings are of inhabitants discussing their local industry, but one of the recordings, that at Skelmanthorpe in West Yorkshire, discussed a sighting of a ghost.[4] Extracts from these recordings are now all freely available online through the British Library, together with some transcriptions in the X-SAMPA phonetic alphabet.

The ethnographer Werner Kissling took some photographs in some areas (e.g. Wensleydale) as part of the Survey.[5]

Most of the sites were small villages. The literature usually refers to the "four urban sites" of Hackney, Leeds, Sheffield and York, where large parts of the questionnaire were not asked as the residents were unlikely to be familiar with the agricultural subject matter. The large town (now a city) of Newport, then in Monmouthshire, was included late in the survey. There were also some towns (e.g. Fleetwood, Washington) and suburbs (e.g. Harwood in Bolton, Wibsey in Bradford) where, although the full questionnaire was administered, some of the questions focused on agriculture found no answer. It was originally planned to survey urban areas at a later date, but this was plan was abandoned owing to a lack of financial resources.[6] In the Introduction volume, Harold Orton wrote, "For our investigation of the town dialects we contemplate the use of a 'short' questionnaire, which will omit the books relating to husbandry, but on the other hand will include more notions relating to the life of the artisan and the syntactical aspects of his speech."[7] One of the main fieldworkers, Stanley Ellis, later wrote, "The problems of the investigation of town dialects … are so complex as to be insoluble, in the opinion of this reviewer".[8]

The original book Survey of English Dialects: Introduction (1962) listed only 311 sites, excluding Newport and the village of Lyonshall in Herefordshire, close to the Welsh border. The introduction to the Basic Material for the West Midlands stated that these two sites had been added after the initial selection of the other sites, and there had been concerns about including Newport's responses in the Survey, as the respondent had only been able to answer two of the nine questionnaire books, but it was eventually included on the basis that other urban sites were also missing answers to some books.[9] However, the original 311 figure was repeated without correction in the list of localities at the start of the final Linguistic Atlas of England (1975), even though the sites were plotted on maps as Mon7 for Newport and He7 for Lyonshall. The figure of 311 has been reproduced many times since in textbooks such as English Around the World (1997, p. 160) and Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology (2004, p. 142), but the correct number of sites is 313.

Publication of material edit

404,000 items of information were gathered, and these were published as thirteen volumes of "basic material" beginning in 1962. The process took many years, and was prone to funding difficulties on more than one occasion.[3][10]

In 1966, Eduard Kolb published Linguistic atlas of England: Phonological atlas of the northern region; the six northern counties, North Lincolnshire and the Isle of Man, which mapped variation in the most linguistically diverse part of England. This book is out of print and very rare.

The basic material had been written using specialised phonetic shorthand unintelligible to the general reader: in 1974 a more accessible book, A Word Geography of England was published.[11] Harold Orton died soon after this in March 1975.[12]

The Linguistic Atlas of England was published in 1978, edited by Orton, Stewart Sanderson and John Widdowson.[13] Three further publications have been produced from the Survey's material, Word Maps (1987 [2015]) co-authored by Clive Upton, Sanderson and Widdowson, Survey of English Dialect: The Dictionary and Grammar (1994) co-authored by Upton, David Parry and Widdowson, and An Atlas of English Dialects (1996), co-authored by Upton and Widdowson.[14]

It was originally planned to published four "Companion Volumes" of selected incidental material, to correspond with the four volumes of the basic material. These were designed to investigate the development of the chief Middle English sounds, and of certain morphological features and syntactical usages, in each locality.[15]

Archive material edit

A large amount of "incidental material" from the survey was not published. This is preserved in the Leeds Archive of Vernacular Culture in the Special Collections of the Brotherton Library at the University of Leeds.[16]

Sites for the survey edit

During the survey, each locality was given an identifying abbreviation, which is given in brackets.

Wales edit

Flintshire
Monmouthshire

Isle of Man edit

England edit

Bedfordshire


Berkshire


Buckinghamshire


Cambridgeshire


Cheshire


Cornwall


Cumberland


Derbyshire


Devon


Dorset


Durham


Essex


Gloucestershire


Hampshire


Herefordshire


Hertfordshire


Huntingdonshire


Isle of Wight


Kent


Lancashire


Leicestershire


Lincolnshire


Middlesex


Norfolk


Northamptonshire


Northumberland


Nottinghamshire


Oxfordshire


Rutland


Shropshire


Somerset


Staffordshire


Suffolk


Surrey


Sussex


Warwickshire


Westmorland


Wiltshire


Worcestershire


Yorkshire
City of York
East Riding
North Riding
West Riding

Criticisms edit

The output of the Survey was criticised by some linguists as outdated. In a review of The Linguistic Atlas of England John C Wells wrote, "the phonetic approach of the survey's scholars is pure nineteenth century: it takes no account of structuralist phonemics, let alone more recent developments in phonological theory."[17] He suggested that the survey should have been The Linguistic Atlas of Working-class Rural England, and said that many well-known features of contemporary urban accents were not recorded in the Atlas.[17] Similar criticisms of the sample were made by sociolinguists such as Peter Trudgill and Jack Chambers.[18] However, Sarah Elizabeth Haigh has said that this "seems to rather miss the point of the survey", which was to record dialects before they died out and was not to represent contemporary speech.[19]

KM Petyt has highlighted the problem of using several fieldworkers in the same survey and suggested that some of the isoglosses are really "iso-fieldworkers". He gives the subtle distinction between the sounds ɔ and ɒ as an example of inconsistent recording in the survey, where some fieldworkers tended to write ɔ and others tended to write ɒ.[20] Mark J. Jones has noted that the transcriptions for the SED do not always match the tape recordings made, most notably in the under-reporting of glottal stops. He wrote, "This is an unsurprising and expected consequence of impressionistic transcription, particularly when running speech is being transcribed, and in no way detracts from the feat achieved by the SED fieldworkers."[21]

The Survey of English Dialects has also been criticised by more traditional dialectologists. In the book A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area, Graham Shorrocks said that the contribution of the SED to syntax was "disappointing" with many regional forms missed by the questionnaire and the information recorded being done inconsistently by fieldworkers.[22] On the questionnaire used in the Survey, Shorrocks said that this had the advantage of facilitating comparisons in how the same term was pronounced in different locations, but that this missed intricacies of particular dialects such as the use of multiple terms for the same thing, and the use of syntax and suprasegmentals in natural speech.[23]

Counter-criticism edit

The German linguist Wolfgang Viereck has argued that critics of the SED often make "superficial" criticisms whilst simultaneously using the SED data extensively for their own work. He has criticised the claims of sociolinguists to have superior methods to the SED and challenged sociolinguists to undertake a new nationwide survey to vindicate their methods as superior.[24] He has written:

The criticism that the Survey of English Dialects (SED) has received has not always been constructive and fair. One should not forget the magnitude of the task and the difficult post-war years when the SED fieldwork was begun. One should also not criticise the SED for not being able to answer questions that it never set out to answer. Some modern sociolinguists tend to do this, but even they cannot afford to neglect its data.[25]

In an article named The Historiography of Dialectology, Craig Frees defended the SED against a series of criticisms. Frees argues that many of the criticisms ignore the role of the SED within a broader programme of dialect research at the University of Leeds, which included more than 100 separate dialect monographs, and the history of funding difficulties, which led to the abandonment of the plan to investigate urban dialects at a later date.[26] Frees wrote of the SED's co-founder, Harold Orton: "despite everything he did for British dialectology and English cultural studies, there is still no dedicated biography or in-depth critical analysis of his career, and his work is trivialised through misrepresentation, the unchecked repetition of mistakes, and what appears to be a superficial and historically ungrounded critique."[26]

Subsequent work edit

The SED was a strong influence of the Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects and the uncompleted Survey of Hiberno-English Speech. Although comparisons are often made between the SED and the Linguistic Survey of Scotland, there was no link between the two.

The SED fieldworker Peter Wright, a native of the seaside town of Fleetwood, developed a questionnaire for a proposed follow-up survey of coastal communities in England, on the basis that these communities had different ways of speaking from inland areas and had been largely missed by the survey.[27][28] A full survey was never undertaken, but the questionnaire was used in some sites, such as in a 1980 study of the dialect of Holy Island.[29]

Sixty-six of the 313 sites from the SED were subsequently used for the Atlas Linguarum Europae, a project that compared dialects and languages across all countries in Europe.[30] The ALE data were collected in the late 1970s and often showed reduced lexical variation from the SED, or even a universal term where previously several had been recorded (e.g. the word "icicle" displaced all other variants).[31]

In May 2007 the Arts and Humanities Research Council awarded a grant to the University of Leeds to enable a team led by Sally Johnson, Professor of Linguistics and Phonetics and Clive Upton, Professor of Modern English Language to study British regional dialects.[32][33] The team analysed the results from the "Voices project" run by the BBC, in which the public sent in examples of English still spoken throughout the country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information was collated and analysed both for content and where it was reported.[33] Work on the project ended in 2010. Reports of its analyses were published in Analysing Twenty-first Century British English (2013), edited by Clive Upton and Bethan L. Davies. [33]

In October 2017, a National Lottery grant of £798,000 was awarded to the University of Leeds to undertake a project named Dialect and Heritage: the State of the Nation. The project is due to run with five museums in different parts of England to open up the materials found by the Survey to a modern audience.[34] In November 2019, an article in The Guardian noted that this work was progressing under Fiona Douglas from Leeds School of English with help from three living fieldworkers from the original survey.[5]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Eighty-eight ways of saying left-handed", The Times, 8 September 1970
  2. ^ "Where a snack is nummick - 16-year survey of dialect", The Times, 1 November 1962
  3. ^ a b "Dialect survey needs cash", The Times, 17 September 1969
  4. ^ "Skelmanthorpe, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects | British Library - Sounds".
  5. ^ a b Brown, Mark (9 November 2019). "Ferntickles or murfles? Survey of England's regional dialects to be revived". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  6. ^ British Library article on the Survey of English Dialects
  7. ^ Survey of English Dialects: Introduction, Harold Orton (1962), EJ Arnold & Son (Leeds), page 46
  8. ^ Stanley Ellis, Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society, 1967 {Part LXVII. Vol. XII}. pp 49-50. Book review, of: Phonematische Analyse des Dialekts von Gateshead-upon-Tyne, County Durham. (Cram, de Gruyter & Co., Hamburg, 1966)
  9. ^ Orton, Harold; Barry, Michael V., eds. (1998) [1969]. Survey of English Dialects (B): The Basic Material. Volume 2: The West Midland Counties. Part 1. London: Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 0415185122.
  10. ^ "Is it nessy to make a donkey out of that lovely nirrup?", The Times, 7 October 1972
  11. ^ "Saving gibble-fisted mawkin from extinction", The Times, 6 January 1975
  12. ^ Obituary of Harold Orton, The Times, 14 March 1975
  13. ^ Review of The Linguistic Atlas of England, The Times, 6 September 1978
  14. ^ Recent publications by Clive Upton (School of English, University of Leeds)
  15. ^ Survey of English Dialects: Introduction, Harold Orton (1962), EJ Arnold & Son (Leeds), page 22
  16. ^ Incidental Material Documents (Leeds Archive of Vernacular Culture)
  17. ^ a b Review of the Linguistic Atlas of England, John C Wells, The Times Higher Education Supplement, 1 December 1978
  18. ^ Chambers, J.K., and Trudgill, Peter. 1998. Page 35. Dialectology. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
  19. ^ Haigh, Sarah Elizabeth (2015). Investigating Regional Speech in Yorkshire: Evidence from the Millennium Memory Bank (PhD). University of Sheffield. p. 16.
  20. ^ Petyt, K. M. (1980). The study of dialect: an introduction to dialectology. Boulder, USA: Westview Press. ISBN 9780865310605.
  21. ^ Jones, Mark J. (2002). "The origin of Definite Article Reduction in northern English dialects: evidence from dialect allomorphy". English Language and Linguistics. 6 (2): 334. doi:10.1017/S1360674302000266. S2CID 122172283.
  22. ^ Shorrocks, Graham (1999). A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area. Pt. 2: Morphology and syntax. Bamberger Beiträge zur englischen Sprachwissenschaft; Bd. 42. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. p. 185. ISBN 3-631-34661-1.
  23. ^ Shorrocks, Graham (1998). A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area. Pt. 1: Phonology. Bamberger Beiträge zur englischen Sprachwissenschaft; Bd. 41. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 68–70. ISBN 3-631-33066-9.
  24. ^ Wolgang Viereck, Linguistic Atlases and Dialectometry: The Survey of English Dialects in Kirk, John M.; Sanderson, Stewart; Widdowson, JDA (2014). Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland. London: Routhledge. ISBN 9781317931546.
  25. ^ Frees, Craig (1991). "THE IMPERILLED INHERITANCE: DIALECT AND FOLKLIFE STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS 1946-1962. Part 1: HAROLD ORTON AND THE ENGLISH DIALECT SURVEY" (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  26. ^ a b Frees, Craig (1991). "The Historiography of Dialectology" (PDF). Lore and Language. 10 (2): 67–74. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  27. ^ Wright, Peter (1968). "Fishing Language around England and Wales". Journal of the Lancashire Dialect Society. 17: 2–14.
  28. ^ Wright, Peter (1964). "Proposal for a Short Questionnaire for Use in Fishing Communities". Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society. 11 (64): 27–32.
  29. ^ Berger, Joerg. Viereck, Wolfgang (ed.). "The Dialect of Holy Island: A Phonological Analysis (Book Review)". Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik. 52 (2): 248.
  30. ^ Eder, Birgit (2003). Ausgewählte Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen in den Sprachen Europas. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. p. 300. ISBN 3631528736.
  31. ^ Viereck, Wolfgang (1987). "Atlas Linguarum Europae. Edited by Mario Alinei et al. Vol. 1: Cartes, deuxième fascicule; Commentaires, deuxième fascicule. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum. 1986. cxiii + 230". Journal of English Linguistics. 20 (1): 147. doi:10.1177/007542428702000110. S2CID 143251818.
  32. ^ Riley, Philip (2007). Language, culture and identity : an ethnolinguistic perspective. London: Continuum. p. III. ISBN 978-08264-86288.
  33. ^ a b c Mapping the English language – from cockney to Orkney, Leeds University website, 25 May 2007.
  34. ^ "Updating the most comprehensive dialect survey ever". University of Leeds. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2018.

Bibliography (selection) edit

  • McDavid, Raven I. Jr. (1981). "Review of The Linguistic Atlas of England, by Harold Orton, Stewart Sanderson and John Widdowson." American Speech 56, 219–234.
  • Fischer, Andreas; Ammann, Daniel (1991). "An Index to Dialect Maps of Great Britain". Varieties of English Around the World. General Series 10. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  • Kolb, Eduard (1966). Phonological Atlas of the Northern Region: the Six Northern Counties, North Lincolnshire and the Isle of Man. Bern: Francke.
  • Meier, Hans Heinrich (1964). "Review of Introduction by Harold Orton and The Basic Material, Volume I by Harold Orton and Wilfrid J. Halliday." English Studies 45, 240–245.
  • Orton, Harold (1971). Editorial Problems of an English Dialect Atlas. In: Burghardt, Lorraine H. (ed.): Dialectology: Problems and Perspectives. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee, pp. 79–115.
  • Orton, Harold; Dieth, Eugen (1952). A Questionnaire for a Linguistic Atlas of England. Leeds: Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.
  • Orton, Harold; Wright, Nathalia (1974). A Word Geography of England. New York: Seminar Press.
  • Orton, Harold et al. (1962–71). Survey of English Dialects: Basic Materials. Introduction and 4 vols. (each in 3 parts). Leeds: E. J. Arnold & Son.
  • Upton, Clive; Sanderson, Stewart; Widdowson, J. D. A. (1987). Word Maps: A Dialect Atlas of England. London, New York, Sydney: Croom Helm. [Reprinted 2015 Routledge Library Editions, The English Language, Volume 27. London and New York: Routledge].
  • Upton, Clive; Parry, David; Widdowson, J. D. A. (1994). Survey of English Dialects: The Dictionary and Grammar. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Upton, Clive; Widdowson, J. D. A. (2006). An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Upton, Clive; Davies, Bethan L. (2013). Analysing Twenty-first Century British English: Conceptual and methodological aspects of the Voices Project. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
  • Viereck, Wolfgang (1990). The Computer-Developed Linguistic Atlas of England. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
  • Viereck, Wolfgang; Ramisch, Heinrich (1997). The Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England 2. Tübingen: Niemeyer.

Further reading edit

  • Sounds Familiar? – audio examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's website
  • The Survey of English Dialects (University of Leeds)
  • The Survey of English Dialects (Yorkshire Dialect Society)
  • Extracts from the survey (British Library)
  • , The Independent, 1 June 2007, Page 20. McSmith, Andy. Includes a list of regional words and expressions from the BBC Voices project which is currently being studied by the Leeds University team(2007-2020).

November 07, 2023
survey, english, dialects, undertaken, between, 1950, 1961, under, direction, professor, harold, orton, english, department, university, leeds, aimed, collect, full, range, speech, england, wales, before, local, differences, were, disappear, standardisation, e. The Survey of English Dialects was undertaken between 1950 and 1961 under the direction of Professor Harold Orton of the English department of the University of Leeds It aimed to collect the full range of speech in England and Wales before local differences were to disappear 1 Standardisation of the English language was expected with the post war increase in social mobility and the spread of the mass media The project originated in discussions between Professor Orton and Professor Eugen Dieth of the University of Zurich about the desirability of producing a linguistic atlas of England in 1946 and a questionnaire containing 1 300 questions was devised between 1947 and 1952 2 A map displaying the localities included in the Survey of English Dialects Contents 1 Methodology 2 Publication of material 3 Archive material 4 Sites for the survey 4 1 Wales 4 2 Isle of Man 4 3 England 5 Criticisms 5 1 Counter criticism 6 Subsequent work 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography selection 10 Further readingMethodology edit313 localities were selected from England the Isle of Man and some areas of Wales close to the English border Priority was given to rural areas with a history of a stable population When selecting speakers priority was given to men to the elderly and to those who worked in the main industry of the area for these were all seen as traits that were connected to use of local dialect One field worker gathering material claimed they had to dress in old clothes to gain the confidence of elderly villagers 3 Typically between three and six informants were interviewed at each site At a few sites only one or two suitable informants were found and interviewed The Survey was one of the first to make tape recordings of informants However the early tape recordings were of such poor quality that they were unusable Many of the sites visited had not yet been electrified which made recording difficult In the Isle of Man the fieldworker Michael Barry risked electrocuting himself by plugging a recorder into a light socket for the sake of a recording of the local dialect Only 287 of the 313 sites had a recording made and the recording is not always of the same informants that answered the questionnaire Most of the recordings are of inhabitants discussing their local industry but one of the recordings that at Skelmanthorpe in West Yorkshire discussed a sighting of a ghost 4 Extracts from these recordings are now all freely available online through the British Library together with some transcriptions in the X SAMPA phonetic alphabet The ethnographer Werner Kissling took some photographs in some areas e g Wensleydale as part of the Survey 5 Most of the sites were small villages The literature usually refers to the four urban sites of Hackney Leeds Sheffield and York where large parts of the questionnaire were not asked as the residents were unlikely to be familiar with the agricultural subject matter The large town now a city of Newport then in Monmouthshire was included late in the survey There were also some towns e g Fleetwood Washington and suburbs e g Harwood in Bolton Wibsey in Bradford where although the full questionnaire was administered some of the questions focused on agriculture found no answer It was originally planned to survey urban areas at a later date but this was plan was abandoned owing to a lack of financial resources 6 In the Introduction volume Harold Orton wrote For our investigation of the town dialects we contemplate the use of a short questionnaire which will omit the books relating to husbandry but on the other hand will include more notions relating to the life of the artisan and the syntactical aspects of his speech 7 One of the main fieldworkers Stanley Ellis later wrote The problems of the investigation of town dialects are so complex as to be insoluble in the opinion of this reviewer 8 The original book Survey of English Dialects Introduction 1962 listed only 311 sites excluding Newport and the village of Lyonshall in Herefordshire close to the Welsh border The introduction to the Basic Material for the West Midlands stated that these two sites had been added after the initial selection of the other sites and there had been concerns about including Newport s responses in the Survey as the respondent had only been able to answer two of the nine questionnaire books but it was eventually included on the basis that other urban sites were also missing answers to some books 9 However the original 311 figure was repeated without correction in the list of localities at the start of the final Linguistic Atlas of England 1975 even though the sites were plotted on maps as Mon7 for Newport and He7 for Lyonshall The figure of 311 has been reproduced many times since in textbooks such as English Around the World 1997 p 160 and Methods and Data in English Historical Dialectology 2004 p 142 but the correct number of sites is 313 Publication of material edit404 000 items of information were gathered and these were published as thirteen volumes of basic material beginning in 1962 The process took many years and was prone to funding difficulties on more than one occasion 3 10 In 1966 Eduard Kolb published Linguistic atlas of England Phonological atlas of the northern region the six northern counties North Lincolnshire and the Isle of Man which mapped variation in the most linguistically diverse part of England This book is out of print and very rare The basic material had been written using specialised phonetic shorthand unintelligible to the general reader in 1974 a more accessible book A Word Geography of England was published 11 Harold Orton died soon after this in March 1975 12 The Linguistic Atlas of England was published in 1978 edited by Orton Stewart Sanderson and John Widdowson 13 Three further publications have been produced from the Survey s material Word Maps 1987 2015 co authored by Clive Upton Sanderson and Widdowson Survey of English Dialect The Dictionary and Grammar 1994 co authored by Upton David Parry and Widdowson and An Atlas of English Dialects 1996 co authored by Upton and Widdowson 14 It was originally planned to published four Companion Volumes of selected incidental material to correspond with the four volumes of the basic material These were designed to investigate the development of the chief Middle English sounds and of certain morphological features and syntactical usages in each locality 15 Archive material editA large amount of incidental material from the survey was not published This is preserved in the Leeds Archive of Vernacular Culture in the Special Collections of the Brotherton Library at the University of Leeds 16 Sites for the survey editDuring the survey each locality was given an identifying abbreviation which is given in brackets Wales edit FlintshireHanmer Ch6 MonmouthshireLlanellen Mon2 Llanfrechfa Mon5 Newport Mon7 Raglan Monmouthshire Mon3 Crosskeys Mon4 Shirenewton Mon6 Skenfrith Mon1 Isle of Man edit Andreas Man1 Ronague Man2 England edit BedfordshireGreat Barford Bd2 Harlington Bd3 Turvey Bd1 BerkshireBuckland Brk1 Inkpen Brk4 Swallowfield Brk5 Uffington Brk2 West Ilsley Brk3 BuckinghamshireBuckland Bk4 Coleshill Bk5 Horton Bk6 Long Crendon Bk3 Stewkley Bk2 Tingewick Bk1 CambridgeshireLittle Downham C1 Elsworth C2 CheshireAudlem Ch5 Farndon Ch4 Kingsley Ch1 Rainow Ch2 Swettenham Ch3 CornwallAltarnun Co2 Egloshayle Co3 Gwinear Co5 Kilkhampton Co1 Mullion Co7 St Buryan Co6 St Ewe Co4 CumberlandAbbeytown Cu2 Brigham Cu3 Gosforth Cu6 Hunsonby Cu5 Longtown Cu1 Threlkeld Cu4 DerbyshireBamford Db2 Burbage Db3 Charlesworth near Glossop Db1 Kniveton near Ashbourne Db6 Stonebroom Db5 Sutton on the Hill west of Derby Db7 Youlgreave Db4 DevonBlackawton D11 Chawleigh D4 Cornwood D10 Gittisham D5 Kennford D7 Parracombe D1 Peter Tavy D8 South Zeal D6 Swimbridge D2 Weare Giffard D3 Widecombe in the Moor D9 DorsetAnsty Dorset Do2 Kingston Do5 Portesham Do4 Sixpenny Handley Do1 Whitchurch Canonicorum Do3 DurhamBishop Middleham Du5 Ebchester Du2 Eggleston Du6 Washington Du1 Wearhead Du3 Witton le Wear Du4 EssexBelchamp Walter Ess2 Canewdon Ess15 Cornish Hall End Ess3 Doddinghurst Ess14 East Mersea Ess10 Great Chesterford Ess1 Henham Ess4 High Easter Ess8 Little Baddow Ess12 Tiptree Ess9 Tillingham Ess13 Little Bentley Ess7 Netteswell Ess11 Stisted Ess5 West Bergholt Ess6 GloucestershireBream Gl3 Deerhurst Gl1 Gretton Gl2 Latteridge Gl7 Sherborne Gl5 Slimbridge Gl6 Whiteshill Gl4 HampshireBurley Ha6 Hambledon Ha5 Hatherden Ha1 King s Somborne Ha3 New Alresford Ha4 Oakley Ha2 HerefordshireBrimfield He1 Checkley He4 Cradley He3 Longtown He5 Lyonshall He7 Weobley He2 Whitchurch He6 HertfordshireCodicote Hrt2 Therfield Hrt1 Wheathampstead Hrt3 HuntingdonshireWarboys Hu1 Kimbolton Hu2 Isle of WightWhitwell Ha7 KentAppledore Kent K7 Denton K5 Farningham K2 Goudhurst K6 Staple K3 Stoke K1 Warren Street K4 LancashireBickerstaffe La13 Cartmel La2 Coniston La1 Dolphinholme La4 Eccleston La11 Fleetwood La5 Halewood Liverpool La14 Harwood La12 Marshside La10 Pilling La6 Read La9 Ribchester La8 Thistleton La7 Yealand La3 LeicestershireCarlton Curlieu Lei9 Goadby Lei8 Great Dalby Lei6 Harby Lei1 Hathern Lei2 Markfield Lei5 Packington Lei4 Seagrave Lei3 Sheepy Magna Lei7 Ullesthorpe Lei10 LincolnshireBeckingham L10 Crowland L15 Eastoft L1 Fulbeck L11 Keelby L3 Lutton L14 Old Bolingbroke L8 Saxby All Saints L2 Scopwick L9 Sutterton L12 Swaby L7 Swinstead L13 Tealby L5 Willoughton L4 Wragby L6 MiddlesexHackney MxL2 Harmondsworth MxL1 NorfolkAshwellthorpe Nf10 Blickling Nf3 Docking Nf1 Garboldisham Nf13 Gooderstone Nf8 Great Snoring Nf2 Grimston NF4 Ludham Nf6 North Elmham Nf5 Outwell Nf7 Pulham St Mary Nf12 Reedham Nf11 Shipdham Nf9 NorthamptonshireKislingbury Nth4 Little Harrowden Nth3 Sulgrave Nth5 Warmington Nth1 Welford Nth2 NorthumberlandAllendale Nb9 Earsdon Nb6 Ellington Nb4 Embleton Nb2 Haltwhistle Nb7 Heddon on the Wall Nb8 Lowick Nb1 Thropton Nb3 Wark on Tyne Nb5 NottinghamshireCuckney Nt2 North Wheatley Nt1 Oxton Nt4 South Clifton Nt3 OxfordshireBinfield Heath O6 Cuxham O5 Eynsham O4 Islip O3 Kingham O1 Steeple Aston O2 RutlandEmpingham R1 Lyddington R2 ShropshireAll Stretton Sa7 Chirbury Sa6 Clun Sa9 Diddlebury Sa10 Hilton Sa8 Kinlet Sa11 Kynnersley Sa5 Llanymynech Sa3 Montford Sa4 Prees Sa2 Weston Rhyn Sa1 SomersetBlagdon So1 Brompton Regis So9 Coleford So4 Horsington So11 Merriott So13 Pitminster So12 Stogumber So7 Stogursey So6 Stoke St Gregory So10 Wedmore So3 Weston So1 Withypool So8 Wootton Courtenay So5 StaffordshireAlton St3 Barlaston St4 Edingale St9 Ellenhall St5 Himley St11 Hoar Cross St6 Lapley St8 Mavesyn Ridware St7 Mow Cop St2 Warslow St1 Wigginton St10 SuffolkKedington Sf4 Kersey Sf5 Mendlesham Sf2 Tuddenham Sf1 Yoxford Sf3 SurreyColdharbour Sr3 East Clandon Sr2 Outwood Sr4 Thursley Sr5 Walton on the Hill Sr1 SussexEast Harting Sx2 Firle Sx6 Fletching Sx4 Horam Sx5 Sutton Sx3 Warnham Sx1 WarwickshireAston Cantlow Wa5 Hockley Heath Wa2 Lighthorne Wa6 Napton on the Hill Wa4 Nether Whitacre Wa1 Shipston on Stour Wa7 Stoneleigh Wa3 WestmorlandGreat Strickland We1 Patterdale We2 Soulby We3 Staveley in Kendal We4 WiltshireAshton Keynes W1 Avebury W3 Burbage W4 Fovant W8 Netheravon W6 Steeple Ashton W5 Sutton Benger W2 Sutton Veny W7 Whiteparish W9 WorcestershireBretforton Wo7 Clifton upon Teme Wo4 Earl s Croome Wo5 Hanbury Wo3 Hartlebury Wo2 Offenham Wo6 Romsley Wo1 YorkshireCity of YorkYork Y19 East RidingNafferton Y20 Newbald Y25 Rillington near Norton on Derwent Y11 Welwick Y28 North RidingAskrigg Y7 Bedale Y8 Borrowby Y9 Easingwold Y16 Egton Y4 Helmsley Y10 Melsonby Y1 Muker Y6 Skelton Y3 Stokesley Y2 West RidingBurton in Lonsdale Y12 Carleton Y27 Cawood Y24 Dent Y5 Ecclesfield Y32 Gargrave Y17 Golcar Y29 Grassington Y14 Heptonstall Y21 Holmbridge near Holmfirth Y30 Horton in Ribblesdale Y13 Leeds Y23 Pateley Bridge Y15 Skelmanthorpe Y31 Sheffield Y34 Spofforth Y18 Thornhill Y26 Tickhill Y33 Wibsey Y22 Criticisms editThe output of the Survey was criticised by some linguists as outdated In a review of The Linguistic Atlas of England John C Wells wrote the phonetic approach of the survey s scholars is pure nineteenth century it takes no account of structuralist phonemics let alone more recent developments in phonological theory 17 He suggested that the survey should have been The Linguistic Atlas of Working class Rural England and said that many well known features of contemporary urban accents were not recorded in the Atlas 17 Similar criticisms of the sample were made by sociolinguists such as Peter Trudgill and Jack Chambers 18 However Sarah Elizabeth Haigh has said that this seems to rather miss the point of the survey which was to record dialects before they died out and was not to represent contemporary speech 19 KM Petyt has highlighted the problem of using several fieldworkers in the same survey and suggested that some of the isoglosses are really iso fieldworkers He gives the subtle distinction between the sounds ɔ and ɒ as an example of inconsistent recording in the survey where some fieldworkers tended to write ɔ and others tended to write ɒ 20 Mark J Jones has noted that the transcriptions for the SED do not always match the tape recordings made most notably in the under reporting of glottal stops He wrote This is an unsurprising and expected consequence of impressionistic transcription particularly when running speech is being transcribed and in no way detracts from the feat achieved by the SED fieldworkers 21 The Survey of English Dialects has also been criticised by more traditional dialectologists In the book A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area Graham Shorrocks said that the contribution of the SED to syntax was disappointing with many regional forms missed by the questionnaire and the information recorded being done inconsistently by fieldworkers 22 On the questionnaire used in the Survey Shorrocks said that this had the advantage of facilitating comparisons in how the same term was pronounced in different locations but that this missed intricacies of particular dialects such as the use of multiple terms for the same thing and the use of syntax and suprasegmentals in natural speech 23 Counter criticism edit The German linguist Wolfgang Viereck has argued that critics of the SED often make superficial criticisms whilst simultaneously using the SED data extensively for their own work He has criticised the claims of sociolinguists to have superior methods to the SED and challenged sociolinguists to undertake a new nationwide survey to vindicate their methods as superior 24 He has written The criticism that the Survey of English Dialects SED has received has not always been constructive and fair One should not forget the magnitude of the task and the difficult post war years when the SED fieldwork was begun One should also not criticise the SED for not being able to answer questions that it never set out to answer Some modern sociolinguists tend to do this but even they cannot afford to neglect its data 25 In an article named The Historiography of Dialectology Craig Frees defended the SED against a series of criticisms Frees argues that many of the criticisms ignore the role of the SED within a broader programme of dialect research at the University of Leeds which included more than 100 separate dialect monographs and the history of funding difficulties which led to the abandonment of the plan to investigate urban dialects at a later date 26 Frees wrote of the SED s co founder Harold Orton despite everything he did for British dialectology and English cultural studies there is still no dedicated biography or in depth critical analysis of his career and his work is trivialised through misrepresentation the unchecked repetition of mistakes and what appears to be a superficial and historically ungrounded critique 26 Subsequent work editThe SED was a strong influence of the Survey of Anglo Welsh Dialects and the uncompleted Survey of Hiberno English Speech Although comparisons are often made between the SED and the Linguistic Survey of Scotland there was no link between the two The SED fieldworker Peter Wright a native of the seaside town of Fleetwood developed a questionnaire for a proposed follow up survey of coastal communities in England on the basis that these communities had different ways of speaking from inland areas and had been largely missed by the survey 27 28 A full survey was never undertaken but the questionnaire was used in some sites such as in a 1980 study of the dialect of Holy Island 29 Sixty six of the 313 sites from the SED were subsequently used for the Atlas Linguarum Europae a project that compared dialects and languages across all countries in Europe 30 The ALE data were collected in the late 1970s and often showed reduced lexical variation from the SED or even a universal term where previously several had been recorded e g the word icicle displaced all other variants 31 In May 2007 the Arts and Humanities Research Council awarded a grant to the University of Leeds to enable a team led by Sally Johnson Professor of Linguistics and Phonetics and Clive Upton Professor of Modern English Language to study British regional dialects 32 33 The team analysed the results from the Voices project run by the BBC in which the public sent in examples of English still spoken throughout the country The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools This information was collated and analysed both for content and where it was reported 33 Work on the project ended in 2010 Reports of its analyses were published in Analysing Twenty first Century British English 2013 edited by Clive Upton and Bethan L Davies 33 In October 2017 a National Lottery grant of 798 000 was awarded to the University of Leeds to undertake a project named Dialect and Heritage the State of the Nation The project is due to run with five museums in different parts of England to open up the materials found by the Survey to a modern audience 34 In November 2019 an article in The Guardian noted that this work was progressing under Fiona Douglas from Leeds School of English with help from three living fieldworkers from the original survey 5 See also editSurvey of Anglo Welsh Dialects Cockney Cumbrian dialect East Anglian English East Midlands English Pitmatic Welsh English West Country dialects West Midlands English Yorkshire dialect and accentReferences edit Eighty eight ways of saying left handed The Times 8 September 1970 Where a snack is nummick 16 year survey of dialect The Times 1 November 1962 a b Dialect survey needs cash The Times 17 September 1969 Skelmanthorpe Yorkshire Survey of English Dialects Accents and dialects British Library Sounds a b Brown Mark 9 November 2019 Ferntickles or murfles Survey of England s regional dialects to be revived The Guardian UK Retrieved 9 November 2019 British Library article on the Survey of English Dialects Survey of English Dialects Introduction Harold Orton 1962 EJ Arnold amp Son Leeds page 46 Stanley Ellis Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 1967 Part LXVII Vol XII pp 49 50 Book review of Phonematische Analyse des Dialekts von Gateshead upon Tyne County Durham Cram de Gruyter amp Co Hamburg 1966 Orton Harold Barry Michael V eds 1998 1969 Survey of English Dialects B The Basic Material Volume 2 The West Midland Counties Part 1 London Routledge p 12 ISBN 0415185122 Is it nessy to make a donkey out of that lovely nirrup The Times 7 October 1972 Saving gibble fisted mawkin from extinction The Times 6 January 1975 Obituary of Harold Orton The Times 14 March 1975 Review of The Linguistic Atlas of England The Times 6 September 1978 Recent publications by Clive Upton School of English University of Leeds Survey of English Dialects Introduction Harold Orton 1962 EJ Arnold amp Son Leeds page 22 Incidental Material Documents Leeds Archive of Vernacular Culture a b Review of the Linguistic Atlas of England John C Wells The Times Higher Education Supplement 1 December 1978 Chambers J K and Trudgill Peter 1998 Page 35 Dialectology 2nd ed Cambridge University Press Cambridge Haigh Sarah Elizabeth 2015 Investigating Regional Speech in Yorkshire Evidence from the Millennium Memory Bank PhD University of Sheffield p 16 Petyt K M 1980 The study of dialect an introduction to dialectology Boulder USA Westview Press ISBN 9780865310605 Jones Mark J 2002 The origin of Definite Article Reduction in northern English dialects evidence from dialect allomorphy English Language and Linguistics 6 2 334 doi 10 1017 S1360674302000266 S2CID 122172283 Shorrocks Graham 1999 A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area Pt 2 Morphology and syntax Bamberger Beitrage zur englischen Sprachwissenschaft Bd 42 Frankfurt am Main Peter Lang p 185 ISBN 3 631 34661 1 Shorrocks Graham 1998 A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area Pt 1 Phonology Bamberger Beitrage zur englischen Sprachwissenschaft Bd 41 Frankfurt am Main Peter Lang pp 68 70 ISBN 3 631 33066 9 Wolgang Viereck Linguistic Atlases and Dialectometry The Survey of English Dialects in Kirk John M Sanderson Stewart Widdowson JDA 2014 Studies in Linguistic Geography The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland London Routhledge ISBN 9781317931546 Frees Craig 1991 THE IMPERILLED INHERITANCE DIALECT AND FOLKLIFE STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS 1946 1962 Part 1 HAROLD ORTON AND THE ENGLISH DIALECT SURVEY PDF Retrieved 21 September 2018 a b Frees Craig 1991 The Historiography of Dialectology PDF Lore and Language 10 2 67 74 Retrieved 11 February 2018 Wright Peter 1968 Fishing Language around England and Wales Journal of the Lancashire Dialect Society 17 2 14 Wright Peter 1964 Proposal for a Short Questionnaire for Use in Fishing Communities Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 11 64 27 32 Berger Joerg Viereck Wolfgang ed The Dialect of Holy Island A Phonological Analysis Book Review Zeitschrift fur Dialektologie und Linguistik 52 2 248 Eder Birgit 2003 Ausgewahlte Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen in den Sprachen Europas Frankfurt am Main Peter Lang p 300 ISBN 3631528736 Viereck Wolfgang 1987 Atlas Linguarum Europae Edited by Mario Alinei et al Vol 1 Cartes deuxieme fascicule Commentaires deuxieme fascicule Assen The Netherlands Van Gorcum 1986 cxiii 230 Journal of English Linguistics 20 1 147 doi 10 1177 007542428702000110 S2CID 143251818 Riley Philip 2007 Language culture and identity an ethnolinguistic perspective London Continuum p III ISBN 978 08264 86288 a b c Mapping the English language from cockney to Orkney Leeds University website 25 May 2007 Updating the most comprehensive dialect survey ever University of Leeds 20 October 2017 Retrieved 15 July 2018 Bibliography selection editMcDavid Raven I Jr 1981 Review of The Linguistic Atlas of England by Harold Orton Stewart Sanderson and John Widdowson American Speech 56 219 234 Fischer Andreas Ammann Daniel 1991 An Index to Dialect Maps of Great Britain Varieties of English Around the World General Series 10 Amsterdam Philadelphia John Benjamins Kolb Eduard 1966 Phonological Atlas of the Northern Region the Six Northern Counties North Lincolnshire and the Isle of Man Bern Francke Meier Hans Heinrich 1964 Review of Introduction by Harold Orton and The Basic Material Volume I by Harold Orton and Wilfrid J Halliday English Studies 45 240 245 Orton Harold 1971 Editorial Problems of an English Dialect Atlas In Burghardt Lorraine H ed Dialectology Problems and Perspectives Knoxville Univ of Tennessee pp 79 115 Orton Harold Dieth Eugen 1952 A Questionnaire for a Linguistic Atlas of England Leeds Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society Orton Harold Wright Nathalia 1974 A Word Geography of England New York Seminar Press Orton Harold et al 1962 71 Survey of English Dialects Basic Materials Introduction and 4 vols each in 3 parts Leeds E J Arnold amp Son Upton Clive Sanderson Stewart Widdowson J D A 1987 Word Maps A Dialect Atlas of England London New York Sydney Croom Helm Reprinted 2015 Routledge Library Editions The English Language Volume 27 London and New York Routledge Upton Clive Parry David Widdowson J D A 1994 Survey of English Dialects The Dictionary and Grammar London and New York Routledge Upton Clive Widdowson J D A 2006 An Atlas of English Dialects 2nd ed London and New York Routledge Upton Clive Davies Bethan L 2013 Analysing Twenty first Century British English Conceptual and methodological aspects of the Voices Project Abingdon and New York Routledge Viereck Wolfgang 1990 The Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England Tubingen Niemeyer Viereck Wolfgang Ramisch Heinrich 1997 The Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England 2 Tubingen Niemeyer Further reading editSounds Familiar audio examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library s website The Survey of English Dialects University of Leeds The Survey of English Dialects Yorkshire Dialect Society Extracts from the survey British Library Dialect researchers given a canny load of chink to sort pikeys from chavs in regional accents The Independent 1 June 2007 Page 20 McSmith Andy Includes a list of regional words and expressions from the BBC Voices project which is currently being studied by the Leeds University team 2007 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Survey of English Dialects amp oldid 1155042165, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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